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Chimeric Structures in Mental Illnesses-"Magic" Molecules Specified for Complex Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073739. [PMID: 35409098 PMCID: PMC8998808 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mental health problems cover a wide spectrum of diseases, including mild to moderate anxiety, depression, alcohol/drug use disorders, as well as bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Pharmacological treatment seems to be one of the most effective opportunities to recover function efficiently and satisfactorily. However, such disorders are complex as several target points are involved. This results in a necessity to combine different types of drugs to obtain the necessary therapeutic goals. There is a need to develop safer and more effective drugs. Considering that mental illnesses share multifactorial processes, the paradigm of one treatment with multiple modes of action rather than single-target strategies would be more effective for successful therapies. Therefore, hybrid molecules that combine two pharmacophores in one entity show promise, as they possess the desired therapeutic index with a small off-target risk. This review aims to provide information on chimeric structures designed for mental disorder therapy (i.e., schizophrenia and depression), and new types of drug candidates currently being tested. In addition, a discussion on some benefits and limitations of multifunctional, bivalent drug candidates is also given.
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El-Atawneh S, Goldblum A. Candidate Therapeutics by Screening for Multitargeting Ligands: Combining the CB2 Receptor With CB1, PPARγ and 5-HT4 Receptors. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:812745. [PMID: 35295337 PMCID: PMC8918518 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.812745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the cannabinoid type 2 receptor (CB2R) has become a major target for treating many disease conditions. The old therapeutic paradigm of “one disease-one target-one drug” is being transformed to “complex disease-many targets-one drug.” Multitargeting, therefore, attracts much attention as a promising approach. We thus focus on designing single multitargeting agents (MTAs), which have many advantages over combined therapies. Using our ligand-based approach, the “Iterative Stochastic Elimination” (ISE) algorithm, we produce activity models of agonists and antagonists for desired therapeutic targets and anti-targets. These models are used for sequential virtual screening and scoring large libraries of molecules in order to pick top-scored candidates for testing in vitro and in vivo. In this study, we built activity models for CB2R and other targets for combinations that could be used for several indications. Those additional targets are the cannabinoid 1 receptor (CB1R), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), and 5-Hydroxytryptamine receptor 4 (5-HT4R). All these models have high statistical parameters and are reliable. Many more CB2R/CBIR agonists were found than combined CB2R agonists with CB1R antagonist activity (by 200 fold). CB2R agonism combined with PPARγ or 5-HT4R agonist activity may be used for treating Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD). Combining CB2R agonism with 5-HT4R generates more candidates (14,008) than combining CB2R agonism with agonists for the nuclear receptor PPARγ (374 candidates) from an initial set of ∼2.1 million molecules. Improved enrichment of true vs. false positives may be achieved by requiring a better ISE score cutoff or by performing docking. Those candidates can be purchased and tested experimentally to validate their activity. Further, we performed docking to CB2R structures and found lower statistical performance of the docking (“structure-based”) compared to ISE modeling (“ligand-based”). Therefore, ISE modeling may be a better starting point for molecular discovery than docking.
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Zhou J, Jiang X, He S, Jiang H, Feng F, Liu W, Qu W, Sun H. Rational Design of Multitarget-Directed Ligands: Strategies and Emerging Paradigms. J Med Chem 2019; 62:8881-8914. [PMID: 31082225 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Due to the complexity of multifactorial diseases, single-target drugs do not always exhibit satisfactory efficacy. Recently, increasing evidence indicates that simultaneous modulation of multiple targets may improve both therapeutic safety and efficacy, compared with single-target drugs. However, few multitarget drugs are on market or in clinical trials, despite the best efforts of medicinal chemists. This article discusses the systematic establishment of target combination, lead generation, and optimization of multitarget-directed ligands (MTDLs). Moreover, we analyze some MTDLs research cases for several complex diseases in recent years and the physicochemical properties of 117 clinical multitarget drugs, with the aim to reveal the trends and insights of the potential use of MTDLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junting Zhou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 211198 , People's Republic of China.,Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , 211198 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xueyang Jiang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 211198 , People's Republic of China.,Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , 211198 , People's Republic of China
| | - Siyu He
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 211198 , People's Republic of China
| | - Hongli Jiang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 211198 , People's Republic of China.,Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , 211198 , People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Feng
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , 211198 , People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Food and Pharmaceutical Science College , Huaian 223003 , People's Republic of China
| | - Wenyuan Liu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 210009 , People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Qu
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , 211198 , People's Republic of China
| | - Haopeng Sun
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 211198 , People's Republic of China
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Chen H, Bauer U, Engkvist O. Merged Multiple Ligands. METHODS AND PRINCIPLES IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527674381.ch9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongming Chen
- Discovery Sciences, Innovative Medicines and Early Development; AstraZeneca; Pepparedsleden 1 431 83 Mölndal Sweden
| | - Udo Bauer
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Innovative Medicines and Early Development; AstraZeneca; Pepparedsleden 1 431 83 Mölndal Sweden
| | - Ola Engkvist
- Discovery Sciences, Innovative Medicines and Early Development; AstraZeneca; Pepparedsleden 1 431 83 Mölndal Sweden
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Seifi M, Sheibani H. Studies on condensation of 1,3-dicarbonyls with malononitrile: Synthesis of 2-pyridinones. ARAB J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2013.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Multi-target therapeutics for neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. Drug Discov Today 2016; 21:1886-1914. [PMID: 27506871 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Historically, neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disease treatments focused on the 'magic bullet' concept; however multi-targeted strategies are increasingly attractive gauging from the escalating research in this area. Because these diseases are typically co-morbid, multi-targeted drugs capable of interacting with multiple targets will expand treatment to the co-morbid disease condition. Despite their theoretical efficacy, there are significant impediments to clinical success (e.g., difficulty titrating individual aspects of the drug and inconclusive pathophysiological mechanisms). The new and revised diagnostic frameworks along with studies detailing the endophenotypic characteristics of the diseases promise to provide the foundation for the circumvention of these impediments. This review serves to evaluate the various marketed and nonmarketed multi-targeted drugs with particular emphasis on their design strategy.
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Jeon SW, Kim YK. Molecular Neurobiology and Promising New Treatment in Depression. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:381. [PMID: 26999106 PMCID: PMC4813239 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17030381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The limited effects of currently available antidepressants are becoming an urgent issue in depression research. It takes a long time to determine treatment effects, and the overall remission rate is low. Although we expect the development of non-monoamine antidepressants in the near future, efforts in this regard over the past several decades have not yet been compensated. Thus, researchers and clinicians should clarify the neurobiological mechanisms of integrated modulators that regulate changes in genes, cells, the brain, and behaviors associated with depression. In this study, we review molecular neurobiological theories and new treatments for depression. Beyond neuroanatomy and monoamine theory, we discuss cells and molecules, neural plasticity, neurotrophisms, endocrine mechanisms, immunological mechanisms, genetics, circadian rhythms, and metabolic regulation in depression. In addition, we introduce the possibility of new antidepressant drug development using protein translation signaling (mTOR) pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Won Jeon
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Korea University, Ansan Hospital, 123, Jeokgeum-ro, Danwon-gu, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do, Seoul 15355, Korea.
| | - Yong-Ku Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Korea University, Ansan Hospital, 123, Jeokgeum-ro, Danwon-gu, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do, Seoul 15355, Korea.
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Ball WA, Snavely DB, Hargreaves RJ, Szegedi A, Lines C, Reines SA. Addition of an NK1 receptor antagonist to an SSRI did not enhance the antidepressant effects of SSRI monotherapy: results from a randomized clinical trial in patients with major depressive disorder. Hum Psychopharmacol 2014; 29:568-77. [PMID: 25330122 DOI: 10.1002/hup.2444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Aprepitant is a neurokinin 1 receptor antagonist approved for prevention of chemotherapy-induced and post-operative nausea and vomiting. Early studies demonstrated promising antidepressant activity as monotherapy, although this was unsupported by subsequent phase 3 trials. This phase 2 study evaluated whether aprepitant potentiated the antidepressant effects of paroxetine. METHODS Outpatients with major depressive disorder were randomized to aprepitant 200 mg + paroxetine 20 mg, paroxetine + placebo, or aprepitant + placebo for 6 weeks. The primary endpoint was change in HAMD-17 total score. Secondary/exploratory endpoints included changes in HAMA, CGI-S, CGI-I, and HAMD Item-1 scores at week 6. RESULTS A total of 79, 78, and 79 patients received aprepitant + paroxetine, paroxetine + placebo, and aprepitant + placebo, respectively. At week 6, mean changes in HAMD-17 were -11.0 (95% confidence interval [CI]: -12.7, -9.4), -11.7 (95% CI: -13.3, -10.0), and -9.5 (95% CI: -10.9, -8.1), respectively. Pairwise comparisons of HAMD-17 change with combination therapy versus paroxetine alone demonstrated no significant difference (p = 0.567). Changes in CGI-S, CGI-I, and HAMD Item-1 scores were also comparable, although there was a greater reduction in anxiety (HAMA) with paroxetine alone than aprepitant + paroxetine (p = 0.045). Adverse events were generally more common with the combination than either monotherapy. CONCLUSION Concomitant use of aprepitant + paroxetine for 6 weeks did not provide greater antidepressant benefit compared with paroxetine + placebo in patients with major depression.
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Wu YJ, He H, Gao Q, Wu D, Bertekap R, Westphal RS, Lelas S, Newton A, Wallace T, Taber M, Davis C, Macor JE, Bronson J. Discovery of a cyclopentylamine as an orally active dual NK1 receptor antagonist-serotonin reuptake transporter inhibitor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:1611-4. [PMID: 24507922 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Cyclopentylamine 4 was identified as a potent dual NK1R antagonist-SERT inhibitor. This compound demonstrated significant oral activity in the gerbil forced swimming test, suggesting that dual NK1R antagonists-SERT inhibitors may be useful in treating depression disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Jin Wu
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA.
| | - Huan He
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Qi Gao
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Dedong Wu
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Robert Bertekap
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Ryan S Westphal
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Snjezana Lelas
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Amy Newton
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Tanya Wallace
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Matthew Taber
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Carl Davis
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - John E Macor
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Joanne Bronson
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
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Mamat C, Langer P. Condensation of the dianion of ethyl acetoacetate with perfluoroalkyl iodides. Application to the synthesis of 3-perfluoroalkylsalicylic acids. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-013-0985-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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12
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Moonsamy S, Soliman MES. Dual acting HIV inhibitors: integrated rational in silico design strategy. Med Chem Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-013-0670-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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13
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Wu YJ, He H, Bertekap R, Westphal R, Lelas S, Newton A, Wallace T, Taber M, Davis C, Macor JE, Bronson J. Discovery of disubstituted piperidines and homopiperidines as potent dual NK 1 receptor antagonists–serotonin reuptake transporter inhibitors for the treatment of depression. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:2217-2228. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Revised: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Risatti C, Natalie KJ, Shi Z, Conlon DA. Development of a Scalable Route to a Dual NK-1/Serotonin Receptor Antagonist. Org Process Res Dev 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/op300323k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christina Risatti
- Chemical Development, Research & Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., One Squibb Drive, P.O. Box 191, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903-0191, United States
| | - Kenneth J. Natalie
- Chemical Development, Research & Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., One Squibb Drive, P.O. Box 191, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903-0191, United States
| | - Zhongping Shi
- Chemical Development, Research & Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., One Squibb Drive, P.O. Box 191, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903-0191, United States
| | - David A. Conlon
- Chemical Development, Research & Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., One Squibb Drive, P.O. Box 191, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903-0191, United States
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Sharif M, Maalik A, Reimann S, Feist H, Iqbal J, Patonay T, Villinger A, Langer P. Synthesis of functionalized fluorinated terphenyls by site-selective Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling reactions of dibrominated fluorobenzenes. J Fluor Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2012.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Zahid M, Ibad MF, Abilov ZA, Langer P. Reaction of benzyne with fluorinated 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds. J Fluor Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2012.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Sharif M, Maalik A, Reimann S, Iqbal J, Patonay T, Spannenberg A, Villinger A, Langer P. Synthesis and photophysical properties of tetra- and pentaalkynylfluorobenzenes by Sonogashira reactions of novel iodofluorobenzenes. Tetrahedron 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2012.10.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Gillman KW, Parker MF, Silva M, Degnan AP, Tora GO, Lodge NJ, Li YW, Lelas S, Taber M, Krause RG, Bertekap RL, Newton AE, Pieschl RL, Lengyel KD, Johnson KA, Taylor SJ, Bronson JJ, Macor JE. Design, optimization, and in vivo evaluation of a series of pyridine derivatives with dual NK1 antagonism and SERT inhibition for the treatment of depression. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 23:407-11. [PMID: 23253443 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.11.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Revised: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A series of substituted pyridines, ether linked to a phenylpiperidine core were optimized for dual NK(1)/SERT affinity. Optimization based on NK(1)/SERT binding affinities, and minimization of off-target ion channel activity lead to the discovery of compound 44. In vivo evaluation of 44 in the gerbil forced swim test (a depression model), and ex-vivo NK(1)/SERT receptor occupancy data support the potential of a dual acting compound for the treatment of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin W Gillman
- Neuroscience Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA.
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Reimann S, Ehlers P, Sharif M, Wittler K, Spannenberg A, Ludwig R, Langer P. Site-selective Sonogashira reactions of 1,2-dibromo-3,5-difluorobenzene. CATAL COMMUN 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.catcom.2012.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Reimann S, Bunescu A, Litschko R, Erfle S, Domke L, Bendrath F, Abilov ZA, Spannenberg A, Villinger A, Langer P. Formal [3+3] cyclocondensations of 1,3-bis(silyloxy)-1,3-butadienes with 1-chloro-1,1-difluoro-4,4-dimethoxybut-3-en-2-one and 1,1-difluoro-4,4-dimethoxybut-3-en-2-one. Regioselective synthesis of fluorinated salicylates and pyran-4-ones. J Fluor Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2012.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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[3+3] Cyclizations of 1,3-bis(trimethylsilyloxy)-1,3-butadienes—a new approach to diverse CF3-substituted fluorenes, dibenzofurans, 9,10-dihydrophenanthrenes and 6H-benzo[c]chromenes. Tetrahedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2012.01.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Abstract
An increasing number of lead generation approaches are being applied to multi-target drug discovery (MTDD). Historically, focussed screening and a knowledge-based approach called framework combination have been most widely used – with varying degrees of success. More recently, alternative screening approaches such as HTS, fragment-based screening and in silico screening are being used alongside the traditional approaches in order to discover novel hits with attractive physicochemical and oral pharmacokinetic properties. Factors influencing the feasibility of discovering DMLs for particular combinations are discussed in this chapter. The role of natural products and the discovery of probes for chemical biology are also highlighted.
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Combinatorial support vector machines approach for virtual screening of selective multi-target serotonin reuptake inhibitors from large compound libraries. J Mol Graph Model 2012; 32:49-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2011.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Revised: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 09/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Kristensen AS, Andersen J, Jørgensen TN, Sørensen L, Eriksen J, Loland CJ, Strømgaard K, Gether U. SLC6 neurotransmitter transporters: structure, function, and regulation. Pharmacol Rev 2011; 63:585-640. [PMID: 21752877 DOI: 10.1124/pr.108.000869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 586] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurotransmitter transporters (NTTs) belonging to the solute carrier 6 (SLC6) gene family (also referred to as the neurotransmitter-sodium-symporter family or Na(+)/Cl(-)-dependent transporters) comprise a group of nine sodium- and chloride-dependent plasma membrane transporters for the monoamine neurotransmitters serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine), dopamine, and norepinephrine, and the amino acid neurotransmitters GABA and glycine. The SLC6 NTTs are widely expressed in the mammalian brain and play an essential role in regulating neurotransmitter signaling and homeostasis by mediating uptake of released neurotransmitters from the extracellular space into neurons and glial cells. The transporters are targets for a wide range of therapeutic drugs used in treatment of psychiatric diseases, including major depression, anxiety disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and epilepsy. Furthermore, psychostimulants such as cocaine and amphetamines have the SLC6 NTTs as primary targets. Beginning with the determination of a high-resolution structure of a prokaryotic homolog of the mammalian SLC6 transporters in 2005, the understanding of the molecular structure, function, and pharmacology of these proteins has advanced rapidly. Furthermore, intensive efforts have been directed toward understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in regulation of the activity of this important class of transporters, leading to new methodological developments and important insights. This review provides an update of these advances and their implications for the current understanding of the SLC6 NTTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders S Kristensen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Millan MJ, Dekeyne A, Gobert A, Mannoury la Cour C, Brocco M, Rivet JM, Di Cara B, Lejeune F, Cremers TI, Flik G, de Jong TR, Olivier B, de Nanteuil G. S41744, a dual neurokinin (NK)1 receptor antagonist and serotonin (5-HT) reuptake inhibitor with potential antidepressant properties: a comparison to aprepitant (MK869) and paroxetine. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2010; 20:599-621. [PMID: 20483567 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2010.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2010] [Revised: 03/23/2010] [Accepted: 04/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Though neurokinin(1) (NK(1)) receptors are implicated in depressed states and their treatment, selective antagonists have disappointed in clinical trials. Accordingly, we designed a novel ligand, S41744 (2-piperazin-1-yl-indan-2-carboxylic-acid-(3-chloro-5-fluoro-benzyl)-methyl-amide), which both blocks NK(1) receptors and interferes with serotonin (5-HT) reuptake. S41744 mimicked the selective antagonist aprepitant in binding human (h)NK(1) receptors and in antagonising Substance-P-mediated Extracellular-Regulated-Kinase phosphorylation (pK(B), 7.7). Further, it dose-dependently (0.63-40.0 mg/kg, i.p.) displaced ex vivo [(3)H]-[Sar(9),Met(O(2))(11)]-Substance P binding to gerbil striatum, attenuated formalin-induced hind-paw licking in gerbils, and antagonised locomotion induced by i.c.v. administration of the NK(1) agonist GR73632 to guinea pigs. Like paroxetine, S41744 recognised h5-HT transporters, reduced synaptosomal uptake of 5-HT (pK(B), 7.9), and dose-dependently (0.63-10.0 mg/kg) elevated dialysis levels of 5-HT in the hippocampus and frontal cortex of freely-moving guinea pigs. Further, S41744 increased extracellular levels of 5-HT in frontal cortex and hippocampus of rats to a greater extent than paroxetine, and its inhibitory influence upon serotonergic perikarya was blunted relative to its affinity for 5-HT transporters. S41744 more potently blocked stress-induced vocalizations in guinea pigs than aprepitant and paroxetine, and it was active in forced-swim and marble-burying procedures of putative antidepressant properties in mice. While aprepitant displayed anxiolytic actions in stress-induced foot-tapping and social interaction tests in gerbils, paroxetine was anxiogenic and S41744 "neutral", reflecting balanced NK(1) antagonism and suppression of 5-HT reuptake. Moreover, S41744 shared anxiolytic actions of aprepitant in the rat Vogel Conflict Test. In conclusion, S41744 is an innovative NK(1) antagonist/5-HT reuptake inhibitor justifying further evaluation for treatment of stress-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Millan
- Psychopharmacology Department, Institut de Recherches Servier, Centre de Recherches de Croissy, 125 Chemin de Ronde, 78290 Croissy-sur-Seine, France.
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Synthesis of fluorinated 2,3-dihydropyran-4-ones by cyclocondensation of 1,3-dicarbonyl dianions with aldehydes. J Fluor Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2010.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Libnow S, Hein M, Harms M, Wende K, Lalk M, Reinke H, Langer P. Synthesis of Trifluoromethylated 3-(3-Pyrazolyl)indole-N-glycosides and their Cytotoxic Activity against Human Keratinocytes (HaCaT). J Carbohydr Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/07328300903337743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Libnow
- a Institut für Chemie der Universität Rostock , Albert-Einstein-Straße 3a, D-18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Martin Hein
- a Institut für Chemie der Universität Rostock , Albert-Einstein-Straße 3a, D-18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Manuela Harms
- b Institut für Pharmazie, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität Greifswald , Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Straße 17, D-17487, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Kristian Wende
- b Institut für Pharmazie, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität Greifswald , Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Straße 17, D-17487, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Michael Lalk
- b Institut für Pharmazie, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität Greifswald , Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Straße 17, D-17487, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Helmut Reinke
- a Institut für Chemie der Universität Rostock , Albert-Einstein-Straße 3a, D-18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Peter Langer
- a Institut für Chemie der Universität Rostock , Albert-Einstein-Straße 3a, D-18059, Rostock, Germany
- c Leibniz Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der Universität Rostock , Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a, D-18059, Rostock, Germany
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Denhart DJ, Deskus JA, Ditta JL, Gao Q, Dalton King H, Kozlowski ES, Meng Z, LaPaglia MA, Mattson GK, Molski TF, Taber MT, Lodge NJ, Mattson RJ, Macor JE. Conformationally restricted homotryptamines. Part 5: 3-(trans-2-aminomethylcyclopentyl)indoles as potent selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:4031-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2009] [Revised: 06/05/2009] [Accepted: 06/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Rozas I. Improving antidepressant drugs: update on recently patented compounds. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2009; 19:827-45. [DOI: 10.1517/13543770902932934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Büttner S, Riahi A, Hussain I, Yawer MA, Lubbe M, Villinger A, Reinke H, Fischer C, Langer P. First synthesis of functionalized 5-aryl-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenols by regioselective [3+3] cyclocondensations of 1,3-bis(silyloxy)-1,3-butadienes with 3-aryl-3-silyloxy-1-trifluoromethyl-2-en-1-ones. Tetrahedron 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2008.12.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Millan MJ. Dual- and triple-acting agents for treating core and co-morbid symptoms of major depression: novel concepts, new drugs. Neurotherapeutics 2009; 6:53-77. [PMID: 19110199 PMCID: PMC5084256 DOI: 10.1016/j.nurt.2008.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The past decade of efforts to find improved treatment for major depression has been dominated by genome-driven programs of rational drug discovery directed toward highly selective ligands for nonmonoaminergic agents. Selective drugs may prove beneficial for specific symptoms, for certain patient subpopulations, or both. However, network analyses of the brain and its dysfunction suggest that agents with multiple and complementary modes of action are more likely to show broad-based efficacy against core and comorbid symptoms of depression. Strategies for improved multitarget exploitation of monoaminergic mechanisms include triple inhibitors of dopamine, serotonin (5-HT) and noradrenaline reuptake, and drugs interfering with feedback actions of monoamines at inhibitory 5-HT(1A), 5-HT(1B) and possibly 5-HT(5A) and 5-HT(7) receptors. Specific subsets of postsynaptic 5-HT receptors mediating antidepressant actions are under study (e.g., 5-HT(4) and 5-HT(6)). Association of a clinically characterized antidepressant mechanism with a nonmonoaminergic component of activity is an attractive strategy. For example, agomelatine (a melatonin agonist/5-HT(2C) antagonist) has clinically proven activity in major depression. Dual neurokinin(1) antagonists/5-HT reuptake inhibitors (SRIs) and melanocortin(4) antagonists/SRIs should display advantages over their selective counterparts, and histamine H(3) antagonists/SRIs, GABA(B) antagonists/SRIs, glutamatergic/SRIs, and cholinergic agents/SRIs may counter the compromised cognitive function of depression. Finally, drugs that suppress 5-HT reuptake and blunt hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocorticotrophic axis overdrive, or that act at intracellular proteins such as GSK-3beta, may abrogate the negative effects of chronic stress on mood and neuronal integrity. This review discusses the discovery and development of dual- and triple-acting antidepressants, focusing on novel concepts and new drugs disclosed over the last 2 to 3 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Millan
- Psychopharmacology Department, Institut du Recherches Servier, Centre de Recherches de Croissy, Paris, France.
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Regioselective synthesis of 4-alkyl- and 4-aryl-6-(perfluoroalkyl)salicylic acid derivatives by formal [3+3] cyclocondensation of 1,3-bis(silyloxy)-1,3-butadienes with 3-silyloxy-1-(perfluoroalkyl)prop-2-en-1-ones. Tetrahedron 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2008.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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33
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Mamat C, Pundt T, Tam Dang TH, Klassen R, Reinke H, Köckerling M, Langer P. One-Pot Synthesis of Functionalized 3-(Trifluoromethyl)phenols by [3+3] Cyclization of 1,3-Bis(silyl enol ethers) with α,β-Unsaturated Trifluoromethyl Ketones. European J Org Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200700801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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34
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Hussain I, Riahi A, Yawer MA, Villinger A, Fischer C, Görls H, Langer P. One-pot synthesis of 6-(thien-2-yl)- and 6-(fur-2-yl)salicylates based on regioselective [3 + 3] cyclocondensations of 1,3-bis(trimethylsilyloxy)-1,3-butadienes. Org Biomol Chem 2008; 6:3542-51. [DOI: 10.1039/b803472a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Hussain I, Yawer MA, Lau M, Pundt T, Fischer C, Görls H, Langer P. Regioselective Synthesis of Fluorinated Phenols, Biaryls, 6H-Benzo[c]chromen-6-ones and Fluorenones Based on Formal [3+3] Cyclizations of 1,3-Bis(silyl enol ethers). European J Org Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200700887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Beyer CE, Hughes ZA. Innovations in CNS drug discovery: differentiating strategies to treat depression. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2007; 2:1369-77. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2.10.1369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Guiard BP, Guilloux JP, Reperant C, Hunt SP, Toth M, Gardier AM. Substance P Neurokinin 1 Receptor Activation within the Dorsal Raphe Nucleus Controls Serotonin Release in the Mouse Frontal Cortex. Mol Pharmacol 2007; 72:1411-8. [PMID: 17890358 DOI: 10.1124/mol.107.040113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Preclinical studies suggest that substance P (SP) neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor antagonists are efficient in the treatment of anxiety and depression. This therapeutic activity could be mediated via stimulation of serotonin (5-HT) neurons located in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN), which receive important SP-NK1 receptor immunoreactive innervations. The present study examined the effects of intraraphe injection of SP on extracellular 5-HT levels in the frontal cortex, ventral hippocampus, and DRN by using intracerebral microdialysis in conscious mice. Intraraphe SP injection dose dependently decreased cortical 5-HT release, whereas no effects were detected in the ventral hippocampus. Cortical effects were blocked by the selective NK1 receptor antagonist N-[[2-methoxy-5-[5-(trifluoromethyl)tetrazol-1-yl]phenyl]methyl]-2-phenylpiperidin-3-amine (GR205171) and completely dampened in mice lacking NK1 receptors. Furthermore, genetic (in knockout 5-HT1A(-/-) mice) or pharmacological inactivation of 5-HT1A autoreceptors blocked cortical responses to SP. Contrasting with its cortical effects, intraraphe SP injection increased 5-HT outflow in the DRN in wild-type mice; this effect was potentiated by a local perfusion of the selective 5-HT1A antagonist N-[2-[4-(2-methoxyphenyl)-1-piperazinyl]ethyl]-N-2-pyridinylcyclohexanecarboxamide (WAY100635). Finally, SP-induced changes in frontal cortex and DRN dialysate 5-HT levels were blocked by the DRN perfusion of the alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA)/kainate ionotropic receptor antagonist 6,7-dinitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (DNQX). These data support the hypothesis that SP-induced over-activation of 5-HT1A autoreceptors within the DRN limits cortical 5-HT release. A better knowledge of the complex relationship between tachykininergic, serotonergic, and glutamatergic systems within the DRN might help better understand the pathophysiology and subsequent treatment of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno P Guiard
- Univ Paris-Sud EA 3544, Fac. Pharmacie, Chatenay-Malabry cedex F92296, France
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38
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Huang Y, Williams WA. Enhanced selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors as antidepressants: 2004 – 2006. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2007; 17:889-907. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.17.8.889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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39
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Deskus JA, Epperson JR, Sloan CP, Cipollina JA, Dextraze P, Qian-Cutrone J, Gao Q, Ma B, Beno BR, Mattson GK, Molski TF, Krause RG, Taber MT, Lodge NJ, Mattson RJ. Conformationally restricted homotryptamines 3. Indole tetrahydropyridines and cyclohexenylamines as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:3099-104. [PMID: 17391962 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2007] [Revised: 03/13/2007] [Accepted: 03/13/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A series of indole tetrahydropyridine and indole cyclohexenylamines was prepared, and their binding affinities at the human serotonin transporter (SERT) were determined. In particular, a nitrile substituent at the C5 position of the indole ring gave potent SERT activity. The stereochemistry of the N,N-dimethylamine substituent was determined for the most potent indole cyclohexenylamine, 6a. The enantiomers of 6a were energy minimized and compared to other conformationally restricted SSRIs. Compound 6a was found to give a dose-response similar to the SSRI fluoxetine in microdialysis studies in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Deskus
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492-7660, USA.
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40
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Lubbe M, Mamat C, Fischer C, Langer P. Synthesis of 6-(perfluoroalkyl)salicylates by [3+3] cyclization of 1,3-bis(silyl enol ethers) with 3-ethoxy-1-(perfluoroalkyl)prop-2-en-1-ones. Tetrahedron 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2006.10.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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41
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Ebner K, Singewald N. The role of substance P in stress and anxiety responses. Amino Acids 2006; 31:251-72. [PMID: 16820980 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-006-0335-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2005] [Accepted: 02/21/2006] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Substance P (SP) is one of the most abundant peptides in the central nervous system and has been implicated in a variety of physiological and pathophysiological processes including stress regulation, as well as affective and anxiety-related behaviour. Consistent with these functions, SP and its preferred neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor has been found within brain areas known to be involved in the regulation of stress and anxiety responses. Aversive and stressful stimuli have been shown repeatedly to change SP brain tissue content, as well as NK1 receptor binding. More recently it has been demonstrated that emotional stressors increase SP efflux in specific limbic structures such as amygdala and septum and that the magnitude of this effect depends on the severity of the stressor. Depending on the brain area, an increase in intracerebral SP concentration (mimicked by SP microinjection) produces mainly anxiogenic-like responses in various behavioural tasks. Based on findings that SP transmission is stimulated under stressful or anxiety-provoking situations it was hypothesised that blockade of NK1 receptors may attenuate stress responses and exert anxiolytic-like effects. Preclinical and clinical studies have found evidence in favour of such an assumption. The status of this research is reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ebner
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
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42
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Chenu F, Guiard BP, Bourin M, Gardier AM. Antidepressant-like activity of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors combined with a NK1 receptor antagonist in the mouse forced swimming test. Behav Brain Res 2006; 172:256-63. [PMID: 16806519 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2006.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2006] [Revised: 05/04/2006] [Accepted: 05/09/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Substance P antagonists of the neurokinin-1 receptor type (NK1) have growing interest as new antidepressant therapies. It has been postulated that these drugs exert this putative therapeutic effect without direct interactions with serotonin (5-HT) neurons. In line with this assumption, previous intracerebral in vivo microdialysis experiments provided evidence that the NK1 receptor antagonists did not change basal cortical 5-HT levels. However, we found that increases in cortical 5-HT overflow caused by systemic injection of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), paroxetine was higher in freely moving (C57BL/6x129sv) NK1-/- mutants than in wild-type NK1+/+ mice. More recently, a pharmacological study has led to a similar conclusion since GR205171, a NK1 receptor antagonist, potentiated paroxetine-induced increases in cortical 5-HT dialysate following its acute systemic or intra-raphe administration to wild-type mice . In the present study, we tested whether an acute combination of SSRI and NK1 receptor antagonist could display antidepressant-like activity using the forced swimming test in Swiss mice. We found that a single systemic dose of GR205171 (10 and 30 mg/kg, i.p.) had no effect by itself. However, it selectively potentiated the antidepressant-like activity of subactive doses of two serotonergic antidepressant drugs, citalopram and paroxetine (without psychomotor stimulant activity), but not that of noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor, desipramine. In agreement with neurochemical data, the present study confirms that co-administration of a NK1 receptor antagonist with an antidepressant drug such as a SSRI may have a therapeutic potential to improve the treatment of major depressive episodes in human compared to SSRI alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Chenu
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie de l'anxiété et de la dépression EA3256, Faculté de Médecine, 1 Rue Gaston Veil, 44035 Nantes cedex, France
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Millan MJ. Multi-target strategies for the improved treatment of depressive states: Conceptual foundations and neuronal substrates, drug discovery and therapeutic application. Pharmacol Ther 2006; 110:135-370. [PMID: 16522330 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 419] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2005] [Accepted: 11/28/2005] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Major depression is a debilitating and recurrent disorder with a substantial lifetime risk and a high social cost. Depressed patients generally display co-morbid symptoms, and depression frequently accompanies other serious disorders. Currently available drugs display limited efficacy and a pronounced delay to onset of action, and all provoke distressing side effects. Cloning of the human genome has fuelled expectations that symptomatic treatment may soon become more rapid and effective, and that depressive states may ultimately be "prevented" or "cured". In pursuing these objectives, in particular for genome-derived, non-monoaminergic targets, "specificity" of drug actions is often emphasized. That is, priority is afforded to agents that interact exclusively with a single site hypothesized as critically involved in the pathogenesis and/or control of depression. Certain highly selective drugs may prove effective, and they remain indispensable in the experimental (and clinical) evaluation of the significance of novel mechanisms. However, by analogy to other multifactorial disorders, "multi-target" agents may be better adapted to the improved treatment of depressive states. Support for this contention is garnered from a broad palette of observations, ranging from mechanisms of action of adjunctive drug combinations and electroconvulsive therapy to "network theory" analysis of the etiology and management of depressive states. The review also outlines opportunities to be exploited, and challenges to be addressed, in the discovery and characterization of drugs recognizing multiple targets. Finally, a diversity of multi-target strategies is proposed for the more efficacious and rapid control of core and co-morbid symptoms of depression, together with improved tolerance relative to currently available agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Millan
- Institut de Recherches Servier, Centre de Recherches de Croissy, Psychopharmacology Department, 125, Chemin de Ronde, 78290-Croissy/Seine, France.
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Berton O, Nestler EJ. New approaches to antidepressant drug discovery: beyond monoamines. Nat Rev Neurosci 2006; 7:137-51. [PMID: 16429123 DOI: 10.1038/nrn1846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1093] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
All available antidepressant medications are based on serendipitous discoveries of the clinical efficacy of two classes of antidepressants more than 50 years ago. These tricyclic and monoamine oxidase inhibitor antidepressants were subsequently found to promote serotonin or noradrenaline function in the brain. Newer agents are more specific but have the same core mechanisms of action in promoting these monoamine neurotransmitters. This is unfortunate, because only approximately 50% of individuals with depression show full remission in response to these mechanisms. This review summarizes the obstacles that have hindered the development of non-monoamine-based antidepressants, and provides a progress report on some of the most promising current strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Berton
- Department of Psychiatry and Center for Basic Neuroscience, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390-9070, USA
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45
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Mamat C, Pundt T, Schmidt A, Langer P. Regioselective synthesis of 2-acetyl- and 2-alkoxycarbonyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenols by [3+3] cyclization of 1,3-bis-silyl enol ethers with 4-ethoxy- and 4-silyloxy-1,1,1-trifluoroalk-3-en-2-ones. Tetrahedron Lett 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2006.01.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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46
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Volochnyuk DM, Kostyuk AN, Sibgatulin DA, Chernega AN. Synthesis of functionalized m-bistrifluoromethylbenzenes via cyclocondensation of 1,1,1,5,5,5-hexafluoroacetylacetone with enamines. Tetrahedron 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2005.01.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Slattery DA, Hudson AL, Nutt DJ. Invited review: the evolution of antidepressant mechanisms. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2004; 18:1-21. [PMID: 14748749 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-8206.2004.00195.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Present antidepressants are all descendents of the serendipitous findings in the 1950s that the monoamine oxidase inhibitor iproniazid and the tricyclic antidepressant imipramine were effective antidepressants. The identification of their mechanism of action, and those of reserpine and amphetamine, in the 1960s, led to the monoamine theories of depression being postulated; first, with noradrenaline then 5-hydroxytryptamine being considered the more important amine. These monoamine theories of depression predominated both industrial and academic research for four decades. Recently, in attempts to design new drugs with faster onsets of action and more universal therapeutic action, downstream alterations common to current antidepressants are being examined as potential antidepressants. Additionally, the use of animal models has identified a number of novel targets some of which have been subjected to clinical trials in humans. However, monoamine antidepressants remain the best current medications and it may be some time before they are dislodged as the market leaders.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Slattery
- Psychopharmacology Unit, School of Medical Sciences, University Walk, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
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Abstract
Increasingly, it is being recognised that a balanced modulation of several targets can provide a superior therapeutic effect and side effect profile compared to the action of a selective ligand. Rational approaches in which structural features from selective ligands are combined have produced designed multiple ligands that span a wide variety of targets and target classes. A key challenge in the design of multiple ligands is attaining a balanced activity at each target of interest while simultaneously achieving a wider selectivity and a suitable pharmacokinetic profile. An analysis of literature examples reveals trends and insights that might help medicinal chemists discover the next generation of these types of compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Morphy
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Organon Laboratories, Newhouse, Lanarkshire ML1 5SH, UK.
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Ryckmans T, Berton O, Grimée R, Kogej T, Lamberty Y, Pasau P, Talaga P, Genicot C. Dual NK(1) antagonists--serotonin reuptake inhibitors as potential antidepressants. Part 2: SAR and activity of benzyloxyphenethyl piperazine derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2002; 12:3195-8. [PMID: 12372532 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(02)00563-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis, structure-affinity relationship and activity of benzyloxyphenethyl piperazine derivatives combining NK(1) antagonism and serotonin reuptake inhibition is described. Compound 7u was shown to be active in animal models of 5-HT reuptake inhibition and central NK(1) receptor blockade, and was demonstrated to be orally active in an integrated model sensitive to both mechanisms. This class of compounds potentially represents a new generation of antidepressants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Ryckmans
- Chemical Research, R&D, UCB Pharma SA, Chemin du Foriest, B-1420, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium.
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