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Javid H, Mohammadi F, Zahiri E, Hashemy SI. The emerging role of substance P/neurokinin-1 receptor signaling pathways in growth and development of tumor cells. J Physiol Biochem 2019; 75:415-421. [PMID: 31372898 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-019-00697-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Tachykinins (TKs) include an evolutionarily conserved group of small bio-active peptides which possess a common carboxyl-terminal sequence, Phe-X-Gly-Leu-Met-NH2. TKs also have been shown to have implications in different steps of carcinogenesis, such as angiogenesis, mitogenesis, metastasis, and other growth-related events. The biological actions of substance P (SP), as the most important member of the TK family, are mainly mediated through a G protein-coupled receptor named neurokinin-1 receptor (NK1R). More recently, it has become clear that SP/NK1R system is involved in the initiation and activation of signaling pathways involved in cancer development and progression. Therefore, SP may contribute to triggering a variety of effector mechanisms including protein synthesis and a number of transcription factors that modulate the expression of genes involved in these processes. The overwhelming insights into the blockage of NK1R using specific antagonists could suggest a therapeutic approach in cancer therapy. In this review, we focus on evidence supporting an association between the signaling pathways of the SP/NK1R system and cancer cell proliferation and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Javid
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Fariba Mohammadi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Elnaz Zahiri
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Isaac Hashemy
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
- Surgical Oncology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Wang X, Yvone GM, Cilluffo M, Kim AS, Basbaum AI, Phelps PE. Mispositioned Neurokinin-1 Receptor-Expressing Neurons Underlie Heat Hyperalgesia in Disabled-1 Mutant Mice. eNeuro 2019; 6:ENEURO.0131-19.2019. [PMID: 31122949 PMCID: PMC6584071 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0131-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Reelin (Reln) and Disabled-1 (Dab1) participate in the Reln-signaling pathway and when either is deleted, mutant mice have the same spinally mediated behavioral abnormalities, increased sensitivity to noxious heat and a profound loss in mechanical sensitivity. Both Reln and Dab1 are highly expressed in dorsal horn areas that receive and convey nociceptive information, Laminae I-II, lateral Lamina V, and the lateral spinal nucleus (LSN). Lamina I contains both projection neurons and interneurons that express Neurokinin-1 receptors (NK1Rs) and they transmit information about noxious heat both within the dorsal horn and to the brain. Here, we ask whether the increased heat nociception in Reln and dab1 mutants is due to incorrectly positioned dorsal horn neurons that express NK1Rs. We found more NK1R-expressing neurons in Reln-/- and dab1-/- Laminae I-II than in their respective wild-type mice, and some NK1R neurons co-expressed Dab1 and the transcription factor Lmx1b, confirming their excitatory phenotype. Importantly, heat stimulation in dab1-/- mice induced Fos in incorrectly positioned NK1R neurons in Laminae I-II. Next, we asked whether these ectopically placed and noxious-heat responsive NK1R neurons participated in pain behavior. Ablation of the superficial NK1Rs with an intrathecal injection of a substance P analog conjugated to the toxin saporin (SSP-SAP) eliminated the thermal hypersensitivity of dab1-/- mice, without altering their mechanical insensitivity. These results suggest that ectopically positioned NK1R-expressing neurons underlie the heat hyperalgesia of Reelin-signaling pathway mutants, but do not contribute to their profound mechanical insensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xidao Wang
- Departments of Anatomy and Physiology and W. M. Keck Foundation Center for Integrative Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Griselda M Yvone
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology UCLA, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Marianne Cilluffo
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology UCLA, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Ashley S Kim
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology UCLA, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Allan I Basbaum
- Departments of Anatomy and Physiology and W. M. Keck Foundation Center for Integrative Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Patricia E Phelps
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology UCLA, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
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Francis TC, Yano H, Demarest TG, Shen H, Bonci A. High-Frequency Activation of Nucleus Accumbens D1-MSNs Drives Excitatory Potentiation on D2-MSNs. Neuron 2019; 103:432-444.e3. [PMID: 31221559 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Subtypes of nucleus accumbens medium spiny neurons (MSNs) promote dichotomous outcomes in motivated behaviors. However, recent reports indicate enhancing activity of either nucleus accumbens (NAc) core MSN subtype augments reward, suggesting coincident MSN activity may underlie this outcome. Here, we report a collateral excitation mechanism in which high-frequency, NAc core dopamine 1 (D1)-MSN activation causes long-lasting potentiation of excitatory transmission (LLP) on dopamine receptor 2 (D2)-MSNs. Our mechanistic investigation demonstrates that this form of plasticity requires release of the excitatory peptide substance P from D1-MSNs and robust cholinergic interneuron activation through neurokinin receptor stimulation. We also reveal that D2-MSN LLP requires muscarinic 1 receptor activation, intracellular calcium signaling, and GluR2-lacking AMPAR insertion. This study uncovers a mechanism for shaping NAc core activity through the transfer of excitatory information from D1-MSNs to D2-MSNs and may provide a means for altering goal-directed behavior through coordinated MSN activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Chase Francis
- Intramural Research Program, Synaptic Plasticity Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Hideaki Yano
- Intramural Research Program, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Biophysics Unit, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Tyler G Demarest
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA; Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Hui Shen
- Intramural Research Program, Synaptic Plasticity Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Antonello Bonci
- Intramural Research Program, Synaptic Plasticity Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA; Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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El‐Hashim AZ, Mathews S, Al‐Shamlan F. Central adenosine A 1 receptors inhibit cough via suppression of excitatory glutamatergic and tachykininergic neurotransmission. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 175:3162-3174. [PMID: 29767468 PMCID: PMC6031887 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The adenosine A1 receptor is reported to mediate several excitatory effects in the airways and has inhibitory effects in the CNS. In this study, we investigated the role of peripheral and central A1 receptors in regulating cough and airway obstruction. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Drugs were administered to guinea pigs via inhalation or i.c.v. infusion. Following the administration of different drugs, cough was induced by exposing guinea pigs to aerosolized 0.4 M citric acid. An automated analyser recorded both cough and airway obstruction simultaneously using whole-body plethysmography. KEY RESULTS The A1 receptor agonist, cyclopentyladenosine (CPA, administered by inhalation), dose-dependently inhibited cough and also inhibited airway obstruction. Similarly, CPA, administered i.c.v., inhibited both the citric acid-induced cough and airway obstruction; this was prevented by pretreatment with the A1 receptor antagonist DPCPX (i.c.v.). Treatment with DPCPX alone dose-dependently enhanced the citric acid-induced cough and airway obstruction. This effect was reversed following treatment with either the glutamate GluN1 receptor antagonist D-AP5 or the neurokinin NK1 receptor antagonist FK-888. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These findings suggest that activation of either peripheral or central adenosine A1 receptors inhibits citric acid-induced cough and airway obstruction. The data also suggest that tonic activation of central adenosine A1 receptors serves as a negative regulator of cough and airway obstruction, secondary to inhibition of excitatory glutamatergic and tachykininergic neurotransmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Z El‐Hashim
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of PharmacyKuwait UniversityKuwait
| | - Seena Mathews
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of PharmacyKuwait UniversityKuwait
| | - Fajer Al‐Shamlan
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of PharmacyKuwait UniversityKuwait
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Wang W, Zhang H, Zheng W, He S. [Up-regulated expression of NK1R in eosinophil-enriched blood cells from patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria]. Xi Bao Yu Fen Zi Mian Yi Xue Za Zhi 2017; 33:1108-1112. [PMID: 28871952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Objective To investigate the expressions of substance P (SP) and neurokinin-1 receptor (NK1R) in eosinophil-enriched blood cells from patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU). Methods Peripheral venous blood samples were collected from patients with CSU and healthy controls (HCs), and then stimulated with crude extracts of Artemisia pollen, dust mite, and Platanus pollen (all at concentrations of 0.1 and 1.0 μg/mL). The expressions of SP and NK1R in eosinophil-enriched blood cells were detected by flow cytometry. Results Compared with HCs, eosinophil proportion in peripheral blood of CSU patients increased 1.2-fold. Percentage of NK1R+ eosinophils in the patients with CSU was elevated up to 66% compared with HCs when cultured in the medium only. However, the level of SP decreased by 40% in the CSU patients. In eosinophil-enriched blood cells from the CSU patients, the crude extract of dust mite at 0.1 μg/mL induced approximately 1.11-fold increase of NK1R expression. Conclusion Expression of NK1R increases in the eosinophils of CSU patients. Blockers of NK1R might be used for CSU treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Centre, First Affiliated Hospital, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, China
| | - Huiyun Zhang
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Centre, First Affiliated Hospital, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121001; Central Laboratory, Suzhou Xiangcheng People's Hospital, Suzhou 215100, China
| | - Wenjiao Zheng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Central Hospital, Zibo Mining Group Co., LTD, Zibo 255120, China
| | - Shaoheng He
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Centre, First Affiliated Hospital, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, China. *Corresponding author, E-mail:
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Gaddipati S, Rao P, Jerome AD, Burugula BB, Gerard NP, Suvas S. Loss of Neurokinin-1 Receptor Alters Ocular Surface Homeostasis and Promotes an Early Development of Herpes Stromal Keratitis. J Immunol 2016; 197:4021-4033. [PMID: 27798158 PMCID: PMC5113833 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Substance P neuropeptide and its receptor, neurokinin-1 receptor (NK1R), are reported to present on the ocular surface. In this study, mice lacking functional NK1R exhibited an excessive desquamation of apical corneal epithelial cells in association with an increased epithelial cell proliferation and increased epithelial cell density, but decreased epithelial cell size. The lack of NK1R also resulted in decreased density of corneal nerves, corneal epithelial dendritic cells (DCs), and a reduced volume of basal tears. Interestingly, massive accumulation of CD11c+CD11b+ conventional DCs was noted in the bulbar conjunctiva and near the limbal area of corneas from NK1R-/- mice. After ocular HSV-1 infection, the number of conventional DCs and neutrophils infiltrating the infected corneas was significantly higher in NK1R-/- than C57BL/6J mice. This was associated with an increased viral load in infected corneas of NK1R-/- mice. As a result, the number of IFN-γ-secreting virus-specific CD4 T cells in the draining lymph nodes of NK1R-/- mice was much higher than in infected C57BL/6J mice. An increased number of CD4 T cells and mature neutrophils (CD11b+Ly6ghigh) in the inflamed corneas of NK1R-/- mice was associated with an early development of severe herpes stromal keratitis. Collectively, our results show that the altered corneal biology of uninfected NK1R-/- mice along with an enhanced immunological response after ocular HSV-1 infection causes an early development of herpes stromal keratitis in NK1R-/- mice.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Conjunctiva/immunology
- Conjunctiva/pathology
- Conjunctiva/virology
- Cornea/immunology
- Cornea/pathology
- Cornea/virology
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/immunology
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/physiology
- Homeostasis
- Interferon-gamma/immunology
- Keratitis, Herpetic/immunology
- Keratitis, Herpetic/physiopathology
- Keratitis, Herpetic/virology
- Lymph Nodes/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Neutrophils/immunology
- Receptors, Neurokinin-1/deficiency
- Receptors, Neurokinin-1/immunology
- Receptors, Neurokinin-1/physiology
- Viral Load
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhash Gaddipati
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Pushpa Rao
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Andrew David Jerome
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Bala Bharathi Burugula
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Norma P Gerard
- Division of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston's Children Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215; and
| | - Susmit Suvas
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201;
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201
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Abstract
This article provides an overview of the structure and function of substance P signalling system and its involvement in the cardiovascular regulation. Substance P is an undecapeptide originating from TAC1 gen and belonging to the tachykinin family. The biological actions of substance P are mainly mediated through neurokinin receptor 1 since substance P is the ligand with the highest affinity to neurokinin receptor 1. Substance P is widely distributed within the central and peripheral nervous systems as well as in the cardiovascular system. Substance P is involved in the regulation of heart frequency, blood pressure and in the stretching of vessels. Substance P plays an important role in ischemia and reperfusion and cardiovascular response to stress. Additionally, it has been also implicated in angiogenesis, pain transmission and inflammation. The substance P/neurokinin receptor 1 receptor system is involved in the molecular bases of many human pathological processes. Antagonists of neurokinin receptor 1 receptor could provide clinical solutions for a variety of diseases. Neurokinin receptor 1 antagonists are already used in the prevention of chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliska Mistrova
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University in Prague, Pilsen, Czech Republic; Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University in Prague, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Kruzliak
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic; 2(nd) Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Magdalena Chottova Dvorakova
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University in Prague, Pilsen, Czech Republic; Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University in Prague, Pilsen, Czech Republic
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Abstract
Substance P (SP) is an important mediator of pro-inflammatory mechanisms in the skin. It targets multiple cells such as keratinocytes, mast cells, and fibroblasts which are involved in the cutaneous generation of pruritus. This suggests that SP is an interesting target for therapy. In fact, in recent case reports and case series, SP antagonists demonstrated a significant antipruritic effect in acute and chronic pruritus such as drug-induced pruritus, paraneoplastic pruritus, prurigo nodularis, cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, and brachioradial pruritus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Ständer
- Department of Dermatology, Competence Center Chronic Pruritus, University Hospital of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Strasse 58, 48149, Münster, Germany,
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Largent-Milnes TM, Brookshire SW, Skinner DP, Hanlon KE, Giuvelis D, Yamamoto T, Davis P, Campos CR, Nair P, Deekonda S, Bilsky EJ, Porreca F, Hruby VJ, Vanderah TW. Building a better analgesic: multifunctional compounds that address injury-induced pathology to enhance analgesic efficacy while eliminating unwanted side effects. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2013; 347:7-19. [PMID: 23860305 PMCID: PMC3781412 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.113.205245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The most highly abused prescription drugs are opioids used for the treatment of pain. Physician-reported drug-seeking behavior has resulted in a significant health concern among doctors trying to adequately treat pain while limiting the misuse or diversion of pain medications. In addition to abuse liability, opioid use is associated with unwanted side effects that complicate pain management, including opioid-induced emesis and constipation. This has resulted in restricting long-term doses of opioids and inadequate treatment of both acute and chronic debilitating pain, demonstrating a compelling need for novel analgesics. Recent reports indicate that adaptations in endogenous substance P/neurokinin-1 receptor (NK1) are induced by chronic pain and sustained opioid exposure, and these changes may contribute to processes responsible for opioid abuse liability, emesis, and analgesic tolerance. Here, we describe a multifunctional mu-/delta-opioid agonist/NK1 antagonist compound [Tyr-d-Ala-Gly-Phe-Met-Pro-Leu-Trp-NH-Bn(CF3)2 (TY027)] that has a preclinical profile of excellent antinociceptive efficacy, low abuse liability, and no opioid-related emesis or constipation. In rodent models of acute and neuropathic pain, TY027 demonstrates analgesic efficacy following central or systemic administration with a plasma half-life of more than 4 hours and central nervous system penetration. These data demonstrate that an innovative opioid designed to contest the pathology created by chronic pain and sustained opioids results in antinociceptive efficacy in rodent models, with significantly fewer side effects than morphine. Such rationally designed, multitargeted compounds are a promising therapeutic approach in treating patients who suffer from acute and chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Largent-Milnes
- Department of Pharmacology (T.M.L.-M., S.W.B., D.P.S., K.E.H., P.D., C.R.C., F.P., T.W.V.), and Department of Chemistry (T.Y., P.N, S.D., V.J.H.), University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona; and Center for Excellence in Neuroscience, University of New England, Biddeford, Maine (K.E.H., D.G., E.J.B., F.P., T.W.V.)
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10
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Kong LH, Sun N, Zhu JX, Xu Y, Liu XH, Du JQ. [The role of NMDA and NK1 receptors in cardiac nociceptive information transmissions in the spinal cords of rats]. Sichuan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban 2013; 44:722-726. [PMID: 24325098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of NMDA and NK1 receptor agonist and antagonist on the EMG and the synaptic mechanism of nociceptive information transmissions in the spinal cords. METHODS Male SD rats were randomly divided into seven groups, with intrathecal injection of the following chemicals respectively: control group (10 microL saline), NMDA group (0.147 microg/10 pL NMDA), MK801 group (6.8 microg/10 microL MK801), MK801+NMDA group (6.8 microg/10 pL MK801+0. 147 microg/10 pL NMDA), Sar-SP group (1.4 pg/10 microL Sar-SP), CP-96345 group (5 microg/10 pL CP-96345), and CP-96345+Sar-SP group (1.4 micro/10 microL Sar-SP+5 microg/10 microL CP-96345). A cardiac pain model in rats through intrapericardial injection of capsaicin was established. Intrapericardial injection of capsaicin was given to the rats 10 min after intrathecal injection of the tested chemicals. The spinotrapezius electromyography (EMG) activities as an index of cardiac-somatic motor reflex were recorded simultaneously. RESULTS Compared with the pre-test controls (100%), saline did not make a significant change to the capsaicin-evoked EMG response (96. 9% +/- 12. 5%, P>0. 05); NMDA agonist increased the capsaicin-evoked EMG response (185. 2% +/- 24. 4%) significantly (P<0. 05); neither MK801 nor a combined administration of MK801 and NMDA made a significant change to the capsaicin-evoked EMG response (106. 6% +/- 10. 2%, P> 0.05); Sar-SP increased the capsaicin-evoked EMG response (145. 6% 10. 1%) significantly (P<0. 05); whereas neither CP-96345 nor a combined administration of CP-96345 and Sar-SP made a significant change to the capsaicin-evoked EMG response (102. 2% +/- 8. 4%, P>0.05). CONCLUSION NMDA and NK1 receptors may have participated in the transmissions of cardiac nociception information in the spinal cords of rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Heng Kong
- Department of of Physiology, Xi' an Medical University, Xi' an 710021, China
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11
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McKinnon BD, Evers J, Bersinger NA, Mueller MD. Induction of the neurokinin 1 receptor by TNFα in endometriotic tissue provides the potential for neurogenic control over endometriotic lesion growth. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013; 98:2469-77. [PMID: 23553861 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2013-1019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Endometriosis is characterized by the growth of ectopic endometrial tissue. Nerve fibers are frequently associated with ectopic lesions, and neurogenic inflammation may play a role in endometriosis. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to determine the presence of tachykinin receptors in endometriotic lesions and the role of TNFα on their expression. DESIGN This study was an assessment of matching eutopic and ectopic endometrial tissue and peritoneal fluid from patients with endometriosis and an in vitro analysis of primary endometrial cells. SETTING The setting was a university hospital. PATIENTS Participants were premenopausal women undergoing laparoscopy. INTERVENTIONS Endometriotic lesions were removed surgically. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Tachykinin mRNA (TACR1/2) and protein (neurokinin 1 receptor [NK1R]) expression in both eutopic and ectopic endometrial tissue from patients with endometriosis and the correlation to peritoneal fluid TNFα were measured. Primary endometrial epithelial and stromal cells were assessed in vitro to determine the induction of TACR1/2 and NK1R expression after TNFα treatment. Cell viability of endometrial stromal cells after substance P exposure was also assessed. RESULTS Expression of both TACR1 and TACR2 mRNA was significantly higher in the ectopic than in the eutopic tissue. Both TACR1 mRNA and NK1R protein expression was significantly correlated with peritoneal fluid TNFα, and in vitro studies confirmed that TNFα treatment induced both TACR1 mRNA and NK1R protein expression in endometrial stromal cells. In endometrial stromal cells, substance P treatment enhanced cell viability, which was inhibited by a specific NK1R antagonist. CONCLUSIONS NK1R expression is induced in ectopic endometrial tissue by peritoneal TNFα. Induction of NK1R expression may permit endometriotic lesion maintenance via exposure to substance P.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett D McKinnon
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Inselspital, University of Berne, Berne, CH-3010, Switzerland.
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Robinson P, Garza A, Weinstock J, Serpa JA, Goodman JC, Eckols KT, Firozgary B, Tweardy DJ. Substance P causes seizures in neurocysticercosis. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002489. [PMID: 22346746 PMCID: PMC3276565 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2011] [Accepted: 12/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurocysticercosis (NCC), a helminth infection of the brain, is a major cause of seizures. The mediators responsible for seizures in NCC are unknown, and their management remains controversial. Substance P (SP) is a neuropeptide produced by neurons, endothelial cells and immunocytes. The current studies examined the hypothesis that SP mediates seizures in NCC. We demonstrated by immunostaining that 5 of 5 brain biopsies from NCC patients contained substance P (SP)-positive (+) cells adjacent to but not distant from degenerating worms; no SP+ cells were detected in uninfected brains. In a rodent model of NCC, seizures were induced after intrahippocampal injection of SP alone or after injection of extracts of cysticercosis granuloma obtained from infected wild type (WT), but not from infected SP precursor-deficient mice. Seizure activity correlated with SP levels within WT granuloma extracts and was prevented by intrahippocampal pre-injection of SP receptor antagonist. Furthermore, extracts of granulomas from WT mice caused seizures when injected into the hippocampus of WT mice, but not when injected into SP receptor (NK1R) deficient mice. These findings indicate that SP causes seizures in NCC, and, suggests that seizures in NCC in humans may be prevented and/or treated with SP-receptor antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prema Robinson
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America.
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Worsley MA, Clayton NM, Bountra C, Boissonade FM. The effects of ibuprofen and the neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist GR205171A on Fos expression in the ferret trigeminal nucleus following tooth pulp stimulation. Eur J Pain 2012; 12:385-94. [PMID: 17897851 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpain.2007.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2007] [Revised: 06/29/2007] [Accepted: 07/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a model to study central changes following inflammation of the tooth pulp in the ferret and have examined Fos expression in the trigeminal nucleus following stimulation of non-inflamed and inflamed tooth pulps. The aim of this study was to establish the ability of this model to predict analgesic efficacy in clinical studies of inflammatory pain. We addressed this by assessing the effects of the neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist GR205171A and ibuprofen on Fos expression following stimulation of the inflamed pulp and comparing this with known analgesic efficacy. Adult ferrets were prepared under anaesthesia to allow tooth pulp stimulation, recording from the digastric muscle and intravenous injections at a subsequent experiment. In some animals pulpal inflammation was induced, by introducing human caries into a deep buccal cavity. After 5 days, animals were reanaesthetised, treated with vehicle, GR205171A or ibuprofen and the teeth were stimulated at ten times the threshold of the jaw-opening reflex. Stimulation of all tooth pulps induced ipsilateral Fos in trigeminal subnuclei caudalis and oralis. GR205171A had no significant effect on Fos expression in the trigeminal nucleus of animals with either non-inflamed or inflamed tooth pulps. Ibuprofen reduced Fos expression in the trigeminal nucleus and this effect was most marked in animals with pulpal inflammation. These results differ from those previously described using a range of other animal models, but agree with known clinical efficacy of neurokinin-1 receptor antagonists and ibuprofen. Therefore this model is likely to be of use in accurately predicting the analgesic efficacy of novel compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Worsley
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine and Surgery, School of Clinical Dentistry, Claremont Crescent, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S10 2TA, United Kingdom.
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14
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Karagiannides I, Bakirtzi K, Kokkotou E, Stavrakis D, Margolis KG, Thomou T, Giorgadze N, Kirkland JL, Pothoulakis C. Role of substance P in the regulation of glucose metabolism via insulin signaling-associated pathways. Endocrinology 2011; 152:4571-80. [PMID: 22009727 PMCID: PMC3230056 DOI: 10.1210/en.2011-1170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Substance P (SP), encoded by the tachykinin 1 (Tac1) gene, is the most potent tachykinin ligand for the high-affinity neurokinin-1 receptor (NK-1R). We previously reported that NK-1R-deficient mice show less weight gain and reduced circulating levels of leptin and insulin in response to a high-fat diet (HFD) and demonstrated the presence of functional NK-1R in isolated human preadipocytes. Here we assessed the effects of SP on weight gain in response to HFD and determined glucose metabolism in Tac1-deficient (Tac1(-/-)) mice. The effect of SP on the expression of molecules that may predispose to reduced glucose uptake was also determined in isolated human mesenteric, omental, and sc preadipocytes. We show that although weight accumulation in response to HFD was similar between Tac1(-/-) mice and wild-type littermates, Tac1(-/-) mice demonstrated lower glucose and leptin and increased adiponectin blood levels and showed improved responses to insulin challenge after HFD. SP stimulated phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase, protein kinase C, mammalian target of rapamycin, and inhibitory serine insulin receptor substrate-1 phosphorylation in human preadipocytes in vitro. Preincubation of human mesenteric preadipocytes with the protein kinase C pseudosubstrate inhibitor reduced insulin receptor substrate 1 phosphorylation in response to SP. Lastly, SP also induced insulin receptor substrate-1 phosphorylation in mature human sc adipocytes. Our results demonstrate an important role for SP in adipose tissue responses and obesity-associated pathologies. These novel SP effects on molecules that enhance insulin resistance at the adipocyte level may reflect an important role for this peptide in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iordanes Karagiannides
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, 675 Charles E. Young Drive, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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15
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Quinn JP, Kipar A, Hughes DJ, Bennett E, Cox H, McLaughlin L, Zimmer A, Hunt SP, Stewart JP. Altered host response to murine gammaherpesvirus 68 infection in mice lacking the tachykinin 1 gene and the receptor for substance P. Neuropeptides 2011; 45:49-53. [PMID: 21106239 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2010.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2010] [Revised: 09/22/2010] [Accepted: 10/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The tachykinins are implicated in neurogenic inflammation and the neuropeptide substance P in particular has been shown to be a proinflammatory mediator. A role for the tachykinins in host response to viral infection has been previously demonstrated using either TAC1- or NK1 receptor-deficient transgenic mice. However, due to redundancy in the peptide-receptor complexes we wished determine whether a deficiency in TAC1 and NK1(R) in combination exhibited an enhanced phenotype. TAC1 and NK1(R)-deficient mice were therefore crossed to generate transgenic mice in both (NK1(-/-)×TAC1(-/-)). As expected, after infection with the respiratory pathogen murine gammaherpesvirus (MHV-68), TAC1 and NK1(R)-deficient mice were more susceptible to infection than wild-type C57BL/6 controls. However, unexpectedly, NK1(-/-)×TAC1(-/-) mice were more resistant to infection arguing for a lack of feedback inhibition through alternative receptors in these mice. Histopathological examination did not show any great differences in the inflammatory responses between groups of infected animals, except for the presence of focal perivascular B cell accumulations in lungs of all the knockout mice. These were most pronounced in the NK1(-/-)×TAC1(-/-) mice. These results confirm an important role for TAC1 and NK1(R) in the control of viral infection but reinforce the complex nature of the peptide-receptor interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Quinn
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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16
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Brand A, Smith ESJ, Lewin GR, Park TJ. Functional neurokinin and NMDA receptor activity in an animal naturally lacking substance P: the naked mole-rat. PLoS One 2010; 5:e15162. [PMID: 21200438 PMCID: PMC3006196 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2010] [Accepted: 10/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Naked mole-rats are extremely unusual among mammals in that their cutaneous C-fibers lack the neuropeptide Substance P (SP). In other mammals, SP plays an important role in nociception: it is released from C-fibers onto spinal neurons where it facilitates NMDA receptor activity and causes sensitization that can last for minutes, hours or days. In the present study, we tested the effects of intrathecal application of: 1) SP, 2) an SP antagonist (GR-82334), and 3) an NMDA antagonist (APV) on heat-evoked foot withdrawal. In the naked mole-rat, at a high enough concentration, application of SP caused a large, immediate, and long-lasting sensitization of foot withdrawal latency that was transiently reversed by application of either antagonist. However, neither SP nor NMDA antagonists had an effect when administered alone to naïve animals. In contrast, both antagonists induced an increase in basal withdrawal latency in mice. These results indicate that spinal neurons in naked mole-rats have functional SP and NMDA receptors, but that these receptors do not participate in heat-evoked foot withdrawal unless SP is experimentally introduced. We propose that the natural lack of SP in naked mole-rat C-fibers may have resulted during adaptation to living in a chronically high carbon dioxide, high ammonia environment that, in other mammals, would stimulate C-fibers and evoke nocifensive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antje Brand
- Laboratory of Integrative Neuroscience, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Ewan St. J. Smith
- Department of Neuroscience, Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gary R. Lewin
- Department of Neuroscience, Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas J. Park
- Laboratory of Integrative Neuroscience, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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17
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Mou L, Xing Y, Kong Z, Zhou Y, Chen Z, Wang R. The N-terminal domain of human hemokinin-1 influences functional selectivity property for tachykinin receptor neurokinin-1. Biochem Pharmacol 2010; 81:661-8. [PMID: 21168392 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2010.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2010] [Revised: 12/01/2010] [Accepted: 12/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Human hemokinin-1 (hHK-1) is a substance P-like tachykinin peptide preferentially expressed in non-neuronal tissues. It is involved in multiple physiological functions such as inflammation, hematopoietic cells development and vasodilatation via the interaction with tachykinin receptor neurokinin-1 (NK1). To further understand the intracellular signal transduction mechanism under such functional multiplicity, current study was focused on the differential activation of Gs and Gq pathways by hHK-1 and its C-terminal fragments, which is termed as functional selectivity. We demonstrated these hHK-1 and related peptide fragments can independently activate Gs and Gq pathways, showing a relative bias toward Gq over Gs pathway. The T1, K3 and Q6 of hHK-1 might play roles in the activation of adenylate cyclase mediated by Gs, while having negligible effect on Gq mediated intracellular calcium release. The stepwise truncation of N-terminal amino acid of hHK-1 caused gradual decrease in ERK1/2 phosphorylation level and NF-κB activity. However, it had little influence on the induction of NK1 receptor desensitization and internalization. Taken together these data support that hHK-1 and its C-terminal fragments are human NK1 receptor agonists with different functional selectivity properties and that such functional selectivity leads to differential activation of downstream signaling and receptor trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyun Mou
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University, 222 Tian Shui South Road, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
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18
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Muñoz M, Coveñas R. Neurokinin-1 receptor: a new promising target in the treatment of cancer. Discov Med 2010; 10:305-313. [PMID: 21034671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Substance P (SP) has a widespread distribution in the whole body. After binding to the neurokinin-1 (NK-1) receptor, SP regulates biological functions related to cancer: tumor cell proliferation (favoring tumor growth), angiogenesis, and migration of the tumor cells for invasion and metastasis. SP also exerts an antiapoptotic effect. The peptide is secreted from primary tumors and from peripheral nerves, and reaches the whole body through the blood stream. NK-1 receptors are overexpressed in tumors (cancer cells express more NK-1 receptors than normal cells). By contrast, after binding to NK-1 receptors, the NK-1 receptor antagonists specifically inhibit tumor cell proliferation (tumor cells die by apoptosis), angiogenesis and the migration of the tumor cells. Thus, 1) the SP/NK-1 receptor system plays an important role in the development of cancer, angiogenesis, and metastasis; 2) a common mechanism for cancer cell proliferation mediated by the SP/NK-1 receptor system occurs; 3) NK-1 receptor antagonists act as a broad-spectrum antitumoral agent; 4) the NK-1 receptor could be a new promising target in the treatment of cancer; 5) NK-1 receptor antagonists could improve cancer treatment--the development of antagonist molecules of the NK-1 receptor represents an important opportunity for exploiting these molecules as novel therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Muñoz
- Research Laboratory on Neuropeptides, Hospital Infantil Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla 41013, Spain.
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19
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Deng L, Li J, Yan F, Lu J. [Effect of substance P on cardiac autonomic nervous function in rats]. Sheng Wu Yi Xue Gong Cheng Xue Za Zhi 2009; 26:1320-1324. [PMID: 20095495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Forty SD rats were divided into 5 groups: control group, SP groups (5 microg/kg,10 microg/kg, 20 microg/kg) and spantide II plus SP group. An analysis of heart rate variability (HRV) was used to detect the changes of HRV parameters before and after intravenous injection of SP in order to investigate the effect of substance P on cardiac autonomic nervous function and the corresponding mechanism. RESULTS (1) There were significant differences in most HRV parameters for the three different doses of SP. Mean heart period (MHP), absolute power of ultra-low frequency and high frequency band (APU, APH), total power (TPV) and ratio of power in ultra-low to high frequency band (RUH) increased, while mean heart rate (MHR) and chaos intensity (HCC) decreased during the 30 minutes. Each peak amplitude of HRV parameters went higher and showed up ahead of the upward doses of SP. (2) Significant change was seen in each of the parameters between spantide II plus SP group and high-dose SP group. These data idicate that, after intravenous injection of different doses of SP, both cardiac sympathetic nervous system activity and parasympathetic nervous system activity increase, and the function of cardiac autonomic nervous becomes instable and unbalanced. The effect of SP may be dose dependent, and it is possibly mediated by neurokinin-1(NK-1) receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Deng
- Department of Physiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
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Takami Y, Mantyh CR, Pappas TN, Takahashi T, Koda K, Miyazaki M. Extrinsic surgical denervation ameliorates TNBS-induced colitis in rats. Hepatogastroenterology 2009; 56:682-686. [PMID: 19621680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Neurogenic inflammation refers to an inflammatory reflex arc by sensory neurons which transmit nocious stimulus centrally and results in both pain perception and intense local inflammatory reaction. Specific neurons, receptors, and their respective neurotransmitters have been studied in numerous organ systems including the gastrointestinal tract. Neurogenic inflammation has been suggested to play a key role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. In this study, we studied the effect of surgical denervation of specific somatosensory neurons in a well-established animal model of colitis. METHODOLOGY Adult male rats were underwent surgical denervation around the inferior mesenteric artery or sham operation. After ten days trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) or vehicle was administered by enema. Inflammation was assessed by, histological evaluation, macroscopic damage score, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, and substance P receptor immunoreactivity (SPRIR). RESULTS Compared with sham operation with TNBS administration, surgical denervation with TNBS administration suppressed the score in all of the inflammatory indices and had almost no signs of inflammation in histological evaluation. CONCLUSIONS Surgical denervation has a protective effect on TNBS-induced colitis in rats. Thus, sensory neurons play a key role in the pathogenesis of inflammation in this well-established model of acute colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoji Takami
- Department of General Surgery, National Hospital Organization Chiba Medical Center, Chiba, Japan.
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21
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Kido MA, Ibuki T, Danjo A, Kondo T, Zhang JQ, Yamaza T, Yamashita Y, Higuchi Y, Tanaka T. Immunocytochemical localization of the neurokinin 1 receptor in rat dental pulp. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 68:259-65. [PMID: 16477146 DOI: 10.1679/aohc.68.259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The dentin-pulp complex is a peripheral end-organ supplied by dense sensory nerve fibers. Substance P, a representative neuropeptide widely distributed in the dental pulp, has been reported to play roles in pain transmission and the amplification of inflammation. We analyzed here the expression of the neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, preferentially activated by substance P, using immunocytochemistry in rat dental pulp at both the light and electron microscopic levels. Conspicuous NK1 receptor immunoreactivity was found in the odontoblasts; immunolabelings were present at their plasma membrane and endosomal structures, especially in their cytoplasmic processes. Immunoreactions for NK1 receptor were also detectable in a part of the nerve terminals associated with the cytoplasmic processes of the odontoblasts. Furthermore, the endothelial cells of capillaries and post-capillary venules and the fibroblasts were labeled with the NK1 receptor in the subodontoblast layer. These findings suggest that pulpal cells and nerve fibers are targets for substance P that mediate multiple functions, including a vasoactive function and the regulation of vascular permeability as well as the modulation of pain transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuho A Kido
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
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22
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Pawl R. Chemical cordotomy. How far have we come? Surg Neurol 2008; 70:599. [PMID: 18786702 DOI: 10.1016/j.surneu.2008.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2008] [Accepted: 06/24/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
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George DT, Gilman J, Hersh J, Thorsell A, Herion D, Geyer C, Peng X, Kielbasa W, Rawlings R, Brandt JE, Gehlert DR, Tauscher JT, Hunt SP, Hommer D, Heilig M. Neurokinin 1 Receptor Antagonism as a Possible Therapy for Alcoholism. Science 2008; 319:1536-9. [PMID: 18276852 DOI: 10.1126/science.1153813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David T George
- Laboratory of Clinical and Translational Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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24
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Saeed SA, Zaidi AH. Inflammatory bowel disease: treatment postulates and future prospects. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak 2008; 18:197. [PMID: 18460258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
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Halasz J, Toth M, Mikics E, Hrabovszky E, Barsy B, Barsvari B, Haller J. The effect of neurokinin1 receptor blockade on territorial aggression and in a model of violent aggression. Biol Psychiatry 2008; 63:271-8. [PMID: 17678879 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2006] [Revised: 04/06/2007] [Accepted: 04/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurokinin1 (NK1) receptor blockers were recently proposed for the treatment of anxiety and depression. Disparate data suggest that NK1 receptors are also involved in the control of aggressiveness, but their role is poorly known. METHODS We evaluated the aggression-induced activation of NK1 neurons by double-labeling brain sections for NK1 receptors and c-Fos in two laboratory models of aggression. We also studied the effects of the NK1 antagonist L-703,606 in these models. RESULTS Aggressive encounters activated a large number of NK1 receptor-expressing neurons in areas relevant for aggression control. The activation was aggression-specific, because the effects of psychosocial encounters (that allowed sensory but not physical contacts) were markedly weaker. In the medial amygdala, the activation of neurons expressing NK1 receptors showed a marked positive correlation with the occurrence of violent attacks. In resident/intruder conflicts, NK1 blockade lowered the number of hard bites, without affecting milder forms of attack. In the model of violent aggression, attacks on vulnerable body parts of opponents (the main indicators of violence in this model) were decreased to the levels seen in control subjects. Autonomic deficits seen in the model of violent aggression were also ameliorated. The effects of the compound were not secondary to changes in locomotion or in the behavior of intruders. CONCLUSIONS Our data show that neurons expressing NK1 receptors are involved in the control of aggressiveness, especially in the expression of violent attacks. This suggests that NK1 antagonists-beyond anxiety and depression-might also be useful in the treatment of aggressiveness and violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jozsef Halasz
- Department of Behavioral Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest 1083, Hungary.
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Bassi GS, Nobre MJ, de Araújo JE, Brandão ML. Anxiogenic effects of activation of NK-1 receptors of the dorsal periaqueductal gray as assessed by the elevated plus-maze, ultrasound vocalizations and tail-flick tests. Neuropeptides 2007; 41:365-74. [PMID: 17981325 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2007.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2007] [Revised: 08/23/2007] [Accepted: 09/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ultrasound vocalizations (USVs) known as 22kHz are usual components of the defensive responses of rats exposed to threatening conditions. The amount of emission of 22kHz USVs depends on the intensity of the aversive stimuli. While moderate fear causes an anxiolytic-sensitive enhancement of the defensive responses, high fear tended to reduce the defensive performance of the animals to aversive stimuli. The dorsal periaqueductal gray (dPAG) is an important vocal center and a crucial structure for the expression of defensive responses. Substance P (SP) is involved in the modulation of the defensive response at this midbrain level, but the type of neurokinin receptors involved in this action is not completely understood. In this study we examined whether local injections of the selective NK-1 agonist SAR-MET-SP (10-100 pmol/0.2microL) into the dPAG (i) cause anxiogenic effects in the elevated plus-maze (EPM) (Exp. I), (ii) influence the novelty-induced 22kHz USVs recorded within the frequency range of 20-26kHz (Exp. II) and (iii) change the nociceptive reactivity to heat applied to the rat's tail (Exp III). The data obtained showed that SAR-MET-SP elicited significant "anxiety-like" behaviors, as revealed by the decrease in the number of entries into and time spent onto the open arms of the EPM. These anxiogenic effects were accompanied with antinociception and disruption of the novelty-induced increase in the number and duration of 22kHz USVs. These findings are in agreement with the notion that NK-1 receptors of the dPAG may be an important neurochemical target for new selective drugs aimed at the control of pathological anxiety states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel S Bassi
- Instituto de Neurociências & Comportamento-INeC, Campus USP, 14040-901, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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Juszczak M, Boczek-Leszczyk E, Stempniak B. Effect of melatonin on the vasopressin secretion as influenced by tachykinin NK-1 receptor agonist and antagonist: in vivo and in vitro studies. J Physiol Pharmacol 2007; 58:829-843. [PMID: 18195491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2007] [Accepted: 11/05/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of melatonin on vasopressin (AVP) release from the rat hypothalamo-neurohypophysial (H-NH) system, both in vivo and in vitro, possibly modified by the peptide NK-1 and/or NK-2 receptor agonists and antagonists. Highly selective NK-1 receptor agonist, i.e., [Sar(9),Met(O(2))(11)]-Substance P, has been shown to enhance the AVP release from isolated rat H-NH system in vitro, while the NK-1 receptor antagonist--(Tyr(6),DPhe(7),D-His(9))-Substance P (6-11) as well as the NK-2 receptor selective agonist--(beta-Ala(8))-Neurokinin A (4-10) and antagonist--(Tyr(5),D-Trp(6,8,9),Lys-NH(2)(10))-Neurokinin A (4-10) were essentially inactive in modifying AVP secretion. Melatonin inhibited basal release of AVP but was not able to reduce significantly the in vitro response of vasopressinergic neurones to NK-1 receptor agonist. After intracerebroventricular (icv) administration, substance P (SP), neurokinin A (NKA) and the NK-1 receptor agonist (all at the concentration of 10(-7) M/L) significantly enhanced plasma AVP concentration. Such stimulatory effect of the latter peptide on AVP output from the eurohypophysis was reduced by an intravenous (iv) injection of melatonin, which itself (at a concentration of 5 ng/ml) caused a significant decrease in AVP release 10 min after injection. The inhibitory influence of melatonin on the AVP secretion was absent in rats injected icv with both tachykinin receptors antagonists, the NK-2 receptor agonist or NKA. The present data indicate a distinct role for NK-1 receptor in NKA/SP-mediated regulation of AVP release from the rat H-NH system. They have also shown that, under present experimental conditions, the stimulatory effect of NK-1 receptor activation on AVP secretion into the blood is sensitive to inhibitory influence of melatonin.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Juszczak
- Department of Pathophysiology and Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Medical University of Łódź, Poland
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Polgár E, Thomson S, Maxwell DJ, Al-Khater K, Todd AJ. A population of large neurons in laminae III and IV of the rat spinal cord that have long dorsal dendrites and lack the neurokinin 1 receptor. Eur J Neurosci 2007; 26:1587-98. [PMID: 17880393 PMCID: PMC2635481 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05793.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The dorsal horn of the rat spinal cord contains a population of large neurons with cell bodies in laminae III or IV, that express the neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1r) and have long dorsal dendrites that branch extensively within the superficial laminae. In this study, we have identified a separate population of neurons that have similar dendritic morphology, but lack the NK1r. These cells also differ from the NK1r-expressing neurons in that they have significantly fewer contacts from substance P-containing axons and are not retrogradely labelled following injection of tracer into the caudal ventrolateral medulla. We also provide evidence that these cells do not belong to the postsynaptic dorsal column pathway or the spinothalamic tract. It is therefore likely that these cells do not have supraspinal projections. They may provide a route through which information transmitted by C fibres that lack neuropeptides is conveyed to deeper laminae. The present findings demonstrate the need for caution when attempting to classify neurons solely on the basis of somatodendritic morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Polgár
- Spinal Cord Group, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
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Abstract
Accumulating evidence on bone physiopathology has indicated that the skeleton contains numerous nerve fibers and its metabolism is regulated by the nervous system. Until now, more than 10 neuropeptides have been identified in bone. Substance P (SP) is a neuropeptide released from axons of sensory neurons, belongs to the tachykinin family and plays important roles in many physiological and pathological processes by acting as a neurotransmitter, neuromodulator, or trophic factor. It activates signal transduction cascades by acting on the neurokinin-1 receptor (NK(1)-R). Previous studies have confirmed that the SP-immunoreactive (IR) axons innervate bone and adjacent tissues, and that their density varies depending on the regions and physiological or pathological conditions. Over the past few decades, it has been found that SP takes part in the stimulation of bone resorption, and its receptors have been demonstrated to be located in osteoclasts. Notably, in studies of skeletal ontogeny, SP-IR axons have been shown to appear at an early stage, mostly coinciding with the sequence of long bone mineralization. These findings, together with data obtained from chemically or surgically targeted nerve deletions, strongly suggest that SP is a potent regulator of skeletal physiology. The specific distribution of SP-IR nerve fibers, the different amount of SP within regions, and the various levels of expression of NK(1)-R in targeted cells presumably related to and participate in bone metabolism. It can be predicted that the indirect roles of SP through other cytokines are as important as its direct roles in bone metabolism. This new regulating pathway of bone metabolism would have enormous implications in skeletal physiology and the relevant research might present curative potentials to a spectrum of bone diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Liu
- Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xinhua Hospital, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China
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30
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Muñoz M, Rosso M, Aguilar FJ, González-Moles MA, Redondo M, Esteban F. NK-1 receptor antagonists induce apoptosis and counteract substance P-related mitogenesis in human laryngeal cancer cell line HEp-2. Invest New Drugs 2007; 26:111-8. [PMID: 17906845 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-007-9087-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2007] [Accepted: 08/27/2007] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that substance P (SP) induces cell proliferation and neurokinin-1 (NK-1) receptor antagonists inhibit growth in several human cancer cell lines, but it is currently unknown whether such actions are exerted on human laryngeal carcinoma cell line HEp-2. In addition, the presence of NK-1 receptor has not been demonstrated in this cell line. We carried out an in vitro study of the growth inhibitory capacity of the NK-1 receptor antagonists L-733,060 and L-732,138 against human laryngeal carcinoma cell line HEp-2. Coulter counter was used to determine viable cell numbers followed by application of the tetrazolium compound MTS. Furthermore, an immunoblot analysis was used to determine the NK-1 receptor, and the 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) method was applied to demonstrate apoptosis of the laryngeal carcinoma cells. We observed the presence of several NK-1 receptors isoforms (34, 46, 58 and 75 kDa). Nanomolar concentrations of SP increased the growth rate of the cell line and micromolar concentrations of L-733,060 and L-732,138 inhibited the growth of the HEp-2 cells in a dose-dependent manner, with and without previous administration of SP. The 50% inhibition concentration values were 21.34 microM and 37.97 (48 h) respectively for HEp-2. NK-1 receptor presence on HEp-2 cells was confirmed by western blotting. DAPI staining revealed the presence of apoptosis following NK-1 receptor antagonists treatment. We demonstrated that NK-1 receptors were present in this laryngeal cancer cell line; these findings demonstrate that SP acts as a mitogen on the human laryngeal carcinoma cell line HEp-2 through the NK-1 receptor, and also indicate that both NK-1 receptors antagonists induced apoptosis of the tumour cells. This new action, reported here for the first time, suggests that the NK-1 receptor is a new and promising target in the treatment of human laryngeal carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Muñoz
- Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville, Spain.
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31
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Guiard BP, Guilloux JP, Reperant C, Hunt SP, Toth M, Gardier AM. Substance P Neurokinin 1 Receptor Activation within the Dorsal Raphe Nucleus Controls Serotonin Release in the Mouse Frontal Cortex. Mol Pharmacol 2007; 72:1411-8. [PMID: 17890358 DOI: 10.1124/mol.107.040113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Preclinical studies suggest that substance P (SP) neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor antagonists are efficient in the treatment of anxiety and depression. This therapeutic activity could be mediated via stimulation of serotonin (5-HT) neurons located in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN), which receive important SP-NK1 receptor immunoreactive innervations. The present study examined the effects of intraraphe injection of SP on extracellular 5-HT levels in the frontal cortex, ventral hippocampus, and DRN by using intracerebral microdialysis in conscious mice. Intraraphe SP injection dose dependently decreased cortical 5-HT release, whereas no effects were detected in the ventral hippocampus. Cortical effects were blocked by the selective NK1 receptor antagonist N-[[2-methoxy-5-[5-(trifluoromethyl)tetrazol-1-yl]phenyl]methyl]-2-phenylpiperidin-3-amine (GR205171) and completely dampened in mice lacking NK1 receptors. Furthermore, genetic (in knockout 5-HT1A(-/-) mice) or pharmacological inactivation of 5-HT1A autoreceptors blocked cortical responses to SP. Contrasting with its cortical effects, intraraphe SP injection increased 5-HT outflow in the DRN in wild-type mice; this effect was potentiated by a local perfusion of the selective 5-HT1A antagonist N-[2-[4-(2-methoxyphenyl)-1-piperazinyl]ethyl]-N-2-pyridinylcyclohexanecarboxamide (WAY100635). Finally, SP-induced changes in frontal cortex and DRN dialysate 5-HT levels were blocked by the DRN perfusion of the alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA)/kainate ionotropic receptor antagonist 6,7-dinitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (DNQX). These data support the hypothesis that SP-induced over-activation of 5-HT1A autoreceptors within the DRN limits cortical 5-HT release. A better knowledge of the complex relationship between tachykininergic, serotonergic, and glutamatergic systems within the DRN might help better understand the pathophysiology and subsequent treatment of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno P Guiard
- Univ Paris-Sud EA 3544, Fac. Pharmacie, Chatenay-Malabry cedex F92296, France
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32
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Abstract
Substance P is a member of the neurokinin family. Previous studies have reported the existence of substance P and its high-affinity receptor, neurokinin-1 receptor, in globus pallidus. Employing in vivo extracellular recording combined with behavioural tests, the effects of substance P in globus pallidus of rats were studied. Micropressure ejection of the selective neurokinin-1 receptor agonist [Sar9,Met(O2)11] substance P increased the spontaneous firing rate of pallidal neurons in a concentration-dependent manner, with increases of 27.3% at 0.01, 33.4% at 0.03, 45.5% at 0.1, 38.4% at 0.3 and 36.4% at 1.0 mm. The selective neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist SR140333B prevented the excitatory effects induced by [Sar9,Met(O2)11] substance P. In behaving rats, we observed the postural effects of neurokinin-1 receptor activation in the globus pallidus. Consistent with electrophysiological results, unilateral microinjection of [Sar9,Met(O2)11] substance P (0.1 mm) led to a SR140333B-sensitive contralateral deflection in the presence of systemic haloperidol administration. Combining electrophysiological and behavioural findings, we concluded that substance P produces excitatory effects on globus pallidus neurons via neurokinin-1 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao-Ling Cui
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
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33
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Mathers AR, Tckacheva OA, Janelsins BM, Shufesky WJ, Morelli AE, Larregina AT. In vivo signaling through the neurokinin 1 receptor favors transgene expression by Langerhans cells and promotes the generation of Th1- and Tc1-biased immune responses. J Immunol 2007; 178:7006-17. [PMID: 17513750 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.11.7006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The proinflammatory capacities of the skin and the presence of high numbers of resident dendritic cells (DCs) constitute an ideal microenvironment for successful immunizations. Regardless of the ability of DCs to respond to local inflammatory signals in an immunostimulatory fashion, the immune functions of skin-resident DCs remain controversial, and epidermal Langerhans cells (LCs) have been referred to recently as anti-inflammatory/protolerogenic APCs. Substance P (SP), released by skin nerve fibers, is a potent proinflammatory neuropeptide that favors development of skin-associated cellular immunity. SP exerts its proinflammatory functions by binding with high affinity to the neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1R). In this study, we tested whether signaling skin cells via the NK1R promotes humoral and cellular immunity during skin genetic immunizations. We used the gene gun to deliver transgenic (tg) Ag to the skin of C57BL/6 mice and the selective NK1R agonist [Sar(9)Met (O(2)) (11)]-SP as a potential proinflammatory Th1-biasing adjuvant. Our strategy expressed tg Ag exclusively in the epidermis and induced a preferential migration of activated LCs to skin-draining lymph nodes. Local administration of the NK1R agonist during skin genetic immunizations increased significantly the expression of tg Ag by a mechanism involving the translocation of NF-kappaB into the nuclei of cutaneous DCs homing to skin-draining lymph nodes. Importantly, our immunization approach resulted in Th1 and T cytotoxic (CTL)-1 bias of effector T cells that supported cellular and Ab-mediated immune responses. We demonstrate that signaling skin cells via the NK1R provides the adjuvant effect which favors the immunostimulatory functions of LCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia R Mathers
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Mulè F, Amato A, Serio R. Role for NK(1) and NK(2) receptors in the motor activity in mouse colon. Eur J Pharmacol 2007; 570:196-202. [PMID: 17597603 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2007] [Revised: 05/04/2007] [Accepted: 05/22/2007] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The present study examined the effects induced by endogenous and exogenous activation of NK(1) and NK(2) receptors on the mechanical activity of mouse proximal colon. Experiments were performed in vitro recording the changes in intraluminal pressure from isolated colonic segments. Electrical field stimulation in the presence of atropine and guanethidine produced a small relaxation, followed by nonadrenergic noncholinergic (NANC) contraction. SR140333, NK(1) receptor antagonist, or SR48968, NK(2) receptor antagonist, significantly reduced the contraction, although SR48968 appeared more efficacious. The co-administration of SR140333 and SR48968 virtually abolished the NANC contraction. [Sar(9), Met(O(2))(11)]-substance P, selective NK(1) receptor agonist, induced a concentration-dependent biphasic effect, contraction followed by reduction of the mechanical spontaneous activity. Both effects were antagonized by SR140333, but not by SR48968. [beta-Ala(8)]-neurokinin A (4-10), selective NK(2) receptor agonist, evoked concentration-dependent contraction, which was antagonized by SR48968, but not by SR140333. The contraction induced by [Sar(9), Met(O(2))(11)]-substance P, but not by [beta-Ala(8)]-neurokinin A (4-10), was reduced by tetrodotoxin or atropine, and increased by N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. The inhibitory effects induced by [Sar(9), Met(O(2))(11)]-substance P were abolished by tetrodotoxin or L-NAME. The results of the present study suggest that in mouse colon both NK(1) and NK(2) receptors are junctionally activated by endogenous tachykinins to cause an additive response. NK(1) receptors appear to be located on cholinergic and on nitrergic neurons as well as on smooth muscle cells, whereas NK(2) receptors seem to be present exclusively on smooth muscle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Mulè
- Dipartimento di Biologia cellulare e dello Sviluppo, Laboratorio di Fisiologia generale, Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarita Dubey
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Yamada T, Tanaka N, Yokoi K, Ishikawa N, Seya T, Horiba K, Kanazawa Y, Shirakawa T, Ohkawa K, Kudoh H, Koizumi M, Yoshioka M, Tajiri T. [Substance P and anticancer drug-induced emesis]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho 2007; 34:903-6. [PMID: 17565253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytotoxic drug-induced emesis is the side effect most feared by cancer patients. The Acute emesis has become well controlled by the emergence appearance of 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, but control of delayed emesis (DE) is insufficient. The mechanism of DE is different from acute emesis,and the existence of a mediator different from serotonin is contemplated. There were some reports suggesting the role of substance P (SP) and its receptor, neurokinin receptor 1 (NK 1), in the development of emesis. AIM We investigated the relationship between DE and SP in patients treated with anticancer agents. PATIENTS AND METHOD Digestive cancer and breast cancer patients, who were administered cytotoxic agents, were the objects of this study. We measured plasma levels of SP for 20 cases on the day before administration of anticancer agents and for five days after administration. RESULT Plasma levels of SP increased significantly on the first and third days after administration. In the patient who experienced DE, the difference in plasma levels on the day before and the first day after chemotherapy was higher than that of who never experienced. CONCLUSION The plasma levels of SP were transiently increased by chemotherapy. The difference in plasma levels between the day before and the first day after chemotherapy is important.
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Gan TJ, Apfel CC, Kovac A, Philip BK, Singla N, Minkowitz H, Habib AS, Knighton J, Carides AD, Zhang H, Horgan KJ, Evans JK, Lawson FC. A randomized, double-blind comparison of the NK1 antagonist, aprepitant, versus ondansetron for the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting. Anesth Analg 2007; 104:1082-9, tables of contents. [PMID: 17456656 DOI: 10.1213/01.ane.0000263277.35140.a3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antiemetics currently in use are not totally effective. Neurokinin-1 receptor antagonists are a new class of antiemetic that have shown promise for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. This is the first study evaluating the efficacy and tolerability of the neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist, aprepitant, for the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting. METHODS In this multicenter, double-blind trial, we randomly assigned 805 patients receiving general anesthesia for open abdominal surgery to a preoperative dose of aprepitant 40 mg orally, aprepitant 125 mg orally, or ondansetron 4 mg IV. Vomiting, nausea, and use of rescue therapy were assessed over 48 h after surgery. Treatments were compared using logistic regression. RESULTS Incidence rates for the primary end point (complete response [no vomiting and no use of rescue] over 0-24 h after surgery, tested for superiority of aprepitant) were not different across groups (45% with aprepitant 40 mg, 43% with aprepitant 125 mg, and 42% with ondansetron). The incidence of no vomiting (0-24 h) was higher with aprepitant 40 mg (90%) and aprepitant 125 mg (95%) versus ondansetron (74%) (P < 0.001 for both comparisons), although between-treatment use of rescue and nausea control was not different. Both aprepitant doses also had higher incidences of no vomiting over 0-48 h (P < 0.001). No statistically significant differences were seen among the side effect profiles of the treatments. CONCLUSIONS Aprepitant was superior to ondansetron for prevention of vomiting in the first 24 and 48 h, but no significant differences were observed between aprepitant and ondansetron for nausea control, use of rescue, or complete response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong J Gan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Centre, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.
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Long Y, Fu CY, Tian XZ, Chen J, Han M, Wang R. Mechanisms of relaxing response induced by rat/mouse hemokinin-1 in porcine coronary arteries: roles of potassium ion and nitric oxide. Eur J Pharmacol 2007; 569:119-25. [PMID: 17560993 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2006] [Revised: 04/24/2007] [Accepted: 04/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Rat and mouse hemokinin-1(r/m hemokinin-1) is a recently described member of the tachykinin family whose cardiovascular functions are not fully understood. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms of the relaxing response induced by r/m hemokinin-1 in isolated porcine coronary arteries by using a specific antagonist of tachykinin NK(1) receptor (SR140333), a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA), and 1H-[1,2,4] Oxadiazolo [4,3-a] quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ), a blocker of cGMP production. r/m Hemokinin-1 (10(-12)-10(-6 )M) evoked a marked endothelium-dependent vasodilatation (E(max)=121.12+/-10.6% and 91.79+/-2.39% in 10(-6) M PGF(2)alpha and 30 mM KCl precontracted arterial rings, respectively) of coronary arteries mediated by activation of endothelial tachykinin NK(1) receptors. Two components contributed to this r/m hemokinin-1-elicited vasodilatation, the first of which was endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF), which played a major role. This EDHF was identified as a potassium current through certain kinds of potassium channels on the endothelial cell membrane of porcine coronary arteries. Specific antagonists of Ca(2+)-activated K(+) channels (dequalinium and clotrimazole) did not have an inhibitory effect on the r/m hemokinin-1-induced vasodilatation, whereas they did on the substance P-induced vasodilatation. When potassium ion efflux was impaired by a high K(+) concentration (30 mM) or removal of K(+) from the surroundings, NO synthesis was triggered by r/m hemokinin-1 to produce an equivalent EDHF (K(+))-independent vasorelaxation as a compensatory mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Long
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Lanzhou University, 222 Tianshui South Road, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
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Amadoro G, Pieri M, Ciotti MT, Carunchio I, Canu N, Calissano P, Zona C, Severini C. Substance P provides neuroprotection in cerebellar granule cells through Akt and MAPK/Erk activation: Evidence for the involvement of the delayed rectifier potassium current. Neuropharmacology 2007; 52:1366-77. [PMID: 17397881 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2007.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2006] [Revised: 01/09/2007] [Accepted: 01/23/2007] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
In the current study, we have evaluated the ability of substance P (SP) and other neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1) agonists to protect, in a dose- and time-dependent manner, primary cultures of rat cerebellar granule cells (CGCs) from serum and potassium deprivation-induced cell death (S-K5). We also established the presence of SP high affinity NK1 transcripts and the NK1 protein localization in the membrane of a sub-population of CGCs. Moreover, SP significantly and dose-dependently reduced the Akt 1/2 and Erk1/2 dephosphorylation induced by S-K5 conditions, as demonstrated by Western blot analysis. Surprisingly, in SP-treated CGCs caspase-3 activity was not inhibited, while the calpain-1 activity was moderately reduced. Corroborating this result, SP blocked calpain-mediated cleavage of tau protein, as demonstrated by the reduced appearance of a diagnostic fragment of 17 kDa by Western blot analysis. In addition, SP induced a significant reduction of the delayed rectifier K+ currents (Ik) in about 42% of the patched neurons, when these were evoked with depolarizing potential steps. Taken together, the present results demonstrate that the activation of NK1 receptors expressed in CGCs promote the neuronal survival via pathways involving Akt and Erk activation and by inhibition of Ik which can contribute to the neuroprotective effect of the peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Amadoro
- Institute of Neurobiology and Molecular Medicine, CNR, Via del Fosso di Fiorano, 65, 00143 Rome, Italy
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40
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Ansar S, Svendgaard NA, Edvinsson L. Neurokinin-1 receptor antagonism in a rat model of subarachnoid hemorrhage: prevention of upregulation of contractile ETB and 5-HT1B receptors and cerebral blood flow reduction. J Neurosurg 2007; 106:881-6. [PMID: 17542534 DOI: 10.3171/jns.2007.106.5.881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Object
Cerebral vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) leads to reduced cerebral blood flow (CBF) and to cerebral ischemia, in some cases even producing infarction and long-term disability. The goal of the present study was to investigate the hypothesis that inhibition of neurokinin-1 receptors (NK1Rs) by administration of L-822429 blunts the decrease in CBF as well as cerebrovascular receptor upregulation in an animal model of SAH.
Methods
Subarachnoid hemorrhage was induced in rats by injection of 250 μl of blood into the prechiasmatic cistern. The NK1R inhibitor L-822429 was injected intracisternally 30 minutes and 24 hours after the induction of SAH. Two days after SAH induction, the basilar arteries were harvested, and contractile responses to endothelin-1 (ET-1, an ETA- and ETB-receptor agonist) and 5-carboxamidotryptamine (a 5-hydroxytryptamine-1 [5-HT1]-receptor agonist) were investigated using sensitive myographs. To determine whether NK1R inhibition had an influence on local CBF after post-SAH, a quantitative autoradiographic technique was used.
After SAH, the vascular receptor phenotype was changed in cerebral arteries through upregulation of contractile ETB and 5-HT1B receptors, while regional and total CBF were markedly reduced. Treatment with the selective NK1R inhibitor L-822429 prevented both the receptor upregulation and the reduction in regional and global CBF.
Conclusions
The data reveal the coregulation of vascular receptor changes and blood flow effects, and also show that interaction with a small-molecule NK1R antagonist is a promising area of focus for the development of specific treatments for SAH.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Autoradiography
- Brain/blood supply
- Cerebral Infarction/physiopathology
- Cerebral Infarction/prevention & control
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Endothelin B Receptor Antagonists
- Injections, Intraventricular
- Male
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Neurokinin-1 Receptor Antagonists
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1B/physiology
- Receptors, Neurokinin-1/physiology
- Regional Blood Flow/drug effects
- Regional Blood Flow/physiology
- Serotonin 5-HT1 Receptor Antagonists
- Subarachnoid Hemorrhage/drug therapy
- Subarachnoid Hemorrhage/physiopathology
- Up-Regulation/drug effects
- Vasodilator Agents/pharmacology
- Vasospasm, Intracranial/drug therapy
- Vasospasm, Intracranial/physiopathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Saema Ansar
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Experimental Vascular Research, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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41
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Abstract
The dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH) innervates the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) with substance P (SP) immunoreactive neurones. The PVN itself powerfully influences both the neuroendocrine and the cardiovascular systems. In this in vitro study, we examine the DMH-to-PVN pathway electrophysiologically. Glutamate application to the DMH increased action current frequency in the PVN. This effect was prevented by the glutamate antagonist kynurenic acid or by synaptic block with a high-Mg(2)(+) low-Ca(2)(+) buffer solution. Crucially, the selective tachykinin NK1 receptor antagonist L-703606 also inhibited DMH-to-PVN neurotransmission. Thus we show, for the first time, an excitatory connection between the DMH and PVN that uses tachykinin NK1 receptors. This pathway may be important for the hypothalamic control of neuroendocrine and/or cardiovascular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Womack
- Department of Veterinary Preclinical Sciences, Veterinary Sciences Building, Brownlow Hill & Crown Street, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZJ, UK
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42
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Makhortova NR, Askovich P, Patterson CE, Gechman LA, Gerard NP, Rall GF. Neurokinin-1 enables measles virus trans-synaptic spread in neurons. Virology 2007; 362:235-44. [PMID: 17434199 PMCID: PMC1945128 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2006] [Revised: 01/19/2007] [Accepted: 02/22/2007] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Measles virus (MV), a morbillivirus that remains a significant human pathogen, can infect the central nervous system, resulting in rare but often fatal diseases, such as subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. Previous work demonstrated that MV was transmitted trans-synaptically and that, while a cellular receptor for the hemagglutinin (H) protein was required for MV entry, it was dispensable for subsequent cell-to-cell spread. Here, we explored what role the other envelope protein, fusion (F), played in trans-synaptic transport. We made the following observations: (1) MV-F expression in infected neurons was similar to that seen in infected fibroblasts; (2) fusion inhibitory peptide (FIP), an inhibitor of MV fusion, prevented both infection and spread in primary neurons; (3) Substance P, a neurotransmitter with the same active site as FIP, also blocked neuronal MV spread; and (4) both genetic deletion and pharmacological inhibition of the Substance P receptor, neurokinin-1 (NK-1), reduced infection of susceptible mice. Together, these data implicate a role for NK-1 in MV CNS infection and spread, perhaps serving as an MV-F receptor or co-receptor on neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina R Makhortova
- Division of Basic Science, The Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
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43
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Linares-Fernández BE, Alfieri AB. Cyclophosphamide Induced Cystitis: Role of Nitric Oxide Synthase, Cyclooxygenase-1 and 2, and NK1Receptors. J Urol 2007; 177:1531-6. [PMID: 17382773 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2006.11.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The role of substance P, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and cyclooxygenase-1 and 2 on the pathogenesis of cyclophosphamide induced cystitis was investigated in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sprague-Dawley male rats received 1 of certain treatments, including 1) 0.9 weight per volume saline (0.10 ml/100 gm intraperitoneally), 2) cyclophosphamide (75 mg/kg intraperitoneally), 3) cyclophosphamide plus the NK(1) receptor antagonist Win-51.708 (20 mg/kg intraperitoneally), 4) cyclophosphamide plus the inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibitor S-methylthiourea (20 mg/kg intraperitoneally), 5) cyclophosphamide plus the highly selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor rofecoxib (15 mg/kg intraperitoneally), 6) cyclophosphamide plus the selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor meloxicam (15 mg/kg intraperitoneally), 7) cyclophosphamide plus the nonselective cyclooxygenase inhibitor ketoprofen (20 mg/kg intraperitoneally) or 8) cyclophosphamide plus methylthiourea plus meloxicam. Parameters were evaluated 6 hours after cyclophosphamide administration, including plasma protein extravasation, histological changes, myeloperoxidase and inducible nitric oxide synthase activities in the bladder, plasmatic nitric oxide metabolites and urinary nitric oxide metabolites, and prostaglandin E(2) levels. RESULTS Cyclophosphamide produced inflammatory and cytotoxic changes in the bladder, accompanied by increased nitric oxide metabolites, urinary prostaglandins, myeloperoxidase and inducible nitric oxide synthase activity. Pretreatment with Win-51.708 and with methylthiourea prevented all of these effects except myeloperoxidase activity, which was only prevented by Win-51.708. All inducible cyclooxygenases were able to prevent prostaglandin synthesis and increases in myeloperoxidase activity. Combined inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2/cyclooxygenase-1 (methylthiourea plus meloxicam) did not provide any additional protection against bladder damage, increased inducible nitric oxide synthase activity or prostaglandin E(2) synthesis. Additionally, this combination was unable to prevent increased myeloperoxidase activity. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study suggest that there is crosstalk between nitric oxide and the cyclooxygenase enzyme with cyclooxygenase-1/cyclooxygenase-2 isoforms having an important role in this relationship. Augmented myeloperoxidase activity seems to be associated with NK(1) receptor activation and low levels of nitric oxide with cyclooxygenase-1 having an important role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz E Linares-Fernández
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine "Dr. Luis Razetti", Central University of Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
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Kart-Teke E, Dere E, Brandão ML, Huston JP, De Souza Silva MA. Reinstatement of episodic-like memory in rats by neurokinin-1 receptor antagonism. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2007; 87:324-31. [PMID: 17079168 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2006.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2006] [Revised: 09/15/2006] [Accepted: 09/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We previously showed that a systemic administration of the selective non-peptide neurokinin-1-receptor (NK-1-R) antagonist SR140333 increases hippocampal acetylcholine levels and facilitates long term memory. In the present study, we investigated whether systemic SR140333 has beneficial effects on episodic-like memory for unique experiences. Rats received either no injection, a vehicle injection or SR140333 at doses of 1, 3 and 9 mg/kg (i.p.) prior to the acquisition of an object memory for what, where and when. In line with previous results, untreated rats showed episodic-like memory, while vehicle-injected rats were impaired. A low dose of 1mg/kg SR140333 reinstated episodic-like memory. This result might be related to the effects of SR140333 on hippocampal cholinergic transmission and/or on the stress-response elicited by the injection procedure. Higher doses of SR140333 (3 and 9 mg/kg) induced psychomotor effects, including stereotypic behaviors and arched posture. Since NK-1-R antagonists have anxiolytic and promestic properties and induce hippocampal acetylcholine release at lower doses, they might be effective in the alleviation of the cognitive deficits and increased anxiety seen in early stages of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emriye Kart-Teke
- Institute of Physiological Psychology, Center for Biological and Medical Research, Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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Goto T, Nakao K, Gunjigake KK, Kido MA, Kobayashi S, Tanaka T. Substance P stimulates late-stage rat osteoblastic bone formation through neurokinin-1 receptors. Neuropeptides 2007; 41:25-31. [PMID: 17204323 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2006.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2006] [Revised: 11/07/2006] [Accepted: 11/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Substance P (SP) is a widely distributed neuropeptide that works as a neurotransmitter and neuromodulator. Recently, SP receptors, particularly neurokinin-1 receptors (NK(1)-Rs) that have a high affinity for SP, have been observed not only in neuron and immune cells, but also in other peripheral cells, including bone cells. To identify the role of SP in bone formation, we investigated the expression of NK(1)-Rs in osteoblastic cells and the effects of SP on bone formation by rat calvarial osteoblastic cells. Rat calvarial osteoblastic cells were isolated and cultured for 3 weeks in alpha-MEM containing 10% serum, ascorbic acid, dexamethasone, and beta-glycerophosphate. We then investigated NK(1)-R expression, SP effects on osteoblastic bone formation, and osteocalcin mRNA expression in osteoblastic cells. RT-PCR and immunocytochemistry showed that NK(1)-R mRNA was expressed and NK(1)-R was present in 14-day, but not 7-day, cultured calvarial osteoblasts. Bone formation by cultured osteoblastic cells significantly increased after the addition of 10(-8)-10(-6)MSP. During 3 weeks of culture, the addition of SP in the first week did not significantly increase bone formation, whereas adding SP during the first and second week or all 3 weeks significantly increased calvarial osteoblastic bone formation. Furthermore, semi-quantitative RT-PCR indicated that SP stimulated osteocalcin mRNA expression in the osteoblasts at day 14 or day 21, whereas SP did not stimulated the runX2 or type I collagen mRNA expression at day 7 but stimulated them at day 14. These results indicate that SP stimulates bone formation by osteoblastic cells via NK(1)-Rs at late-stage bone formation. These effects were dependent on the expression of NK(1)-R in osteoblastic cells. Our findings suggest that SP secreted from sensory neurons may modulate bone formation after the expression of SP receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Goto
- Division of Anatomy, Kyushu Dental College, 2-6-1 Manazuru, Kitakyushu 803-8580, Japan.
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Abstract
The role of neurokinin-1 (NK-1) receptors in the rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM) was studied using extracellular single-unit recording combined with microiontophoresis. In rats, on- and off-type neurons were identified using noxious heat or mechanical stimuli applied to the tail. Responses evoked by iontophoretic application of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) were determined before and after intraplantar injection of capsaicin or iontophoretic application of substance P. In off cells, capsaicin produced an extended pause in ongoing activity but did not alter the subsequent spontaneous discharge rate or NMDA-evoked responses. In contrast, spontaneous discharge rates of on cells increased after capsaicin, and their responses to NMDA increased >100% above control values. The increased responses to NMDA after capsaicin were attenuated by iontophoretic application of the selective NK-1 receptor antagonist L-733,060. Similarly to capsaicin, iontophoretic application of the selective NK-1 receptor agonist, [Sar9,Met(O2)11]-substance P (SM-SP), increased the spontaneous discharge rate and NMDA-evoked responses of on cells by >100% of control values. These effects were antagonized by L-733,060. Immunohistochemical studies showed that a subset of neurons in the RVM labeled NK-1 receptors and that nearly all of these neurons were immunoreactive for the NMDAR1 subunit of the NMDA receptor. These results demonstrate that activation of NK-1 receptors in the RVM enhances responses of on cells evoked by NMDA. It is suggested that activation of NK-1 receptors in the RVM and the ensuing sensitization of on cells may contribute to the development of central sensitization and hyperalgesia after tissue injury and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dénes Budai
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, 515 Delaware Street SE, 17-252 Moos Tower, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Zhu JPQ, Xu W, Angulo JA. Distinct mechanisms mediating methamphetamine-induced neuronal apoptosis and dopamine terminal damage share the neuropeptide substance p in the striatum of mice. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007; 1074:135-48. [PMID: 17105911 PMCID: PMC2892968 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1369.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) is an addictive psychostimulant that induces damage to the dopamine terminals and the apoptosis of some neurons of the striatum. Our laboratory demonstrated using either a single bolus dose (30 mg/kg) or a binge (10 mg/kg 4x at 2-h intervals) of METH that pharmacological blockade of the substance P receptor (neurokinin-1) attenuates METH-induced damage to both the presynaptic dopamine terminals and the apoptosis of some neurons of the striatum. To determine the phenotype of striatal neuron ablated by METH, we combined TUNEL (Terminal Deoxyncleotidyl Transferase-Mediated dUTP Nick End Labeling) with immunofluorescence for selective markers of projection and interneurons. METH induces the loss of approximately 20% of the projection neurons. The cholinergic and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-parvalbumin interneurons sustain losses of 30% and 50%, respectively. The somatostatin/neuropeptide Y (NPY)/nitric oxide synthase (NOS) interneurons are not impacted by METH. To investigate the mechanism by which substance P mediates METH-induced damage in this part of the brain, we ablated the striatal interneurons that express the neurokinin-1 receptor (NK-1R) with the selective neurotoxin substance P-SAP. Ablation of the NK-1R-expressing interneurons prevented METH-induced apoptosis in the striatum but was without effect on depletion of dopamine terminal markers. We propose that substance P mediates the apoptosis of some striatal neurons via the intrastriatal activation of nitric oxide synthesis. In contrast, substance P may mediate damage of the dopamine terminals via an extrastriatal mechanism involving the substantia nigra and cortical glutamate release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy P Q Zhu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA
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Abstract
Previous research has demonstrated that spinally transected rats can acquire a prolonged flexion response to prevent the delivery of shock. However, rats that receive shock irrespective of leg position cannot learn to maintain the same response. The present experiments examined the role of neurokinin receptors in this learning deficit. Results demonstrated that neurokinin (NK1 and NK2) antagonists blocked the induction of the learning deficit, whereas NK agonists induced a learning deficit. The study found that NK agonist administration did not substitute for uncontrollable shock exposure. Finally, administration of an NK1 agonist prior to uncontrollable shock prevented the induction of the deficit. These results provide additional evidence that engaging nociceptive plasticity undermines the capability of spinal neurons to support adaptive changes.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptation, Psychological/physiology
- Animals
- Electroshock
- Female
- Learning/physiology
- Neurokinin A/analogs & derivatives
- Neurokinin A/pharmacology
- Neurokinin-1 Receptor Antagonists
- Neuronal Plasticity/drug effects
- Pain/psychology
- Peptide Fragments/pharmacology
- Quinuclidines/pharmacology
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Neurokinin-1/agonists
- Receptors, Neurokinin-1/physiology
- Receptors, Neurokinin-2/agonists
- Receptors, Neurokinin-2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Neurokinin-2/physiology
- Receptors, Tachykinin/agonists
- Receptors, Tachykinin/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Tachykinin/physiology
- Spinal Cord/physiology
- Spinal Cord Injuries/psychology
- Substance P/pharmacology
- Vocalization, Animal/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle M Baumbauer
- Department of Psychology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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Łazarczyk M, Matyja E, Lipkowski A. Substance P and its receptors -- a potential target for novel medicines in malignant brain tumour therapies (mini-review). Folia Neuropathol 2007; 45:99-107. [PMID: 17849359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Tachykinins are excitatory neuropeptides synthesised in neuronal and glial cells of the human central and peripheral nervous system. They participate in both physiological and certain pathological conditions, i.e. synaptic transmission, nociception and neuroimmunomodulation. Tachykinins act as excitatory neurotransmitters and/or neuromodulators and induce DNA synthesis leading to stimulation of cell division and proliferation. Their biological responses are triggered via the well-established tachykinin receptors NK1, NK2 and NK3 that belong to the G protein-coupled receptor family (GPCRs). Substance P is the most important member of the tachykinin family that constitutes the major endogenous ligand for the NK1 receptor type. The presence of functional NK1 receptors has been documented in malignant brain tumours of glial origin. It has been evidenced that SP-NK1 receptor communication is involved in glioma development and progression. It is possible because the tumour cells display SP-mediated autocrine activity, the ability of cytokines stimulation and MAP kinases activation. It has been suggested that SP receptor antagonists application might be useful in attempts directed at anti-cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzena Łazarczyk
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Neuropathology, M. Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Pawiñskiego 5, 02-130 Warsaw, Poland.
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Hernandez J, Lackner A, Aye P, Mukherjee K, Tweardy DJ, Mastrangelo MA, Weinstock J, Griffiths J, D'Souza M, Dixit S, Robinson P. Substance P is responsible for physiological alterations such as increased chloride ion secretion and glucose malabsorption in cryptosporidiosis. Infect Immun 2006; 75:1137-43. [PMID: 17158891 PMCID: PMC1828596 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01738-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidiosis, caused by the protozoan parasite Cryptosporidium, causes self-limited diarrhea in immunocompetent hosts and severe life-threatening diarrhea in AIDS patients. Highly active antiretroviral therapy has been used to effectively treat cryptosporiosis in some but not all AIDS patients. Therefore, there is an urgent need for innovative drugs to treat this disease. Cryptosporidium infection results in intestinal pathophysiological changes such as glucose malabsorption, increased chloride ion (Cl(-)) secretion, and epithelial barrier disruption, leading to disease pathogenesis. In order to develop tools to combat this opportunistic pathogen, it is vital to understand mediators involved in disease pathogenesis. Substance P (SP), a neuropeptide and pain transmitter, is located in the gastrointestinal tract. SP can cause Cl(-) secretion in human gastrointestinal explants. However, its role in cryptosporidiosis has not been fully studied. Jejunal samples from macaques before and after Cryptosporidium parvum infection were assayed for SP and SP receptor mRNA and protein levels by reverse transcription-PCR and by immunohistochemistry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. The role of SP in pathophysiological alterations, such as Cl(-) secretion and glucose malabsorption, was studied using tissues derived from macaques infected with C. parvum by the Ussing chamber technique. SP and SP receptor mRNA and protein expression levels were increased in jejunal samples following C. parvum infection and were accompanied by increased basal ion secretion and glucose malabsorption. In vitro treatment of samples obtained from infected macaques with the SP receptor antagonist aprepitant (Emend; Merck, Whitehouse Station, NJ) completely reversed the increase in basal ion secretion and corrected the glucose malabsorption. Our findings raise the possibility of using SP receptor antagonists for the treatment of symptoms associated with cryptosporidiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Hernandez
- Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, One Baylor Plaza, Rm. 535EB, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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