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Aguilar-Vega L, Plett-Torres T, Romano MC, Zurabian R. Evagination of metacestodes of the WFU strain of Taenia crassiceps and evaluation of the impact of immune suppression of hamsters during tapeworm development. Folia Parasitol (Praha) 2020; 67:2020.022. [PMID: 32958724 DOI: 10.14411/fp.2020.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Taeniosis-cysticercosis caused by Taenia crassiceps (Zeder, 1800) is a useful experimental model for biomedical research, in substitution of Taenia solium Linnaeus, 1758, studied during decades to develop effective vaccination, novel anti-helminthic drugs and diagnostic tools. Cysticercosis in mouse (Mus musculus Linnaeus) is achieved by the larval subculturing of the Wake Forest University (WFU) strain of T. crassiceps. Golden hamster, Mesocricetus auratus (Waterhouse), has been shown to be the most suitable host for adult forms of parasite in experimental taeniosis. Metacestodes of T. crassiceps WFU multiply by budding without restrictions once inoculated into the mouse, while the number of tapeworms developed from these larvae in hamsters remains highly variable. Three objectives have been proposed to improve the infection of T. crassiceps WFU in hamsters: (1) to re-evaluate the need of immune suppression; (2) to investigate the advantage of infecting hamsters with metacestodes with in vitro protruded scolices; and (3) to compare a number of tapeworms developed from metacestodes subcultured in hamsters against those proliferated in mice. Our results demonstrated that when the evagination of murine metacestodes was high, the number of T. crassiceps WFU adults obtained from hamsters was also high. Immunosuppressive treatment remains relevant for this experimental rodent model. The hamster-to-hamster cysticercosis-taeniosis by T. crassiceps overcame the mouse-to-hamster model in the yield of adult specimens. In vitro scolex evagination and metacestode asexual proliferation in hamsters place this rodent model by T. crassiceps WFU as the most affordable experimental models with taeniids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Aguilar-Vega
- Departamento de Microbiologia y Parasitologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Tanya Plett-Torres
- Plan de Estudios Combinados en Medicina (PECEM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Marta C Romano
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Biofisica y Neurociencias, CINVESTAV del I.P.N., Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Rimma Zurabian
- Departamento de Microbiologia y Parasitologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
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Willis JM, Herbert IV. Some factors affecting the eggs ofTaenia multiceps: their transmission onto pasture and their viability. Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology 2016; 78:236-42. [PMID: 6541465 DOI: 10.1080/00034983.1984.11811808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Domínguez-Roldan R, Hallal-Calleros C, Sciutto E, Hernández M, Aguirre-Flores V, García-Jiménez S, Báez-Saldaña A, Flores-Pérez FI. Behavioral and hormonal changes associated with the infective dose in experimental taeniasis in golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus). Exp Parasitol 2016; 166:173-80. [PMID: 27109310 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2016.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION It has been reported that behavioral changes relate to infection in different parasitoses. However, the relation between the extent of the behavioral changes and the magnitude of the infection has been scarcely studied. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between different doses of infection and the behavioral changes induced in the experimental Taenia pisiformis taeniasis in golden hamsters. METHODS Groups of nine hamsters were infected with three or six T. pisiformis metacestodes. The locomotor activity was quantified daily in an open field test during the 21 days after infection; anxiety test was performed in an elevated plus-maze with a dark/light area at 7, 14 and 21 days post-infection, and serum cortisol levels were determined by radioimmunoassay before infection and at day 22 after infection. RESULTS The challenge itself induced modifications on behavior and cortisol levels in hamsters, with or without successful infection (taenia development). Animals challenged with three metacestodes induced a decrease in locomotor activity and an increase in anxiety in infected animals. A higher and earlier decrease in locomotor activity and increased anxiety levels were observed in hamsters challenged with six cysticerci, which were accompanied by higher levels of sera cortisol at the end of the experiment. At necropsy, 44-55% of hamster became infected with an efficiency of implantation of 22-26%, challenged with three or six cysticerci respectively. CONCLUSION The challenge of hamsters with metacestodes, promote behavioral changes in an extent dependent on the magnitude of the challenge, disregarding the effectiveness of the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Domínguez-Roldan
- Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, Col. Chamilpa, 62209, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
| | - Claudia Hallal-Calleros
- Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, Col. Chamilpa, 62209, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
| | - Edda Sciutto
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, AP 70228, México DF, 04510, Mexico.
| | - Marisela Hernández
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, AP 70228, México DF, 04510, Mexico.
| | - Virginio Aguirre-Flores
- Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, Col. Chamilpa, 62209, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
| | - Sara García-Jiménez
- Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, Col. Chamilpa, 62209, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
| | - Armida Báez-Saldaña
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, AP 70228, México DF, 04510, Mexico.
| | - Fernando Iván Flores-Pérez
- Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, Col. Chamilpa, 62209, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
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Li TM, Fang W, Liu HK. [Survey of the number of eggs in Taenia asiatica gravid proglottids in Dali Prefecture of Yunnan Province]. Zhongguo Xue Xi Chong Bing Fang Zhi Za Zhi 2013; 25:647-651. [PMID: 24490406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To observe the number of eggs in the gravid proglottids of Taenia asiatica. METHODS Twenty gravid proglottids at each end of two adults of T. asiatica were digested by 1% pepsin. Then, the collected eggs were observed and counted by a microscope. RESULTS The number of eggs in each gravid proglottid were not the same, with the maximum of 132 500, minimum of 44 180, and the average number of 90 051, and there was a significant difference among the different gravid proglottids (t = -3.487, P = 0.003). CONCLUSION The number of eggs in different gravid proglottids of T. asiatica is evidently different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Mei Li
- Institute of Schistosomiasis Control of Dali Prefecture,Yunnan Province, Dali 671000, China
| | - Wen Fang
- Institute of Schistosomiasis Control of Dali Prefecture,Yunnan Province, Dali 671000, China
| | - Hong-Kun Liu
- Institute of Schistosomiasis Control of Dali Prefecture,Yunnan Province, Dali 671000, China
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Basso W, Rütten M, Deplazes P, Grimm F. Generalized Taenia crassiceps cysticercosis in a chinchilla (Chinchilla lanigera). Vet Parasitol 2013; 199:116-20. [PMID: 24126089 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Taenia crassiceps is a cestode parasite that uses carnivores as definitive hosts and rodents and rabbits as main intermediate hosts, but other animal species and humans may also get infected. One adult male chinchilla (Chinchilla lanigera) from an animal shelter in Switzerland presented widespread subcutaneous fluctuant swellings extended over the forehead, nose, face and thoracic regions with a progressive growth over 3 months. The thoracic swelling was surgically resected, and it consisted of numerous 3-4mm small transparent vesicles, mainly confined to the subcutaneous tissue, which were morphologically identified as cysticerci of T. crassiceps. The diagnosis was confirmed by PCR and DNA sequence analysis of fragments of the mitochondrial small subunit rRNA and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 genes. After 1.5 months, due to enlargement of the swollen areas and deterioration of the general health condition, the chinchilla was euthanized and a necropsy was performed. Thousands of small cysticerci were observed widespread in the subcutis, involving underlying musculature of the whole body, in the thoracic cavity, larynx, pharynx and in the retropharyngeal region. Additionally, three larger metacestodes were detected in the liver and morphologically and molecularly identified as Taenia taeniaeformis strobilocerci. The present case represents an indicator of the environmental contamination with Taenia eggs, highlighting the risk of infection for susceptible animals and humans. Besides the clinical relevance for pets, T. crassiceps is a zoonotic parasite and can be also cause of severe cysticercosis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Basso
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Zhang X, Zhang J, Huang H, Xue R, Hu X, Li M, Zhong Y, Yuan L. Taenia taeniaeformis in rat favors protracted skin lesions caused by Sporothrix schenckii infection: Dectin-1 and IL-17 are dispensable for clearance of this fungus. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52514. [PMID: 23285072 PMCID: PMC3527553 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We occasionally found that cestode Taenia taeniaeformis in rats favored Sporothrix schenckii infection and survival, causing protracted cutaneous lesions. In this study, we compared the pathology and cytokines profile of rats co-infected with the two pathogens and infected with S. schenckii alone to explore underlying mechanisms. In the co-infection group, there was high expression of β-glucan receptor Dectin-1 in the cutaneous lesions and no multinucleated giant cells, but in the S. schenckii infection group the opposite was observed. Cytokines profiles demonstrated an expected finding that IL-4, commonly expressed in helminth and fungus infection, is undetectable in the two infection groups. In the single fungal infection group, cytokines IFN-γ, IL-10 and IL-17 kept increasing in the first few weeks of infection to a peak which was followed by gradual decrease. This study showed that Dectin-1 and IL-17, which were believed to be the major anti-fungus mechanisms, are Th2 independent and dispensable for clearance of S. schenckii infection, suggesting that S. schenckii has a different molecular recognition pattern and evokes anti-infection mechanisms other than Dectin-1 and IL-17.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Zhang
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
- Department of Dermatology, Guangdong Provincial Center for Skin Diseases and STIs Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Huaiqiu Huang
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
- * E-mail: (HH); (XH)
| | - Ruzeng Xue
- Department of Dermatology, Guangdong Provincial Center for Skin Diseases and STIs Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xuchu Hu
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
- * E-mail: (HH); (XH)
| | - Meirong Li
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yi Zhong
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Liyan Yuan
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
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Wu X, Fu Y, Yang D, Zhang R, Zheng W, Nie H, Xie Y, Yan N, Hao G, Gu X, Wang S, Peng X, Yang G. Detailed transcriptome description of the neglected cestode Taenia multiceps. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45830. [PMID: 23049872 PMCID: PMC3458062 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The larval stage of Taenia multiceps, a global cestode, encysts in the central nervous system (CNS) of sheep and other livestock. This frequently leads to their death and huge socioeconomic losses, especially in developing countries. This parasite can also cause zoonotic infections in humans, but has been largely neglected due to a lack of diagnostic techniques and studies. Recent developments in next-generation sequencing provide an opportunity to explore the transcriptome of T. multiceps. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We obtained a total of 31,282 unigenes (mean length 920 bp) using Illumina paired-end sequencing technology and a new Trinity de novo assembler without a referenced genome. Individual transcription molecules were determined by sequence-based annotations and/or domain-based annotations against public databases (Nr, UniprotKB/Swiss-Prot, COG, KEGG, UniProtKB/TrEMBL, InterPro and Pfam). We identified 26,110 (83.47%) unigenes and inferred 20,896 (66.8%) coding sequences (CDS). Further comparative transcripts analysis with other cestodes (Taenia pisiformis, Taenia solium, Echincoccus granulosus and Echincoccus multilocularis) and intestinal parasites (Trichinella spiralis, Ancylostoma caninum and Ascaris suum) showed that 5,100 common genes were shared among three Taenia tapeworms, 261 conserved genes were detected among five Taeniidae cestodes, and 109 common genes were found in four zoonotic intestinal parasites. Some of the common genes were genes required for parasite survival, involved in parasite-host interactions. In addition, we amplified two full-length CDS of unigenes from the common genes using RT-PCR. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE This study provides an extensive transcriptome of the adult stage of T. multiceps, and demonstrates that comparative transcriptomic investigations deserve to be further studied. This transcriptome dataset forms a substantial public information platform to achieve a fundamental understanding of the biology of T. multiceps, and helps in the identification of drug targets and parasite-host interaction studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuhang Wu
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, China
| | - Yan Fu
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, China
| | - Deying Yang
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, China
| | - Runhui Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, China
| | - Wanpeng Zheng
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, China
| | - Huaming Nie
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, China
| | - Yue Xie
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, China
| | - Ning Yan
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, China
| | - Guiying Hao
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, China
| | - Xiaobin Gu
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, China
| | - Shuxian Wang
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, China
| | - Xuerong Peng
- Department of Chemistry, College of Life and Basic Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, China
| | - Guangyou Yang
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, China
- * E-mail:
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Joob B, Wiwanitkit V. Neurocysticercosis, immune status and immune response. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 2012; 70:750. [PMID: 22990740 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-282x2012000900023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
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Robinson P, Garza A, Weinstock J, Serpa JA, Goodman JC, Eckols KT, Firozgary B, Tweardy DJ. Substance P causes seizures in neurocysticercosis. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002489. [PMID: 22346746 PMCID: PMC3276565 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2011] [Accepted: 12/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurocysticercosis (NCC), a helminth infection of the brain, is a major cause of seizures. The mediators responsible for seizures in NCC are unknown, and their management remains controversial. Substance P (SP) is a neuropeptide produced by neurons, endothelial cells and immunocytes. The current studies examined the hypothesis that SP mediates seizures in NCC. We demonstrated by immunostaining that 5 of 5 brain biopsies from NCC patients contained substance P (SP)-positive (+) cells adjacent to but not distant from degenerating worms; no SP+ cells were detected in uninfected brains. In a rodent model of NCC, seizures were induced after intrahippocampal injection of SP alone or after injection of extracts of cysticercosis granuloma obtained from infected wild type (WT), but not from infected SP precursor-deficient mice. Seizure activity correlated with SP levels within WT granuloma extracts and was prevented by intrahippocampal pre-injection of SP receptor antagonist. Furthermore, extracts of granulomas from WT mice caused seizures when injected into the hippocampus of WT mice, but not when injected into SP receptor (NK1R) deficient mice. These findings indicate that SP causes seizures in NCC, and, suggests that seizures in NCC in humans may be prevented and/or treated with SP-receptor antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prema Robinson
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America.
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Hu YX. [Psychological obstacles and personalities of cerebral cysticercosis patients: a report of 86 cases]. Zhongguo Xue Xi Chong Bing Fang Zhi Za Zhi 2011; 23:345-346. [PMID: 22164512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this paper was to investigate the psychological obstacles and personalities of 86 patients with cerebral cysticercosis, so as to perform necessary nursing for the patients and improve the nursing techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Xin Hu
- Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong Provincial Center for Cysticercosis Treatment, Jining 272000, China
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Shimalov VV. [Taenia martis (Cestoda, Taeniidae) from vertebrates in the Republic of Belarus]. Parazitologiia 2010; 44:435-440. [PMID: 21309149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Infestation of vertebrate animals with the cestode Taenia martis and its larvae was investigated in south-west Belarus during 2001-2008. Obligatory definitive host (common marten) and intermediate hosts (red-backed vole, yellow-necked mouse, striped field mouse, and red squirrel) of this helminth were established for the Republic of Belarus. Description and figure of the T. martis larva is given.
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Kowal J, Nosał P, Adamczyk I, Kornaś S, Wajdzik M, Tomek A. [The influence of Taenia taeniaeformis larval infection on morphometrical parameters of muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus)]. Wiad Parazytol 2010; 56:163-166. [PMID: 20707301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
An investigation aimed to check the influence of Taenia taeniaeformis larvae on morphometrical parameters of muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus) was carried. A total of 30 animals were hunted down in upper Vistula river basin in south Poland, then measured, weighed and dissected. Statistical comparison were done using U Mann-Whitney test. T. taeniaeformis larvae--cysticercus fasciolaris was found in the liver of 24 muskrats (80%). Significant differences between infected and non infected animals are reported, as regards their body mass, total length, abdomen circumference (p < 0.01) and also in body length (total minus tail length), head length, or chest and neck circumference (p < 0.05). The effect of infection on both muskrat condition and the presence of adult cestodes in definitive hosts are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerzy Kowal
- Katedra Zoologii i Ekologii, Uniwersytet Rolniczy, Al. Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059 Kraków.
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Shimalov VV. [Hydatigerosis and strobilocercosis in the Republic of Belarus and their medical significance]. Med Parazitol (Mosk) 2009:59-62. [PMID: 19566069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The author presents the results of his own studies that were conducted during many years (1980-2007) and the data of Byelorussian helminthologists on the detection of the cestode of H. taeniaeformis and its larvae (strobilocercus), which induce hydatigerosis and strobilocercosis, respectively, in animals in the Republic of Belarus. This helminth (an imago and a larva) may parasite in man. Emphasis is laid on the fact that the residents of Belarus can be infected on chance ingestion of eggs of the cestode of H. taeniaeformis.
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Arteaga-Silva M, Vargas-Villavicencio JA, Vigueras-Villaseñor RM, Rodríguez-Dorantes M, Morales-Montor J. Taenia crassiceps infection disrupts estrous cycle and reproductive behavior in BALB/c female mice. Acta Trop 2009; 109:141-5. [PMID: 19041292 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2008.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2008] [Revised: 06/21/2008] [Accepted: 10/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Previously, it has been shown that parasitic infections are able to alter the normal mammal physiology, at several extents. Thus, we investigated the effects on estrous cycle and sexual behavior induced by intraperitoneal infection with Taenia crassiceps in female host mice. Along the weeks of infection, parasites were collected from the peritoneal cavity of female mice, showing the maximum parasite load at 16 weeks. No parasites were found outside peritoneal cavity. Vaginal estrous cycle was monitored daily for 4, 8, 12 and 16 weeks of infection, and results compared against age-matched female mice. Female sexual behavior (FSB) tests were performed, one test per week. Immediately after the last behavioral test, blood was collected by cardiac puncture for steroid determinations. First of all, there was a strong tissular damage in the female reproductive tract in all infected females. The phases of the estrous cycle were interrupted at 12 and 16 weeks, with increased leukocytes and the presence of a few cornified epithelial cells and nucleated epithelial cells. The FSB decreased starting 6 weeks post infection. On the 16th week, all infected female mice ceased to exhibit sexual responses, and estradiol levels showed a significant decrease. Control mice continued showing FSB and the different phases of the estrous cycle throughout the observation period. Our results strength the notion that parasites may be considered as an evolutionary force in the reproductive ability of mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Arteaga-Silva
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Iztapalapa, A.P., México, D.F., Mexico
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Abstract
Echinococcosis is a human disease caused by the larval form of Taenia echinococcus, which lives in the gut of the dog, wild canides and other carnivorous animals which represent the definitive hosts and involves as intermediate hosts both domestic and wild animals. Humans become accidental intermediate hosts by ingesting Taenia eggs. The main species pathogenic for man are E granulosus causing cystic echinococcosis with worldwide distribution and endemic in sheep and cattle breeding countries, and E multilocularis causing alveolar echinococcosis, with preferential distribution in the northern hemisphere. After ingestion of contaminated food, hexacanth embryos migrate by the portal system to liver and later lung, brain and other tissues. Symptoms are related to both cyst location and size. E granulosus infection of the central nervous system (CNS) may be primary or secondary and has been estimated to be low (2%). Sharply demarcated, spherical and intraparenchymal, cysts may reach a large size causing neurological symptoms. Spilling of cyst fluid due to trauma or surgery may trigger anaphylaxis as well as disseminated infection. Host reaction is minimal in the brain but a foreign giant cell reaction may develop. E multilocularis develops within the liver as a rapid invasive pseudomalignant growth and may metastasize to the CNS, where estimated incidence reaches 5%. Hydatid antigens induce an immune reaction in the host which is helpful for the diagnosis. DNA probes and PCR may be applied to differentiate between Echinococcus spp. Although the host develops an immunological protection from reinfection, the parasite evades host immune attack. A wide range of evasion mechanisms have been advanced, including a barrier for host cells due to hydatid cyst laminated cuticle, polyclonal activation of lymphocytes by parasite soluble antigens, and depression of host cell immune responses. Chronic stimulation of the host by cyst fluid antigens leads to increased specific IgG4 production, which might act as blocking antibodies against anaphlaxis suggestive of host response immunomodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Taratuto
- Department of Neuropathology, Raul Carrea Institute for Neurological Research, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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16
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Abstract
Cysticercosis is an infection caused by Taenia solium larvae (cysticerci). When the cysticercus is lodged in the central nervous system (CNS), the disease is known as neurocysticercosis (NCC). NCC is the most frequent and most widely disseminated human neuroparasitosis. It is endemic in many parts of the world, particularly Latin America, Africa, and Asia, and still relatively frequent in Portugal, Spain and Eastern European countries It is also endemic in developed countries with high rates of immigration from endemic areas. Man may act as an intermediate host after ingestion of mature, viable T. solium eggs via the fecal-oral route. The development of lesions in the brain and leptomeninges, and the consequent of onset of symptoms associated with NCC are mainly due to the host immune-inflammatory response. As long as the cysticercus remains viable, there is relative host immune tolerance. It is only when the parasite dies that massive antigen exposure occurs, with intensification of the immune response/inflammatory reaction and the appearance or worsening of symptoms. NCC can be asymptomatic or cause widely varied clinical manifestations, such as seizures, increased intracranial pressure, ischemic cerebrovascular disease, dementia, and signs of compression of the spinal roots/cord. The combination of two or more symptoms is common. Such clinical polymorphism is determined by 1) the number of lesions (single or multiple cysticerci); 2) the location of CNS lesions (subarachnoid, intracerebral, intraventricular, intramedullary); 3) the type of cysticercus (Cysticercus cellulosae, Cysticercus racemosus); 4) the stage of development and involution of the parasite (vesicular or viable, necrotic, fibrocalcified nodule); and 5) the intensity of the host immune-inflammatory response (no inflammatory reaction, leptomeningitis, encephalitis, granular ependymitis, arteritis).
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Pittella
- Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, School of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
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17
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Willms K, Robert L. Ultrastructure of a spermatid transport system in the mature proglottids of experimental Taenia crassiceps (WFU strain). Parasitol Res 2007; 101:967-73. [PMID: 17522893 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-007-0570-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2006] [Accepted: 04/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In classical textbooks of parasitology, the mature proglottids of taeniids are depicted as structures in which the individual testis are connected to the vas deferens through the vas efferens system, usually depicted as a network of channels. From our morphological analyses of proglottids in the cestode Taenia crassiceps, we have been unable to identify this channel network. It is unclear how the spermatids are transported from the testes to the vas deferens, as is unresolved the location of the cells responsible for the production of testosterone (Leydig cells) or the possible equivalent of Sertoli cells, necessary for the differentiation process of these cells. In this experimental work, we have examined the ultrastructure of tissues in the vicinity of the vas deferens in mature proglottids obtained from the intestines of hamsters infected with cysticerci from the peritoneum of infected mice. Worm tissues were fixed, processed, and sectioned for transmission electron microscopy. Significant areas of the testis epithelia emitted cytoplasmic projections surrounded by extracellular matrix, where they appear as septated pockets enclosing free axonemes and spermatids. Vas efferens walls are made up of nucleated cells with cytoplasm annealing to each other through cell membrane junctions. Lodged between the junctions are membrane-bound pouches with dense granules found as aggregates or aligned in a semicircular array. The efferens wall exhibits numerous spermatids emerging into the lumen, an observation that suggests the epithelial wall may have the maturing functions of Sertoli cells of vertebrates. Large cells adjacent to the vas efferens contained prominent rough endoplasmic reticulum and large mitochondria, characteristics described for Leydig cells of vertebrates. Our observations suggest that taeniid spermatids are either transported from the testes to the vas system by epithelial pockets or that the epithelial pockets may be cross-sections of a highly coiled vas efferens system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaethe Willms
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología Facultad de Medicina, Ciudad Universitaria, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Edificio A, Primer Piso, 04510 Mexico, DF, Mexico.
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18
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Abstract
Balb/cJ mice fail to mount an immune response capable of clearing infection with larval Taenia crassiceps. Additionally, male Balb/cJ mice display a lag in larval growth of approximately 3 wk as compared to growth in female mice. It has been reported that male Balb/ cAnN mice generate a protective immune response early in infection, and become permissive to larval growth after they feminize (200-fold increase in serum estradiol and 90% decrease in serum testosterone). To determine if a different strain of Balb/c mice (Balb/cJ) also feminize, serum was collected from infected male mice for 16 wk and levels of 17-beta-estradiol and testosterone were measured via ELISA. In addition, the mounting responses of 12- and 16-wk infected male mice, as well as uninfected control mice, were determined after isolation with a female mouse. The results of these experiments show that male Balb/cJ mice do not feminize during infection with larval T. crassiceps. There was no significant change in serum levels of either 17-beta-estradiol or testosterone during the course of infection (> 16 wk). Moreover, there was no significant decrease in the number of times infected male mice mounted the female mouse as compared to uninfected controls. These results suggest that there may be variances between the substrains of Balb/c mice that lead to the phenotypic differences reported for male Balb/cJ and Balb/cAnN mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry R Aldridge
- Department of Biology, Wake Forest University, Box 7325, Reynolda Station, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27109, USA
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19
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Zheng YD, Luo XN, Hu ZM, Cai XP. [Defense mechanisms of Taeniidae against host immune response]. Zhongguo Ji Sheng Chong Xue Yu Ji Sheng Chong Bing Za Zhi 2006; 24:63-6. [PMID: 16866149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The defense mechanisms of Taeniidae against host immune reaction were reviewed. The parasites may defend themselves from the host's immune attack by: (1)producing specific biochemicals as barriers against the damage caused by immune reactions, (2) changing surface antigens and secreting some active substances that interfere and deconstruct host's immune system and other hazards, (3) self-disguising through synthesizing homologies to host's substances in structure or function in order to avoid the immune surveillance of the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-dong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory on Veterinary Etiology & Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology, CAAS, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, China
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20
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Deter J, Berthier K, Chaval Y, Cosson JF, Morand S, Charbonnel N. Influence of geographical scale on the detection of density dependence in the host-parasite system,Arvicola terrestrisandTaenia taeniaeformis. Parasitology 2005; 132:595-605. [PMID: 16329763 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182005009327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2005] [Revised: 09/21/2005] [Accepted: 10/06/2005] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Infection by the cestodeTaenia taeniaeformiswas investigated within numerous cyclic populations of the fossorial water voleArvicola terrestrissampled during 4 years in Franche-Comté (France). The relative influence of different rodent demographic parameters on the presence of this cestode was assessed by considering (1) the demographic phase of the cycle; (2) density at the local geographical scale (<0·1 km2); (3) mean density at a larger scale (>10 km2). The local scale corresponded to the rodent population (intermediate host), while the large scale corresponded to the definitive host population (wild and feral cats). General linear models based on analyses of 1804 voles revealed the importance of local density but also of year, rodent age, season and interactions between year and season and between age and season. Prevalence was significantly higher in low vole densities than during local outbreaks. By contrast, the large geographical scale density and the demographic phase had less influence on infection by the cestode. The potential impacts of the cestode on the fitness of the host were assessed and infection had no effect on the host body mass, litter size or sexual activity of voles.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Deter
- INRA, UMR Centre de Biologie et de Gestion des Populations, Campus international de Baillarguet, CS 30 016-34 988 Montferrier sur Lez, France.
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21
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Escobedo G, Roberts CW, Carrero JC, Morales-Montor J. Parasite regulation by host hormones: an old mechanism of host exploitation? Trends Parasitol 2005; 21:588-93. [PMID: 16236553 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2005.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2005] [Revised: 08/10/2005] [Accepted: 09/29/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Recent experimental evidence suggests that parasites can not only evade immune responses actively but also exploit the hormonal microenvironment within the host to favor their establishment, growth and reproduction. The benefit for parasites of hormonal exploitation is so great that they have evolved structures similar to the steroid and protein hormone receptors expressed in upper vertebrates that can bind to the hormonal metabolites synthesized by the host. This strategy is exemplified by two parasites that respond to adrenal steroids and sexual steroids, respectively: Schistosoma mansoni and Taenia crassiceps. Understanding how the host endocrine system can, under certain circumstances, favor the establishment of a parasite, and characterizing the parasite hormone receptors that are involved might aid the design of hormonal analogs and drugs that affect the parasite exclusively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galileo Escobedo
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México AP 70228, Mexico City 04510, México
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22
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Morales-Montor J, Larralde C. The role of sex steroids in the complex physiology of the host-parasite relationship: the case of the larval cestode of Taenia crassiceps. Parasitology 2005; 131:287-94. [PMID: 16178349 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182005007894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Sex steroids play a significant role in regulating the parasite load in experimental intraperitoneal Taenia crassiceps cysticercosis of male and female Balbc/anN mice. Briefly, oestrogens increase parasite loads and androgens decrease them (1) by acting directly on the parasite, favouring or hindering its reproduction, respectively, and (2) by biasing the hosts' immune response towards a parasite-permissive Th2 or a parasite-restrictive Th1 response. The infected male host also undergoes drastic endocrinological and behavioural changes that may impinge upon the course of infection, and the host's mating behaviour and its exposure to predators. In addition, at different times of infection, significant changes occur in the expression of c-fos in the host's hyppocampus, hypothalamus and preoptic area. Thus, the host's brain seems to sense and/ or react to intraperitoneal infection. The physiological domains of the network affected by the infection, which classically included the hypothalamus-pituitary-axis and the immune system, must now incorporate the host's sexual hormones and other areas of the brain. The network's complex circuitry and functions may help understand some basic questions of parasitology (i.e. the hosts' sexual dimorphism in parasite infections, host-parasite specificity, heterogeneity in the course and outcome of infections at different stages of parasite and host development). The plurality of elements and the complexity of the network that regulates the host-parasite relationship also point to additional strategies for the treatment and control of infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Morales-Montor
- Departamento de Immunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, AP 70228, México D.F. 04510.
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23
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Sartorelli AC, da Silva MG, Rodrigues MAM, da Silva RJ. Appendiceal taeniasis presenting like acute appendicitis. Parasitol Res 2005; 97:171-2. [PMID: 15986246 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-005-1408-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2005] [Accepted: 05/04/2005] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A case of parasitic appendicitis caused by Taenia sp. in a 28-year-old woman from Brazil is reported. Histopathological data and a description of the helminthe found in the appendix lumen are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alesso Cervantes Sartorelli
- Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Unesp, Campus de Botucatu, Distrito de Rubião Júnior, 18618-970, Botucatu, Brazil.
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24
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Willms K, Presas AMF, Jiménez JA, Landa A, Zurabián R, Ugarte MEJ, Robert L. Taeniid tapeworm responses to in vitro glucose. Parasitol Res 2005; 96:296-301. [PMID: 15918070 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-005-1348-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2005] [Accepted: 03/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Experimental taeniid strobilae from Taenia solium and T. crassiceps (WFU strain) were incubated for 0-72 h in 0, 5 or 20 mM glucose solutions and further exposed for 15 min to the gap junction fluorochrome Lucifer Yellow. Frozen sections were obtained from each worm and observed under an epifluorescent microscope. Worm sections from strobilae incubated with glucose, revealed intense fluorescence in the base of the tegumentary surface, suggesting that this tissue behaves as a gap junction complex. Fluorescence intensity differences between control worms not exposed to glucose and worms incubated with glucose, were highly significant. The results demonstrate that under in vitro conditions, glucose is taken up along the whole strobilar tegument in both taeniid species, suggesting, that although taeniids attached to the duodenum probably take up most of their nutrients directly from the mucosal wall, the capacity for absorbing glucose along the tegumentary surface is always active and may increase the survival capacity of these intestinal worms by promoting glucose absorption at other points in the intestinal lumen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaethe Willms
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Ciudad Universitaria, México 04510, México.
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25
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Presas AMF, Robert L, Jiménez JA, Willms K. Apoptosis patterns in experimental Taenia solium and Taenia crassiceps strobilae from golden hamsters. Parasitol Res 2005; 96:1-5. [PMID: 15759155 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-005-1316-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2004] [Accepted: 01/28/2005] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis or programmed cell death (PCD) patterns of two taeniid species, Taenia solium and Taenia crassiceps, were explored in adult tapeworms grown in golden hamsters. Animals were fed either ten viable T. solium cysticerci from naturally infected pigs or from T. crassiceps WFU strain maintained in Balb/c mice. Adult strobilae were recovered from the intestine at different times after infection and either frozen at -70 degrees C or fixed in paraformaldehyde-glutaraldehyde. Frozen sections were processed using the DNA fragmentation fluorescent TUNEL reagents and examined in an epifluorescent microscope. Fixed tissues were processed for light and electron microscopy. Typical apoptotic cells were found in the central core of scolex and strobilar tissues, mainly in the germinal tissue and subtegumentary areas. By the TUNEL technique, cells exhibited the characteristic fluorescent images of condensed nuclear chromatin. By light microscopy of thick sections stained with toluidine blue, we found a number of small rounded cells which had lost their cytoplasmic bridges and had shrunken nuclei with aggregated chromatin, cells which were found interspersed with normal syncytial cells. Similar cell morphology was confirmed by electron microscopy. Stunted viable worms, recovered with longer mature specimens, had very short strobilae and exhibited a large number of apoptotic cells in the germinal neck tissues. The results are consistent with the syncytial nature of these parasites, and strongly suggest that cell proliferation and PCD in these adult cestodes are continuous processes of the germinal tissue and tegumentary cytons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana María Fernández Presas
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Edificio A, Primer Piso Circuito Escolar, México, 04510, DF, México
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26
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Claveria FG, Causapin J, de Guzman MA, Toledo MG, Salibay C. Parasite biodiversity in Rattus spp caught in wet markets. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2005; 36 Suppl 4:146-8. [PMID: 16438200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Rattus spp trapped in wet markets in Quiapo, Manila and Balayan, Batangas had ectoparasites, Echinolaelaps echidnius (mite), and Polyplax spinulosa (louse). The endoparasites identified were Hymenolepis diminuta; the acanthocephalan Moniliformis moniliformis; Taenia taeniaeformis strobilocercus larvae and Capillaria hepatica in liver; Trichosomoides crassicauda of the urinary bladder; Sarcocystis sp of muscle tissue; and two different species of stronglyloid-looking intestinal nematodes. Rats had 100% infection with C. hepatica and T. taeniaeformis, exhibiting high parasitemia. The co-existence of rats with diverse parasitic species is reflective of the host's capability to support parasites' behavioral, physiological, and developmental needs. Despite heavy infection with intestinal parasites, and marked hepatic tissue damage owing to severe capillariasis and strobilocercus larval infection, all rats appeared healthy and agile, suggestive of a well-established rat host-parasite relationship. In view of the diversity and zoonotic nature of rat parasites, and the impoverished conditions prevailing in communities where Rattus spp survive and proliferate, they can readily facilitate parasite transmission to humans and other susceptible animal hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florencia G Claveria
- Biology Department, College of Science, De La Salle University-Manila, Taft Avenue, Manila 1000, Philippines.
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27
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Mowlavi GR, Kia EB, Mobedi I. Natural infection of the gerbil Meriones lybicus with the metacestode of Taenia endothoracicus in Arak, central Iran. J Helminthol 2004; 78:275-6. [PMID: 15469633 DOI: 10.1079/joh2003229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Polycephalic larvae of Taenia endothoracicus were found from naturally infected gerbils Meriones lybicus in a rural area of Arak, central Iran. A large cyst containing 19 protoscolices was located in the peritoneum, attached to the large omentum. The characteristics of the protoscolices and rostellar hooks confirmed the identification of these larvae as T. endothoracicus.
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Affiliation(s)
- G R Mowlavi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran.
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28
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Escobedo G, Larralde C, Chavarria A, Cerbón MA, Morales-Montor J. MOLECULAR MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN THE DIFFERENTIAL EFFECTS OF SEX STEROIDS ON THE REPRODUCTION AND INFECTIVITY OF TAENIA CRASSICEPS. J Parasitol 2004; 90:1235-44. [PMID: 15715212 DOI: 10.1645/ge-297r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The in vitro exposure of Taenia crassiceps cysticerci to 17-beta estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4) stimulated their reproduction and infectivity. Testosterone (T4) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) inhibited their reproduction and reduced their motility and infectivity. E2 and P4 increased, whereas T4 and DHT reduced, the expression of parasite c-fos and c-jun and DNA synthesis. In vitro exposure of cysticerci to sex steroids before their inoculation into recipient noninfected mice resulted in large parasite loads when pretreated with E2 and P4 and in smaller loads when pretreated with T4 and DHT To determine the possible molecular mechanisms by which sex steroids affect T. crassiceps, sex steroid receptors were amplified. Taenia crassiceps expressed estrogen receptors (both alpha and beta isoforms) and androgen receptors but no P4 receptors. These results demonstrate that sex steroids act directly on parasite reproduction by binding to a classic and specific sex steroid receptor on the parasite. The differential response of cysticerci to sex steroids may also be involved in their ability to grow faster in the murine female or feminized male host. This is the first report of direct sex steroid effects on the parasite possibly through sex steroid receptors in the cysticerci.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- DNA, Helminth/drug effects
- DNA, Helminth/metabolism
- Dihydrotestosterone/pharmacology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Estrogens/pharmacology
- Female
- Gene Expression/drug effects
- Genes, fos/drug effects
- Genes, fos/physiology
- Genes, jun/drug effects
- Genes, jun/physiology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Progesterone/pharmacology
- RNA, Helminth/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Reproduction, Asexual/drug effects
- Taenia/drug effects
- Taenia/genetics
- Taenia/physiology
- Taeniasis/parasitology
- Testosterone/pharmacology
- Thymidine/metabolism
- Tritium
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Affiliation(s)
- Galileo Escobedo
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, U.N.A.M., AP 70228, Mexico D.F. 04510, Mexico
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29
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Willms K, Robert L, Jiménez JA, Everhart M, Kuhn RE. Ultrastructure of spermiogenesis and the spermatozoon in Taenia crassiceps strobilae WFU strain (Cestoda, Cyclophyllidea, Taeniidae) from golden hamsters. Parasitol Res 2004; 93:262-7. [PMID: 15146328 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-004-1125-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2003] [Accepted: 04/08/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Strobilae from Taenia crassiceps (WFU strain) were obtained from outbred hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) by feeding them viable metacestodes maintained by intraperitoneal passage in female Balb/c mice. Mature and gravid proglottids from strobilae were recovered from hamster intestines and fixed for light and electron microscopy. By light microscopy, the expected structure of taeniid proglottids was observed. Ultrastructural analysis of ten proglottids showed that testicular follicles and vas deferens contained filiform spermatids, with a single axoneme, and an elongated helicoidal nucleus inserted between the axoneme and the spiraled cortical microtubules. At the apical cone, a single crest-like body was found and mature spermatids also exhibited transverse intracytoplasmic walls. The morphology and characters of the spermatids in T. crassiceps conform to type III spermiogenesis, which has been described in other taeniids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaethe Willms
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, Ciudad Universitaria, Edificio A, Primer Piso, Circuito Escolar, D.F., Mexico, Mexico.
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30
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Rodríguez-Sosa M, Satoskar AR, David JR, Terrazas LI. Altered T helper responses in CD40 and interleukin-12 deficient mice reveal a critical role for Th1 responses in eliminating the helminth parasite Taenia crassiceps. Int J Parasitol 2003; 33:703-11. [PMID: 12814650 DOI: 10.1016/s0020-7519(03)00032-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A key feature of helminth infections is the induction of strong Th2-biased immune responses in their hosts. We have previously found that Th2-like responses mediate susceptibility to the helminth parasite Taenia crassiceps, probably by inhibiting Th1 responses required for the development of protective immunity against this parasite. Here we show that mice lacking interleukin-12p35 (IL-12p35-/-) following T. crassiceps infection, failed to mount a Th1 response, but developed a strong Th2-type response, produced higher levels of IgG1, IgE, interleukin-4, interleukin-5 as well as interleukin-13 than wild-type mice, and became highly susceptible to the larval stage of this cestode. In contrast, similarly-infected CD40 deficient BALB/c mice (CD40-/-) displayed impairment of both Th1 and Th2-type responses associated with low levels of interferon-gamma as well as IgE, interleukin-4, interleukin-5 and interleukin-13, but efficiently controlled T. crassiceps infection. Together, these findings suggest a detrimental role for Th2-biased responses during the larval stage of T. crassiceps infection. Furthermore, they also suggest a pivotal role for CD40 in developing Th2-type responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Rodríguez-Sosa
- Department of Immunology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Juan Badiano no. 1, Tlalpan, Mexico City, DF 14080, Mexico
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31
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Abstract
Many examples of reciprocal endocrine interactions between parasites and hosts have been found in insects, arthropods and mammals. Cysticercosis produced by Taenia solium metacestodes is a widely distributed parasite infection that affects the human and the pig. Taenia crassiceps experimental murine cysticercosis has been used to explore the role of biological factors involved in host-parasite interactions. We had shown that T. crassiceps cysticercosis affects the serum concentration of steroid hormones and the reproduction behavior of the male mice host. In an effort to understand the biology of the parasite, we had investigated the parasite capacity to produce sex steroids. For this purpose, T. crassiceps cysticerci were incubated in the presence of different steroid precursors. TLC and recrystallization procedures showed that testosterone is produced from 3H-androstenedione in cysticerci. The conversion of 3H-testosterone to androstenedione, although present is much less significant. In addition, we had studied the production of testosterone by T. solium cysticerci. For this purpose, cysticerci were dissected from pork meat and incubated as above described. The results showed that T. solium cysticerci also produce testosterone. We have speculated about the importance of androgens in the growth of T. crassiceps cysticerci and found that the addition of the antiandrogen flutamide to the culture media of the parasites significantly decreased 3H-thymidine incorporation. We therefore hypothesized, that the ability of cysticerci to produce testosterone from steroid precursors might be important for the parasite growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Romano
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, CINVESTAV del IPN, Apdo. Postal 14-740, 07000 D.F., Mexico, Mexico.
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32
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Abstract
A biological context for understanding human pathogens and parasites emanates from evolutionary studies among tapeworms of the genus Taenia. Human taeniasis and cysticercosis represent archaic associations and remain significant challenges for socioeconomic development, public health and food safety, and a continuing threat to animal production on a global basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric P Hoberg
- US National Parasite Collection and Parasite Biology, Epidemiology and Systematics Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, BARC East No. 1180, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
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Morales-Montor J, Hallal-Calleros C, Romano MC, Damian RT. Inhibition of p-450 aromatase prevents feminisation and induces protection during cysticercosis. Int J Parasitol 2002; 32:1379-87. [PMID: 12350373 DOI: 10.1016/s0020-7519(02)00130-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cysticercotic male mice undergo an impressive feminisation process, characterised by 200 times increased serum 17beta-estradiol levels while testosterone and dihydrotestosterone are 90% reduced, which results in elevated parasite burden. Administration of Fadrozole (an aromatase inhibitor) in male and female mice suppressed the production of 17beta-estradiol, accompanied with a 70% reduction in parasite burden. This protective effect was associated in male mice with a recovery of the specific cellular immune response. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) serum levels, and its production by splenocytes, was augmented by 80%, together with a 10-fold increase in its expression in testes of infected male mice. Fadrozole treatment returned these levels to baseline values. Aromatase expression in the testes of infected male mice was not affected by Fadrozole. These results suggest that aromatase and IL-6 are key molecules in the production of the feminisation undergone by infected male mice and to Fadrozole treatment as a possible new therapeutic approach to cysticercosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Morales-Montor
- Departamento de InmunologIa, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM AP 70228, DF 04510, México,
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Abstract
It has been estimated that 50 million people are infected with the taeniasis/cysticercosis complex in the world today and that 50,000 die each year. It also appears that 350,000 individuals remain infected in Latin America. In Ribeirão Preto, Brazil, neurocysticercosis has been identified in 7.5% of the patients admitted to a ward specialized in the treatment of neurologic diseases. Its clinical manifestations comprise seizures, intracranial hypertension, cysticercotic meningitis, psychiatric symptoms, apoplectic or endarteritic form, and spinal cord syndrome. Lethality of neurocysticercosis varies from 16.4% to 25.9%. Diagnosis is dependent on the results of computed tomography of the brain and examination of the cerebrospinal fluid. Lately, albendazole in association with steroids has been elected the treatment of choice for neurocysticercosis. In the authors' opinion, compulsory notification of cases and preventive measures should be implemented. In Brazil, in the absence of a centralized program of control, regional initiatives should be stimulated, keeping in mind WHO's advice: "Think globally, act locally".
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Affiliation(s)
- O M Takayanagui
- Depto. de Neurologia, Psiquiatria e Psicologia Médica, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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35
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Abstract
BACKGROUND [corrected] Cysticercosis is a parasitic infestation of different body organs by Cysticercosis cellulosae, a larval form of the helminth, Taenia solium, known commonly as pork tapeworm. Ocular involvement of cysticercosis is most common. Other sites of infestation include the central nervous system, subcutaneous tissue, skeletal muscles, and heart muscle. Patients with ocular cysticercosis may be asymptomatic or suffer mild to severe vision loss. CASE REPORT A patient presented with painless vision loss secondary to a parasitic infection by presumed subretinal cysticercosis. The clinical appearance, differential diagnosis, and management of subretinal cysticercosis are discussed. CONCLUSION Prompt diagnosis and referral to a retinal surgeon are essential for the successful treatment of this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lombardo
- TLC Northwest Eye, Seattle, Washington 98133, USA.
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36
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Abstract
Proteases catalyse the cleavage of internal peptide bonds within peptides and proteins. They are classified into four major classes and are involved in a broad range of eukaryotic processes. Proteases have also been found to play a number of critical roles in the virulence of pathogenic agents, particularly of nematode parasites. Parasitic proteases are involved in different aspects of host-parasite interactions. They facilitate the invasion of host tissues and allow nutrition as well as the survival of the parasite in its host. Proteases also participate in the parasite's evasion from the host's immune response. The functional diversity and complexity of these enzymes are described in this review, with a particular focus on the principally identified proteases of four helminths: Schistosoma sp., Fasciola sp., Taenia sp. and Haemonchus sp. Some of these proteases, especially the cysteine proteases secreted by the parasitic trematode Fasciola hepatica, have been successfully tested in experimental immunodiagnosis. Proteases identified in different parasites are currently under study for a use as recombinant vaccines. In this respect, proteases are proposed as major potential targets for immunotherapy and chemotherapy against parasitic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Trap
- UMR 956 INRA AFSSA ENVA, Biologie Moléculaire et Immunologie Parasitaires et Fongiques, Maisons-Alfort, France
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37
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Duchêne M, Benoudiba F, Iffenecker C, Hadj-Rabia M, Caldas J, Doyon D. [Neurocysticercosis]. J Radiol 1999; 80:1623-7. [PMID: 10642655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
The neurocysticercosis is an infestation of the central nervous system by larvae of Taenia solium. The disease is endemic in a few countries of Latin America, Asia, and Africa and is becoming increasingly prevalent in the United States and Europe. The immigration of individuals from endemic areas and the tourism in these areas require a good knowledge of this disease. A retrospective study evaluating the neurocysticercosis lesions with MR and CT is proposed. Parenchymal, subarachnoid and intraventricular cysts are evaluated. We were able to recognise four CT and MR stages. MR was useful in detecting the cysts of neurocycticercosis in the first stage but was inferior in the detection of parenchymal calcifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Duchêne
- Department of Radiology, Hospital das clinicas, Sâo Paulo, Brésil
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38
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39
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ostrosky-Zeichner
- Department of Internal Medicine, Instituto Nacional de la Nutricion Salvador Zubiran, Mexico City, Mexico.
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40
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Merchant MT, Aguilar L, Avila G, Robert L, Flisser A, Willms K. Taenia solium: description of the intestinal implantation sites in experimental hamster infections. J Parasitol 1998; 84:681-5. [PMID: 9714193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Experimental infections in golden hamsters with viable Taenia solium metacestodes were used to study by light and electron microscopy the implantation site of the adult tapeworm in the intestinal wall. Implantation sites from 3-, 4-, 10-, and 40-day infections were located in the upper third of the duodenum, excised and fixed in Zenker's or Karnovsky's solution, embedded in Polybed resin, and sectioned longitudinally to observe the position of the worm on the intestinal wall. The scolex of the tapeworm was situated between host villi, with the rostellum penetrating the intestinal wall and the suckers entrapping adjacent villi. Serial sections through several whole implantation sites revealed that the worm was anchored to the host by all 4 suckers simultaneously, each of which was located at a different level and had entrapped intestinal villi in its cavity. Host tissue within the suckers was damaged, exhibiting various degrees of cell lysis and necrosis of epithelial and submucosal cells. The tegumentary surface and microtriches of the scolex were well preserved, with occasional coalescence of tegumentary microvesicles in 10- and 40-day-old infections; microtriches were in direct contact with the damaged host tissue. This study is the first morphological and ultrastructural description of the attachment of T. solium to the intestinal wall employing an experimental model, the results of which may contribute to a better understanding of the biology of human tapeworm infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Merchant
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, DF
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41
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Rubio M, Tato P, Govezensky T, Molinari JL. Depressed immunity to a Salmonella typhimurium vaccine in mice experimentally parasitized by Taenia crassiceps. Vet Parasitol 1998; 74:179-89. [PMID: 9561706 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4017(97)00173-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
To assess the immunological status of mice parasitized with Taenia crassiceps metacestodes, 6-month old female BALB/c mice experimentally parasitized with T. crassiceps and immunized with Salmonella typhimurium antigens were infected with S. typhimurium virulent bacilli (1.6 x LD50). Both T. crassiceps-parasitized and immunized and parasitized mice showed a very high susceptibility to infection (**P < 0.01) with higher bacteremia than control and immunized-control animals and produced a reduced IgG response to S. typhimurium, antigens (* P < 0.05). This indicates that T. crassiceps is able to preclude development of immunity to S. typhimurium, because appropriate antibody production to a heterologous antigenic stimulus did not take place, and the bacteremia results suggest the parasitosis altered the mononuclear phagocyte system. It has been demonstrated that Taenia solium metacestodes produce a small RNA molecule in culture which suppresses humoral and cellular responses against homologous antigens in mice. We propose that T. crassiceps may be actively synthesizing such a factor, apart from other simultaneously acting immunomodulatory mechanisms, to induce an immunosuppressed state favorable to its development in the host.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Bacterial/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Bacterial/blood
- Antigens, Bacterial/immunology
- Bacteremia/immunology
- Bacterial Vaccines/immunology
- Blotting, Western/veterinary
- Colony Count, Microbial/veterinary
- Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic
- Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel/veterinary
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/veterinary
- Female
- Immunoglobulin G/biosynthesis
- Immunoglobulin G/blood
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Salmonella Infections, Animal/immunology
- Salmonella Infections, Animal/prevention & control
- Salmonella typhimurium/immunology
- Salmonella typhimurium/pathogenicity
- Taenia/immunology
- Taenia/physiology
- Taeniasis/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rubio
- Department of Immunology, UNAM, DF, Mexico
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42
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Konno K, Oku Y, Sakai H, Kamiya M. Effect of ultraviolet radiation on the infectivity of Taenia taeniaeformis eggs. Jpn J Vet Res 1997; 45:75-9. [PMID: 9308292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The effect of ultraviolet (UV) radiation on the infectivity of Taenia taeniaeformis eggs was observed. The eggs were exposed to various UV doses and orally inoculated to rats. The number of cysts and lesions decreased dose-dependently, and neither cyst nor lesion was observed from rats infected with eggs exposed to a total dose of 2,880 mJ/cm2 or more. For evaluation of protective role of embryophore against UV radiation, the onchospheres with/without embryophore were exposed to UV radiation. Remarkably lower numbers of cyst and lesions were observed in rats inoculated with eggs which were exposed to a total dose of 30 mJ/cm2 or more after removal of embryophore. These results suggested an importance of the protective function of the embryophore in the protection against UV radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Konno
- Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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43
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Sarti E. [Taeniasis and cysticercosis due to Taenia solium]. Salud Publica Mex 1997; 39:225-31. [PMID: 9304227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- E Sarti
- Centro de Investigación sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, México
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44
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Rakha NK, Dixon JB, Carter SD. Immunological activities of a lymphocyte mitogen isolated from coenurus fluid of Taenia multiceps (Cestoda). Parasite 1997; 4:9-16. [PMID: 9208030 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/1997041009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The purification of a mitogen from Taenia multiceps coenurus fluid has been previously reported. In the present study, this activity, which was independent of endotoxin, stimulated the expression of lymphocyte IL-2 and Fc receptors, enhanced mitotic response to phylohaemogglutinin and concanavalin A and antagonised the previously described suppressive effects of the macrophage modifying fraction of coenurus fluid. The mitogen also increased peritoneal macrophage count and viability, Fc receptor expression and Fc receptor-mediated phagocytosis. The mitogenic activity could be destroyed by a combination of protease and amylase, but not by either enzyme alone. It is suggested that the mitogen forms part of a homeostatic mechanism for the preservation of a balanced host-parasite relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- N K Rakha
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Liverpool, UK
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45
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Affiliation(s)
- A C White
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and the Ben Taub General Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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46
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Abstract
Nearly all of the cestodes, or tapeworms (class Cestoda in the phylum Platyhelminthes, the flatworms), are parasitic as adults in the intestinal tract of vertebrates. This article discusses the epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of taeniasis, diphyllobothriasis, hymenolepiasis, dipylidiasis, and other tapeworm infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Schantz
- Epidemiology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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47
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Santos A, Paczka JA, Jiménez-Sierra JM, Chévez P, Velasco C, Flisser A, Quiroz-Mercado H. Experimental intravitreous cysticercosis. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 1996; 234:515-20. [PMID: 8858358 DOI: 10.1007/bf00184861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cysticercosis is one of the parasitic diseases that most frequently affects the eye. The most common and severe manifestations of ocular infection are secondary to posterior segment involvement, which often leads to blindness and atrophy of the eye. The pathogenesis of ocular injury in this disease is poorly understood. The authors have developed an experimental animal model for intravitreous cysticercosis using New Zealand rabbits and Taenia crassiceps cysticerci. METHODS Twelve rabbits were divided into two groups. Rabbits in group I were inoculated with one living cysticercus in the vitreous cavity. Rabbits in group II received an intramuscular dose of steroids prior to inoculation of parasites. RESULTS An intense inflammatory reaction, which lead to a severe ocular injury, was observed in rabbits of group I, while rabbits in group II had minimal inflammatory changes. Histopathological studies showed a severe histiocytic infiltrate with generalized retinal damage in group I, and a mild inflammatory infiltrate, limited to the area of direct contact with the parasite in group II. The ocular lesions found in rabbits which did not receive steroids (group I) resembled those found in human ocular cysticercosis. CONCLUSION These observations indicate that ocular damage in this parasitic disease might be directly related to inflammatory changes produced by the presence of cysticerci. This model appears to be useful for future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Santos
- C.U.C.S, Universidad de Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
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48
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Rakha NK, Dixon JB, Carter SD. Taenia multiceps (Cestoda): Ia antigen expression and prostaglandin secretion by parasite-modified, murine peritoneal macrophages. Parasite 1996; 3:135-41. [PMID: 8758551 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/1996032135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Taenia multiceps secretions modify accessory cell activity in macrophages. The present experiments were designed to elucidate the cellular mechanisms involved. While normal, murine peritoneal macrophages amplified mitogen-activated T-cell proliferation, macrophages modified by exposure to parasite secretions inhibited this proliferation. The modified behaviour was shown by glutaraldehyde-fixed as well as living macrophages, and modification was inducible by FPLC fraction 24 of coenurus fluid and was associated with an expanded population of 1a- macrophages. Secretory products of parasite-activated macrophages also inhibited T-cell proliferation, and secretion was prevented by indomethacin. The measurement of modified accessory activity was not influenced by the concentration of tritiated thymidine in lymphocyte proliferation assays. Consequently there is no evidence that the reported events are affected by macrophage-derived, cold thymidine secretion. It is concluded that T. multiceps si able to manipulate macrophage accessory function by mechanisms which involve altered histocompatibility antigen expression and the secretion of prostaglandin.
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Affiliation(s)
- N K Rakha
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Liverpool, UK
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49
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Craig PS, Rogan MT, Allan JC. Detection, screening and community epidemiology of taeniid cestode zoonoses: cystic echinococcosis, alveolar echinococcosis and neurocysticercosis. Adv Parasitol 1996; 38:169-250. [PMID: 8701796 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-308x(08)60035-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P S Craig
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Salford, UK
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50
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Mercado R, Arias B. [Taenia sp and other intestinal cestode infections in individuals from public outpatient clinics and hospitals from the northern section of Santiago, Chile (1985-1994)]. Bol Chil Parasitol 1995; 50:80-3. [PMID: 8762672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
During 1985-1994 period, 70,642 parasitological stool examinations were performed. The exam was made to each patient which presenting gastrointestinal symptoms or nutritional problems, specially in children. 59,960 out of the 70,642 examinations corresponded to 1 month--15 years old children, 4,280 to 16-30 years old individuals and 6.402 to up to 30 years old adults. The infection rates (x 100,000) were: Taenia sp., 86; Hymenolepis nana, 1,165; Diphyllobotrium sp., 4 and Hymenolepis diminuta, 1. In this period, 11 cases of infection by Taenia saginata were detected, and none Taenia sodium infection. Although infections rates by intestinal cesdodes were higher in males than females, in the Taenia sp. infection the difference was not statistical significative. Médico-veterinary control of animals slaughtered in abbatoirs and the improvement of sanitary conditions in the last two decades have contributed to the control of most of human intestinal cestodiases.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Mercado
- Departamento de Parasitología, Universidad de Chile, Santiago
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