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Bailey BL, Nguyen W, Cowman AF, Sleebs BE. Chemo-proteomics in antimalarial target identification and engagement. Med Res Rev 2023; 43:2303-2351. [PMID: 37232495 PMCID: PMC10947479 DOI: 10.1002/med.21975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Humans have lived in tenuous battle with malaria over millennia. Today, while much of the world is free of the disease, areas of South America, Asia, and Africa still wage this war with substantial impacts on their social and economic development. The threat of widespread resistance to all currently available antimalarial therapies continues to raise concern. Therefore, it is imperative that novel antimalarial chemotypes be developed to populate the pipeline going forward. Phenotypic screening has been responsible for the majority of the new chemotypes emerging in the past few decades. However, this can result in limited information on the molecular target of these compounds which may serve as an unknown variable complicating their progression into clinical development. Target identification and validation is a process that incorporates techniques from a range of different disciplines. Chemical biology and more specifically chemo-proteomics have been heavily utilized for this purpose. This review provides an in-depth summary of the application of chemo-proteomics in antimalarial development. Here we focus particularly on the methodology, practicalities, merits, and limitations of designing these experiments. Together this provides learnings on the future use of chemo-proteomics in antimalarial development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brodie L. Bailey
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- Department of Medical BiologyThe University of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - William Nguyen
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- Department of Medical BiologyThe University of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Alan F. Cowman
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- Department of Medical BiologyThe University of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Brad E. Sleebs
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- Department of Medical BiologyThe University of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
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2
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Javid S, Ather H, Hani U, Siddiqua A, Asif Ansari SM, Shanmugarajan D, Yogish Kumar H, Arivuselvam R, Purohit MN, Kumar BRP. Discovery of Novel Myristic Acid Derivatives as N-Myristoyltransferase Inhibitors: Design, Synthesis, Analysis, Computational Studies and Antifungal Activity. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1167. [PMID: 37508263 PMCID: PMC10376843 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12071167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, N-Myristoyltransferase (NMT) has been identified as a new target for the treatment of fungal infections. It is observed that at present, there are increased rates of morbidity and mortality due to fungal infections. Hence, a series of novel myristic acid derivatives were designed via molecular docking studies and ADMET studies by targeting NMT (N-Myristoyltransferase). The designed myristic acid derivatives were synthesized by converting myristic acid into myristoyl chloride and coupling it with aryl amines to yield corresponding myristic acid derivatives. The compounds were purified and characterized via FTIR, NMR and HRMS spectral analyses. In this study, we carried out a target NMT inhibition assay. In the NMT screening assay results, the compounds 3u, 3m and 3t showed better inhibition compared to the other myristic acid derivatives. In an in vitro antifungal evaluation, the myristic acid derivatives were assessed against Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger strains by determining their minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC50). The compounds 3u, 3k, 3r and 3t displayed superior antifungal capabilities against Candida albicans, and the compounds 3u, 3m and 3r displayed superior antifungal capabilities against Aspergillus niger compared to the standard drug FLZ (fluconazole). Altogether, we identified a new series of antifungal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleem Javid
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Farooqia College of Pharmacy, Mysore 570 015, Karnataka, India
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, Mysore, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysore 570 015, Karnataka, India
| | - Hissana Ather
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia
| | - Umme Hani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayesha Siddiqua
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Dhivya Shanmugarajan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, Mysore, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysore 570 015, Karnataka, India
| | - Honnavalli Yogish Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, Mysore, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysore 570 015, Karnataka, India
| | - Rajaguru Arivuselvam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, JSS College of Pharmacy, Mysore, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysore 570 015, Karnataka, India
| | - Madhusudan N Purohit
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, Mysore, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysore 570 015, Karnataka, India
| | - B R Prashantha Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, Mysore, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysore 570 015, Karnataka, India
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3
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Jajula K, Kumar RA, Kishore R, Thommandru PR, Shrikanth R, Satyanarayana S, Kishore PVVN. Silver( i)-catalyzed dehydrogenative cross-coupling of 2-aroylbenzofurans with phosphites. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj06077e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The silver(i)-catalyzed dehydrogenative cross-coupling reaction of 2-aroylbenzofurans with phosphites to afford 2-aroyl-3-phosphonylbenzofurans is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kashanna Jajula
- Department of Chemistry, Rajiv Gandhi University of Knowledge Technologies-Basar, Nirmal-504107, India
| | - Rathod Aravind Kumar
- Semiochemical Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Ravada Kishore
- Department of Chemistry, GITAM Institute of Science, GITAM (Deemed to be University), Visakhapatnam 530045, India
| | - Prakash Raj Thommandru
- Department of Chemistry, GITAM Institute of Science, GITAM (Deemed to be University), Visakhapatnam 530045, India
| | - Ravula Shrikanth
- Department of Chemistry, Rajiv Gandhi University of Knowledge Technologies-Basar, Nirmal-504107, India
- Department of Chemistry, Osmania University, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | | | - Pilli V. V. N. Kishore
- Chemistry Division, Department of Science and Humanities, VFSTR (Deemed to be University), Vadlamudi, Guntur-522213, India
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4
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Zarrinzadeh G, Tajbakhsh M, Hosseinzadeh R, Khalilzadeh MA, Hosseinzadeh M. Biological Evaluation and Molecular Docking Study of Euparin and Its Maleic Anhydride and Semicarbazide Derivatives. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2021.2015405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ghazaleh Zarrinzadeh
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
| | - Mahmood Tajbakhsh
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
| | - Rahman Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
| | - Mohammad A. Khalilzadeh
- Department of Chemistry, Qaemshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qaemshahr, Iran
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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5
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Computational Drug Repurposing Resources and Approaches for Discovering Novel Antifungal Drugs against Candida albicans N-Myristoyl Transferase. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.15.2.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is a yeast that is an opportunistic fungal pathogen and also identified as ubiquitous polymorphic species that is mainly linked with major fungal infections in humans, particularly in the immunocompromised patients including transplant recipients, chemotherapy patients, HIV-infected patients as well as in low-birth-weight infants. Systemic Candida infections have a high mortality rate of around 29 to 76%. For reducing its infection, limited drugs are existing such as caspofungin, fluconazole, terbinafine, and amphotericin B, etc. which contain unlikable side effects and also toxic. This review intends to utilize advanced bioinformatics technologies such as Molecular docking, Scaffold hopping, Virtual screening, Pharmacophore modeling, Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation for the development of potentially new drug candidates with a drug-repurpose approach against Candida albicans within a limited time frame and also cost reductive.
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6
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Garcia ML, de Oliveira AA, Bueno RV, Nogueira VHR, de Souza GE, Guido RVC. QSAR studies on benzothiophene derivatives as Plasmodium falciparum N-myristoyltransferase inhibitors: Molecular insights into affinity and selectivity. Drug Dev Res 2020; 83:264-284. [PMID: 32045013 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is an infectious disease caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Plasmodium and transmitted by Anopheles spp. mosquitos. Due to the emerging resistance to currently available drugs, great efforts must be invested in discovering new molecular targets and drugs. N-myristoyltransferase (NMT) is an essential enzyme to parasites and has been validated as a chemically tractable target for the discovery of new drug candidates against malaria. In this work, 2D and 3D quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) studies were conducted on a series of benzothiophene derivatives as P. falciparum NMT (PfNMT) and human NMT (HsNMT) inhibitors to shed light on the molecular requirements for inhibitor affinity and selectivity. A combination of Quantitative Structure-activity Relationship (QSAR) methods, including the hologram quantitative structure-activity relationship (HQSAR), comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA), and comparative molecular similarity index analysis (CoMSIA) models, were used, and the impacts of the molecular alignment strategies (maximum common substructure and flexible ligand alignment) and atomic partial charge methods (Gasteiger-Hückel, MMFF94, AM1-BCC, CHELPG, and Mulliken) on the quality and reliability of the models were assessed. The best models exhibited internal consistency and could reasonably predict the inhibitory activity against both PfNMT (HQSAR: q2 /r2 /r2 pred = 0.83/0.98/0.81; CoMFA: q2 /r2 /r2 pred = 0.78/0.97/0.86; CoMSIA: q2 /r2 /r2 pred = 0.74/0.95/0.82) and HsNMT (HQSAR: q2 /r2 /r2 pred = 0.79/0.93/0.74; CoMFA: q2 /r2 /r2 pred = 0.82/0.98/0.60; CoMSIA: q2 /r2 /r2 pred = 0.62/0.95/0.56). The results enabled the identification of the polar interactions (electrostatic and hydrogen-bonding properties) as the major molecular features that affected the inhibitory activity and selectivity. These findings should be useful for the design of PfNMT inhibitors with high affinities and selectivities as antimalarial lead candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana L Garcia
- Sao Carlos Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andrew A de Oliveira
- Sao Carlos Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renata V Bueno
- Sao Carlos Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Victor H R Nogueira
- Sao Carlos Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Guilherme E de Souza
- Sao Carlos Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael V C Guido
- Sao Carlos Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
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7
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Savvidou A, IoannisTzaras D, Koutoulogenis GS, Theodorou A, Kokotos CG. Synthesis of Benzofuran and Indole Derivatives Catalyzed by Palladium on Carbon. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201900577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anatoli Savvidou
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry; Department of Chemistry; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens; Panepistimiopolis 15771 Athens Greece
| | - Dimitrios IoannisTzaras
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry; Department of Chemistry; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens; Panepistimiopolis 15771 Athens Greece
| | - Giorgos S. Koutoulogenis
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry; Department of Chemistry; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens; Panepistimiopolis 15771 Athens Greece
| | - Alexis Theodorou
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry; Department of Chemistry; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens; Panepistimiopolis 15771 Athens Greece
| | - Christoforos G. Kokotos
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry; Department of Chemistry; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens; Panepistimiopolis 15771 Athens Greece
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8
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El Shehry MF, Ewies EF, Zayed EM. Synthesis of New Pyrazole Derivatives, Their Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Activities, and Molecular Docking Studies. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363219030216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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9
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Junqueira LO, Costa MOLD, Rando DGG. N-Myristoyltransferases as antileishmanial targets: a piggyback approach with benzoheterocyclic analogues. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902019000218087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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10
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Li M, Ye Y, He L, Hui M, Ng TB, Wong JH, Tsui GC. Domino Cyclization/Trifluoromethylation of 2‐Alknylphenols for the Synthesis of 3‐(Trifluoromethyl)benzofurans and Evaluation of their Antibacterial and Antifungal Activities. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201800651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mengwan Li
- Department of ChemistryThe Chinese University of Hong Kong
| | - Yibin Ye
- Department of ChemistryThe Chinese University of Hong Kong
| | - Lisi He
- Department of ChemistryThe Chinese University of Hong Kong
| | - Mamie Hui
- Department of MicrobiologyThe Chinese University of Hong Kong
| | - Tzi Bun Ng
- School of Biomedical SciencesThe Chinese University of Hong Kong
| | - Jack Ho Wong
- School of Biomedical SciencesThe Chinese University of Hong Kong
- Shenzhen Research InstituteThe Chinese University of Hong Kong
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11
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Harrison JR, Brand S, Smith V, Robinson DA, Thompson S, Smith A, Davies K, Mok N, Torrie LS, Collie I, Hallyburton I, Norval S, Simeons FRC, Stojanovski L, Frearson JA, Brenk R, Wyatt PG, Gilbert IH, Read KD. A Molecular Hybridization Approach for the Design of Potent, Highly Selective, and Brain-Penetrant N-Myristoyltransferase Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2018; 61:8374-8389. [PMID: 30207721 PMCID: PMC6167002 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Crystallography has guided the hybridization of two series of Trypanosoma brucei N-myristoyltransferase (NMT) inhibitors, leading to a novel highly selective series. The effect of combining the selectivity enhancing elements from two pharmacophores is shown to be additive and has led to compounds that have greater than 1000-fold selectivity for TbNMT vs HsNMT. Further optimization of the hybrid series has identified compounds with significant trypanocidal activity capable of crossing the blood-brain barrier. By using CF-1 mdr1a deficient mice, we were able to demonstrate full cures in vivo in a mouse model of stage 2 African sleeping sickness. This and previous work provides very strong validation for NMT as a drug target for human African trypanosomiasis in both the peripheral and central nervous system stages of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin R Harrison
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences , University of Dundee , Dundee , DD1 5EH , United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Brand
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences , University of Dundee , Dundee , DD1 5EH , United Kingdom
| | - Victoria Smith
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences , University of Dundee , Dundee , DD1 5EH , United Kingdom
| | - David A Robinson
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences , University of Dundee , Dundee , DD1 5EH , United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Thompson
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences , University of Dundee , Dundee , DD1 5EH , United Kingdom
| | - Alasdair Smith
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences , University of Dundee , Dundee , DD1 5EH , United Kingdom
| | - Kenneth Davies
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences , University of Dundee , Dundee , DD1 5EH , United Kingdom
| | - Ngai Mok
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences , University of Dundee , Dundee , DD1 5EH , United Kingdom
| | - Leah S Torrie
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences , University of Dundee , Dundee , DD1 5EH , United Kingdom
| | - Iain Collie
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences , University of Dundee , Dundee , DD1 5EH , United Kingdom
| | - Irene Hallyburton
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences , University of Dundee , Dundee , DD1 5EH , United Kingdom
| | - Suzanne Norval
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences , University of Dundee , Dundee , DD1 5EH , United Kingdom
| | - Frederick R C Simeons
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences , University of Dundee , Dundee , DD1 5EH , United Kingdom
| | - Laste Stojanovski
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences , University of Dundee , Dundee , DD1 5EH , United Kingdom
| | - Julie A Frearson
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences , University of Dundee , Dundee , DD1 5EH , United Kingdom
| | - Ruth Brenk
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences , University of Dundee , Dundee , DD1 5EH , United Kingdom
| | - Paul G Wyatt
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences , University of Dundee , Dundee , DD1 5EH , United Kingdom
| | - Ian H Gilbert
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences , University of Dundee , Dundee , DD1 5EH , United Kingdom
| | - Kevin D Read
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences , University of Dundee , Dundee , DD1 5EH , United Kingdom
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12
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Bayliss T, Robinson DA, Smith VC, Brand S, McElroy SP, Torrie LS, Mpamhanga C, Norval S, Stojanovski L, Brenk R, Frearson JA, Read KD, Gilbert IH, Wyatt PG. Design and Synthesis of Brain Penetrant Trypanocidal N-Myristoyltransferase Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2017; 60:9790-9806. [PMID: 29125744 PMCID: PMC5734605 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
N-Myristoyltransferase (NMT) represents a promising drug target within the parasitic protozoa Trypanosoma brucei (T. brucei), the causative agent for human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) or sleeping sickness. We have previously validated T. brucei NMT as a promising druggable target for the treatment of HAT in both stages 1 and 2 of the disease. We report on the use of the previously reported DDD85646 (1) as a starting point for the design of a class of potent, brain penetrant inhibitors of T. brucei NMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy Bayliss
- Drug Discovery Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee , Sir James Black Centre, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - David A Robinson
- Drug Discovery Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee , Sir James Black Centre, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Victoria C Smith
- Drug Discovery Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee , Sir James Black Centre, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Stephen Brand
- Drug Discovery Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee , Sir James Black Centre, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Stuart P McElroy
- Drug Discovery Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee , Sir James Black Centre, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Leah S Torrie
- Drug Discovery Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee , Sir James Black Centre, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Chido Mpamhanga
- Drug Discovery Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee , Sir James Black Centre, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Suzanne Norval
- Drug Discovery Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee , Sir James Black Centre, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Laste Stojanovski
- Drug Discovery Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee , Sir James Black Centre, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Ruth Brenk
- Drug Discovery Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee , Sir James Black Centre, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Julie A Frearson
- Drug Discovery Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee , Sir James Black Centre, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Kevin D Read
- Drug Discovery Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee , Sir James Black Centre, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Ian H Gilbert
- Drug Discovery Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee , Sir James Black Centre, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Paul G Wyatt
- Drug Discovery Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee , Sir James Black Centre, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
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13
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Design, Synthesis and Antifungal Activity of Novel Benzofuran-Triazole Hybrids. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21060732. [PMID: 27338311 PMCID: PMC6274255 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21060732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of novel benzofuran-triazole hybrids was designed and synthesized by click chemistry, and their structures were characterized by HRMS, FTIR and NMR. The in vitro antifungal activity of target compounds was evaluated using the microdilution broth method against five strains of pathogenic fungi. The result indicated that the target compounds exhibited moderate to satisfactory activity. Furthermore, molecular docking was performed to investigate the binding affinities and interaction modes between the target compound and N-myristoyltransferase. Based on the results, preliminary structure activity relationships (SARs) were summarized to serve as a foundation for further investigation.
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14
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Hemalatha K, Madhumitha G, Ravi L, Khanna VG, Al-Dhabi NA, Arasu MV. Binding mode of dihydroquinazolinones with lysozyme and its antifungal activity against Aspergillus species. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2016; 161:71-9. [PMID: 27214045 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Aspergillosis is one of the infectious fungal diseases affecting mainly the immunocompromised patients. The scarcity of the antifungal targets has identified the importance of N-myristoyl transferase (NMT) in the regulation of fungal pathway. The dihydroquinazolinone molecules were designed on the basis of fragments responsible for binding with the target enzyme. The aryl halide, 1(a-g), aryl boronic acid and potassium carbonate were heated together in water and dioxane mixture to yield new CC bond formation in dihydroquinazolinone. The bis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(II) dichloride was used as catalyst for the CC bond formation. The synthesized series were screened for their in vitro antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus fumigatus. The binding interactions of the active compound with lysozyme were explored using multiple spectroscopic studies. Molecular docking study of dihydroquinazolinones with the enzyme revealed the information regarding various binding forces involved in the interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Hemalatha
- Chemistry of Heterocycles & Natural Product Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, VIT University, Vellore 632 014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - G Madhumitha
- Chemistry of Heterocycles & Natural Product Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, VIT University, Vellore 632 014, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Lokesh Ravi
- Division of Bio-medical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore 632 014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - V Gopiesh Khanna
- Division of Bio-medical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore 632 014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Naif Abdullah Al-Dhabi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Addiriyah Chair for Environmental Studies, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mariadhas Valan Arasu
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Addiriyah Chair for Environmental Studies, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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15
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Khodarahmi G, Asadi P, Hassanzadeh F, Khodarahmi E. Benzofuran as a promising scaffold for the synthesis of antimicrobial and antibreast cancer agents: A review. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN MEDICAL SCIENCES 2016; 20:1094-104. [PMID: 26941815 PMCID: PMC4755098 DOI: 10.4103/1735-1995.172835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Benzofuran as an important heterocyclic compound is extensively found in natural products as well as synthetic materials. Since benzofuran drivatives display a diverse array of pharmacological activities, an interest in developing new biologically active agents from benzofuran is still under consideration. This review highlights recent findings on biological activities of benzofuran derivatives as antimicrobial and antibreast cancer agents and lays emphasis on the importance of benzofurans as a major source for drug design and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghadamali Khodarahmi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Parvin Asadi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Farshid Hassanzadeh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Elham Khodarahmi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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16
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Fang W, Robinson DA, Raimi OG, Blair DE, Harrison JR, Lockhart DEA, Torrie LS, Ruda GF, Wyatt PG, Gilbert IH, van Aalten DMF. N-myristoyltransferase is a cell wall target in Aspergillus fumigatus. ACS Chem Biol 2015; 10:1425-34. [PMID: 25706802 PMCID: PMC4477619 DOI: 10.1021/cb5008647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of filamentous fungal infections relies on a limited repertoire of antifungal agents. Compounds possessing novel modes of action are urgently required. N-myristoylation is a ubiquitous modification of eukaryotic proteins. The enzyme N-myristoyltransferase (NMT) has been considered a potential therapeutic target in protozoa and yeasts. Here, we show that the filamentous fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus possesses an active NMT enzyme that is essential for survival. Surprisingly, partial repression of the gene revealed downstream effects of N-myristoylation on cell wall morphology. Screening a library of inhibitors led to the discovery of a pyrazole sulphonamide compound that inhibits the enzyme and is fungicidal under partially repressive nmt conditions. Together with a crystallographic complex showing the inhibitor binding in the peptide substrate pocket, we provide evidence of NMT being a potential drug target in A. fumigatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxia Fang
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, ‡Division of Biological
Chemistry and Drug Discovery, §MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation
Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - David A. Robinson
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, ‡Division of Biological
Chemistry and Drug Discovery, §MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation
Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Olawale G. Raimi
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, ‡Division of Biological
Chemistry and Drug Discovery, §MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation
Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - David E. Blair
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, ‡Division of Biological
Chemistry and Drug Discovery, §MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation
Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Justin R. Harrison
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, ‡Division of Biological
Chemistry and Drug Discovery, §MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation
Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Deborah E. A. Lockhart
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, ‡Division of Biological
Chemistry and Drug Discovery, §MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation
Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Leah S. Torrie
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, ‡Division of Biological
Chemistry and Drug Discovery, §MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation
Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Gian Filippo Ruda
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, ‡Division of Biological
Chemistry and Drug Discovery, §MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation
Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Paul G. Wyatt
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, ‡Division of Biological
Chemistry and Drug Discovery, §MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation
Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Ian H. Gilbert
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, ‡Division of Biological
Chemistry and Drug Discovery, §MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation
Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Daan M. F. van Aalten
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, ‡Division of Biological
Chemistry and Drug Discovery, §MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation
Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
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17
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Shimada T, Suzuki M, Katakura SI. Structure of N-myristoyltransferase from Aspergillus fumigatus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 71:754-61. [PMID: 25849386 DOI: 10.1107/s1399004715000401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
N-Myristoyltransferase (NMT) is an enzyme which translocates the 14-carbon saturated fatty acid myristate from myristoyl-CoA to the N-terminal glycine of substrate peptides. This myristoylation process is involved in protein modification in various eukaryotes, including animals and fungi. Furthermore, this enzyme has been shown to be essential to the growth of various species, such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which indicates that NMT is an attractive target for the development of a novel antifungal drug. In this study, the crystal structure of a ternary complex of NMT from Aspergillus fumigatus with S-(2-oxo)pentadecyl-CoA, a myristoyl-CoA analogue cofactor, and a synthetic inhibitor is reported at a resolution of 2.1 Å. The results advance the understanding of the specificity of NMT inhibitors and provide valuable information for structure-based drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Shimada
- Drug Discovery and Biomedical Technology Unit, Daiichi Sankyo RD Novare Co. Ltd, 1-16-13 Kita-kasai, Edogawa-ku, Tokyo 134-8630, Japan
| | - Makoto Suzuki
- Drug Discovery and Biomedical Technology Unit, Daiichi Sankyo RD Novare Co. Ltd, 1-16-13 Kita-kasai, Edogawa-ku, Tokyo 134-8630, Japan
| | - Shin-ichi Katakura
- Drug Discovery and Biomedical Technology Unit, Daiichi Sankyo RD Novare Co. Ltd, 1-16-13 Kita-kasai, Edogawa-ku, Tokyo 134-8630, Japan
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18
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Xia L, Idhayadhulla A, Lee YR, Kim SH, Wee YJ. Synthesis and biological evaluation of diverse tetrahydrobenzofuran-4-ones as potent antibacterial agents. J IND ENG CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2014.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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19
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Medina Marrero R, Marrero-Ponce Y, Barigye SJ, Echeverría Díaz Y, Acevedo-Barrios R, Casañola-Martín GM, García Bernal M, Torrens F, Pérez-Giménez F. QuBiLs-MAS method in early drug discovery and rational drug identification of antifungal agents. SAR AND QSAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2015; 26:943-58. [PMID: 26567876 DOI: 10.1080/1062936x.2015.1104517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The QuBiLs-MAS approach is used for the in silico modelling of the antifungal activity of organic molecules. To this effect, non-stochastic (NS) and simple-stochastic (SS) atom-based quadratic indices are used to codify chemical information for a comprehensive dataset of 2478 compounds having a great structural variability, with 1087 of them being antifungal agents, covering the broadest antifungal mechanisms of action known so far. The NS and SS index-based antifungal activity classification models obtained using linear discriminant analysis (LDA) yield correct classification percentages of 90.73% and 92.47%, respectively, for the training set. Additionally, these models are able to correctly classify 92.16% and 87.56% of 706 compounds in an external test set. A comparison of the statistical parameters of the QuBiLs-MAS LDA-based models with those for models reported in the literature reveals comparable to superior performance, although the latter were built over much smaller and less diverse datasets, representing fewer mechanisms of action. It may therefore be inferred that the QuBiLs-MAS method constitutes a valuable tool useful in the design and/or selection of new and broad spectrum agents against life-threatening fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Medina Marrero
- a Computer-Aided Molecular 'Biosilico' Discovery and Bioinformatic Research International Network (CAMD-BIR-IN) , Cartagena de Indias , Bolivar , Colombia
- b Department of Microbiology , Chemical Bioactive Center, Central University of Las Villas , Villa Clara , Cuba
| | - Y Marrero-Ponce
- a Computer-Aided Molecular 'Biosilico' Discovery and Bioinformatic Research International Network (CAMD-BIR-IN) , Cartagena de Indias , Bolivar , Colombia
- c Grupo de Investigación en Estudios Químicos y Biológicos, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas , Universidad Tecnológica de Bolívar , Cartagena de Indias , Bolívar , Colombia
- d Unidad de Investigación de Diseño de Fármacos y Conectividad Molecular, Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Farmacia , Universitat de València , Valencia , Spain
- h Grupo de Investigación Microbiología y Ambiente (GIMA) . Programa de Bacteriología, Facultad Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de San Buenaventura , Calle Real de Ternera, 130010, Cartagena (Bolivar) , Colombia
| | - S J Barigye
- a Computer-Aided Molecular 'Biosilico' Discovery and Bioinformatic Research International Network (CAMD-BIR-IN) , Cartagena de Indias , Bolivar , Colombia
- e Departamento de Química , Universidade Federal de Lavras , Lavras , MG , Brazil
| | - Y Echeverría Díaz
- a Computer-Aided Molecular 'Biosilico' Discovery and Bioinformatic Research International Network (CAMD-BIR-IN) , Cartagena de Indias , Bolivar , Colombia
| | - R Acevedo-Barrios
- c Grupo de Investigación en Estudios Químicos y Biológicos, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas , Universidad Tecnológica de Bolívar , Cartagena de Indias , Bolívar , Colombia
| | - G M Casañola-Martín
- a Computer-Aided Molecular 'Biosilico' Discovery and Bioinformatic Research International Network (CAMD-BIR-IN) , Cartagena de Indias , Bolivar , Colombia
- d Unidad de Investigación de Diseño de Fármacos y Conectividad Molecular, Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Farmacia , Universitat de València , Valencia , Spain
- f Facultad de Ingeniería Ambiental , Universidad Estatal Amazónica , Puyo , Ecuador
| | - M García Bernal
- b Department of Microbiology , Chemical Bioactive Center, Central University of Las Villas , Villa Clara , Cuba
| | - F Torrens
- g Institut Universitari de Ciència Molecular, Universitat de València , Valencia , Spain
| | - F Pérez-Giménez
- d Unidad de Investigación de Diseño de Fármacos y Conectividad Molecular, Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Farmacia , Universitat de València , Valencia , Spain
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20
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Nevagi RJ, Dighe SN, Dighe SN. Biological and medicinal significance of benzofuran. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 97:561-81. [PMID: 26015069 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.10.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2014] [Revised: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This article emphasizes on the importance of benzofuran as a biologically relevant heterocycle. It covers most of the physiologically as well as medicinally important compounds containing benzofuran rings. This article also covers clinically approved drugs containing benzofuran scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reshma J Nevagi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, SMBT College of Pharmacy, Nandi Hills, Dhamangaon, Igatpuri, Nashik 422403, Maharashtra, India
| | - Santosh N Dighe
- Department of Chemistry, Sir Parshurambhau College, Pune 30, Maharashtra, India
| | - Satish N Dighe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Sinhgad College of Pharmacy, Vadgaon (BK), Pune, Maharashtra, India.
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21
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Recent Advances in The Discovery ofN-Myristoyltransferase Inhibitors. ChemMedChem 2014; 9:2425-37. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201402174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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22
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Soni JN, Soman SS. Synthesis and antimicrobial evaluation of amide derivatives of benzodifuran-2-carboxylic acid. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 75:77-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Revised: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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23
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Wright MH, Clough B, Rackham MD, Rangachari K, Brannigan JA, Grainger M, Moss DK, Bottrill AR, Heal WP, Broncel M, Serwa RA, Brady D, Mann DJ, Leatherbarrow RJ, Tewari R, Wilkinson AJ, Holder AA, Tate EW. Validation of N-myristoyltransferase as an antimalarial drug target using an integrated chemical biology approach. Nat Chem 2013; 6:112-21. [PMID: 24451586 DOI: 10.1038/nchem.1830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Malaria is an infectious disease caused by parasites of the genus Plasmodium, which leads to approximately one million deaths per annum worldwide. Chemical validation of new antimalarial targets is urgently required in view of rising resistance to current drugs. One such putative target is the enzyme N-myristoyltransferase, which catalyses the attachment of the fatty acid myristate to protein substrates (N-myristoylation). Here, we report an integrated chemical biology approach to explore protein myristoylation in the major human parasite P. falciparum, combining chemical proteomic tools for identification of the myristoylated and glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteome with selective small-molecule N-myristoyltransferase inhibitors. We demonstrate that N-myristoyltransferase is an essential and chemically tractable target in malaria parasites both in vitro and in vivo, and show that selective inhibition of N-myristoylation leads to catastrophic and irreversible failure to assemble the inner membrane complex, a critical subcellular organelle in the parasite life cycle. Our studies provide the basis for the development of new antimalarials targeting N-myristoyltransferase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan H Wright
- 1] Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK [2] Institute of Chemical Biology, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Barbara Clough
- Division of Parasitology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Mark D Rackham
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Kaveri Rangachari
- Division of Parasitology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - James A Brannigan
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Munira Grainger
- Division of Parasitology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - David K Moss
- Division of Parasitology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Andrew R Bottrill
- Protein and Nucleic Acid Chemistry Laboratory, University of Leicester, Hodgkin Building, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - William P Heal
- 1] Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK [2]
| | | | - Remigiusz A Serwa
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Declan Brady
- Centre for Genetics and Genomics, School of Life Sciences, Queens Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG2 7UH, UK
| | - David J Mann
- 1] Institute of Chemical Biology, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK [2] Division of Molecular Biosciences, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Robin J Leatherbarrow
- 1] Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK [2] Institute of Chemical Biology, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK [3]
| | - Rita Tewari
- Centre for Genetics and Genomics, School of Life Sciences, Queens Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG2 7UH, UK
| | - Anthony J Wilkinson
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Anthony A Holder
- Division of Parasitology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Edward W Tate
- 1] Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK [2] Institute of Chemical Biology, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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24
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Gilbert IH. Drug discovery for neglected diseases: molecular target-based and phenotypic approaches. J Med Chem 2013; 56:7719-26. [PMID: 24015767 PMCID: PMC3954685 DOI: 10.1021/jm400362b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Drug
discovery for neglected tropical diseases is carried out using
both target-based and phenotypic approaches. In this paper, target-based
approaches are discussed, with a particular focus on human African
trypanosomiasis. Target-based drug discovery can be successful, but
careful selection of targets is required. There are still very few
fully validated drug targets in neglected diseases, and there is a
high attrition rate in target-based drug discovery for these diseases.
Phenotypic screening is a powerful method in both neglected and non-neglected
diseases and has been very successfully used. Identification of molecular
targets from phenotypic approaches can be a way to identify potential
new drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian H Gilbert
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee , Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
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25
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Ostrowska K, Hejchman E, Wolska I, Kruszewska H, Maciejewska D. Microwave-assisted preparation and antimicrobial activity of O-alkylamino benzofurancarboxylates. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2013; 144:1679-1689. [PMID: 26166876 PMCID: PMC4495853 DOI: 10.1007/s00706-013-1067-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT A series of derivatives of 2 and 3-benzofurancarboxylates were synthesized under microwave-assisted conditions. Their in-vitro antimicrobial properties were assessed. Inhibition by the compounds of the growth of antibiotic-susceptible standards and clinically isolated strains of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, yeasts, and a human fungal pathogen was moderate to significant. Methyl 5-bromo-7-[2-(N,N-diethylamino)ethoxy]-6-methoxy-2-benzofurancarboxylate hydrochloride was identified as the most active compound (MIC 3-12 × 10-3 μmol/cm3 against Gram-positive bacteria; MIC 9.4 × 10-2 μmol/cm3 against Candida and Aspergillus brasiliensis). The molecular and crystal structures of 2-(N,N-diethylamino)ethyl 6-acetyl-5-hydroxy-2-methyl-3-benzofurancarboxylate were established by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT .
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Ostrowska
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha, 02097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Hejchman
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha, 02097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Irena Wolska
- Department of Crystallography, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Grunwaldzka 6, 60780 Poznan, Poland
| | - Hanna Kruszewska
- Department of Antibiotics and Microbiology, National Medicines Institute, 30/34 Chełmska, 00725 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dorota Maciejewska
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha, 02097 Warsaw, Poland
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26
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Liu Y, Wang Y, Dong G, Zhang Y, Wu S, Miao Z, Yao J, Zhang W, Sheng C. Novel benzothiazole derivatives with a broad antifungal spectrum: design, synthesis and structure–activity relationships. MEDCHEMCOMM 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3md00215b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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27
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Wang W, Dong G, Gu J, Zhang Y, Wang S, Zhu S, Liu Y, Miao Z, Yao J, Zhang W, Sheng C. Structure–activity relationships of tetrahydrocarbazole derivatives as antifungal lead compounds. MEDCHEMCOMM 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2md20211e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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28
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Yu Z, Brannigan JA, Moss DK, Brzozowski AM, Wilkinson AJ, Holder AA, Tate EW, Leatherbarrow RJ. Design and synthesis of inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum N-myristoyltransferase, a promising target for antimalarial drug discovery. J Med Chem 2012; 55:8879-90. [PMID: 23035716 PMCID: PMC3863768 DOI: 10.1021/jm301160h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Design of inhibitors for N-myristoyltransferase (NMT), an enzyme responsible for protein trafficking in Plasmodium falciparum , the most lethal species of parasites that cause malaria, is described. Chemistry-driven optimization of compound 1 from a focused NMT inhibitor library led to the identification of two early lead compounds 4 and 25, which showed good enzyme and cellular potency and excellent selectivity over human NMT. These molecules provide a valuable starting point for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - James A. Brannigan
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, U.K
| | - David K. Moss
- Division of Parasitology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, NW7 1AA, U.K
| | - A. Marek Brzozowski
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, U.K
| | - Anthony J. Wilkinson
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, U.K
| | - Anthony A. Holder
- Division of Parasitology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, NW7 1AA, U.K
| | - Edward W. Tate
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, U.K
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29
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Hejchman E, Ostrowska K, Maciejewska D, Kossakowski J, Courchesne WE. Synthesis and antifungal activity of derivatives of 2- and 3-benzofurancarboxylic acids. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2012; 343:380-8. [PMID: 22892340 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.112.196980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We found that amiodarone has potent antifungal activity against a broad range of fungi, potentially defining a new class of antimycotics. Investigations into its molecular mechanisms showed amiodarone mobilized intracellular Ca2+, which is thought to be an important antifungal characteristic of its fungicidal activity. Amiodarone is a synthetic drug based on the benzofuran ring system, which is contained in numerous compounds that are both synthetic and isolated from natural sources with antifungal activity. To define the structural components responsible for antifungal activity, we synthesized a series of benzofuran derivatives and tested them for the inhibition of growth of two pathogenic fungi, Cryptococcus neoformans and Aspergillus fumigatus, to find new compounds with antifungal activity. We found several derivatives that inhibited fungal growth, two of which had significant antifungal activity. We were surprised to find that calcium fluxes in cells treated with these derivatives did not correlate directly with their antifungal effects; however, the derivatives did augment the amiodarone-elicited calcium flux into the cytoplasm. We conclude that antifungal activity of these new compounds includes changes in cytoplasmic calcium concentration. Analyses of these benzofuran derivatives suggest that certain structural features are important for antifungal activity. Antifungal activity drastically increased on converting methyl 7-acetyl-6-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-benzofurancarboxylate (2b) into its dibromo derivative, methyl 7-acetyl-5-bromo-6-hydroxy-3-bromomethyl-2-benzofurancarboxylate (4).
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Affiliation(s)
- Elzbieta Hejchman
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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30
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Brand S, Cleghorn LAT, McElroy SP, Robinson DA, Smith VC, Hallyburton I, Harrison JR, Norcross NR, Spinks D, Bayliss T, Norval S, Stojanovski L, Torrie LS, Frearson JA, Brenk R, Fairlamb AH, Ferguson MAJ, Read KD, Wyatt PG, Gilbert IH. Discovery of a novel class of orally active trypanocidal N-myristoyltransferase inhibitors. J Med Chem 2011; 55:140-52. [PMID: 22148754 PMCID: PMC3256935 DOI: 10.1021/jm201091t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
N-Myristoyltransferase (NMT) represents a promising drug target for human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), which is caused by the parasitic protozoa Trypanosoma brucei. We report the optimization of a high throughput screening hit (1) to give a lead molecule DDD85646 (63), which has potent activity against the enzyme (IC(50) = 2 nM) and T. brucei (EC(50) = 2 nM) in culture. The compound has good oral pharmacokinetics and cures rodent models of peripheral HAT infection. This compound provides an excellent tool for validation of T. brucei NMT as a drug target for HAT as well as a valuable lead for further optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Brand
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Sir James Black Centre, Dundee, DD1 5EH, U.K
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31
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Taha MO, Qandil AM, Al-Haraznah T, Khalaf RA, Zalloum H, Al-Bakri AG. Discovery of New Antifungal Leads via Pharmacophore Modeling and QSAR Analysis of Fungal N-Myristoyl Transferase Inhibitors Followed by In Silico Screening. Chem Biol Drug Des 2011; 78:391-407. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2011.01160.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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32
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Taha MO, Habash M, Al-Hadidi Z, Al-Bakri A, Younis K, Sisan S. Docking-based comparative intermolecular contacts analysis as new 3-D QSAR concept for validating docking studies and in silico screening: NMT and GP inhibitors as case studies. J Chem Inf Model 2011; 51:647-69. [PMID: 21370899 DOI: 10.1021/ci100368t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The significant role played by docking algorithms in drug discovery combined with their serious pitfalls prompted us to envisage a novel concept for validating docking solutions, namely, docking-based comparative intermolecular contacts analysis (dbCICA). This novel approach is based on the number and quality of contacts between docked ligands and amino acid residues within the binding pocket. It assesses a particular docking configuration on the basis of its ability to align a set of ligands within a corresponding binding pocket in such a way that potent ligands come into contact with binding site spots distinct from those approached by low-affinity ligands and vice versa. In other words, dbCICA evaluates the consistency of docking by assessing the correlation between ligands' affinities and their contacts with binding site spots. Optimal dbCICA models can be translated into valid pharmacophore models that can be used as 3-D search queries to mine structural databases for new bioactive compounds. dbCICA was implemented to search for new inhibitors of candida N-myristoyl transferase as potential antifungal agents and glycogen phosphorylase (GP) inhibitors as potential antidiabetic agents. The process culminated in five selective micromolar antifungal leads and nine GP inhibitory leads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mutasem O Taha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.
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33
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Geary LM, Hultin PG. 2-Substituted Benzo[b]furans from (E)-1,2-Dichlorovinyl Ethers and Organoboron Reagents: Scope and Mechanistic Investigations into the One-Pot Suzuki Coupling/Direct Arylation. European J Org Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201000787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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34
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Gabriele B, Mancuso R, Salerno G. Acid-Catalysed or Radical-Promoted Allylic Substitution of 2-Methylene-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-3-ols with Thiol Derivatives: a Novel and Expedient Synthesis of 2-(Thiomethyl)benzofurans. European J Org Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201000289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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35
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Mothe SR, Susanti D, Chan PWH. Efficient synthesis of 3-acyl-5-hydroxybenzofurans via copper(II) triflate-catalyzed cycloaddition of unactivated 1,4-benzoquinones with 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds. Tetrahedron Lett 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2010.02.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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36
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Tautz L, Rétey J. A highly convergent synthesis of myristoyl-carba(dethia)-coenzyme A. European J Org Chem 2010; 2010:1728-1735. [PMID: 22347809 DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200901410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Co-translational myristoylation of the N-terminal glycine residue of diverse signaling proteins is required for membrane attachment and proper function of these molecules. The transfer of myristate from myristoyl-coenzyme A (myr-CoA) is catalyzed by the enzyme N-myristoyltransferase (Nmt). Nmt has been implicated in a number of human diseases, including cancer and epilepsy, as well as pathogenic mechanisms such as fungal and virus infections, including HIV and Hepatitis B. Rational design has led to the development of potent competitive inhibitors, including several non-hydrolysable acyl-CoA substrate analogues. However, linear synthetic strategies, following the route of the original CoA synthesis, generate such analogues in very low over all yields that typically are not sufficient for in vivo studies. Here, we present a new, highly convergent synthesis of myristoyl-carba(dethia)-coenzyme A 1 that allows to obtain this substrate analogue in 11-fold increased yield compared to the reported linear synthesis. In addition, enzymatic cleavage of the adenosine-2',3'-cyclophosphate in the last step of the synthesis proved to be an efficient way to obtain the isomerically pure 3'-phosphate 1.
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37
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Swamy KCK, Kumar NNB, Balaraman E, Kumar KVPP. Mitsunobu and Related Reactions: Advances and Applications. Chem Rev 2009; 109:2551-651. [PMID: 19382806 DOI: 10.1021/cr800278z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 852] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. C. Kumara Swamy
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad − 500046, A. P., India
| | - N. N. Bhuvan Kumar
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad − 500046, A. P., India
| | - E. Balaraman
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad − 500046, A. P., India
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38
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Sheng C, Ji H, Miao Z, Che X, Yao J, Wang W, Dong G, Guo W, Lü J, Zhang W. Homology modeling and molecular dynamics simulation of N-myristoyltransferase from protozoan parasites: active site characterization and insights into rational inhibitor design. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2009; 23:375-89. [PMID: 19370313 DOI: 10.1007/s10822-009-9267-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2008] [Accepted: 03/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Myristoyl-CoA:protein N-myristoyltransferase (NMT) is a cytosolic monomeric enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of the myristoyl group from myristoyl-CoA to the N-terminal glycine of a number of eukaryotic cellular and viral proteins. Recent experimental data suggest NMT from parasites could be a promising new target for the design of novel antiparasitic agents with new mode of action. However, the active site topology and inhibitor specificity of these enzymes remain unclear. In this study, three-dimensional models of NMT from Plasmodium falciparum (PfNMT), Leishmania major (LmNMT) and Trypanosoma brucei (TbNMT) were constructed on the basis of the crystal structures of fungal NMTs using homology modeling method. The models were further refined by energy minimization and molecular dynamics simulations. The active sites of PfNMT, LmNMT and TbNMT were characterized by multiple copy simultaneous search (MCSS). MCSS functional maps reveal that PfNMT, LmNMT and TbNMT share a similar active site topology, which is defined by two hydrophobic pockets, a hydrogen-bonding (HB) pocket, a negatively-charged HB pocket and a positively-charged HB pocket. Flexible docking approaches were then employed to dock known inhibitors into the active site of PfNMT. The binding mode, structure-activity relationships and selectivity of inhibitors were investigated in detail. From the results of molecular modeling, the active site architecture and certain key residues responsible for inhibitor binding were identified, which provided insights for the design of novel inhibitors of parasitic NMTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunquan Sheng
- School of Pharmacy, Military Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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39
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Synthesis of new derivatives of 2,2-dimethyl-2,3-dihydro-7-benzo[b]furanol with potential antimicrobial activity. Med Chem Res 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-008-9149-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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40
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Abdel-Wahab BF, Abdel-Aziz HA, Ahmed EM. Synthesis and antimicrobial evaluation of some 1,3-thiazole, 1,3,4-thiadiazole, 1,2,4-triazole, and 1,2,4-triazolo[3,4-b][1,3,4]-thiadiazine derivatives including a 5-(benzofuran-2-yl)-1-phenylpyrazole moiety. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-008-0099-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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41
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Telvekar V, Kundaikar H, Patel K, Chaudhari H. 3-D QSAR and Molecular Docking Studies on Aryl Benzofuran-2-yl Ketoxime Derivatives asCandida albicansN-myristoyl transferase Inhibitors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/qsar.200810017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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42
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43
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Bowyer PW, Tate EW, Leatherbarrow RJ, Holder AA, Smith DF, Brown KA. N-myristoyltransferase: a prospective drug target for protozoan parasites. ChemMedChem 2008; 3:402-8. [PMID: 18324715 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200700301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul W Bowyer
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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44
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Bowyer P, Gunaratne R, Grainger M, Withers-Martinez C, Wickramsinghe S, Tate E, Leatherbarrow R, Brown K, Holder A, Smith D. Molecules incorporating a benzothiazole core scaffold inhibit the N-myristoyltransferase of Plasmodium falciparum. Biochem J 2007; 408:173-80. [PMID: 17714074 PMCID: PMC2267354 DOI: 10.1042/bj20070692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant N-myristoyltransferase of Plasmodium falciparum (termed PfNMT) has been used in the development of a SPA (scintillation proximity assay) suitable for automation and high-throughput screening of inhibitors against this enzyme. The ability to use the SPA has been facilitated by development of an expression and purification system which yields considerably improved quantities of soluble active recombinant PfNMT compared with previous studies. Specifically, yields of pure protein have been increased from 12 microg x l(-1) to >400 microg x l(-1) by use of a synthetic gene with codon usage optimized for expression in an Escherichia coli host. Preliminary small-scale 'piggyback' inhibitor studies using the SPA have identified a family of related molecules containing a core benzothiazole scaffold with IC50 values <50 microM, which demonstrate selectivity over human NMT1. Two of these compounds, when tested against cultured parasites in vitro, reduced parasitaemia by >80% at a concentration of 10 microM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul W. Bowyer
- *Wellcome Trust Laboratories for Molecular Parasitology, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
- †Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
- ‡Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Ruwani S. Gunaratne
- §Division of Parasitology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, U.K
| | - Munira Grainger
- §Division of Parasitology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, U.K
| | | | | | - Edward W. Tate
- ‡Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | | | - Katherine A. Brown
- †Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Anthony A. Holder
- §Division of Parasitology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, U.K
- Correspondence can be addressed to either of these authors (email or )
| | - Deborah F. Smith
- *Wellcome Trust Laboratories for Molecular Parasitology, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
- †Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
- ∥Immunology and Infection Unit, Department of Biology/Hull York Medical School, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5YW, U.K
- Correspondence can be addressed to either of these authors (email or )
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45
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Cheng XM, Liu XW. Microwave-Enhanced One-Pot Synthesis of Diversified 3-Acyl-5-Hydroxybenzofurans. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 9:906-8. [PMID: 17760414 DOI: 10.1021/cc070015u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xia-Min Cheng
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798
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46
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Sheng C, Zhu J, Zhang W, Zhang M, Ji H, Song Y, Xu H, Yao J, Miao Z, Zhou Y, Zhu J, Lü J. 3D-QSAR and molecular docking studies on benzothiazole derivatives as Candida albicans N-myristoyltransferase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2006; 42:477-86. [PMID: 17349719 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2006.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2006] [Revised: 10/13/2006] [Accepted: 11/07/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
N-Myristoyltransferase has been a promising new target for the design of novel antifungal agents with new mode of action. Molecular docking and three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D-QSAR) methods, CoMFA and CoMSIA, were applied to a set of novel benzothiazole Candida albicans N-myristoyltransferase (CaNmt) inhibitors. The binding mode of the compounds at the active site of CaNmt was explored using flexible docking method and various hydrophobic and hydrogen-bonding interactions were observed between the benzothiazole inhibitors and the target enzyme. The best CoMFA and CoMSIA models had a cross-validated coefficient q(2) of 0.733 and 0.738, respectively, which showed high correlative and predictive abilities on both the test set and training set. The 3D contour maps of CoMFA and CoMSIA provided smooth and interpretable explanation of the structure-activity relationship for the compounds. The analysis of the 3D contour plots permitted interesting conclusions about the effects of different substituent groups at different position of the benzothiazole ring, which will guide the design of novel CaNmt inhibitors with higher activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunquan Sheng
- School of Pharmacy, Military Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
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47
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Panethymitaki C, Bowyer P, Price H, Leatherbarrow R, Brown K, Smith D. Characterization and selective inhibition of myristoyl-CoA:protein N-myristoyltransferase from Trypanosoma brucei and Leishmania major. Biochem J 2006; 396:277-85. [PMID: 16480339 PMCID: PMC1462705 DOI: 10.1042/bj20051886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The eukaryotic enzyme NMT (myristoyl-CoA:protein N-myristoyltransferase) has been characterized in a range of species from Saccharomyces cerevisiae to Homo sapiens. NMT is essential for viability in a number of human pathogens, including the fungi Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans, and the parasitic protozoa Leishmania major and Trypanosoma brucei. We have purified the Leishmania and T. brucei NMTs as active recombinant proteins and carried out kinetic analyses with their essential fatty acid donor, myristoyl-CoA and specific peptide substrates. A number of inhibitory compounds that target NMT in fungal species have been tested against the parasite enzymes in vitro and against live parasites in vivo. Two of these compounds inhibit TbNMT with IC50 values of <1 microM and are also active against mammalian parasite stages, with ED50 (the effective dose that allows 50% cell growth) values of 16-66 microM and low toxicity to murine macrophages. These results suggest that targeting NMT could be a valid approach for the development of chemotherapeutic agents against infectious diseases including African sleeping sickness and Nagana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrysoula Panethymitaki
- *Wellcome Trust Laboratories for Molecular Parasitology, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
- †Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Paul W. Bowyer
- *Wellcome Trust Laboratories for Molecular Parasitology, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
- †Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
- ‡Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Helen P. Price
- *Wellcome Trust Laboratories for Molecular Parasitology, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
- †Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
- §Immunology and Infection Unit, Department of Biology/Hull York Medical School, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5YW, U.K
| | | | - Katherine A. Brown
- †Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Deborah F. Smith
- *Wellcome Trust Laboratories for Molecular Parasitology, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
- †Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
- §Immunology and Infection Unit, Department of Biology/Hull York Medical School, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5YW, U.K
- To whom correspondence should be addressed, at Immunology and Infection Unit, Department of Biology/Hull York Medical School, University of York (email )
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48
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Abstract
Comparative analyses of fungal genomes and molecular research on genes associated with fungal viability and virulence has led to the identification of many putative targets for novel antifungal agents. So far the rational approach to antifungal discovery, in which compounds are optimized against an individual target then progressed to efficacy against intact fungi and ultimately to infected humans has delivered no new agents. However, the approach continues to hold promise for the future. This review critically assesses the molecular target-based approach to antifungal discovery, outlines problems and pitfalls inherent in the genomics and target discovery strategies and describes the status of heavily investigated examples of target-based research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank C Odds
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, Scotland, UK.
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49
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Ruge E, Korting HC, Borelli C. Current state of three-dimensional characterisation of antifungal targets and its use for molecular modelling in drug design. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2005; 26:427-41. [PMID: 16289513 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2005.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The alarming rise in life-threatening systemic fungal infections due to the emergence of drug-resistant fungal strains had produced an increased demand for new antimycotics, especially those targeting novel antifungal structures. Drug discovery has developed from screening natural products and chemical synthesis to a modern approach, namely structure-based drug design. Whilst many antifungal agents currently in use were discovered more than 30 years ago, characterisation of various drug targets has only been achieved recently, contributing immensely to understanding the structure-activity relationships of antifungals and their targets. Three-dimensional characterisation has become a well established tool for modern antifungal drug research and should play an important role in investigations for new antifungal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Ruge
- Department of Dermatology, University of Munich, Frauenlobstr. 9-11, 80337 Munich, Germany.
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50
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Wahab Khan M, Jahangir Alam M, Rashid MA, Chowdhury R. A new structural alternative in benzo[b]furans for antimicrobial activity. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 13:4796-805. [PMID: 15964760 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2003] [Revised: 05/08/2005] [Accepted: 05/09/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Two series of 2-substituted and three new diacetyl benzofurans were synthesized through palladium-catalyzed reactions and their in vitro antimicrobial spectra were assessed. The compounds demonstrated mild to significant growth inhibition against antibiotic-susceptible standard and clinically isolated strains of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria as well as human fungal pathogens. Ampicillin and kanamycin were used as references for antibacterial screening; nystatin and amphotericin B were used for antifungal screening. Varying substitution at the benzofuran moiety and subsequent antimicrobial screening identified the C-3-acetyl functionality as a new structural alternative for optimal antimicrobial property in the benzofuran class of compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Wahab Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
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