1
|
Robello M, Barresi E, Baglini E, Salerno S, Taliani S, Settimo FD. The Alpha Keto Amide Moiety as a Privileged Motif in Medicinal Chemistry: Current Insights and Emerging Opportunities. J Med Chem 2021; 64:3508-3545. [PMID: 33764065 PMCID: PMC8154582 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Over the years, researchers in drug discovery have taken advantage of the use of privileged structures to design innovative hit/lead molecules. The α-ketoamide motif is found in many natural products, and it has been widely exploited by medicinal chemists to develop compounds tailored to a vast range of biological targets, thus presenting clinical potential for a plethora of pathological conditions. The purpose of this perspective is to provide insights into the versatility of this chemical moiety as a privileged structure in drug discovery. After a brief analysis of its physical-chemical features and synthetic procedures to obtain it, α-ketoamide-based classes of compounds are reported according to the application of this motif as either a nonreactive or reactive moiety. The goal is to highlight those aspects that may be useful to understanding the perspectives of employing the α-ketoamide moiety in the rational design of compounds able to interact with a specific target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Robello
- Synthetic Bioactive Molecules Section, LBC, NIDDK, NIH, 8 Center Drive, Room 404, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Elisabetta Barresi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Emma Baglini
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Silvia Salerno
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Sabrina Taliani
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Federico Da Settimo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Donkor IO. An update on the therapeutic potential of calpain inhibitors: a patent review. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2020; 30:659-675. [PMID: 32700591 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2020.1797678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Calpain is a cytosolic proteinase that regulates of a wide range of physiological functions. The enzyme has been implicated in various pathological conditions including neurodegenerative disorders, cardiovascular disorders, cancer, and several other diseases. Therefore, calpain inhibitors are of interest as therapeutic agents and have been studied in preclinical models of several diseases in which the enzyme has been implicated. AREAS COVERED Calpain inhibitors that were disclosed over the last 5 years (2015-2019) include calpastatin-based peptidomimetics; thalassospiramide lipopeptides; disulfide analogs of alpha-mercaptoacrylic acids; allosteric modulators; azoloimidazolidenones; and macrocyclic/non-macrocyclic carboxamides. The effectiveness of some of the inhibitors in preclinical animal models is discussed. EXPERT OPINION Significant milestones that were made over this time frame include: a) disclosure of novel blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeable calpastatin analogs as calpain inhibitors; b) disclosure that potent calpain inhibitors can be obtained by targeting the hydrophobic pockets on chain A of PEF(S) of the small subunit of calpain; c) use of PEF(S) (PDB ID: 4WQ2) in virtual screening to identify novel structurally diverse calpain inhibitors; and d) mitigation of the metabolic instability of the alpha-ketoamide warhead of calpain inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isaac O Donkor
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, College of Pharmacy , Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Jantos K, Kling A, Mack H, Hornberger W, Moeller A, Nimmrich V, Lao Y, Nijsen M. Discovery of ABT-957: 1-Benzyl-5-oxopyrrolidine-2-carboxamides as selective calpain inhibitors with enhanced metabolic stability. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:1968-1973. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
4
|
Curcio M, Salazar IL, Mele M, Canzoniero LMT, Duarte CB. Calpains and neuronal damage in the ischemic brain: The swiss knife in synaptic injury. Prog Neurobiol 2016; 143:1-35. [PMID: 27283248 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The excessive extracellular accumulation of glutamate in the ischemic brain leads to an overactivation of glutamate receptors with consequent excitotoxic neuronal death. Neuronal demise is largely due to a sustained activation of NMDA receptors for glutamate, with a consequent increase in the intracellular Ca(2+) concentration and activation of calcium- dependent mechanisms. Calpains are a group of Ca(2+)-dependent proteases that truncate specific proteins, and some of the cleavage products remain in the cell, although with a distinct function. Numerous studies have shown pre- and post-synaptic effects of calpains on glutamatergic and GABAergic synapses, targeting membrane- associated proteins as well as intracellular proteins. The resulting changes in the presynaptic proteome alter neurotransmitter release, while the cleavage of postsynaptic proteins affects directly or indirectly the activity of neurotransmitter receptors and downstream mechanisms. These alterations also disturb the balance between excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission in the brain, with an impact in neuronal demise. In this review we discuss the evidence pointing to a role for calpains in the dysregulation of excitatory and inhibitory synapses in brain ischemia, at the pre- and post-synaptic levels, as well as the functional consequences. Although targeting calpain-dependent mechanisms may constitute a good therapeutic approach for stroke, specific strategies should be developed to avoid non-specific effects given the important regulatory role played by these proteases under normal physiological conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michele Curcio
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ivan L Salazar
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; Doctoral Programme in Experimental Biology and Biomedicine, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra (IIIUC), 3030-789 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Miranda Mele
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | - Carlos B Duarte
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Access to C-protected β-amino-aldehydes via transacetalization of 6-alcoxy tetrahydrooxazinones and use for pseudo-peptide synthesis. Tetrahedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2012.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
6
|
Donkor IO. Calpain inhibitors: a survey of compounds reported in the patent and scientific literature. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2011; 21:601-36. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2011.568480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
7
|
Cipolla L, Airoldi C, Bini D, Gregori M, Marcelo F, Jiménez-Barbero J, Nicotra F. Fructose-Based Proline Analogues: Exploring the Prolyl trans/cis-Amide Rotamer Population in Model Peptides. European J Org Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201000983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
8
|
Ovat A, Li ZZ, Hampton CY, Asress SA, Fernández FM, Glass JD, Powers JC. Peptidyl alpha-ketoamides with nucleobases, methylpiperazine, and dimethylaminoalkyl substituents as calpain inhibitors. J Med Chem 2010; 53:6326-36. [PMID: 20690647 DOI: 10.1021/jm901221v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of peptidyl alpha-ketoamides with the general structure Cbz-L-Leu-D,L-AA-CONH-R were synthesized and evaluated as inhibitors for the cysteine proteases calpain I, calpain II, and cathepsin B. Nucleobases, methylpiperazine, and dimethylaminoalkyl groups were incorporated into the primed region of the inhibitors to generate compounds that potentially cross the blood-brain barrier. Two of these compounds (Cbz-Leu-D,L-Abu-CONH-(CH(2))(3)-adenin-9-yl and Cbz-Leu-D,L-Abu-CONH-(CH(2))(3)-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl) have been shown to have useful concentrations in the brain in animals. The best inhibitor for calpain I was Cbz-Leu-D,L-Abu-CONH-(CH(2))(3)-2-methoxyadenin-9-yl (K(i) = 23 nM), and the best inhibitor for calpain II was Cbz-Leu-D,L-Phe-CONH-(CH(2))(3)-adenin-9-yl (K(i) = 68 nM). On the basis of the crystal structure obtained with heterocyclic peptidyl alpha-ketoamides, we have improved inhibitor potency by introducing a small hydrophobic group on the adenine ring. These inhibitors have good potential to be used in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asli Ovat
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sabidó E, Tarragó T, Giralt E. Using peptidyl aldehydes in activity-based proteomics. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:3752-5. [PMID: 19477641 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.04.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2009] [Revised: 04/29/2009] [Accepted: 04/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The broad inhibitory spectrum of aldehydes and the possibility that amino acid residues modulate their specificity point to the potential of using peptidyl aldehydes as activity-based probes. Here, we establish the potential of peptidyl aldehydes in activity-based proteomics by synthesizing different probes and using them to specifically label a well-known serine protease in an activity-dependent manner. From our results, peptidyl aldehydes emerge as promising activity-based probes that enable multiple enzymatic-class detection by substrate recognition and can be used in diverse activity-based proteomics applications like protein identification and activity profiling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eduard Sabidó
- Universitat de Barcelona, Departament de Química Orgànica, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Donkor IO, Korukonda R. Synthesis and calpain inhibitory activity of peptidomimetic compounds with constrained amino acids at the P2 position. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:4806-8. [PMID: 18694642 PMCID: PMC2575414 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.07.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2008] [Revised: 07/21/2008] [Accepted: 07/24/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The effect of incorporating alpha,alpha'-diethylglycine and alpha-aminocyclopentane carboxylic acid at the P(2) position of inhibitors on mu-calpain inhibition was studied. Compound 3 with alpha,alpha'-diethylglycine was over 20-fold more potent than 2 with alpha-aminocyclopentane carboxylic acid. Additionally, 3 was over 35-fold selective for mu-calpain compared to cathepsin B, while 2 was 3-fold selective for cathepsin B compared to mu-calpain. Thus, the conformation induced by the P(2) residue influenced the activities of the compounds versus the closely related cysteine proteases, and suggests an approach to the discovery of selective mu-calpain inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isaac O Donkor
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Korukonda R, Guan N, Dalton JT, Liu J, Donkor IO. Synthesis, calpain inhibitory activity, and cytotoxicity of P2-substituted proline and thiaproline peptidyl aldehydes and peptidyl alpha-ketoamides. J Med Chem 2006; 49:5282-90. [PMID: 16913717 DOI: 10.1021/jm050849w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Calpain is a cytosolic cysteine endopeptidase that has been implicated in a number of disorders including cancer. We have synthesized and studied the mu-calpain inhibitory activity and cytotoxicity of peptidyl aldehydes and peptidyl alpha-ketoamides with N-substituted D-proline or L-thiaproline residues at the P2-postion. The most potent and most selective members of the series were (R)-1-(4-nitrophenylsulfonyl)-N-((R,S)-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxamide (1j) and (R)-1-(4-iodophenylsulfonyl)-N-((R,S)-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxamide (1n). The compounds inhibited mu-calpain with Ki values of 0.02 microM and 0.03 microM, respectively, and displayed over 180-fold (1j) and 130-fold (1n) greater affinity for mu-calpain compared to cathepsin B. The cytotoxic effect of the compounds was evaluated in two leukemia cell lines (Daudi and Jurkat) and three solid tumor cell lines (DU-145, PC-3, and HeLa). Generally the compounds were modestly cytotoxic and displayed no correlation between the cytotoxic activity and mu-calpain inhibition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajani Korukonda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Yin B, Dhal R, Maisonneuve V, Dujardin G. Asymmetric Access to Peptidyl β3-Aldehydes by Coupling ofN-Phthalyl α-Amino Acids with a Synthetic Heterocyclic β-Amino Aldehyde Precursor. European J Org Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200600262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
13
|
Sanders ML, Donkor IO. A novel series of urea-based peptidomimetic calpain inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:1965-8. [PMID: 16412635 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.12.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2005] [Revised: 12/19/2005] [Accepted: 12/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A series of peptide aldehyde derivatives in which the P(2) chiral carbon has been replaced with nitrogen were synthesized as urea-based peptidomimetic inhibitors of mu-calpain. The compounds mirrored the general SAR of peptidyl aldehyde calpain inhibitors but displayed greater selectivity for mu-calpain over cathepsin B.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Lee Sanders
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
|
15
|
Payne RJ, Brown KM, Coxon JM, Morton JD, Lee HYY, Abell AD. Peptidic Aldehydes Based on α- and β-Amino Acids: Synthesis, Inhibition of m-Calpain, and Anti-Cataract Properties. Aust J Chem 2004. [DOI: 10.1071/ch04080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We present a new synthesis of SJA6017 (a potent m-calpain inhibitor) and its adaptation in order to prepare analogues in which the constituent Leu and Val residues are systematically replaced with their corresponding β-amino acids and/or the N-terminal fluorophenylsulfonyl group is replaced by a water solubilizing N-pyridin-3-ylmethoxycarbonyl group. All compounds have been assayed against m-calpain, and the best inhibitor, SJA6017, has been shown to inhibit the development of opacity in a lens culture system design to mimic cataract.
Collapse
|
16
|
Donkor IO, Han J, Zheng X. Design, Synthesis, Molecular Modeling Studies, and Calpain Inhibitory Activity of Novel α-Ketoamides Incorporating Polar Residues at the P1‘-Position. J Med Chem 2003; 47:72-9. [PMID: 14695821 DOI: 10.1021/jm0301336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel alpha-ketoamides incorporating stereoisomeric residues with different electronic properties at the P(1)'-position were synthesized to study the electronic requirements for inhibitor binding to the S(1)'-subsite of calpain I. The results of the study suggested the presence of an acidic amino acid residue at the S(1)'-subsite of calpain I. For example, ester 1a (Cbz-l-Leu-l-Phe-CO-d-Phe-OMe) was over 450-fold more potent than its carboxylic acid derivative 2a (Cbz-l-Leu-l-Phe-CO-d-Phe-OH). Additionally, amidino derivative 3a (Cbz-l-Leu-l-Phe-CONH-d-CH[C(NH)NH(2)]Bn) was about 6000-fold more potent than 2a. Furthermore, 4a (Cbz-l-Leu-l-Phe-CONHCH(2)Bn) was 12-fold less potent than its aza analogue 4b (Cbz-l-Leu-l-Phe-CONHNHBn). The results are consistent with the presence of an acidic amino acid residue at the S(1)'-subsite of calpain I. The acidic amino acid residue was found to be Glu261 via molecular modeling studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isaac O Donkor
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|