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Recent Strategies in Nickel-Catalyzed C–H Bond Functionalization for Nitrogen-Containing Heterocycles. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12101163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
N-heterocycles are ubiquitous in natural products, pharmaceuticals, organic materials, and numerous functional molecules. Among the current synthetic approaches, transition metal-catalyzed C–H functionalization has gained considerable attention in recent years due to its advantages of simplicity, high atomic economy, and the ready availability of starting materials. In the field of N-heterocycle synthesis via C–H functionalization, nickel has been recognized as one of the most important catalysts. In this review, we will introduce nickel-catalyzed intramolecular and intermolecular pathways for N-heterocycle synthesis from 2008 to 2021.
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Martín-Encinas E, Selas A, Palacios F, Alonso C. The design and discovery of topoisomerase I inhibitors as anticancer therapies. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2022; 17:581-601. [PMID: 35321631 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2022.2055545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cancer has been identified as one of the leading causes of death worldwide. The biological target of some anticancer agents is topoisomerase I, an enzyme involved in the relaxation of supercoiled DNA. The synthesis of new compounds with antiproliferative effect and behaving as topoisomerase I inhibitors has become an active field of research. Depending on their mechanism of inhibition, they can be classified as catalytic inhibitors or poisons. AREAS COVERED This review article summarizes the state of the art for the development of selective topoisomerase I inhibitors. Collected compounds showed inhibition of the enzyme, highlighting those approved for clinical use, the combination therapies developed, as well as related drawbacks and future focus. EXPERT OPINION Research related to topoisomerase I inhibitors in cancer therapy started with camptothecin (CPT). This compound was first selected as a good anticancer agent and then topoisomerase I was identified as its therapeutic target. Derivatives of CPT irinotecan, topotecan, and belotecan are the only clinically approved inhibitors. Currently, their limitations are being addressed by different stretegies. Future studies should focus not only on developing other active molecules but also on improving the bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of potent synthetic derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Endika Martín-Encinas
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I - Centro de Investigación Lascaray, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad del País Vasco, Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria, Spain
| | - Asier Selas
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I - Centro de Investigación Lascaray, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad del País Vasco, Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria, Spain
| | - Francisco Palacios
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I - Centro de Investigación Lascaray, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad del País Vasco, Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria, Spain
| | - Concepción Alonso
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I - Centro de Investigación Lascaray, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad del País Vasco, Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria, Spain
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You F, Gao C. Topoisomerase Inhibitors and Targeted Delivery in Cancer Therapy. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:713-729. [PMID: 30931860 DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666190401112948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
DNA topoisomerases are enzymes that catalyze the alteration of DNA topology with transiently induced DNA strand breakage, essential for DNA replication. Topoisomerases are validated cancer chemotherapy targets. Anticancer agents targeting Topoisomerase I and II have been in clinical use and proven to be highly effective, though with significant side effects. There are tremendous efforts to develop new generation of topoisomerase inhibitors. Targeted delivery of topoisomerase inhibitors is another way to reduce the side effects. Conjugates of topoisomerases inhibitors with antibody, polymer, or small molecule are developed to target these inhibitors to tumor sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei You
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, United States
| | - Changshou Gao
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, United States
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Song ZL, Yang GZ, Li JC, Liu YQ, Yang CJ, Goto M, Zhang ZJ, Morris-Natschke SL, Liu H, Lee KH. Design and synthesis of novel 7-[( N-substituted-thioureidopiperazinyl)-methyl]-camptothecin derivatives as potential cytotoxic agents. Nat Prod Res 2019; 34:2022-2029. [PMID: 30784310 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2019.1573231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
As part of continuing our research on diverse C-7 derivatives of camptothecin (CPT), 16 CPT derivatives bearing piperazinyl-thiourea chemical scaffold and different substituent groups have been designed, synthesized and evaluated in vitro for cytotoxicity against five tumor cell lines (A-549, MDA-MB-231, MCF-7, KB and KBvin). As a result, all the synthesized compounds showed promising in vitro cytotoxic activity against the five tumor cell lines tested, and were more potent than irinotecan. Importantly, compounds 13 g (IC50 = 0.514 μM) and 13o (IC50 = 0.275 μM) possessed similar or better antiproliferative activity against the multidrug-resistant (MDR) KBvin subline than that of topotecan (IC50 = 0.511 μM) and merit further development as anticancer candidates for clinical trail. With these results in hand, we have a reason to conclude that incorporating piperazinyl-thiourea motifs into position-7 of camptothecin confers well cytotoxic activity against cancer cell lines, probably resulting in new anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Long Song
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, P.R. China
| | - Guan-Zhou Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jun-Cai Li
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, P.R. China
| | - Ying-Qian Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, P.R. China
| | - Chen-Jie Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, P.R. China
| | - Masuo Goto
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Zhi-Jun Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, P.R. China
| | - Susan L Morris-Natschke
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Hua Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, P.R. China
| | - Kuo-Hsiung Lee
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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5
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Wang F, Wei TQ, Xu P, Wang SY, Ji SJ. Mn(III)-mediated radical cascade reaction of boronic acids with isocyanides: Synthesis of diimide derivatives. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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6
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Gomes GDP, Loginova Y, Vatsadze SZ, Alabugin IV. Isonitriles as Stereoelectronic Chameleons: The Donor-Acceptor Dichotomy in Radical Additions. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:14272-14288. [PMID: 30270623 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b08513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Radical addition to isonitriles (isocyanides) starts and continues all the way to the transition state (TS) mostly as a simple addition to a polarized π-bond. Only after the TS has been passed, the spin density moves to the α-carbon to form the imidoyl radical, the hallmark intermediate of the 1,1-addition-mediated cascades. Addition of alkyl, aryl, heteroatom-substituted, and heteroatom-centered radicals reveals a number of electronic, supramolecular, and conformational effects potentially useful for the practical control of isonitrile-mediated radical cascade transformations. Addition of alkyl radicals reveals two stereoelectronic preferences. First, the radical attack aligns the incipient C···C bond with the aromatic π-system. Second, one of the C-H/C-C bonds at the radical carbon eclipses the isonitrile N-C bond. Combination of these stereoelectronic preferences with entropic penalty explains why the least exergonic reaction (addition of the t-Bu radical) is also the fastest. Heteroatomic radicals reveal further unusual trends. In particular, the Sn radical addition to the PhNC is much faster than addition of the other group IV radicals, despite forming the weakest bond. This combination of kinetic and thermodynamic properties is ideal for applications in control of radical reactivity via dynamic covalent chemistry and may be responsible for the historically broad utility of Sn radicals ("the tyranny of tin"). In addition to polarity and low steric hindrance, radical attack at the relatively strong π-bond of isonitriles is assisted by "chameleonic" supramolecular interactions of the radical center with both the isonitrile π*-system and lone pair. These interactions are yet another manifestation of supramolecular control of radical chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Dos Passos Gomes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Florida State University , Tallahassee , Florida 32309 , United States
| | - Yulia Loginova
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry , Lomonosov Moscow State University , 1-3 Leninskiye Gory , Moscow 119991 , Russia
| | - Sergey Z Vatsadze
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry , Lomonosov Moscow State University , 1-3 Leninskiye Gory , Moscow 119991 , Russia
| | - Igor V Alabugin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Florida State University , Tallahassee , Florida 32309 , United States
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7
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Lazareva NF, Baryshok VP, Lazarev IM. Silicon-containing analogs of camptothecin as anticancer agents. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2017; 351. [PMID: 29239010 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201700297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The plant pentacyclic alkaloid camptothecin and its structural analogs were extensively studied. These compounds are interesting due to the antitumor activity associated with their ability to inhibit topoisomerase I in tumor cells. During the last decades of the 20th century, a large number of the silicon-containing camptothecins (silatecans) were synthesized. 7-tert-Butyldimethylsilyl-10-hydroxy-camptothecin (DB-67 or AR-67) has enhanced lipophilicity and demonstrates a antitumor activity superior to its carbon analog. To date, certain silatecans are under clinical trials and their ultimate role in cancer therapy appears promising. In this review, we present chemical methodologies for the synthesis of silicon-containing camptothecins, their chemical properties, biological activity, and results of clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataliya F Lazareva
- A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk, Russian Federation
| | - Viktor P Baryshok
- Irkutsk National Research Technical University, Irkutsk, Russian Federation
| | - Igor M Lazarev
- A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk, Russian Federation
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8
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Yang CJ, Song ZL, Goto M, Liu YQ, Hsieh KY, Morris-Natschke SL, Zhao YL, Zhang JX, Lee KH. Design, synthesis, and cytotoxic activity of novel 7-substituted camptothecin derivatives incorporating piperazinyl-sulfonylamidine moieties. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:3959-3962. [PMID: 28789891 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.07.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In our continuing search for camptothecin (CPT)-derived antitumor drugs, novel 7-substituted CPT derivatives incorporating piperazinyl-sulfonylamidine moieties were designed, synthesized and evaluated for cytotoxicity against five tumor cell lines (A-549, MDA-MB-231, MCF-7, KB, and KB-VIN). All of the derivatives showed promising in vitro cytotoxic activity against the tested tumor cell lines, and were more potent than irinotecan. Remarkably, most of the compounds exhibited comparable cytotoxicity against the multidrug-resistant (MDR) KB-VIN and parental KB tumor cell lines, while irinotecan lost activity completely against KB-VIN. Especially, compounds 13r and 13p (IC50 0.38 and 0.85μM, respectively) displayed the greatest cytotoxicity against the MDR KB-VIN cell line and merit further development into preclinical and clinical drug candidates for treating cancer, including MDR phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Jie Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Zi-Long Song
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Masuo Goto
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Ying-Qian Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China.
| | - Kan-Yen Hsieh
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Susan L Morris-Natschke
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Yong-Long Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Jun-Xiang Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Kuo-Hsiung Lee
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States; Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
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Walton JC. Synthetic Strategies for 5- and 6-Membered Ring Azaheterocycles Facilitated by Iminyl Radicals. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21050660. [PMID: 27213311 PMCID: PMC6273063 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21050660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The totality of chemical space is so immense that only a small fraction can ever be explored. Computational searching has indicated that bioactivity is associated with a comparatively small number of ring-containing structures. Pyrrole, indole, pyridine, quinoline, quinazoline and related 6-membered ring-containing aza-arenes figure prominently. This review focuses on the search for fast, efficient and environmentally friendly preparative methods for these rings with specific emphasis on iminyl radical-mediated procedures. Oxime derivatives, particularly oxime esters and oxime ethers, are attractive precursors for these radicals. Their use is described in conventional thermolytic, microwave-assisted and UV-vis based preparative procedures. Photoredox-catalyzed protocols involving designer oxime ethers are also covered. Choice can be made amongst these synthetic strategies for a wide variety of 5- and 6-membered ring heterocycles including phenanthridine and related aza-arenes. Applications to selected natural products and bioactive molecules, including trispheridine, vasconine, luotonin A and rutaecarpine, are included.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Walton
- University of St. Andrews, EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, UK.
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10
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11
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Zhang B, Studer A. Recent advances in the synthesis of nitrogen heterocycles via radical cascade reactions using isonitriles as radical acceptors. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 44:3505-21. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00083a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 516] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Radical isonitrile insertion reactions are highly valuable for the construction of N-containing heterocycles such as phenanthridines, quinolines, isoquinolines, quinoxalines and indoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- China Pharmaceutical University
- 210009 Nanjing
- China
| | - Armido Studer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Westfälische Wilhems-University
- 48149 Münster
- Germany
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12
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Cascade cyclization of 1-(2-yl-3-phenylprop-2-enyl)-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyridine-2-carbonitrile radical: Mechanistic insights from DFT study. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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13
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Rodríguez-Berna G, Mangas-Sanjuán V, Gonzalez-Alvarez M, Gonzalez-Alvarez I, García-Giménez JL, Díaz Cabañas MJ, Bermejo M, Corma A. A promising camptothecin derivative: Semisynthesis, antitumor activity and intestinal permeability. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 83:366-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.06.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Revised: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Dénès
- Laboratoire CEISAM UMR CNRS 6230 - UFR des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Nantes , 2 rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208 - 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France
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Rodriguez-Berna G, Cabañas MJD, Mangas-Sanjuán V, Gonzalez-Alvarez M, Gonzalez-Alvarez I, Abasolo I, Schwartz S, Bermejo M, Corma A. Semisynthesis, cytotoxic activity, and oral availability of new lipophilic 9-substituted camptothecin derivatives. ACS Med Chem Lett 2013; 4:651-5. [PMID: 24900725 DOI: 10.1021/ml400125z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite that 9-substituted camptothecins are promising candidates in cancer therapy, the limited accessibility to this position has reduced the studies of these derivatives to a few standard modifications. We report herein a novel semisynthetic route based on the Tscherniac-Einhorn reaction to synthesize new lipophilic camptothecin derivatives with amidomethyl and imidomethyl substitutions in position 9. Compounds were evaluated for their antiproliferative activity, topoisomerase I inhibition, and oral availability. Preliminary data demonstrated that bulky imidomethyl modification is an appropriate lipophilic substitution for an effective oral administration relative to topotecan. In addition, this general procedure paves the way for obtaining new camptothecin derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Rodriguez-Berna
- Instituto Mixto de Tecnología
Química, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UPV-CSIC), Avd. de los Naranjos s/n, 46006 Valencia, Spain
| | - Maria Jose Díaz Cabañas
- Instituto Mixto de Tecnología
Química, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UPV-CSIC), Avd. de los Naranjos s/n, 46006 Valencia, Spain
| | - Victor Mangas-Sanjuán
- Depto. de Ingeniería, Área Farmacia
y Tecnología Farmacéutica, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Carretera Alicante-Valencia
km. 87, 03550 San Juan, Alicante, Spain
| | - Marta Gonzalez-Alvarez
- Depto. de Ingeniería, Área Farmacia
y Tecnología Farmacéutica, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Carretera Alicante-Valencia
km. 87, 03550 San Juan, Alicante, Spain
| | - Isabel Gonzalez-Alvarez
- Depto. de Ingeniería, Área Farmacia
y Tecnología Farmacéutica, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Carretera Alicante-Valencia
km. 87, 03550 San Juan, Alicante, Spain
| | - Ibane Abasolo
- CIBBIM-Nanomedicine, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebrón
and Vall d’Hebrón Institut de Recerca, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona,
Spain
| | - Simó Schwartz
- CIBBIM-Nanomedicine, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebrón
and Vall d’Hebrón Institut de Recerca, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona,
Spain
| | - Marival Bermejo
- Depto. de Ingeniería, Área Farmacia
y Tecnología Farmacéutica, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Carretera Alicante-Valencia
km. 87, 03550 San Juan, Alicante, Spain
| | - Avelino Corma
- Instituto Mixto de Tecnología
Química, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UPV-CSIC), Avd. de los Naranjos s/n, 46006 Valencia, Spain
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Zhu L, Zhang X, Lei N, Liu W, Miao Z, Zhuang C, Sheng C, Guo W, Dong G, Yao J, Cheng P, Zhang W. Synthesis and biological evaluation of 7-alkenyl homocamptothecins as potent topoisomerase I inhibitors. Chem Biodivers 2012; 9:1084-94. [PMID: 22700227 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201100195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Homocamptothecin (hCPT) is a camptothecin (CPT) derivative with a seven-membered β-hydroxylactone E ring, which shows higher lactone stability and improves topoisomerase I (Topo I) inhibition activity. In an attempt to improve the antitumor activity of homocamptothecins, a series of 7-alkenyl-homocamptothecin derivatives was designed and synthesized based on a semisynthetic route starting from CPT. Most of the synthesized compounds exhibit higher cytotoxic activities on the A-549 tumor cell line than topotecan (TPT). Some compounds such as 2a and 2o show a broad in vitro antitumor spectrum and exhibit superior Topo I-inhibition activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingjian Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
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18
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Zamboni WC, Jung LL, Strychor S, Joseph E, Zamboni BA, Fetterman SA, Sidone BJ, Burke TG, Curran DP, Eiseman JL. Plasma and tissue disposition of non-liposomal DB-67 and liposomal DB-67 in C.B-17 SCID mice. Invest New Drugs 2008; 26:399-406. [PMID: 18246299 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-007-9109-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2007] [Accepted: 12/12/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE DB-67 is a silatecan, 7-silyl-modified camptothecin, with enhanced lipophilicity and increased blood stability of the active-lactone ring. The generation of a liposomal formulation of DB-67 may be an attractive method of intravenous (IV) administration and may maintain DB-67 in the active-lactone form. We evaluated the tissue and plasma disposition of DB-67 lactone and hydroxy acid after administration of non-liposomal (NL) and liposomal (L) DB-67 in severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice. METHODS NL-DB-67 and L-DB-67 10 mg/kg IV x 1 were administered via a tail vein in SCID mice. After dosing, mice (n = 3 per time point) were euthanized and blood ( approximately 1 ml) and tissue were collected from 5 min to 48 h after administration. DB-67 lactone and hydroxy acid concentrations in plasma and DB-67 total (sum of lactone and hydroxyl acid) concentrations in tissues were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection. RESULTS Clearance of DB-67 lactone after administration of NL-DB-67 and L-DB-67 were 1.6 and 3.5 l/h/m(2), respectively; DB-67 lactone half-lives after administration of NL-DB-67 and L-DB-67 were 1.4 and 0.9 h, respectively. The percentages of DB-67 lactone in plasma after administration of NL-DB-67 and L-DB-67 were 92% and 89%, respectively. Liver, kidney, spleen, and lung tissues had longer exposure times to DB-67 after administration of L-DB-67 compared with NL-DB-67. CONCLUSION In plasma, the majority of DB-67 remained in the lactone form after administration of NL-DB-67 and L-DB-67. The plasma disposition of DB-67 was similar after administration of NL-DB-67 and L-DB-67, suggesting that most of the DB-67 is immediately released from the L-DB-67 formulation. Following administration of L-DB-67, the higher and longer exposure of DB-67 in the spleen, as compared with NL-DB-67, is consistent with splenic clearance of liposomes by the reticuloendothelial system.
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Affiliation(s)
- William C Zamboni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
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Bowman WR, Storey JMD. Synthesis using aromatic homolytic substitution—recent advances. Chem Soc Rev 2007; 36:1803-22. [PMID: 18213987 DOI: 10.1039/b605183a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W Russell Bowman
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicester, UK.
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Abstract
A new and concise synthesis of luotonin A was achieved from the previously described compounds ethyl 4-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinazoline-2-carboxylate and 1-(2-nitrophenyl)prop-2-en-1-one. New 14-substituted luotonin A analogues were prepared using 14-chloroluotonin A as the key intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey J Mason
- Unit for Organic Chemistry, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institute, SE-14157 Huddinge, Sweden
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21
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Torregrossa J, Bubley GJ, Jones GB. Microwave expedited synthesis of 5-aminocamptothecin analogs: Inhibitors of hypoxia inducible factor HIF-1α. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:6082-5. [PMID: 16971123 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.08.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2006] [Revised: 08/22/2006] [Accepted: 08/28/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A series of 5-aminosubstituted camptothecin analogs were prepared from the corresponding 5-hydroxycamptothecin using microwave irradiation. The analogs were assayed for ability to inhibit the action of hypoxia inducible factors (HIF-1alpha and HIF-2alpha). The 5-fluoroethyl analog showed potent inhibitory activity and is now the focus of ongoing pathway analysis and potential as an antiproliferative agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joelle Torregrossa
- Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Laboratories, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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22
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Chou TC. Theoretical basis, experimental design, and computerized simulation of synergism and antagonism in drug combination studies. Pharmacol Rev 2006; 58:621-81. [PMID: 16968952 DOI: 10.1124/pr.58.3.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3710] [Impact Index Per Article: 206.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The median-effect equation derived from the mass-action law principle at equilibrium-steady state via mathematical induction and deduction for different reaction sequences and mechanisms and different types of inhibition has been shown to be the unified theory for the Michaelis-Menten equation, Hill equation, Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, and Scatchard equation. It is shown that dose and effect are interchangeable via defined parameters. This general equation for the single drug effect has been extended to the multiple drug effect equation for n drugs. These equations provide the theoretical basis for the combination index (CI)-isobologram equation that allows quantitative determination of drug interactions, where CI < 1, = 1, and > 1 indicate synergism, additive effect, and antagonism, respectively. Based on these algorithms, computer software has been developed to allow automated simulation of synergism and antagonism at all dose or effect levels. It displays the dose-effect curve, median-effect plot, combination index plot, isobologram, dose-reduction index plot, and polygonogram for in vitro or in vivo studies. This theoretical development, experimental design, and computerized data analysis have facilitated dose-effect analysis for single drug evaluation or carcinogen and radiation risk assessment, as well as for drug or other entity combinations in a vast field of disciplines of biomedical sciences. In this review, selected examples of applications are given, and step-by-step examples of experimental designs and real data analysis are also illustrated. The merging of the mass-action law principle with mathematical induction-deduction has been proven to be a unique and effective scientific method for general theory development. The median-effect principle and its mass-action law based computer software are gaining increased applications in biomedical sciences, from how to effectively evaluate a single compound or entity to how to beneficially use multiple drugs or modalities in combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Chao Chou
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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Janza B, Studer A. Isonitrile Trapping Reactions under Thermolysis of Alkoxyamines for the Synthesis of Quinolines. Org Lett 2006; 8:1875-8. [PMID: 16623573 DOI: 10.1021/ol0604421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] An efficient tandem radical process comprising a thermal alkoxyamine homolysis, an isonitrile trapping reaction, a 5-exo-trig cyclization, and a homolytic aromatic substitution leads to substituted dihydroquinolines. Depending on the substituent R(1), oxidation to dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]quinolines (for R(1) = aryl) or tautomerization to tetrahydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]quinolines (for R(1) = CO(2)Me, CN) occurs. The heterocycles are obtained in moderate to good yields. Upon using microwave-induced heating, the reaction time can be shortened from 3 days to 30 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Janza
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
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24
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Tangirala RS, Dixon R, Yang D, Ambrus A, Antony S, Agama K, Pommier Y, Curran DP. Total and semisynthesis and in vitro studies of both enantiomers of 20-fluorocamptothecin. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:4736-40. [PMID: 16140529 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.07.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2005] [Revised: 07/21/2005] [Accepted: 07/25/2005] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Both enantiomers of 20-fluorocamptothecin and the racemate have been prepared by total synthesis. The (R)-enantiomer is essentially inactive in a topoisomerase-I/DNA assay, while the (S)-enantiomer is much less active than (20S)-camptothecin. The lactone ring of 20-fluorocamptothecin hydrolyzes more rapidly than that of camptothecin in PBS. The results provide insight into the role of the 20-hydroxy group in the binding of camptothecin to topoisomerase-I and DNA.
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25
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Li MJ, Jiang C, Li MZ, You TP. QSAR studies of 20(S)-camptothecin analogues as antitumor agents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theochem.2005.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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26
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Lopez-Barcons LA, Zhang J, Siriwitayawan G, Burke TG, Perez-Soler R. The novel highly lipophilic topoisomerase I inhibitor DB67 is effective in the treatment of liver metastases of murine CT-26 colon carcinoma. Neoplasia 2005; 6:457-67. [PMID: 15548354 PMCID: PMC1531650 DOI: 10.1593/neo.04139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal carcinoma occurs in 1 of 20 individuals in most developed countries. The relapse after resection with metastatic liver disease is a major cause of death. 7-t-Butyldimethylsilyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin (DB67) has been incorporated into liposomes allowing for intravenous (i.v.) administration. A preclinical efficacy study of liposomal DB67 was performed using the colon carcinoma CT-26 cell line. The therapeutic dose for DB67 and liposomal DB67 was found to be 7 mg/kg per day using the qdx5/1 schedule. The results are compared with those obtained with irinotecan. The treatment with liposomal DB67 administered intravenously was more effective in reducing the weight and volume of primary spleen tumors and the weight and extent of liver metastases than free DB67 or liposomal DB67 administered intraperitoneally, but less effective than irinotecan. When the primary tumor was resected, treatment with liposomal DB67 administered intravenously was more effective in reducing the weight and extent of liver metastases than DB67 or liposomal DB67 administered intraperitoneally, and irinotecan. DB67 showed a higher accumulation in spleen and liver after its i.v. administration in liposomal form compared with its free or liposomal form administered intraperitoneally. DB67 and liposomal DB67 are more effective than irinotecan in the treatment of liver metastases after resection of the primary tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lluis A Lopez-Barcons
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Junhong Zhang
- Division of Pharmaceutics Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Gunching Siriwitayawan
- Division of Pharmaceutics Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Thomas G Burke
- Division of Pharmaceutics Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Roman Perez-Soler
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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27
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Bowman WR, Cloonan MO, Fletcher AJ, Stein T. Synthesis of heteroarenes using cascade radical cyclisation via iminyl radicals. Org Biomol Chem 2005; 3:1460-7. [PMID: 15827642 DOI: 10.1039/b501509j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cascade radical cyclisation involving homolytic aromatic substitution has been used to synthesise new tetracycles. Treatment of vinyl iodide radical precursors with Me(3)Sn. radicals (from hexamethylditin) yielded intermediate vinyl radicals which undergo 5-exo cyclisation onto suitably placed nitrile groups to yield intermediate iminyl radicals. The iminyl radicals undergo aromatic homolytic substitution via 6-endo cyclisation (or 5-exo cyclisation followed by neophyl rearrangement) with loss of hydrogen (H.) in a H-abstraction step. We propose that this abstraction was facilitated by tert-butoxyl (t-BuO.) radicals from di-tert-butyl peroxide or methyl radicals, generated from breakdown of trimethylstannyl radicals (Me(3)Sn.). The biologically active alkaloids mappicine and luotonin A were synthesised using the new methodology. A novel radical conversion of nitriles to primary amides is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Russell Bowman
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK.
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29
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Thomas CJ, Rahier NJ, Hecht SM. Camptothecin: current perspectives. Bioorg Med Chem 2004; 12:1585-604. [PMID: 15028252 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2003.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2003] [Accepted: 11/28/2003] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
This review provides a detailed discussion of recent advances in the medicinal chemistry of camptothecin, a potent antitumor antibiotic. Two camptothecin analogues are presently approved for use in the clinic as antitumor agents and several others are in clinical trials. Camptothecin possesses a novel mechanism of action involving the inhibition of DNA relaxation by DNA topoisomerase I, and more specifically the stabilization of a covalent binary complex formed between topoisomerase I and DNA. This review summarizes the current status of studies of the mechanism of action of camptothecin, including topoisomerase I inhibition and additional cellular responses. Modern synthetic approaches to camptothecin and several of the semi-synthetic methods are also discussed. Finally, a systematic evaluation of novel and important analogues of camptothecin and their contribution to the current structure-activity profile are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig J Thomas
- Departments of Chemistry and Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22901, USA
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30
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Du W. Towards new anticancer drugs: a decade of advances in synthesis of camptothecins and related alkaloids. Tetrahedron 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(03)01203-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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31
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Gabarda AE, Curran DP. Solution-Phase Parallel Synthesis of 115 Homosilatecan Analogues. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/cc030018g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana E. Gabarda
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Combinatorial Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260
| | - Dennis P. Curran
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Combinatorial Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260
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32
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Bailly C. Homocamptothecins: potent topoisomerase I inhibitors and promising anticancer drugs. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2003; 45:91-108. [PMID: 12482574 DOI: 10.1016/s1040-8428(02)00090-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Homocamptothecins (hCPTs) represent a new generation of antitumor agents targeting DNA topoisomerase I. The expanded seven-membered lactone E-ring that characterizes hCPTs enhances the plasma stability of the drug and reinforces the inhibition of topoisomerase I compared with conventional six-membered CPTs. hCPTs are more efficient than the CPTs at promoting cleavage at T/G sites and induce additional cleavage at C/G sites. Compound BN80765 and its difluoro analogue diflomotecan (DN80915) are potent cytotoxic agents and efficiently induce apoptosis in tumor cells. They display strong antiproliferative activities against specific tumor types. Diflomotecan is remarkably efficient at inhibiting the growth of human colon cancer cells in vivo and, administered orally, it also shows superior activities against human prostate cancers compared with the benchmark products topotecan (TPT) and irinotecan (IRT). Diflomotecan has entered phase I clinical testing and antitumor activity has been observed in patients. This 9,10-difluoro-hCPTs derivative is one of the most promising new members of the 'tecan' family. This review summarizes the recent discoveries in the topoisomerase I field and presents the different camptothecin (CPT) analogues currently evaluated as anticancer agents. The specific properties of hCPTs are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Bailly
- INSERM UR524, Institut de Recherches sur le Cancer, Place de Verdun, F-59045 Lille, France.
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33
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Asymmetric total synthesis of (20R)-homocamptothecin, substituted homocamptothecins and homosilatecans. Tetrahedron 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(02)00632-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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34
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Dallavalle S, Ferrari A, Biasotti B, Merlini L, Penco S, Gallo G, Marzi M, Tinti MO, Martinelli R, Pisano C, Carminati P, Carenini N, Beretta G, Perego P, De Cesare M, Pratesi G, Zunino F. Novel 7-oxyiminomethyl derivatives of camptothecin with potent in vitro and in vivo antitumor activity. J Med Chem 2001; 44:3264-74. [PMID: 11563925 DOI: 10.1021/jm0108092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In an attempt to synthesize potential anticancer agents acting by inhibition of topoisomerase I (Topo I) a new series of oxyiminomethyl derivatives in position 7 of camptothecin (CPT) was prepared. The synthesis relied on the condensation of 20S-CPT-7-aldehyde or 20S-CPT-7-ketones with alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, and heteroarylalkyl O-substituted hydroxylamines. The compounds were tested for their cytotoxic activity in vitro against H460 non-small lung carcinoma cell line, the activity being for 24 out of 37 compounds in the 0.01-0.3 microM range. A QSAR analysis indicated that lipophilicity is the main parameter correlated with cytotoxicity. Investigation of the DNA-Topo I-drug cleavable complex showed a rough parallelism between cytotoxicity and inhibition of Topo I. Persistence of the DNA cleavage after NaCl-mediated disruption of the ternary complex suggests that for the most potent compounds, e.g., 15, the cytotoxicity was at least in part related to stabilization of the complex, as also supported by the persistence of the DNA-enzyme complex in drug-treated cells. The in vivo antitumor efficacy of the most potent analogue (15) was evaluated in direct comparison with topotecan using human lung tumor xenograft models. In the range of optimal doses (2-3 mg/kg), the improved efficacy of 15 was documented in terms of inhibition of tumor growth and rate of complete response.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Dallavalle
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari Agroalimentari, Sezione di Chimica, Università di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
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35
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Jung LL, Zamboni WC. Cellular, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic aspects of response to camptothecins: can we improve it? Drug Resist Updat 2001; 4:273-88. [PMID: 11998845 DOI: 10.1054/drup.2001.0222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The camptothecins provide a novel class of effective anticancer agents that exert their action against DNA topoisomerase I. Members of the camptothecins include topotecan, irinotecan, 9-aminocamptothecin, and 9-nitrocamptothecin, which are analogs of the plant alkaloid 20(S)-camptothecin. These agents vary in their antitumor efficacy and toxicity. Several pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic factors including cellular efflux, modulation of topoisomerases I and II, lactone stability, alterations in metabolism, and drug-drug interactions, influence the antitumor response and toxicity of these agents. Preclinical studies suggest that protracted schedules of administration produce greater antitumor effect than bolus administration. However, the optimal treatment regimens and administration schedules of these agents have yet to be established in clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- L L Jung
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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36
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Curran DP, Josien H, Bom D, Gabarda AE, Du W. The cascade radical annulation approach to new analogues of camptothecins. Combinatorial synthesis of silatecans and homosilatecans. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2001; 922:112-21. [PMID: 11193887 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb07030.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An overview of the cascade radical annulation approach to the camptothecin family of antitumor drugs is presented. This combinatorial synthetic approach involves two key steps: (1) N-propargylation of a lactone/pyridone D/E ring fragment and (2) cascade radical annulation of an A-ring isonitrile to form rings B and C. The synthesis is probably the most flexible and general route to the camptothecin class of molecules. The parallel synthesis of several libraries of silatecan and homosilatecan libraries is summarized. One of the first-generation silatecans, DB-67, is emerging as a serious candidate for cancer chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Curran
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Combinatorial Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA.
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37
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Burke TG, Bom D. Camptothecin design and delivery approaches for elevating anti-topoisomerase I activities in vivo. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2001; 922:36-45. [PMID: 11193923 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb07023.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The camptothecins as a class have exhibited unique dynamics and reactivity in vivo, with respect to both drug hydrolysis and blood protein interactions. These factors have confounded their pharmaceutical development and clinical implementation. Recent bench and clinical research alike indicates that the combination of medicinal chemical and drug delivery approaches has been and will continue to be highly valuable in improving the overall therapeutic indices of camptothecin-based anti-topoisomerase I therapies. In the future the development of camptothecin analogues that exhibit highly specific human albumin interactions will likely be avoided, and agents such as the highly lipophilic DB-67 analogue with improved tissue stability will be evaluated. Drug delivery scientists will also devise better ways of targeting camptothecin therapies to solid tumors by using carriers such as tumor-targeted long-circulating liposomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- T G Burke
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.
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38
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Dallavalle S, Ferrari A, Merlini L, Penco S, Carenini N, De Cesare M, Perego P, Pratesi G, Zunino F. Novel cytotoxic 7-iminomethyl and 7-aminomethyl derivatives of camptothecin. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2001; 11:291-4. [PMID: 11212094 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(00)00649-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A series of new 7-iminomethyl derivatives of camptothecin were obtained from camptothecin-7-aldehyde and aromatic, alicyclic and aliphatic amines. Their hydrogenation led to the corresponding amines. All the imines and the less polar amines showed a marked increase of the cytotoxic activity against H460 non-small lung carcinoma cell line, with respect to topotecan. The lipophilicity of the substituent in position 7 of camptothecin seems to play an important role for cytotoxic potency. The 7-phenyliminomethyl derivative showed efficacy comparable to topotecan in vivo against NSCLC H460 xenografted in athymic nude mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Dallavalle
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari Agroalimentari, Sezione di Chimica, Università di Milano, Italy
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39
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de Frutos O, Curran DP. Solution phase synthesis of libraries of polycyclic natural product analogues by cascade radical annulation: synthesis of a 64-member library of mappicine analogues and a 48-member library of mappicine ketone analogues. JOURNAL OF COMBINATORIAL CHEMISTRY 2000; 2:639-49. [PMID: 11126292 DOI: 10.1021/cc000032i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An improved cascade radical annulation route to (+/-)-mappicine, (S)-mappicine, and mappicine ketone is reported. The route is used to prepare libraries of mappicine and mappicine ketone analogues in a semiautomated fashion. Key diversity generating steps include the addition of an aldehyde to a Grignard reagent derived from a D-ring iodopyridine, N-propargylation of a subsequently derived iodopyridone, and cascade radical annulation with an isonitrile to form a mappicine analogue. Parallel oxidation of mappicine analogues produced mappicine ketones. The route is general and flexible and could be used to make very large libraries. It is also illustrative of how late stage cascade reactions can be employed strategically to generate libraries of polycyclic natural product analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- O de Frutos
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Combinatorial Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
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40
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Bom D, Curran DP, Kruszewski S, Zimmer SG, Thompson Strode J, Kohlhagen G, Du W, Chavan AJ, Fraley KA, Bingcang AL, Latus LJ, Pommier Y, Burke TG. The novel silatecan 7-tert-butyldimethylsilyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin displays high lipophilicity, improved human blood stability, and potent anticancer activity. J Med Chem 2000; 43:3970-80. [PMID: 11052802 DOI: 10.1021/jm000144o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We describe the rational design and synthesis of B- and A, B-ring-modified camptothecins. The key alpha-hydroxy-delta-lactone pharmacophore in 7-tert-butyldimethylsilyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin (DB-67, 14) displays superior stability in human blood when compared with clinically relevant camptothecin analogues. In human blood 14 displayed a t(1/2) of 130 min and a percent lactone at equilibrium value of 30%. The tert-butyldimethylsilyl group renders the new agent 25-times more lipophilic than camptothecin, and 14 is readily incorporated, as its active lactone form, into cellular and liposomal bilayers. In addition, the dual 7-alkylsilyl and 10-hydroxy substitution in 14 enhances drug stability in the presence of human serum albumin. Thus, the net lipophilicity and the altered human serum albumin interactions together function to promote the enhanced blood stability. In vitro cytotoxicity assays using multiple different cell lines derived from eight distinct tumor types indicate that 14 is of comparable potency to camptothecin and 10-hydroxycamptothecin, as well as the FDA-approved camptothecin analogues topotecan and CPT-11. In addition, cell-free cleavage assays reveal that 14 is highly active and forms more stable top1 cleavage complexes than camptothecin or SN-38. The impressive blood stability and cytotoxicity profiles for 14 strongly suggest that it is an excellent candidate for additional in vivo pharmacological and efficacy studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Bom
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
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41
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Dallavalle S, Delsoldato T, Ferrari A, Merlini L, Penco S, Carenini N, Perego P, De Cesare M, Pratesi G, Zunino F. Novel 7-substituted camptothecins with potent antitumor activity. J Med Chem 2000; 43:3963-9. [PMID: 11052801 DOI: 10.1021/jm000944z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The natural alkaloid camptothecin is the lead compound of a new class of antitumor agents with a unique mechanism of action (i.e. inhibition of DNA topoisomerase I). The pharmacological interest of these agents has generated a large number of derivatives and analogues endowed with potent cytotoxic activity, two of them being in clinical use as antitumor drugs. We have synthesized a new series of camptothecins substituted in position 7 with an alkyl or alkenyl chain bearing cyano and/or carbethoxy groups. These compounds showed potent cytotoxic activity in vitro against the human non-small-cell lung carcinoma H460 cell line, most of them exhibiting IC(50) values in the 0.05-1 microM range, more active than topotecan used as a reference compound. In particular 7-cyano-20S-camptothecin (5a) showed high in vitro cytotoxicity against a topotecan-resistant H460 cell subline (H460/TPT) and a cisplatin-resistant ovarian carcinoma subline (IGROV-1/Pt 1). In an in vivo evaluation of the antitumor activity, 5a appeared significantly more effective than topotecan in the H460 tumor model and comparable with topotecan in a small-cell lung carcinoma model and a colon carcinoma model. The efficacy and good tolerability of this compound increase interest for further preclinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Dallavalle
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari Agroalimentari, Sezione di Chimica, Università di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy
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42
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Lavergne O, Demarquay D, Bailly C, Lanco C, Rolland A, Huchet M, Coulomb H, Muller N, Baroggi N, Camara J, Le Breton C, Manginot E, Cazaux JB, Bigg DC. Topoisomerase I-mediated antiproliferative activity of enantiomerically pure fluorinated homocamptothecins. J Med Chem 2000; 43:2285-9. [PMID: 10841808 DOI: 10.1021/jm000129j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Homocamptothecin (hCPT) is an E-ring modified camptothecin (CPT) analogue bearing a methylene spacer between the alcohol and carboxyl functions of the CPT lactone. Combining pronounced inhibitory activity of topoisomerase I (Topo I) with enhanced plasma stability, hCPT constitutes an attractive template for the elaboration of new anticancer agents. Fluorinated hCPT analogues, prepared in enantiomerically pure form, were assayed by their stimulation of Topo I-mediated DNA cleavage. Translation into cytotoxicity against tumor cells was evaluated on HT29 human colon adenocarcinoma and on the multidrug resistant lung and bladder tumor cell lines, A549 and T24r. Good correlation is observed between the ability of the drugs to stimulate Topo I-mediated DNA cleavage and the respective 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC(50) values) of the HT29, A549, and T24r cell growth. Fluorine substitution in the A-ring of hCPT was found to have a pronounced influence on biological activity, providing several compounds which are up to 100-fold more potent than CPT in terms of IC(50). Among these, 10,11-difluoro-hCPT has been selected for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Lavergne
- Institut Henri Beaufour, Les Ulis, France.
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43
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Subrahmanyam D, Sarma VM, Venkateswarlu A, Sastry TV, Kulakarni AP, Rao DS, Reddy KV. In vitro cytotoxicity of 5-aminosubstituted 20(S)-camptothecins. Part 1. Bioorg Med Chem 1999; 7:2013-20. [PMID: 10530950 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(99)00130-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A number of 5-aminosubstituted 20(S)-camptothecin analogues were prepared via semi-synthesis starting from 20(S)-camptothecin and 9-methoxy 20(S)-camptothecin. In vitro anti-cancer activity of these analogues was determined using 60 human tumor cell line assay. Although water solubility of most of these compounds was improved compared to 20(S)-camptothecin, their anti-cancer activity was considerably diminished. However, only smaller substituents such as methylamine or hydroxylamine as present in 8s and 8t, respectively, showed good activity with improved water solubility.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Subrahmanyam
- Natural Products Division, Dr Reddy's Research Foundation, Miyapur, Hyderabad, AP, India
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44
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Bom D, Curran DP, Chavan AJ, Kruszewski S, Zimmer SG, Fraley KA, Burke TG. Novel A,B,E-ring-modified camptothecins displaying high lipophilicity and markedly improved human blood stabilities. J Med Chem 1999; 42:3018-22. [PMID: 10447944 DOI: 10.1021/jm9902279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D Bom
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
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45
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Subrahmanyam D, Venkateswarlu A, Venkateswara Rao K, Sastry TV, Vandana G, Kumar SA. Novel C-ring analogues of 20(S)-camptothecin-part-2: synthesis and in vitro cytotoxicity of 5-C-substituted 20(S)-camptothecin analogues. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1999; 9:1633-8. [PMID: 10397491 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(99)00268-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A series of 5-C-substituted 20(S)-camptothecin analogues were synthesised and evaluated their in vitro anti-cancer activity. Several of these analogues have showed excellent activity against human tumor cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Subrahmanyam
- Natural Products Division, Dr. Reddy's Research Foundation, Miyapur, Hyderabad, India
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