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Chen XY, Zhang X, Wan JP. Recent advances in transition metal-free annulation toward heterocycle diversity based on the C-N bond cleavage of enaminone platform. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:2356-2369. [DOI: 10.1039/d2ob00126h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The enaminones and analogous stable enamines are well known as platform building blocks in organic synthesis for construction of heterocyclic compounds, especially N-heterocycles. To date, especially enaminones have been successfully...
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Tian L, Wan J, Sheng S. Transition Metal‐free C−H Sulfonylation and Pyrazole Annulation Cascade for the Synthesis of 4‐Sulfonyl Pyrazoles. ChemCatChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202000244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Tian
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Jiangxi Normal University Nanchang 330022 P. R. China
| | - Jie‐Ping Wan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Jiangxi Normal University Nanchang 330022 P. R. China
| | - Shouri Sheng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Jiangxi Normal University Nanchang 330022 P. R. China
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Water-acetic acid mediated chemoselective synthesis of pyrazolines via multimolecular domino reactions of enaminones and sulfonyl hydrazines. Tetrahedron 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2017.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Wan JP, Gao Y. Domino Reactions Based on Combinatorial Bond Transformations in Electron-Deficient Tertiary Enamines. CHEM REC 2016; 16:1164-77. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201500296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Ping Wan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Jiangxi Normal University; Nanchang 330022 P. R. China
| | - Yong Gao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Jiangxi Normal University; Nanchang 330022 P. R. China
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Floettmann JE, Buckett LK, Turnbull AV, Smith T, Hallberg C, Birch A, Lees D, Jones HB. ACAT-selective and Nonselective DGAT1 Inhibition. Toxicol Pathol 2013; 41:941-50. [DOI: 10.1177/0192623313477753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Acyl-coenzyme A: cholesterol O-Acyltransferase (ACAT) and Acyl-coenzyme A: diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase (DGAT) enzymes play important roles in synthesizing neutral lipids, and inhibitors of these enzymes have been investigated as potential treatments for diabetes and other metabolic diseases. Administration of a Acyl-coenzyme A: diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1) inhibitor with very limited cellular selectivity over ACAT resulted in significant adrenocortical degenerative changes in dogs. These changes included macrosteatotic vacuolation associated with adrenocyte cell death in the zonae glomerulosa and fasciculata and minimal to substantial mixed inflammatory cell infiltration and were similar to those described previously for some ACAT inhibitors in dogs. In the mouse, similar but only transient adrenocortical degenerative changes were seen as well as a distinctive nondegenerative reduction in cortical fine vacuolation. In the marmoset, only the distinctive nondegenerative reduction in cortical fine vacuolation was observed, suggesting that the dog, followed by the mouse, is the most sensitive species for cortical degeneration. Biochemical analysis of adrenal cholesterol and cholesteryl ester indicated that the distinctive reduction in cortical fine vacuolation correlated with a significant reduction in cholesteryl ester in the mouse and marmoset, whereas no significant reduction in cholestryl ester, but an increase in free cholesterol was observed in dogs. Administration of a DGAT1 inhibitor with markedly improved selectivity over ACAT to the marmoset and the mouse resulted in no adrenal pathology at exposures sufficient to cause substantial DGAT1 but not ACAT inhibition, thereby implicating ACAT rather than DGAT1 inhibition as the probable cause of the observed adrenal changes. Recognizing that the distinctive nondegenerative reduction in cortical fine vacuolation in the mouse could be used as a histopathological biomarker for an in vivo model of the more severe changes observed in dogs, the mouse has subsequently been used as a model to select DGAT1 inhibitors free of adrenocortical toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Eike Floettmann
- Global Safety Assessment, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, United Kingdom
| | - Linda K. Buckett
- Cardiovascular & Gastrointestinal Research Department, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew V. Turnbull
- Cardiovascular & Gastrointestinal Research Department, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, United Kingdom
| | - Tim Smith
- Cyprotex Discovery Ltd., Macclesfield, United Kingdom
| | - Carina Hallberg
- Cardiovascular & Gastrointestinal Research Department, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Alan Birch
- Cardiovascular & Gastrointestinal Research Department, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, United Kingdom
| | - David Lees
- Global Safety Assessment, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, United Kingdom
| | - Huw B. Jones
- Global Safety Assessment, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, United Kingdom
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Leon C, Hill JS, Wasan KM. Potential role of acyl-coenzyme A:cholesterol transferase (ACAT) Inhibitors as hypolipidemic and antiatherosclerosis drugs. Pharm Res 2005; 22:1578-88. [PMID: 16180116 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-005-6306-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2005] [Accepted: 06/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Acyl-coenzyme A:cholesterol transferase (ACAT) is an integral membrane protein localized in the endoplasmic reticulum. ACAT catalyzes the formation of cholesteryl esters from cholesterol and fatty acyl coenzyme A. The cholesteryl esters are stored as cytoplasmic lipid droplets inside the cell. This process is very important to the organism as high cholesterol levels have been associated with cardiovascular disease. In mammals, two ACAT genes have been identified, ACAT1 and ACAT2. ACAT1 is ubiquitous and is responsible for cholesteryl ester formation in brain, adrenal glands, macrophages, and kidneys. ACAT2 is expressed in the liver and intestine. The inhibition of ACAT activity has been associated with decreased plasma cholesterol levels by suppressing cholesterol absorption and by diminishing the assembly and secretion of apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins such as very low density lipoprotein (VLDL). ACAT inhibition also prevents the conversion of macrophages into foam cells in the arterial walls, a critical event in the development of atherosclerosis. This review paper will focus on the role of ACAT in cholesterol metabolism, in particular as a target to develop novel therapeutic agents to control hypercholesterolemia, atherosclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Leon
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada
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Tanaka A, Terasawa T, Hagihara H, Sakuma Y, Ishibe N, Sawada M, Takasugi H, Tanaka H. Inhibitors of acyl-CoA:cholesterol O-acyltransferase. 2. Identification and structure-activity relationships of a novel series of N-alkyl-N-(heteroaryl-substituted benzyl)-N'-arylureas. J Med Chem 1998; 41:2390-410. [PMID: 9632372 DOI: 10.1021/jm9800853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A series of N-alkyl-N-(heteroaryl-substituted benzyl)-N'-arylurea and related derivatives represented by 2 and 3 have been prepared and evaluated for their ability to inhibit acyl-CoA:cholesterol O-acyltransferase in vitro and to lower plasma cholesterol levels in cholesterol-fed rats in vivo. Among these novel compounds, the type 3 series was superior. A pyrazol-3-yl group on the N-benzyl group of this trisubstituted urea (i.e. 3, Ar1 = pyrazol-3-yl) was identified as a heteroaromatic ring providing a good profile of biological activity. As a result of optimization of the combination with the N-alkyl group (R) and N-aryl group (Ar3), compound 3aq (FR186054) was identified as a new, orally efficacious ACAT inhibitor, which exhibited potent in vitro ACAT inhibitory activity (rabbit intestinal microsomes IC50 = 99 nM) and excellent hypocholesterolemic effects in cholesterol-fed rats, irrespective of administration mode (ED50 = 0.046 mg/kg dosed via the diet, ED50 = 0. 44 mg/kg administered by gavage in PEG400 vehicle). Moreover, a toxicological study revealed compound 3aq to be nontoxic to the adrenal glands of dogs when tested at a single dose of 10 mg/kg po.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tanaka
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratories, Medicinal Biology Research Laboratories, and New Drug Research Laboratories, Fujisawa Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 2-1-6 Kashima, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka 532, Japan
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