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Cinelli MA. Topoisomerase 1B poisons: Over a half-century of drug leads, clinical candidates, and serendipitous discoveries. Med Res Rev 2018; 39:1294-1337. [PMID: 30456874 DOI: 10.1002/med.21546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Topoisomerases are DNA processing enzymes that relieve supercoiling (torsional strain) in DNA, are necessary for normal cellular division, and act by nicking (and then religating) DNA strands. Type 1B topoisomerase (Top1) is overexpressed in certain tumors, and the enzyme has been extensively investigated as a target for cancer chemotherapy. Various chemical agents can act as "poisons" of the enzyme's religation step, leading to Top1-DNA lesions, DNA breakage, and eventual cellular death. In this review, agents that poison Top1 (and have thus been investigated for their anticancer properties) are surveyed, including natural products (such as camptothecins and indolocarbazoles), semisynthetic camptothecin and luotonin derivatives, and synthetic compounds (such as benzonaphthyridines, aromathecins, and indenoisoquinolines), as well as targeted therapies and conjugates. Top1 has also been investigated as a therapeutic target in certain viral and parasitic infections, as well as autoimmune, inflammatory, and neurological disorders, and a summary of literature describing alternative indications is also provided. This review should provide both a reference for the medicinal chemist and potentially offer clues to aid in the development of new Top1 poisons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maris A Cinelli
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
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2
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Hain J, Rollin P, Klaffke W, Lindhorst TK. Anomeric modification of carbohydrates using the Mitsunobu reaction. Beilstein J Org Chem 2018; 14:1619-1636. [PMID: 30013688 PMCID: PMC6036978 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.14.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The Mitsunobu reaction basically consists in the conversion of an alcohol into an ester under inversion of configuration, employing a carboxylic acid and a pair of two auxiliary reagents, mostly triphenylphosphine and a dialkyl azodicarboxylate. This reaction has been frequently used in carbohydrate chemistry for the modification of sugar hydroxy groups. Modification at the anomeric position, leading mainly to anomeric esters or glycosides, is of particular importance in the glycosciences. Therefore, this review focuses on the use of the Mitsunobu reaction for modifications of sugar hemiacetals. Strikingly, unprotected sugars can often be converted regioselectively at the anomeric center, whereas in other cases, the other hydroxy groups in reducing sugars have to be protected to achieve good results in the Mitsunobu procedure. We have reviewed on the one hand the literature on anomeric esterification, including glycosyl phosphates, and on the other hand glycoside synthesis, including S- and N-glycosides. The mechanistic details of the Mitsunobu reaction are discussed as well as this is important to explain and predict the stereoselectivity of anomeric modifications under Mitsunobu conditions. Though the Mitsunobu reaction is often not the first choice for the anomeric modification of carbohydrates, this review shows the high value of the reaction in many different circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Hain
- Christiana Albertina University of Kiel, Otto Diels Institute of Organic Chemistry, Otto-Hahn-Platz 3–4, D-24118 Kiel, Germany, Fax: +49 431 8807410
| | - Patrick Rollin
- Université d’Orléans et CNRS, ICOA, UMR 7311, BP 6759, 45067 Orléans, France, Fax: +33 238 417281
| | - Werner Klaffke
- Haus der Technik e.V., Hollestr. 1, 45127 Essen, Germany, Fax: +49 201 1803269
| | - Thisbe K Lindhorst
- Christiana Albertina University of Kiel, Otto Diels Institute of Organic Chemistry, Otto-Hahn-Platz 3–4, D-24118 Kiel, Germany, Fax: +49 431 8807410
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Raju P, Gobi Rajeshwaran G, Mohanakrishnan AK. Synthetic Studies on Indolocarbazoles: A Facile Synthesis of Staurosporinone Analogues. European J Org Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201500939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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4
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Schumann M, Armen RS. Identification of distant drug off-targets by direct superposition of binding pocket surfaces. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83533. [PMID: 24391782 PMCID: PMC3877058 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Correctly predicting off-targets for a given molecular structure, which would have the ability to bind a large range of ligands, is both particularly difficult and important if they share no significant sequence or fold similarity with the respective molecular target ("distant off-targets"). A novel approach for identification of off-targets by direct superposition of protein binding pocket surfaces is presented and applied to a set of well-studied and highly relevant drug targets, including representative kinases and nuclear hormone receptors. The entire Protein Data Bank is searched for similar binding pockets and convincing distant off-target candidates were identified that share no significant sequence or fold similarity with the respective target structure. These putative target off-target pairs are further supported by the existence of compounds that bind strongly to both with high topological similarity, and in some cases, literature examples of individual compounds that bind to both. Also, our results clearly show that it is possible for binding pockets to exhibit a striking surface similarity, while the respective off-target shares neither significant sequence nor significant fold similarity with the respective molecular target ("distant off-target").
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Schumann
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Roger S. Armen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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Cinelli MA, Reddy PN, Lv PC, Liang JH, Chen L, Agama K, Pommier Y, van Breemen RB, Cushman M. Identification, synthesis, and biological evaluation of metabolites of the experimental cancer treatment drugs indotecan (LMP400) and indimitecan (LMP776) and investigation of isomerically hydroxylated indenoisoquinoline analogues as topoisomerase I poisons. J Med Chem 2012; 55:10844-62. [PMID: 23215354 PMCID: PMC3542640 DOI: 10.1021/jm300519w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxylated analogues of the anticancer topoisomerase I (Top1) inhibitors indotecan (LMP400) and indimitecan (LMP776) have been prepared because (1) a variety of potent Top1 poisons are known that contain strategically placed hydroxyl groups, which provides a clear rationale for incorporating them in the present case, and (2) the hydroxylated compounds could conceivably serve as synthetic standards for the identification of metabolites. Indeed, incubating LMP400 and LMP776 with human liver microsomes resulted in two major metabolites of each drug, which had HPLC retention times and mass fragmentation patterns identical to those of the synthetic standards. The hydroxylated indotecan and indimitecan metabolites and analogues were tested as Top1 poisons and for antiproliferative activity in a variety of human cancer cell cultures and in general were found to be very potent. Differences in activity resulting from the placement of the hydroxyl group are explained by molecular modeling analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maris A. Cinelli
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, and the Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - P.V. Narasimha Reddy
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, and the Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Peng-Cheng Lv
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, and the Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Jian-Hua Liang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, and the Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Lian Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, United States
| | - Keli Agama
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-4255, United States
| | - Yves Pommier
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-4255, United States
| | - Richard B. van Breemen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, United States
| | - Mark Cushman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, and the Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
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6
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Peterson KE, Cinelli MA, Morrell AE, Mehta A, Dexheimer TS, Agama K, Antony S, Pommier Y, Cushman M. Alcohol-, diol-, and carbohydrate-substituted indenoisoquinolines as topoisomerase I inhibitors: investigating the relationships involving stereochemistry, hydrogen bonding, and biological activity. J Med Chem 2011; 54:4937-53. [PMID: 21710981 DOI: 10.1021/jm101338z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The DNA-relaxing enzyme topoisomerase I (Top1) can be inhibited by heterocyclic compounds such as indolocarbazoles and indenoisoquinolines. Carbohydrate and hydroxyl-containing side chains are essential for the biological activity of indolocarbazoles. The current study investigated how similar functionalities could be "translated" to the indenoisoquinoline system and how stereochemistry and hydrogen bonding affect biological activity. Herein is described the preparation and assay of indenoisoquinolines substituted with short-chain alcohols, diols, and carbohydrates. Several compounds (including those derived from sugars) display potent Top1 poisoning and antiproliferative activities. The Top1 poisoning activity of diol-substituted indenoisoquinolines is dependent upon stereochemistry. Although the effect is striking, molecular modeling and docking studies do not indicate any reason for the difference in activity due to similar calculated interactions between the ligand and Top1-DNA complex and ambiguity about the binding mode. A stereochemical dependence was also observed for carbohydrate-derived indenoisoquinolines. Although similar trends were observed in other classes of Top1 inhibitors, the exact nature of this effect has yet to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Peterson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, and the Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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7
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Rajeshwaran GG, Mohanakrishnan AK. Synthetic Studies on Indolocarbazoles: Total Synthesis of Staurosporine Aglycon. Org Lett 2011; 13:1418-21. [DOI: 10.1021/ol200094b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ganesan Gobi Rajeshwaran
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Madras, Guindy Campus Chennai 600 025, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Arasambattu K Mohanakrishnan
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Madras, Guindy Campus Chennai 600 025, Tamil Nadu, India
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Fröhner W, Monse B, Braxmeier TM, Casiraghi L, Sahagún H, Seneci P. Regiospecific Synthesis of Mono-N-substituted Indolopyrrolocarbazoles. Org Lett 2005; 7:4573-6. [PMID: 16209482 DOI: 10.1021/ol051550a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
[reactions: see text] Two complementary and efficient strategies have been developed for the regiospecific synthesis of unsymmetrical indolopyrrolocarbazoles (IPCs) mono-N-substituted with a pentacycle. A halogen in position 2 of the intermediate bisindolylmaleimides 3a-e allows a selective Mitsunobu coupling by exploiting the increased acidity of the 2-chloro-substituted indole nitrogen. It also promotes an easier cyclization of bisindolylmaleimides 4a-e and 7b-e to IPCs. Alkylation of the 2-unsubstituted indole-3-carboxamides 2a,b and further processing to the corresponding IPCs gives access to the opposite regioisomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Fröhner
- Chemistry Department, Sirenade Pharmaceuticals AG, Am Klopferspitz 19a, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
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11
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Long BH, Balasubramanian BN. Non-camptothecin topoisomerase I active compounds as potential anticancer agents. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2005. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.10.5.635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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12
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Wang J, Soundarajan N, Liu N, Zimmermann K, Naidu BN. Highly convergent synthesis of a rebeccamycin analog with benzothioeno(2,3-a)pyrrolo(3,4-c)carbazole as the aglycone. Tetrahedron Lett 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2004.12.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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13
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Humeník M, Kutschy P, Kováčik V, Bekešová S. 1,2-Anhydrosaccharides and 1,2-Cyclic Sulfites as Saccharide Donors in Convergent Synthesis of Glucopyranosyl-, Mannopyranosyl- and Ribofuranosylbenzocamalexin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1135/cccc20050487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
A convergent synthesis of 1-(β-D-glucopyranosyl)-, 1-(α-D-mannopyranosyl)- and 1-(β-D-ribofuranosyl)benzocamalexin was elaborated as an alternative route to the linear approach based on the indoline-indole method. 1,2-Anhydrosaccharides and 1,2-cyclic sulfites as saccharide donors were used in the key glycosylation step. Coupling with benzocamalexin resulted in moderate to excellent yields of nucleoside analogs, depending on the saccharide donor, catalyst and solvent used.
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Humeník M, Dzurilla M, Kutschy P, Solčániová E, Kováčik V, Bekešová S. Synthesis of 1-Glycosyl Derivatives of Benzocamalexin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1135/cccc20041657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The linear synthesis of 1-(β-D-glucopyranosyl)-, 1-(β-D-galactopyranosyl)-, 1-(β-D-mannopyranosyl)- and 1-(β-D-ribofuranosyl)benzocamalexin was elaborated from indoline as a starting compound and corresponding pentaacetylhexoses or 1-O-acetyl-2,3,5-tri-O-benzoyl-D-ribose as suitable glycosyl donors.
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Abstract
Rebeccamycin, a microbial metabolite possessing a maleimide indolo[2,3-a]carbazole framework with a carbohydrate moiety attached to one of the indole nitrogens, is a well-known topoisomerase I inhibitor. This review reports the various total syntheses of rebeccamycin and structure-activity relationship studies on rebeccamycin analogues. Rebeccamycin analogues were prepared either by semi-synthesis from the natural metabolite or by total synthesis. Different families of rebeccamycin analogues were obtained by modifications at the imide heterocycle, dechlorination and substitutions on the indole moieties, modifications of the sugar residue, construction of dimers, coupling the sugar unit to the second indole nitrogen, changing indolo[2,3-a]carbazole skeleton to indolo[2,3-c]carbazole, replacing one or both indole moieties by 7-azaindole units. The biological activities of the rebeccamycin analogues are described. According to their chemical structure, the analogues can inhibit topoisomerase I and/or kinases. From the structure-activity relationships, some important rules were established. Several compounds exhibit stronger antiproliferative activities than the natural metabolite with IC(50) values in the nanomolar range. Some analogues, especially those possessing azaindole moieties, are much more selective than rebeccamycin toward the tumour cell lines tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Prudhomme
- Université Blaise Pascal, Synthèse et étude de systèmes à intérêt biologique, UMR 6504 du CNRS, 24, avenue des Landais, 63177, Aubière, France.
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Knölker HJ, Reddy KR. Isolation and synthesis of biologically active carbazole alkaloids. Chem Rev 2002; 102:4303-427. [PMID: 12428991 DOI: 10.1021/cr020059j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1083] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Joachim Knölker
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstrasse 66, 01069 Dresden, Germany
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Routier S, Ayerbe N, Mérour JY, Coudert G, Bailly C, Pierré A, Pfeiffer B, Caignard DH, Renard P. Synthesis and biological evaluation of 7-azaindolocarbazoles. Tetrahedron 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(02)00691-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Carrasco C, Facompré M, Chisholm JD, Van Vranken DL, Wilson WD, Bailly C. DNA sequence recognition by the indolocarbazole antitumor antibiotic AT2433-B1 and its diastereoisomer. Nucleic Acids Res 2002; 30:1774-81. [PMID: 11937631 PMCID: PMC113207 DOI: 10.1093/nar/30.8.1774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The antibiotic AT2433-B1 belongs to a therapeutically important class of antitumor agents. This natural product contains an indolocarbazole aglycone connected to a unique disaccharide consisting of a methoxyglucose and an amino sugar subunit, 2,4-dideoxy-4-methylamino-L-xylose. The configuration of the amino sugar distinguishes AT2433-B1 from its diastereoisomer iso-AT2433-B1. Here we have investigated the interaction of these two disaccharide indolocarbazole derivatives with different DNA sequences by means of DNase I footprinting and surface plasmon resonance (SPR). Accurate binding measurements performed at 4 and 25 degrees C using the BIAcore SPR method revealed that AT2433-B1 binds considerably more tightly to a hairpin oligomer containing a [CG](4) block than to an oligomer with a central [AT](4) tract. The kinetic analysis shows that the antibiotic dissociates much more slowly from the GC sequence compared to the AT one. Preferential binding of AT2433-B1 to GC-rich sequences in DNA was independently confirmed by DNase I footprinting experiments performed with a 117 bp DNA restriction fragment. The specific binding sequence 5'-AACGCCAG identified from the footprints was then converted into a biotin-labeled DNA hairpin duplex and compound interactions with this specific sequence were characterized by high resolution BIAcore SPR experiments. Such a combined approach provided a detailed understanding of the molecular basis of DNA recognition. The discovery that the glycosyl antibiotic AT2433-B1 preferentially recognizes defined sequences offers novel opportunities for the future design of sequence-specific DNA-reading small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Carrasco
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie Antitumorale du Centre Oscar Lambret and INSERM U-524, IRCL, Place de Verdun, 59045 Lille, France
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Woo MH, Vance JR, Marcos ARO, Bailly C, Bjornsti MA. Active site mutations in DNA topoisomerase I distinguish the cytotoxic activities of camptothecin and the indolocarbazole, rebeccamycin. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:3813-22. [PMID: 11733535 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110484200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA topoisomerase I (Top1p) catalyzes topological changes in DNA and is the cellular target of the antitumor agent camptothecin (CPT). Non-CPT drugs that target Top1p, such as indolocarbazoles, are under clinical development. However, whether the cytotoxicity of indolocarbazoles derives from Top1p poisoning remains unclear. To further investigate indolocarbazole mechanism, rebeccamycin R-3 activity was examined in vitro and in yeast. Using a series of Top1p mutants, where substitution of residues around the active site tyrosine has well-defined effects on enzyme catalysis, we show that catalytically active, CPT-resistant enzymes remain sensitive to R-3. This indolocarbazole did not inhibit yeast Top1p activity, yet was effective in stabilizing Top1p-DNA complexes. Similar results were obtained with human Top1p, when Ser or His were substituted for Asn-722. The mutations altered enzyme function and sensitivity to CPT, yet R-3 poisoning of Top1p was unaffected. Moreover, top1delta, rad52delta yeast cells expressing human Top1p, but not catalytically inactive Top1Y723Fp, were sensitive to R-3. These data support hTop1p as the cellular target of R-3 and indicate that distinct drug-enzyme interactions at the active site are required for efficient poisoning by R-3 or CPT. Furthermore, resistance to one poison may potentiate cell sensitivity to structurally distinct compounds that also target Top1p.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Woo
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
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Iyer MS, Palomo M, Schilling KM, Xie Y, Formanski L, Zembower DE. Efficient reversed-phase purification of a hydrophobic reaction product following Mitsunobu-mediated glycosylation. J Chromatogr A 2002; 944:263-7. [PMID: 11831761 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)01390-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The Mitsunobu reaction was used to attach tetra-O-benzyl-D-glucopyranose to a monoindolylmaleimide, providing a key intermediate in the total synthesis of indolocarbazole topoisomerase I poisons. Using normal-phase silica gel chromatography, purification of the glycosylated product normally required multiple columns, resulting in poor recovered yields. Reversed-phase chromatography was used successfully to purify this highly hydrophobic material, rapidly and in high yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mani S Iyer
- MediChem Research, Inc., Woodridge, IL 60517, USA
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Practical synthesis of the rebeccamycin aglycone and related analogs by oxidative cyclization of bisindolylmaleimides with a Wacker-type catalytic system. Tetrahedron Lett 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(01)02021-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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22
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Akao A, Hiraga S, Iida T, Kamatani A, Kawasaki M, Mase T, Nemoto T, Satake N, Weissman SA, Tschaen DM, Rossen K, Petrillo D, Reamer RA, Volante R. Practical synthesis of a potent indolocarbazole-based, DNA topoisomerase inhibitor. Tetrahedron 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)00895-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Da Settimo A, Primofiore G, Da Settimo F, Simorini F, Marini AM, La Motta C, Taliani S. Synthesis of a novel purine-containing heterocyclic ring system: 8,10-Dimethylindolo[2′,3′:5,6][1,2,4]triazino[4,3- f]purine-9,11(8 H, 10 H, 13 H)-dione. J Heterocycl Chem 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.5570370223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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