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Clark E, Akam M. Odd-paired controls frequency doubling in Drosophila segmentation by altering the pair-rule gene regulatory network. eLife 2016; 5:e18215. [PMID: 27525481 PMCID: PMC5035143 DOI: 10.7554/elife.18215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The Drosophila embryo transiently exhibits a double-segment periodicity, defined by the expression of seven 'pair-rule' genes, each in a pattern of seven stripes. At gastrulation, interactions between the pair-rule genes lead to frequency doubling and the patterning of 14 parasegment boundaries. In contrast to earlier stages of Drosophila anteroposterior patterning, this transition is not well understood. By carefully analysing the spatiotemporal dynamics of pair-rule gene expression, we demonstrate that frequency-doubling is precipitated by multiple coordinated changes to the network of regulatory interactions between the pair-rule genes. We identify the broadly expressed but temporally patterned transcription factor, Odd-paired (Opa/Zic), as the cause of these changes, and show that the patterning of the even-numbered parasegment boundaries relies on Opa-dependent regulatory interactions. Our findings indicate that the pair-rule gene regulatory network has a temporally modulated topology, permitting the pair-rule genes to play stage-specific patterning roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Clark
- Laboratory for Development and Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Akam
- Laboratory for Development and Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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2
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A Systematic Phenotypic Screen of F-box Genes Through a Tissue-specific RNAi-based Approach in Drosophila. J Genet Genomics 2012; 39:397-413. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2012.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Revised: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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3
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Moreno-Moreno O, Medina-Giró S, Torras-Llort M, Azorín F. The F Box Protein Partner of Paired Regulates Stability of Drosophila Centromeric Histone H3, CenH3CID. Curr Biol 2011; 21:1488-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2011.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2011] [Revised: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 07/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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4
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Singh N, Morlock H, Hanes SD. The Bin3 RNA methyltransferase is required for repression of caudal translation in the Drosophila embryo. Dev Biol 2011; 352:104-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2010] [Revised: 01/06/2011] [Accepted: 01/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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5
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Luengo Hendriks CL, Keränen SVE, Fowlkes CC, Simirenko L, Weber GH, DePace AH, Henriquez C, Kaszuba DW, Hamann B, Eisen MB, Malik J, Sudar D, Biggin MD, Knowles DW. Three-dimensional morphology and gene expression in the Drosophila blastoderm at cellular resolution I: data acquisition pipeline. Genome Biol 2007; 7:R123. [PMID: 17184546 PMCID: PMC1794436 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2006-7-12-r123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2006] [Revised: 11/17/2006] [Accepted: 12/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
A suite of methods that provide the first quantitative three-dimensional description of gene expression and morphology with cellular resolution in whole Drosophila embryos is described. Background To model and thoroughly understand animal transcription networks, it is essential to derive accurate spatial and temporal descriptions of developing gene expression patterns with cellular resolution. Results Here we describe a suite of methods that provide the first quantitative three-dimensional description of gene expression and morphology at cellular resolution in whole embryos. A database containing information derived from 1,282 embryos is released that describes the mRNA expression of 22 genes at multiple time points in the Drosophila blastoderm. We demonstrate that our methods are sufficiently accurate to detect previously undescribed features of morphology and gene expression. The cellular blastoderm is shown to have an intricate morphology of nuclear density patterns and apical/basal displacements that correlate with later well-known morphological features. Pair rule gene expression stripes, generally considered to specify patterning only along the anterior/posterior body axis, are shown to have complex changes in stripe location, stripe curvature, and expression level along the dorsal/ventral axis. Pair rule genes are also found to not always maintain the same register to each other. Conclusion The application of these quantitative methods to other developmental systems will likely reveal many other previously unknown features and provide a more rigorous understanding of developmental regulatory networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cris L Luengo Hendriks
- Berkeley Drosophila Transcription Network Project, Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Soile VE Keränen
- Berkeley Drosophila Transcription Network Project, Genomics Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Charless C Fowlkes
- Berkeley Drosophila Transcription Network Project, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Lisa Simirenko
- Berkeley Drosophila Transcription Network Project, Genomics Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Gunther H Weber
- Berkeley Drosophila Transcription Network Project, Institute for Data Analysis and Visualization, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Angela H DePace
- Berkeley Drosophila Transcription Network Project, Genomics Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Clara Henriquez
- Berkeley Drosophila Transcription Network Project, Genomics Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - David W Kaszuba
- Berkeley Drosophila Transcription Network Project, Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Bernd Hamann
- Berkeley Drosophila Transcription Network Project, Institute for Data Analysis and Visualization, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Michael B Eisen
- Berkeley Drosophila Transcription Network Project, Genomics Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jitendra Malik
- Berkeley Drosophila Transcription Network Project, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Damir Sudar
- Berkeley Drosophila Transcription Network Project, Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Mark D Biggin
- Berkeley Drosophila Transcription Network Project, Genomics Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - David W Knowles
- Berkeley Drosophila Transcription Network Project, Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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6
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Vernon AE, LaBonne C. Slug stability is dynamically regulated during neural crest development by the F-box protein Ppa. Development 2006; 133:3359-70. [PMID: 16887825 DOI: 10.1242/dev.02504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The neural crest is a population of stem-cell-like precursors found only in vertebrates. Slug, a member of the Snail family of zincfinger transcriptional repressors, is a critical regulator of neural crest development and has also been implicated in the acquisition of invasive behavior during tumor progression. Despite its central role in these two important processes, little is known about the mechanisms that control the expression and/or activity of Slug. We demonstrate that Slug is a labile protein whose stability is positively reinforced through activation of the neural crest regulatory program. We identify Partner of paired (Ppa) as the F-box component of a modular E3 ligase, and show that it is expressed in neural crest-forming regions, and that it binds to and promotes ubiquitin-mediated proteasomal degradation of Slug. Misexpression of Ppa inhibits the formation of neural crest precursors, and Slug mutants in which Ppa binding has been abrogated rescue this inhibition. These results provide novel insight into the regulation of Slug, a protein that plays a central role in neural crest precursor formation, as well as in developmental and pathological epithelial to mesenchymal transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann E Vernon
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Cell Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
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7
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Abstract
The eukaryotic protein degradation pathway involves the ubiquitin (Ub) modification of substrates targeted for degradation by the 26S proteasome. The addition of Ub, a process called ubiquitination, is mediated by enzymes including the E3 Ub ligases which transfer the Ub to targeted substrates. A major type of E3 Ub ligases, the SCF (Skp-Cullin-F-box) complex, is composed of four major components: Skp1, Cul1/Cdc53, Roc1/Rbx1/Hrt1, and an F-box protein. The F-box component of the SCF machineries is responsible for recognizing different substrates for ubiquitination. Interaction with components of the SCF complex is mediated through the F-box motif of the F-box protein while it associates with phosphorylated substrates through its second protein-protein interaction motif such as Trp-Asp (WD) repeats or leucine-rich repeats (LRRs). By targeting diverse substrates, F-box proteins exert controls over stability of proteins and regulate the mechanisms for a wide-range of cellular processes. Here we discuss the importance of F-box proteins by providing a general overview and examples of how F-box proteins function in various cellular settings such as tissue development, cell proliferation, and cell death, in the modeling organism Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret S Ho
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, 115, Taipei, Taiwan
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8
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Willems AR, Schwab M, Tyers M. A hitchhiker's guide to the cullin ubiquitin ligases: SCF and its kin. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2005; 1695:133-70. [PMID: 15571813 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2004.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 380] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The SCF (Skp1-Cullin-F-box) E3 ubiquitin ligase family was discovered through genetic requirements for cell cycle progression in budding yeast. In these multisubunit enzymes, an invariant core complex, composed of the Skp1 linker protein, the Cdc53/Cul1 scaffold protein and the Rbx1/Roc1/Hrt1 RING domain protein, engages one of a suite of substrate adaptors called F-box proteins that in turn recruit substrates for ubiquitination by an associated E2 enzyme. The cullin-RING domain-adaptor architecture has diversified through evolution, such that in total many hundreds of distinct SCF and SCF-like complexes enable degradation of myriad substrates. Substrate recognition by adaptors often depends on posttranslational modification of the substrate, which thus places substrate stability under dynamic regulation by intracellular signaling events. SCF complexes control cell proliferation through degradation of critical regulators such as cyclins, CDK inhibitors and transcription factors. A plethora of other processes in development and disease are controlled by other SCF-like complexes, including those based on Cul2-SOCS-box adaptor protein and Cul3-BTB domain adaptor protein combinations. Recent structural insights into SCF-like complexes have begun to illuminate aspects of substrate recognition and catalytic reaction mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Willems
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, Canada, M5G 1X5
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9
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Jaynes JB, Fujioka M. Drawing lines in the sand: even skipped et al. and parasegment boundaries. Dev Biol 2004; 269:609-22. [PMID: 15110723 PMCID: PMC2709281 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2004.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2004] [Accepted: 03/05/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The pair-rule segmentation gene even skipped (eve) is required to activate engrailed stripes and to organize odd-numbered parasegments (PSs). The protein product Eve has been shown to be an active repressor of transcription, and recent models for Eve function suggest that activation of engrailed is indirect, but these models have not been fully tested. Here we identify the forkhead domain transcription factor Sloppy-paired as the key intermediate in the initial activation of engrailed by Eve in odd-numbered parasegments. We also analyze the roles of the transcription factors Runt and Odd-skipped in this process. Detailed analysis of engrailed and pair-rule gene expression in various mutant combinations shows how eve activates engrailed by repressing these engrailed repressors, and further indicates that mutual repression among pair-rule genes plays an important role in establishing parasegment boundaries. We present a new model of pair-rule gene function that explains the response of these boundaries to the relative levels of Eve and Fushi Tarazu.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B Jaynes
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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Giot L, Bader JS, Brouwer C, Chaudhuri A, Kuang B, Li Y, Hao YL, Ooi CE, Godwin B, Vitols E, Vijayadamodar G, Pochart P, Machineni H, Welsh M, Kong Y, Zerhusen B, Malcolm R, Varrone Z, Collis A, Minto M, Burgess S, McDaniel L, Stimpson E, Spriggs F, Williams J, Neurath K, Ioime N, Agee M, Voss E, Furtak K, Renzulli R, Aanensen N, Carrolla S, Bickelhaupt E, Lazovatsky Y, DaSilva A, Zhong J, Stanyon CA, Finley RL, White KP, Braverman M, Jarvie T, Gold S, Leach M, Knight J, Shimkets RA, McKenna MP, Chant J, Rothberg JM. A protein interaction map of Drosophila melanogaster. Science 2003; 302:1727-36. [PMID: 14605208 DOI: 10.1126/science.1090289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1581] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Drosophila melanogaster is a proven model system for many aspects of human biology. Here we present a two-hybrid-based protein-interaction map of the fly proteome. A total of 10,623 predicted transcripts were isolated and screened against standard and normalized complementary DNA libraries to produce a draft map of 7048 proteins and 20,405 interactions. A computational method of rating two-hybrid interaction confidence was developed to refine this draft map to a higher confidence map of 4679 proteins and 4780 interactions. Statistical modeling of the network showed two levels of organization: a short-range organization, presumably corresponding to multiprotein complexes, and a more global organization, presumably corresponding to intercomplex connections. The network recapitulated known pathways, extended pathways, and uncovered previously unknown pathway components. This map serves as a starting point for a systems biology modeling of multicellular organisms, including humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Giot
- CuraGen Corporation, 555 Long Wharf Drive, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
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11
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Sánchez L, Thieffry D. Segmenting the fly embryo: a logical analysis of the pair-rule cross-regulatory module. J Theor Biol 2003; 224:517-37. [PMID: 12957124 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5193(03)00201-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This manuscript reports a dynamical analysis of the pair-rule cross-regulatory module controlling segmentation in Drosophila melanogaster. We propose a logical model accounting for the ability of the pair-rule module to determine the formation of alternate juxtaposed Engrailed- and Wingless-expressing cells that form the (para)segmental boundaries. This module has the intrinsic capacity to generate four distinct expression states, each characterized by the expression of a particular combination of pair-rule genes or expression mode. The selection of one of these expression modes depends on the maternal and gap inputs, but also crucially on cross-regulations among pair-rule genes. The latter are instrumental in the interpretation of the maternal-gap pre-pattern. Our logical model allows the qualitative reproduction of the patterns of pair-rule gene expressions corresponding to the wild type situation, to loss-of-function and cis-regulatory mutations, and to ectopic pair-rule expressions. Furthermore, this model provides a formal explanation for the morphogenetic role of the initial bell-shaped expression of the gene even-skipped, i.e. for the distinct effects of different levels of the Even-skipped protein on its target pair-rule genes. It also accounts for the requirement of Even-skipped for the formation of all Engrailed-stripes. Finally, it provides new insights into the roles and evolutionary origins of the apparent redundancies in the regulatory architecture of the pair-rule module.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Sánchez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Velázquez 144, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
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12
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Ou CY, Pi H, Chien CT. Control of protein degradation by E3 ubiquitin ligases in Drosophila eye development. Trends Genet 2003; 19:382-9. [PMID: 12850443 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-9525(03)00146-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chan-Yen Ou
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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13
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Hériché JK, Ang D, Bier E, O'Farrell PH. Involvement of an SCFSlmb complex in timely elimination of E2F upon initiation of DNA replication in Drosophila. BMC Genet 2003; 4:9. [PMID: 12787468 PMCID: PMC161817 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2156-4-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2003] [Accepted: 06/04/2003] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cul1 is a core component of the evolutionarily conserved SCF-type ubiquitin ligases that target specific proteins for destruction. SCF action contributes to cell cycle progression but few of the key targets of its action have been identified. RESULTS We found that expression of the mouse Cul1 (mCul1) in the larval wing disc has a dominant negative effect. It reduces, but does not eliminate, the function of SCF complexes, promotes accumulation of Cubitus interruptus (a target of SCF action), triggers apoptosis, and causes a small wing phenotype. A screen for mutations that dominantly modify this phenotype showed effective suppression upon reduction of E2F function, suggesting that compromised downregulation of E2F contributes to the phenotype. Partial inactivation of Cul1 delayed the abrupt loss of E2F immunofluorescence beyond its normal point of downregulation at the onset of S phase. Additional screens showed that mild reduction in function of the F-box encoding gene slimb enhanced the mCul1 overexpression phenotype. Cell cycle modulation of E2F levels is virtually absent in slimb mutant cells in which slimb function is severely reduced. This implicates Slimb, a known targeting subunit of SCF, in E2F downregulation. In addition, Slimb and E2F interacted in vitro in a phosphorylation-dependent manner. CONCLUSION We have used genetic and physical interactions to identify the G1/S transcription factor E2F as an SCFSlmb target in Drosophila. These results argue that the SCFSlmb ubiquitin ligase directs E2F destruction in S phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Karim Hériché
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Street, San Francisco, CA 94143-0448, USA
| | - Dan Ang
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0349, USA
| | - Ethan Bier
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0349, USA
| | - Patrick H O'Farrell
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Street, San Francisco, CA 94143-0448, USA
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14
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Murphy TD. Drosophila skpA, a component of SCF ubiquitin ligases, regulates centrosome duplication independently of cyclin E accumulation. J Cell Sci 2003; 116:2321-32. [PMID: 12730292 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.00463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Centrosome duplication must be coupled to the main cell cycle to ensure that each cell has precisely two centrosomes at the onset of mitosis. Supernumerary centrosomes are commonly observed in cancer cells, and may contribute to tumorigenesis. Drosophila skpA, a component of SCF ubiquitin ligases, regulates the link between the cell and centrosome cycles. Lethal skpA null mutants exhibit dramatic centrosome overduplication and additional defects in chromatin condensation, cell cycle progression and endoreduplication. Surprisingly, many mutant cells are able to organize pseudo-bipolar spindles and execute a normal anaphase in the presence of extra functional centrosomes. SkpA mutant cells accumulate higher levels of cyclin E than wildtype cells during S and G2, suggesting that elevated cdk2/cyclin E activity may account for the supernumerary centrosomes in skpA- cells. However, centrosome overduplication still occurs in skpA-; cycE- mutant animals, demonstrating that high cyclin E levels are not necessary for centrosome overduplication. These data suggest that additional SCF targets regulate the centrosome duplication pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terence D Murphy
- Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Baltimore, MD 21210, USA.
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15
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Fujioka M, Yusibova GL, Patel NH, Brown SJ, Jaynes JB. The repressor activity of Even-skipped is highly conserved, and is sufficient to activate engrailed and to regulate both the spacing and stability of parasegment boundaries. Development 2002; 129:4411-21. [PMID: 12223400 PMCID: PMC2709299 DOI: 10.1242/dev.129.19.4411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
During segmentation of the Drosophila embryo, even skipped is required to activate engrailed stripes and to organize odd-numbered parasegments. A 16 kb transgene containing the even skipped coding region can rescue normal engrailed expression, as well as all other aspects of segmentation, in even skipped null mutants. To better understand its mechanism of action, we functionally dissected the Even-skipped protein in the context of this transgene. We found that Even-skipped utilizes two repressor domains to carry out its function. Each of these domains can function autonomously in embryos when fused with the Gal4 DNA-binding domain. A chimeric protein consisting only of the Engrailed repressor domain and the Even-skipped homeodomain, but not the homeodomain alone, was able to restore function, indicating that the repression of target genes is sufficient for even skipped function at the blastoderm stage, while the homeodomain is sufficient to recognize those target genes. When Drosophila Even skipped was replaced by its homologs from other species, including a mouse homolog, they could provide substantial function, indicating that these proteins can recognize similar target sites and also provide repressor activity. Using this rescue system, we show that broad, early even skipped stripes are sufficient for activation of both odd- and even-numbered engrailed stripes. Furthermore, these ‘unrefined’ stripes organize odd-numbered parasegments in a dose-dependent manner, while the refined, late stripes, which coincide cell-for-cell with parasegment boundaries, are required to ensure the stability of the boundaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miki Fujioka
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, JAH490, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Galina L. Yusibova
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, JAH490, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Nipam H. Patel
- Department of Anatomy and Organismal Biology and HHMI, University of Chicago, MC1028, AMBN101, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Susan J. Brown
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - James B. Jaynes
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, JAH490, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
- Author for correspondence (e-mail: )
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16
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Monnier V, Girardot F, Cheret C, Andres O, Tricoire H. Modulation of oxidative stress resistance in Drosophila melanogaster by gene overexpression. Genesis 2002; 34:76-9. [PMID: 12324953 DOI: 10.1002/gene.10130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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17
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Kobayashi M, Goldstein RE, Fujioka M, Paroush Z, Jaynes JB. Groucho augments the repression of multiple Even skipped target genes in establishing parasegment boundaries. Development 2001; 128:1805-15. [PMID: 11311161 PMCID: PMC2692064 DOI: 10.1242/dev.128.10.1805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Groucho acts as a co-repressor for several Drosophila DNA binding transcriptional repressors. Several of these proteins have been found to contain both Groucho-dependent and -independent repression domains, but the extent to which this distinction has functional consequences for the regulation of different target genes is not known. The product of the pair-rule gene even skipped has previously been shown to contain a Groucho-independent repression activity. In the Even skipped protein, outside the Groucho-independent repression domain, we have identified a conserved C-terminal motif (LFKPY), similar to motifs that mediate Groucho interaction in Hairy, Runt and Huckebein. Even skipped interacts with Groucho in yeast and in vitro, and groucho and even skipped genetically interact in vivo. Even skipped with a mutated Groucho interaction motif, which abolished binding to Groucho, showed a significantly reduced ability to rescue the even skipped null phenotype when driven by the complete even skipped regulatory region. Replacing this motif with a heterologous Groucho interaction motif restored the rescuing function of Even skipped in segmentation. Further functional assays demonstrated that the Even skipped C terminus acts as a Groucho-dependent repression domain in early Drosophila embryos. This novel repression domain was active on two target genes that are normally repressed by Even skipped at different concentrations, paired and sloppy paired. When the Groucho interaction motif is mutated, repression of each target gene is reduced to a similar extent, with some activity remaining. Thus, the ability of Even skipped to repress different target genes at different concentrations does not appear to involve differential recruitment or function of Groucho. The accumulation of multiple domains of similar function within a single protein may be a common evolutionary mechanism that fine-tunes the level of activity for different regulatory functions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert E. Goldstein
- Department of Biochemistry, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, POB 12272, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Miki Fujioka
- Kimmel Cancer Institute, Thomas Jefferson Univ., Phila., PA 19107, USA
| | - Ze’ev Paroush
- Department of Biochemistry, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, POB 12272, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
- Authors for correspondence (e-mail: and )
| | - James B. Jaynes
- Kimmel Cancer Institute, Thomas Jefferson Univ., Phila., PA 19107, USA
- Authors for correspondence (e-mail: and )
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18
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Simmonds AJ, dosSantos G, Livne-Bar I, Krause HM. Apical localization of wingless transcripts is required for wingless signaling. Cell 2001; 105:197-207. [PMID: 11336670 DOI: 10.1016/s0092-8674(01)00311-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Many developing and adult tissues are comprised of polarized epithelia. Proteins that are asymmetrically distributed in these cells are thought to be localized by protein trafficking. Here we show that the distribution and function of the signaling protein Wingless is predetermined by the subcellular localization of its mRNA. High-resolution in situ hybridization reveals apical transcript localization in the majority of tissues examined. This localization is mediated by two independently acting elements in the 3' UTR. Replacement of these elements with non- or basolaterally localizing elements yields proteins with altered intracellular and extracellular distributions and reduced signaling activities. This novel aspect of the wingless signaling pathway is conserved and may prove to be a mechanism used commonly for establishing epithelial cell polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Simmonds
- Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, University of Toronto, Room 312, Charles H. Best Institute, 112 College Street, Ontario, Toronto, Canada
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