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Makwana P, Rahul K, Ito K, Subhadra B. Diversity of Antimicrobial Peptides in Silkworm. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13051161. [PMID: 37240807 DOI: 10.3390/life13051161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is a phenomenon that the present-day world is witnessing that poses a serious threat to global health. The decline in the development of novel therapeutics over the last couple of decades has exacerbated the situation further. In this scenario, the pursuit of new alternative therapeutics to commonly used antibiotics has gained predominance amongst researchers across the world. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) from natural sources have drawn significant interest in the recent years as promising pharmacological substitutes over the conventional antibiotics. The most notable advantage of AMPs is that microorganisms cannot develop resistance to them. Insects represent one of the potential sources of AMPs, which are synthesized as part of an innate immune defence against invading pathogens. AMPs from different insects have been extensively studied, and silkworm is one of them. Diverse classes of AMPs (including attacins, cecropins, defensins, enbocins, gloverins, lebocins and moricins) were identified from silkworm that exhibit antimicrobial property against bacteria, fungi and viruses, indicating their potential therapeutic benefits. This review briefs about the immune responses of silkworm to invading pathogens, the isolation of AMPs from silkworms, AMPs reported in silkworms and their activity against various microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Makwana
- Central Sericultural Research & Training Institute, Central Silk Board, Ministry of Textiles, Government of India, Berhampore, Murshidabad 742101, West Bengal, India
| | - Kamidi Rahul
- Central Sericultural Research & Training Institute, Central Silk Board, Ministry of Textiles, Government of India, Berhampore, Murshidabad 742101, West Bengal, India
| | - Katsuhiko Ito
- Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Department of Science of Biological Production, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi 183-8509, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Bindu Subhadra
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Long Island University, Brookville, New York, NY 11548, USA
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Li J, Chen C, Zha X. Midgut and Head Transcriptomic Analysis of Silkworms Reveals the Physiological Effects of Artificial Diets. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13030291. [PMID: 35323589 PMCID: PMC8948783 DOI: 10.3390/insects13030291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Silkworms, a model lepidopteran insect, have a very simple diet. Artificial diets as an alternative nutrient source for silkworms are gradually being developed. To understand the effects of various nutrients on the growth and development of silkworms, we studied the transcriptomic differences in the midgut and head tissues of male and female silkworms fed either fresh mulberry leaves or artificial diets. In the artificial diet group, compared with the control group (fed mulberry leaves), 923 and 619 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified from the midgut, and 2969 and 3427 DEGs were identified from the head, in female and male silkworms. According to our analysis, the DEGs were mainly involved in the digestion and absorption of nutrients and silkworm innate immunity. These experimental results provide insights into the effects of different foods, such as artificial diets or fresh mulberry leaves, on silkworms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (J.L.); (C.C.)
- School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Chunbing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (J.L.); (C.C.)
| | - Xingfu Zha
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (J.L.); (C.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-023-68251573
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Lü D, Xu P, Hou C, Li R, Hu C, Guo X. iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomic analysis of silkworm infected with Beauveria bassiana. Mol Immunol 2021; 135:204-216. [PMID: 33930715 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Beauveria bassiana is a harmful pathogen to the economically important insect silkworm, always causes serious disease to the silkworm, which results in great losses to the sericulture industry. In order to explore the silkworm (Bombyx mori) response to B. bassiana infection, differential proteomes of the silkworm responsive to B. bassiana infection were identified with isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) at the different stage of the 3rd instar silkworm larvae. Among the 5040 proteins identified with confidence level of ≥95 %, total 937 proteins were differentially expressed, of which 488 proteins were up-regulated and 449 proteins were down-regulated. 23, 15, 250, 649 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were reliably quantified by iTRAQ analysis in the B. bassiana infected larvae at 18, 24, 36, 48 h post infection (hpi) respectively. Based on GO annotations, 6, 4, 128, 316 DEPs were involved in biological processes, 12, 5, 143, 376 DEPs were involved in molecular functions, and 6, 3, 108, 256 DEPs were involved in cell components at 18, 24, 36, 48 hpi respectively. KEGG pathway analysis displayed that 18, 12, 210, 548 DEPs separately participated in 63, 35, 201, 264 signal transduction pathways at different time of infection, and moreover a higher proportion of DEPs involved in metabolic pathways. The cluster analysis on the DEPs of different infection stages distinguished a co-regulated DEP, lysozyme precursor, which was up-regulated at both the mRNA level and the protein level, indicating that the lysozyme protein kept playing an important role in defending the silkworm against B. bassiana infection. This was the first report using an iTRAQ approach to analyze proteomes of the whole silkworm against B. bassiana infection, which contributes to better understanding the defense mechanisms of silkworm to B. bassiana infection and provides important experimental data for the identification of key factors involved in the interaction between the pathogenic fungus and its host.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ping Xu
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212018, China
| | - Chengxiang Hou
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212018, China; Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, 212018, China
| | - Ruilin Li
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212018, China
| | - Congwu Hu
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212018, China
| | - Xijie Guo
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212018, China; Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, 212018, China.
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Li Q, Zhang J, Sun Y, Wang L, Qian C, Wei G, Zhu B, Liu C. Immunological Function of the Antibacterial Peptide Attacin-Like in the Chinese Oak Silkworm, Antheraea pernyi. Protein Pept Lett 2020; 27:953-961. [PMID: 32370699 DOI: 10.2174/0929866527666200505210113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibacterial peptides play important roles in the innate immune system of insects and are divided into four categories according to their structures. Although many antibacterial peptides have been reported in lepidopteran insects, the roles of an attacin-like gene in immune response of Antheraea pernyi remain unclear. OBJECTIVE In this study, the cloning and immunological functions of an attacin-like gene from Antheraea pernyi were investigated. METHODS The open reading frame of Ap-attacin-like gene was cloned by PCR using the specific primers and then was ligated to the pET-32a vector to construct the recombinant plasmids Ap-attacin- like-pET-32a. The recombinant Ap-attacin-like protein was expressed in E. coli (BL21 DE3) cells and purified by Ni-NTA affinity chromatography. The expression patterns of Ap-attacin-like in different tissues or under microorganism challenges were investigated by real-time PCR and western blotting. Finally, agar well diffusion assay was performed to determine the antimicrobial activity of the recombinant Ap-attacin-like proteins based on the inhibition rate. RESULTS The expression level of Ap-attacin-like was highest in the fat body compared with the other examined tissues. The expression of Ap-attacin-like in the fat body was significantly elevated after E. coli, Beauveria bassiana, Micrococcus luteus or Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus challenges. In addition, the recombinant Ap-attacin-like proteins had obvious antibacterial activity against E. coli. CONCLUSION Ap-attacin-like was highly expressed in immune-related tissues and its expression level was significantly induced by different microorganism challenges, suggesting that Ap-attacin-like participated in the innate immunity of A. pernyi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Li
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Jiawei Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Yu Sun
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Lei Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Cen Qian
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Guoqing Wei
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Baojian Zhu
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Chaoliang Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
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Wang M, Hu X. Antimicrobial peptide repertoire of Thitarodes armoricanus, a host species of Ophiocordyceps sinensis, predicted based on de novo transcriptome sequencing and analysis. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2017; 54:238-244. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Chetia H, Kabiraj D, Singh D, Mosahari PV, Das S, Sharma P, Neog K, Sharma S, Jayaprakash P, Bora U. De novo transcriptome of the muga silkworm, Antheraea assamensis (Helfer). Gene 2017; 611:54-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 01/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Balandin SV, Ovchinnikova TV. Antimicrobial peptides of invertebrates. Part 1. structure, biosynthesis, and evolution. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162016030055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Sudha R, Murthy GN, Awasthi AK, Ponnuvel KM. Attacin gene sequence variations in different ecoraces of tasar silkworm Antheraea mylitta. Bioinformation 2015; 11:481-5. [PMID: 26664033 PMCID: PMC4658647 DOI: 10.6026/97320630011481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Attacin gene exists as paralogous conversion and is being used for identification of strain variations in insects based on the sequence variation. Hence, a study was undertaken to analyze the sequence variation of the attacin gene isoforms in the tasar silkworm Anthereae mylitta that exists in the form of different ecoraces depending upon the environment, food plant and location. Comparison of the previously reported attacin sequences with the DNA sequences of attacin A and B genes revealed six amino acid substitutions among the sequences of the ecoraces which however did not affect the functional domain of Attacin. The generated dendrogram clearly indicated unique branches for each ecorace with two separate gene clusters for attacin A and B. The Sarihan ecorace formed a separate sub-group under both the gene clusters. The present study also revealed the presence of Attacin_N Superfamily domain exclusively in Exon I separated from the Attacin_C Superfamily domain that was present in Exon II and part of Exon III, a prominent character of attacin gene. The phylogenetic reconstruction analysis of attacin gene in A.mylitta supported the common evolutionary origin of attacin genes belonging to the Lepidoteran and Dipteran families that formed two separate clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rati Sudha
- Seribiotech Research Laboratory, Carmelram Post, Kodathi, Bangalore - 560 035, Karnataka, India
| | - Geetha N Murthy
- Seribiotech Research Laboratory, Carmelram Post, Kodathi, Bangalore - 560 035, Karnataka, India
| | - Arvind K Awasthi
- Seribiotech Research Laboratory, Carmelram Post, Kodathi, Bangalore - 560 035, Karnataka, India
| | - Kangayam M Ponnuvel
- Seribiotech Research Laboratory, Carmelram Post, Kodathi, Bangalore - 560 035, Karnataka, India
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Wu R, Wang Q, Zheng Z, Zhao L, Shang Y, Wei X, Liao X, Zhang R. Design, characterization and expression of a novel hybrid peptides melittin (1-13)-LL37 (17-30). Mol Biol Rep 2014; 41:4163-9. [PMID: 24871991 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-013-2900-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hybridizing of different antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) has been a common practice for obtaining novel hybrid AMPs with elevated antibacterial activity but minimized cytotoxicity. The hybrid peptides melittin (1-13)-LL37 (17-30) (M-L) combining the hydrophobic N-terminal fragment of melittin (M) with the core antibacterial fragment of LL37 (L), was designed for the first time to explore its antibacterial activity and hemolytic activity against bacteria and sheep erythrocyte respectively. Results showed that M-L had an even more potent antibacterial activity against all indicator strains (especially gram-positive bacteria) than M and L, whereas didn't exhibit hemolytic activity to sheep erythrocytes, implying M-L can be served as a potential therapeutic drug to substitute traditional antibiotics. However the high expense of biosynthesis limited its further research, therefore fusion expression of M-L was carried out in Escherichia coli (E. coli) for overproducing the hybrid peptide so as to solve the problem. The DNA sequence encoding M-L with preferred codons was cloned into the pET-SUMO vector for protein expression in E. coli BL21 (DE3). After IPTG induction, approximately 165 mg soluble fusion protein SUMO-M-L was recovered per liter supernatant of the fermentation ultrasonic lysate using Ni-NTA Sepharose column (92 % purity). And 23 mg recombinant M-L was obtained per liter culture after cleavage of SUMO protease and purification of Ni-NTA Sepharose column. In sum, this research not only supplied an effective approach for overproducing hybrid peptide M-L, but paved the way for its further exploration on pharmaceutical potential and medical importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rujuan Wu
- Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science & Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
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Wang Y, Zhang P, Fujii H, Banno Y, Yamamoto K, Aso Y. Proteomic Studies of Lipopolysaccharide-induced Polypeptides in the Silkworm,Bombyx mori. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 68:1821-3. [PMID: 15322375 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.68.1821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Silkworm larvae at the 5th instar were injected with lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli and inducible polypeptides were examined within a pI range of 3-10 and a size range of 14-97 kDa by proteomics, including peptide mass fingerprinting. No polypeptides were induced in the midgut. FB1 and H1-4 polypeptides were significantly induced in fat body and hemolymph, respectively. FB1 and H1 were estimated to be antitrypsin and serpin-2 proteinase inhibitors respectively. H2 and H3 were novel polypeptides. H4 was estimated to be attacin antibacterial polypeptide with high coverage of sequence. The amounts of all the induced polypeptides decreased at 48 h after the injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqiang Wang
- Laboratories of Insect Genetic Resources, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
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Yi HY, Chowdhury M, Huang YD, Yu XQ. Insect antimicrobial peptides and their applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:5807-22. [PMID: 24811407 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5792-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 346] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Insects are one of the major sources of antimicrobial peptides/proteins (AMPs). Since observation of antimicrobial activity in the hemolymph of pupae from the giant silk moths Samia Cynthia and Hyalophora cecropia in 1974 and purification of first insect AMP (cecropin) from H. cecropia pupae in 1980, over 150 insect AMPs have been purified or identified. Most insect AMPs are small and cationic, and they show activities against bacteria and/or fungi, as well as some parasites and viruses. Insect AMPs can be classified into four families based on their structures or unique sequences: the α-helical peptides (cecropin and moricin), cysteine-rich peptides (insect defensin and drosomycin), proline-rich peptides (apidaecin, drosocin, and lebocin), and glycine-rich peptides/proteins (attacin and gloverin). Among insect AMPs, defensins, cecropins, proline-rich peptides, and attacins are common, while gloverins and moricins have been identified only in Lepidoptera. Most active AMPs are small peptides of 20-50 residues, which are generated from larger inactive precursor proteins or pro-proteins, but gloverins (~14 kDa) and attacins (~20 kDa) are large antimicrobial proteins. In this mini-review, we will discuss current knowledge and recent progress in several classes of insect AMPs, including insect defensins, cecropins, attacins, lebocins and other proline-rich peptides, gloverins, and moricins, with a focus on structural-functional relationships and their potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Yu Yi
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
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Lee M, Bang K, Kwon H, Cho S. Enhanced antibacterial activity of an attacin-coleoptericin hybrid protein fused with a helical linker. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 40:3953-60. [PMID: 23271135 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-2472-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we isolated and characterized attacin from Spodoptera exigua and a coleoptericin-like protein from Protaetia brevitarsis seulensis. In this study, we fused these two genes encoding antimicrobial proteins to obtain a hybrid protein with enhanced antimicrobial activity. To fuse the two antimicrobial proteins, we employed helical and non-helical linker sequences that function as inter-domain linkers in proteins. We used the Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Ser peptide as a non-helical linker. The hybrid protein produced using this linker showed less antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Burkholderia glumae, Pseudomonas corrugate, and Erwinia rhapontici than either of the two parental antimicrobial proteins. In addition, the MIC value of the hybrid protein was 23.1 μM, which indicates poor activity against E. coli. When we used three Glu-Ala-Ala-Ala-Lys (EAAAK) peptide sequences as a helical linker to fuse the two proteins, the resultant hybrid protein had much higher antimicrobial activity than the parental antimicrobial proteins. In particular, this hybrid protein had strong antimicrobial activity against P. corrugate. These results indicate that the EAAAK motif can be used to effectively separate two antimicrobial proteins and produce a hybrid protein with more antimicrobial activity than either of the parent proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minsup Lee
- Department of Applied Biology, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Environment Friendly Agriculture Center, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 200-701, South Korea
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Bang K, Park S, Yoo JY, Cho S. Characterization and expression of attacin, an antibacterial protein-encoding gene, from the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Mol Biol Rep 2011; 39:5151-9. [PMID: 22160467 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-011-1311-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2011] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To isolate antimicrobial-related genes from the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua, we performed GeneFishing, a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based differential display technique. An attacin-like complementary DNA (cDNA) including a 3'-untranslated region was identified from among 18 over-expressed genes in microbial-infected larvae. The full-length attacin cDNA from S. exigua cDNA (Seattacin) was cloned using rapid amplification of cDNA ends PCR. The attacin-like cDNA transcript was 765 nucleotides in length, and the predicted polypeptide was 254 amino acids in length with a calculated molecular mass of 27.6 kDa and an isoelectric point of 6.44. The protein sequence of the attacin-like cDNA showed high identity to that of Trichoplusia ni (61.2%). The amino acid sequence identity of Seattacin to the orthologous proteins in Bombyx mori, Manduca sexta, Heliothis virescens, Hlicoverpa armigera, Hyphantria cunea, Hyalophora cecropia, and Drosophila melanogaster was 61.2, 46.1, 44.5, 42.2, 39.5, 45.1, and 24.0%, respectively. To examine possible immune functions of the attacin-like cDNA, its expression was investigated by reverse transcriptase PCR analysis after challenging S. exigua with microorganisms. The attacin-like cDNA was expressed at high levels 12 h post-infection, and its expression was slightly induced 4-8 h post-infection compared to control larvae inoculated with sterile water. Furthermore, induced Seattacin showed biological activity against several bacteria including Escherichia coli DH5α, Pseudomonas cichorii, Bacillus subtilis, and Listeria monocytogenes. These results suggest that the attacin-like cDNA of S. exigua codes for antimicrobial peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyeongrin Bang
- Department of Applied Biology, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Agriculture and Life Sciences Research Institute, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 200-701, Korea
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Wang LN, Yu B, Han GQ, He J, Chen DW. Design, expression and characterization of recombinant hybrid peptide Attacin-Thanatin in Escherichia coli. Mol Biol Rep 2009; 37:3495-501. [PMID: 19967452 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-009-9942-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2009] [Accepted: 11/24/2009] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides will be attractive and potential candidates as peptide drugs because of their efficient action against microbes and low toxicity to mammal cells. To improve their antibacterial activity, some modifications needs to be made. In this research, the hybrid peptide gene Attacin-Thanatin with 642 bp in length with preferred codons of E. coli was generated using the technology of Gene splicing by overlap extension. The gene was inserted in-frame into E. coli expression plasmid pET-32a (+) and induced to express in E. coli Rosetta. The recombinant protein was partial purified and its biological activity was determined. Analysis of the E. coli Rosetta induced with IPTG revealed that the molecular weight of fusion protein was approximately 41.8 kDa, which perfectly matched the mass calculated from the amino acid sequence. Biological activity detection showed that this peptide effectively inhibited the growth of the test bacteria including E. coli DH5α, E. coli BL21 (DE3), Salmonella choleraesuis and Staphylococcus aureus. Among these bacteria, the Gram-negative E. coli was the most sensitive. Furthermore, there was minor hemolysis activity for porcine red blood cells. So, the results indicated that the hybrid peptide Attacin-Thanatin could be served as a promising candidate for the chemical antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Na Wang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, China
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Kwon YM, Kim HJ, Kim YI, Kang YJ, Lee IH, Jin BR, Han YS, Cheon HM, Ha NG, Seo SJ. Comparative analysis of two attacin genes from Hyphantria cunea. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2008; 151:213-20. [PMID: 18682300 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2008.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2008] [Revised: 06/30/2008] [Accepted: 07/08/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A full-length clone corresponding to attacin was isolated from a cDNA library made from fat body of immunized Hyphantria cunea larvae. This newly isolated attacin B shows characteristics different from those previously reported for attacin A. The two attacin cDNAs encode precursor proteins of 233 and 248 amino acid residues, respectively. The two attacins show 45.9% identity at the amino acid level, and 35.2% identity at the nucleotide level. Attacins A and B of H. cunea show significant identities with the attacins of Lepidoptera. Attacin B is a typical glycine-rich protein, while attacin A is leucine-rich. Attacin B is expressed from last instar larvae to adult, while attacin A showed stage-specific expression during the prepupal and pupal stages. Attacins A and B are predicted to have different secondary structure in that attacin A has no tendency to form helices but attacin B contains a substantial number of helices. Attacin A is induced at a trace level in infected larvae, while attacin B is strongly induced against Gram-positive and negative bacteria, fungi, and viruses. The attacin B transcripts were detected in fat body, epidermis and hemocytes after injection with Escherichia coli, Citrobacter freundii, or Candida albicans, but not in the midgut and Malpighian tubule. Recombinant attacin A showed no antibacterial activity, while recombinant attacin B showed strong antibacterial activity in proportion to the amount of the protein injected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y M Kwon
- Division of Applied Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
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Hashimoto K, Yamano Y, Morishima I. Cloning and expression of a gene encoding gallerimycin, a cysteine-rich antifungal peptide, from eri-silkworm, Samia cynthia ricini. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2008; 150:229-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2008.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2008] [Revised: 03/10/2008] [Accepted: 03/12/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Induction of tyrosine hydroxylase gene expression by bacteria in the fat body of eri-silkworm, Samia cynthia ricini. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2008; 149:501-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2007.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2007] [Revised: 11/26/2007] [Accepted: 11/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Detection of genes encoding antimicrobial peptides in Mexican strains of Trichoplusia ni (Hübner) exposed to Bacillus thuringiensis. J Invertebr Pathol 2008; 98:218-27. [PMID: 18359041 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2008.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2007] [Revised: 02/01/2008] [Accepted: 02/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The systemic immune response of Trichoplusia ni after Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) exposure was evaluated by comparing the expression of genes encoding antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) in Bt-susceptible and -resistant T. ni strains that were either exposed or not to XenTari (Bt-XT). AMP genes were detected by RT-PCR using primers for attacin, gloverin, lebocin, lysozyme, and peptidoglycan recognition peptide (PGRP). In general, AMP genes were detected more frequently in Mexican field strains previously exposed to Bt (SALX and GTOX) than in a Mexican laboratory strain (NL), but expression was similar to the AMP expression in USA laboratory strains (US and USX). Among the AMPs, transcripts for lebocin were the least detected (11.7%) and those for lysozyme were the most detected (84.8%) in all samples. Lebocin was detected only in 2nd instar and pupa. All untreated controls expressed attacin. Attacin and gloverin were not detected in any midgut sample, and their highest detection was in pupa. Lysozyme was rarely detected in 2nd instar larvae from any strain or treatment but was detected in almost all midgut and hemolymph samples. Overall, AMPs were found more in T. ni strains previously exposed to Bt-XT, especially lebocin and globerin (1.8-fold increase) and PGRP (3.8-fold increase). The data suggest that the expression of AMPs in T. ni correlates to previous Bt exposure.
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Meng Y, Omuro N, Funaguma S, Daimon T, Kawaoka S, Katsuma S, Shimada T. Prominent down-regulation of storage protein genes after bacterial challenge in eri-silkworm, Samia cynthia ricini. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2008; 67:9-19. [PMID: 18064702 DOI: 10.1002/arch.20214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We constructed two independent cDNA libraries from the fat body of Escherichia coli- or Candida albicans-challenged eri-silkworm Samia cynthia ricini larvae. We performed comparative expressed sequence tag (EST) analysis of the two cDNA libraries and found that two putative storage protein genes, ScSP1 and ScSP2, were markedly repressed by E. coli injection as compared with C. albicans injection. By quantitative real-time RT-PCR analysis, we showed that ScSP1 mRNA significantly reduced to 1/32-1/3 in the fat body of the female larvae, and ScSP2 mRNA reduced to 1/7-1/3 and 1/22-1/5 in the females and males, respectively, 12-36 h after E. coli injection as compared with PBS injection. In addition, SDS-PAGE analysis revealed that the accumulation of both the ScSP proteins in the larval hemolymph apparently decreased up to 36 h after E. coli injection. However, the amounts of the two ScSP proteins returned to the same level as those in the larvae injected with PBS by 48 h after injection, showing that the reduction in ScSPs caused by the bacterial challenge was transient. Moreover, potential binding sites for the Drosophila Rel/NF-kappaB protein Dorsal were found in the 5' upstream regulatory regions of ScSP1 and ScSP2, suggesting the participation of the Rel/NF-kappaB proteins in controlling the bacterial suppression of the ScSP genes. These results suggested the hypothesis that S. c. ricini has a genetic program to shut down temporarily dispensable gene expression in order to induce an acute and efficient expression of immune-related genes. These findings may provide new insight into the innate immune system in lepidopteran insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Meng
- Laboratory of Insect Genetics and Bioscience, Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Hashimoto K, Mega K, Matsumoto Y, Bao Y, Yamano Y, Morishima I. Three peptidoglycan recognition protein (PGRP) genes encoding potential amidase from eri-silkworm, Samia cynthia ricini. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2007; 148:322-8. [PMID: 17689997 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2007.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2007] [Revised: 06/28/2007] [Accepted: 06/29/2007] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Three cDNA clones encoding peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRP-B, -C and -D) were isolated from larval fat body of immunized Samia cynthia ricini. The deduced amino acid sequences show high homology to each other and also to Drosophila PGRP-LB, but rather lower homology to all of the known lepidopteran PGRPs including Samia PGRP-A, a receptor-type PGRP. The three PGRPs conserve the five amino acid residues which form the catalytic site of N-acetylmuramoyl L-alanine amidase as in Drosophila LB. The PGRP-C and -D genes were silent in naive larvae, but strongly induced in fat body by an injection of peptidoglycan. PGRP-B gene, in contrast, constitutively expressed at high levels in naive midgut, and the gene was weakly induced in fat body after injection of peptidoglycan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Hashimoto
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Japan
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21
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Onoe H, Matsumoto A, Hashimoto K, Yamano Y, Morishima I. Peptidoglycan recognition protein (PGRP) from eri-silkworm, Samia cynthia ricini; protein purification and induction of the gene expression. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2007; 147:512-9. [PMID: 17434328 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2007.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2007] [Revised: 03/09/2007] [Accepted: 03/10/2007] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Peptidoglycan recognition protein (PGRP) was isolated from immunized hemolymph of the wild silkworm, Samia cynthia ricini, detecting the biding activity with (125)I-labeled peptidoglycan (PGN). The binding specificity of PGRP was tested by competitive inhibition of the binding to (125)I-labeled-PGN by a large excess amount of non-labeled-PGN or other glucans. The binding to labeled uncross-linked Lys-type PGN from Micrococcus luteus was strongly inhibited by non-labeled-PGN of the same structure and meso-diaminopimelic acid (DAP)-type cross-linked PGN from Bacillus cell wall, but only a little by cross-linked PGN from M. luteus cell wall. The PGRP cDNA encodes a 193 amino acid open reading frame. The deduced amino acid sequence had 62 to 91% identities to known lepidopteran PGRPs, but less than 40% to Drosophila PGRPs. The PGRP gene constitutively expressed at a low level in naive fat body, and strongly induced by an injection of DAP-type cross-linked and Lys-type uncross-linked PGNs, but only weakly by Lys-type cross-linked PGN from M. luteus. The silkworm possibly distinguish between PGNs based on the structure of cross-linking peptide, but has less if any preference for the diamino acid residue of the stem peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Onoe
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
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22
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Bao Y, Yamano Y, Morishima I. Beta-1,3-glucan inducible expression of prophenoloxidase-activating proteinase from eri-silkworm, Samia cynthia ricini. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2007; 147:45-8. [PMID: 17307003 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2006.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2006] [Revised: 12/13/2006] [Accepted: 12/14/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A cDNA clone encoding possible prophenoloxidase-activating serine protease (PAP) was isolated by screening the cDNA library from immunized larval fat body of the wild silkmoth, Samia cynthia ricini. The cDNA encodes a 438 amino acid open reading frame with a predicted 20 residue signal peptide. Samia PAP has high sequence similarity to Bombyx mori and Manduca sexta PAPs, which contain two amino terminal clip domains followed by a carboxyl-terminal catalytic domain. The expression of the gene was barely detectable in the fat body of naive larvae, but induced after injection of the larvae with beta-1,3-glucans or bacterial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyuan Bao
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
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Bao Y, Yamano Y, Morishima I. Induction of hemolin gene expression by bacterial cell wall components in eri-silkworm, Samia cynthia ricini. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2007; 146:147-51. [PMID: 17126583 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2006.10.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2006] [Revised: 10/03/2006] [Accepted: 10/10/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A cDNA clone encoding hemolin was isolated from fat body of immunized Samia cynthia ricini larvae based on subtractive suppression hybridization method. The cDNA encodes 413 amino acid residue open reading frame with an 18 residue predicted signal peptide. The expression of the gene was strongly induced in fat body and midgut by an injection of bacterial cells or peptidoglycans, but very weakly by lipopolysaccharide. The mRNA expression in the fat body was detected as early as 3 h post-injection, and reached the peak level at 12 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyuan Bao
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
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Hu Y, Aksoy S. An antimicrobial peptide with trypanocidal activity characterized from Glossina morsitans morsitans. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2005; 35:105-115. [PMID: 15681221 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2004.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2004] [Accepted: 10/05/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Tsetse flies (Diptera:Glossinidae) are vectors of African trypanosomes, the protozoan agents of devastating diseases in humans and animals. Prior studies in trypanosome infected Glossina morsitans morsitans have shown induced expression and synthesis of several antimicrobial peptides in fat body tissue. Here, we have expressed one of these peptides, Attacin (GmAttA1) in Drosophila (S2) cells in vitro. We show that the purified recombinant protein (recGmAttA1) has strong antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli-K12, but not against the enteric gram-negative symbiont of tsetse, Sodalis glossinidius. The recGmAttA1 also demonstrated inhibitory effects against both the mammalian bloodstream form and the insect stage Trypanosoma brucei in vitro (minimal inhibitory concentration MIC50 0.075 microM). When blood meals were supplemented with purified recGmAttA1 during the course of parasite infection, the prevalence of trypanosome infections in tsetse midgut was significantly reduced. Feeding fertile females GmAttA1 did not affect the fecundity or the longevity of mothers, nor did it affect the hatchability of their offspring. We discuss a paratransgenic strategy, which involves the expression of trypanocidal molecules such as recGmAttA1 in the midgut symbiont Sodalis in vivo to reduce trypanosome transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youjia Hu
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Section of Vector Biology, Yale University, School of Medicine, 60 College St., 606 LEPH, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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Bao Y, Yamano Y, Morishima I. A novel lebocin-like gene from eri-silkworm, Samia cynthia ricini, that does not encode the antibacterial peptide lebocin. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2005; 140:127-31. [PMID: 15621517 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2004.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2004] [Revised: 09/28/2004] [Accepted: 09/28/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A cDNA clone with homology to lebocin gene was isolated from fat body of immunized Samia cynthia ricini larvae. The cDNA has an open reading frame encoding 162 amino acid residues. The deduced amino acid sequence shows significant homology to lebocin precursor proteins from Bombyx mori and Trichoplusia ni only in the "prosegment" region, but no homology to mature lebocin, a proline-rich antibacterial peptide, indicating the protein is not a precursor for lebocin antibacterial peptide. Northern analysis indicates that transcript of the lebocin-like gene is not detected in any tissues of naive larvae, but induced mainly in fat body after injection of the larvae with bacterial cells or cell wall components, such as peptidoglycan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyuan Bao
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Koyama, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
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Bao Y, Mega K, Yamano Y, Morishima I. cDNA cloning and expression of bacteria-induced Hdd11 gene from eri-silkworm, Samia cynthia ricini. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2003; 136:337-42. [PMID: 15012905 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2003.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2003] [Revised: 10/20/2003] [Accepted: 10/21/2003] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A cDNA clone encoding Hdd11 protein, a bacteria-induced protein of unknown function, was isolated from fat body of immunized Samia cynthia ricini larvae based on suppression subtractive hybridization. The cDNA encodes a 167 amino acid residue open reading frame with an 18 residue predicted signal peptide. The deduced amino acid sequence showed 54% and 55% identity with Hdd11 proteins from Hyphantria cunea and Manduca sexta, respectively. Expression of the gene was undetectable in naive larvae when measured by Northern blot hybridization, but strongly induced in fat body after injecting bacterial cells or peptidoglycan into the larvae. The mRNA expression in the fat body was detected as early as 3 h post injection, reached peak levels at 12 h and continued for further 60 h at significant levels. The transcript was detected at very low levels in midgut, hemocytes and malpighian tubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyuan Bao
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Tottori University, Koyama, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
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