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Ito-Harashima S, Matsuura M, Kawanishi M, Nakagawa Y, Yagi T. New reporter gene assays for detecting natural and synthetic molting hormone agonists using yeasts expressing ecdysone receptors of various insects. FEBS Open Bio 2017; 7:995-1008. [PMID: 28680812 PMCID: PMC5494300 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Synthetic nonsteroidal ecdysone agonists, a class of insect growth regulators (IGRs), target the ecdysone receptor (EcR), which forms a heterodimer with ultraspiracle (USP) to transactivate ecdysone response genes. These compounds have high binding affinities to the EcR–USP complexes of certain insects and their toxicity is selective for certain taxonomic orders. In the present study, we developed reporter gene assay (RGA) systems to detect molting hormone (ecdysone) activity by introducing EcR–USP cDNA and a bacterial lacZ reporter gene into yeast. EcR and USP were derived from the insect species of three different taxonomic orders: Drosophila melanogaster (Diptera), Chilo suppressalis (Lepidoptera), and Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Coleoptera). Transcriptional coactivator taiman (Tai) cDNA cloned from D. melanogaster was also used in this RGA system. This yeast RGA system responded to various EcR ligands in a dose‐dependent and ecdysteroid‐specific manner. Furthermore, the insect order‐selective ligand activities of synthetic nonsteroidal ecdysone agonists were linearly related to their binding activities, which were measured against in vitro translated EcR–USP complexes. Our newly established yeast RGA is useful for screening new molting hormone agonists that work selectively on target insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayoko Ito-Harashima
- Department of Biology Graduate School of Science Osaka Prefecture University Sakai Osaka Japan
| | - Mai Matsuura
- Department of Biology Graduate School of Science Osaka Prefecture University Sakai Osaka Japan
| | - Masanobu Kawanishi
- Department of Biology Graduate School of Science Osaka Prefecture University Sakai Osaka Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Nakagawa
- Division of Applied Life Sciences Graduate School of Agriculture Kyoto University Sakyo-ku Kyoto Japan
| | - Takashi Yagi
- Department of Biology Graduate School of Science Osaka Prefecture University Sakai Osaka Japan.,Department of Life Science Dongguk University Biomedical Campus Goyang Gyeonggi-do South Korea
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Cao J, Liu Y, Yang Y, Zhang H, Li Z, Yang Q, Zhang S, Zhang Q, Liu X. Molecular characterization and functional analysis of the ultraspiracle (USP) in the oriental fruit moth Grapholita molesta (Lepidoptera: Olethreutidae). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 190:54-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2015.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Lv J, Feng L, Bao Z, Guo H, Zhang Y, Jiao W, Zhang L, Wang S, He Y, Hu X. Molecular characterization of RXR (Retinoid X Receptor) gene isoforms from the bivalve species Chlamys farreri. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74290. [PMID: 24066133 PMCID: PMC3774650 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bivalves are among the oldest classes of invertebrates, and they exhibit diverse types of sexual patterning. However, our current understanding of the mechanisms of sex determination and differentiation in bivalves remains very limited. The retinoid X receptors (RXRs), which are members of the nuclear receptor family, are involved in sex differentiation in many organisms. Results In the present study, four full-length RXR-encoding cDNAs (CfRXRs) named CfRXRa, CfRXRb, CfRXRc and CfRXRd were retrieved from Zhikong scallop (Chlamys farreri). The four RXRs exhibited the conserved five-domain structure of nuclear receptor superfamily members and differed from each other only in the T-box of the C domain. The three variants, designated T (+4), T (+20) and T (+24), contained insertions of 4, 20 and 24 amino acids, respectively. The entire CfRXR gene is composed of eight exons and seven introns, and the four isoforms are generated via alternative mRNA splicing. Expression analysis showed that all four isoforms were expressed in both the testis and the ovary during the differentiation stage, whereas no expression was detected in the growth, mature or resting stages. This result suggests that CfRXRs are involved in germ cell differentiation in both sexes. The expression of the four isoforms was also detected in other tissues examined, including mantle, gill, digestive gland, and adductor muscle of sexually mature male and female Zhikong scallops, implying the multiple biological functions of CfRXRs. Conclusion Our study presents the first report of RXR isoforms in bivalves. Further investigation of the functional roles of different RXR isoforms may provide deep insights into the regulatory mechanism of sex differentiation in C. farreri.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Lv
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (MGB), Ministry of Education, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Liying Feng
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (MGB), Ministry of Education, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhenmin Bao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (MGB), Ministry of Education, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Huihui Guo
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (MGB), Ministry of Education, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Yueyue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (MGB), Ministry of Education, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Wenqian Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (MGB), Ministry of Education, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Lingling Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (MGB), Ministry of Education, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Shi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (MGB), Ministry of Education, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Yan He
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (MGB), Ministry of Education, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- * E-mail: (YH); (XH)
| | - Xiaoli Hu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (MGB), Ministry of Education, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- * E-mail: (YH); (XH)
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Raingeard D, Bilbao E, Cancio I, Cajaraville MP. Retinoid X receptor (RXR), estrogen receptor (ER) and other nuclear receptors in tissues of the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis: Cloning and transcription pattern. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2013; 165:178-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2013.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Tang B, Dong W, Liang P, Zhou X, Gao X. Cloning, ligand-binding, and temporal expression of ecdysteroid receptors in the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella. BMC Mol Biol 2012; 13:32. [PMID: 23078528 PMCID: PMC3568735 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2199-13-32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), is a devastating pest of cruciferous crops worldwide, and has developed resistance to a wide range of insecticides, including diacylhydrazine-based ecdysone agonists, a highly selective group of molt-accelerating biopesticides targeting the ecdysone receptors. Result In this study, we cloned and characterized the ecdysone receptors from P. xylostella, including the two isoforms of EcR and a USP. Sequence comparison and phylogenetic analysis showed striking conservations among insect ecdysone receptors, especially between P. xylostella and other lepidopterans. The binding affinity of ecdysteroids to in vitro-translated receptor proteins indicated that PxEcRB isoform bound specifically to ponasterone A, and the binding affinity was enhanced by co-incubation with PxUSP (Kd =3.0±1.7 nM). In contrast, PxEcRA did not bind to ponasterone A, even in the presence of PxUSP. The expression of PxEcRB were consistently higher than that of PxEcRA across each and every developmental stage, while the pattern of PxUSP expression is more or less ubiquitous. Conclusions Target site insensitivity, in which the altered binding of insecticides (ecdysone agonists) to their targets (ecdysone receptors) leads to an adaptive response (resistance), is one of the underlying mechanisms of diacylhydrazine resistance. Given the distinct differences at expression level and the ligand-binding capacity, we hypothesis that PxEcRB is the ecdysone receptor that controls the remodeling events during metamorphosis. More importantly, PxEcRB is the potential target site which is modified in the ecdysone agonist-resistant P. xylostella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baozhen Tang
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Abstract
The molting process in arthropods is regulated by steroid hormones acting via nuclear receptor proteins. The most common molting hormone is the ecdysteroid, 20-hydroxyecdysone. The receptors of 20-hydroxyecdysone have also been identified in many arthropod species, and the amino acid sequences determined. The functional molting hormone receptors consist of two members of the nuclear receptor superfamily, namely the ecdysone receptor and the ultraspiracle, although the ecdysone receptor may be functional, in some instances, without the ultraspiracle. Generally, the ecdysone receptor/ultraspiracle heterodimer binds to a number of ecdysone response elements, sequence motifs that reside in the promoter of various ecdysteroid-responsive genes. In the ensuing transcriptional induction, the ecdysone receptor/ultraspiracle complex binds to 20-hydroxyecdysone or to a cognate ligand that, in turn, leads to the release of a corepressor and the recruitment of coactivators. 3D structures of the ligand-binding domains of the ecdysone receptor and the ultraspiracle have been solved for a few insect species. Ecdysone agonists bind to ecdysone receptors specifically, and ligand-ecdysone receptor binding is enhanced in the presence of the ultraspiracle in insects. The basic mode of ecdysteroid receptor action is highly conserved, but substantial functional differences exist among the receptors of individual species. Even though the transcriptional effects are apparently similar for ecdysteroids and nonsteroidal compounds such as diacylhydrazines, the binding shapes are different between them. The compounds having the strongest binding affinity to receptors ordinarily have strong molting hormone activity. The ability of the ecdysone receptor/ultraspiracle complex to manifest the effects of small lipophilic agonists has led to their use as gene switches for medical and agricultural applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Nakagawa
- Division of Applied Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
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Horigane M, Ogihara K, Nakajima Y, Taylor D. Isolation and expression of the retinoid X receptor from last instar nymphs and adult females of the soft tick Ornithodoros moubata (Acari: Argasidae). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2008; 156:298-311. [PMID: 18342313 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2008.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2007] [Revised: 12/20/2007] [Accepted: 01/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Retinoid X receptors (RXR) exist broadly from invertebrates to vertebrates, and play essential roles in physiological processes of these organisms. In arthropods, RXRs form a complex with the ecdysteroid receptor (EcR) and ecdysteroids to mediate the regulation of ecdysis and reproduction. Compared to EcR, RXR and its homologue ultraspiracle (USP) are much less well understood. Therefore, we identified RXR of the soft tick Ornithodoros moubata (OmRXR) and used real-time PCR to examine the expression of OmRXR. This is the first report of RXR from a soft tick. OmRXR showed higher homology to hard tick, crustacean and vertebrate RXRs than insect RXRs and USPs. OmRXR expression was observed during molting in the last instar nymphs coinciding with EcR expression and increases in ecdysteroid titers. Tick vitellogenesis normally occurs soon after engorgement and OmRXR expression coinciding with EcR expression and ecdysteroid titers in engorged females occurred before vitellogenin (Vg) synthesis and egg maturation. The ecdysteroid/EcR/RXR complex appears to be important in the regulation of molting and vitellogenesis of soft ticks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Horigane
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Nakagawa Y, Sakai A, Magata F, Ogura T, Miyashita M, Miyagawa H. Molecular cloning of the ecdysone receptor and the retinoid X receptor from the scorpion Liocheles australasiae. FEBS J 2008; 274:6191-203. [PMID: 18028192 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2007.06139.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
cDNAs of the ecdysone receptor and the retinoid X receptor were cloned from the Japanese scorpion Liocheles australasiae, and the amino acid sequences were deduced. The full-length cDNA sequences of the L. australasiae ecdysone receptor and the L. australasiae retinoid X receptor were 2881 and 1977 bp in length, respectively, and the open reading frames encoded proteins of 560 and 414 amino acids. The amino acid sequence of the L. australasiae ecdysone receptor was similar to that of the ecdysone receptor-A of the soft tick, Ornithodoros moubata (68%) and to that of the ecdysone receptor-A1 of the lone star tick, Amblyomma americanum (66%), but showed lower similarity to the ecdysone receptors of Orthoptera and Coleoptera (53-57%). The primary sequence of the ligand-binding region of the L. australasiae ecdysone receptor was highly homologous to that of ticks (85-86%). The amino acid sequence of the L. australasiae retinoid X receptor was also homologous to the amino acid sequence of ultraspiracles of ticks (63%) and insects belonging to the orders Orthoptera and Coleoptera (60-64%). The identity of both the L. australasiae ecdysone receptor and the L. australasiae retinoid X receptor to their lepidopteran and dipteran orthologs was less than 50%. The cDNAs of both the L. australasiae ecdysone receptor (L. australasiae ecdysone receptor-A) and the L. australasiae retinoid X receptor were successfully translated in vitro using a rabbit reticulocyte lysate system. An ecdysone analog, ponasterone A, bound to L. australasiae ecdysone receptor-A (K(D) = 4.2 nM), but not to L. australasiae retinoid X receptor. The L. australasiae retinoid X receptor did not enhance the binding of ponasterone A to L. australasiae ecdysone receptor-A, although L. australasiae retinoid X receptor was necessary for the binding of L. australasiae ecdysone receptor-A to ecdysone response elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Nakagawa
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
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Shirai H, Kamimura M, Fujiwara H. Characterization of core promoter elements for ecdysone receptor isoforms of the silkworm, Bombyx mori. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2007; 16:253-64. [PMID: 17298552 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2583.2006.00722.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Two ecdysone receptor (EcR) isoforms, EcR-A and EcR-B1, are expressed in a tissue- and stage-specific manner, although the details of their transcription mechanisms are unknown. We determined the transcription start sites of EcR-A and EcR-B1 isoforms of Bombyx mori and found that both core promoter regions consist of initiator (Inr) and downstream promoter elements (DPE) but not TATA boxes. Promoter truncation analysis performed using the luciferase reporter assays and BmN cells showed that, in both isoforms, the regions -296 to -74 for BmEcR-B1, -104 to -61 for BmEcR-A and downstream regions of +1 are essential for basal transcriptional activity. Mutation experiments revealed that both DPE and its 5'-flanking CGCGCG sequence are crucial but DPE of BmEcR-B1 is not important for BmEcR-A transcription. These results indicate that the basal promoter activities differ between the two BmEcR isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Shirai
- Department of Integrated Biosciences Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
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Kim HW, Lee SG, Mykles DL. Ecdysteroid-responsive genes, RXR and E75, in the tropical land crab, Gecarcinus lateralis: differential tissue expression of multiple RXR isoforms generated at three alternative splicing sites in the hinge and ligand-binding domains. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2005; 242:80-95. [PMID: 16150535 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2005.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2005] [Revised: 07/26/2005] [Accepted: 08/03/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In order to study the potential role of the steroid molting hormone (20-hydroxyecdysone) in regulating molt-induced claw muscle atrophy, full-length cDNAs encoding retinoid-X receptor (Gl-RXR) and E75 early ecdysone inducible gene (Gl-E75) were obtained from land crab (Gecarcinus lateralis) skeletal muscle mRNA using RT-PCR and 3' and 5' RACE. Gl-E75A (3528bp), which encoded a protein of 828 amino acids, had highest sequence identity to Me-E75A from a shrimp (Metapenaeus ensis). It was expressed in skeletal muscle and gonads. The deduced amino acid sequence of Gl-RXR was highly similar to that of the fiddler crab RXR (Up-RXR) and insect ultraspiracle (USP). Nine variant sequences occurred in Gl-RXR mRNAs at three alternative splicing sites, one in the "T box" in the linker D domain and two in the ligand-binding domain (LBD). The three T-box variants, termed T(+8), T(+7), and T(+12), contained insertions of 8, 7, or 12 amino acids, respectively. Four variants were generated at the first site in the LBD. Two of the LBD site 1 variants differed in the presence (+33) or absence (-33) of a 33-amino acid sequence; the other two were LBD truncations with or without the 33 amino acid sequence (+33DeltaE/F and -33DeltaE/F, respectively). Two variants differing in the presence (+35) or absence (-35) of a 35-amino acid sequence were generated at the second site in the LBD. The Gl-RXRa isoform (1516 bp) with the longest open reading frame (+12/+33/+35) encoded a protein of 436 amino acids. Thoracic muscle expressed only isoforms with the T(+12) sequence. In contrast, claw muscle expressed isoforms with T(+7) or T(+12) and fewer isoforms with T(+8). Ovary and testis expressed a greater number of RXR isoforms than skeletal muscle. All tissues expressed full-length and truncated RXR isoforms. These data suggest that differences in response of claw and thoracic muscles to elevated ecdysteroid are due in part to differences in the expression of RXR isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Woo Kim
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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Ogura T, Minakuchi C, Nakagawa Y, Smagghe G, Miyagawa H. Molecular cloning, expression analysis and functional confirmation of ecdysone receptor and ultraspiracle from the Colorado potato beetle Leptinotarsa decemlineata. FEBS J 2005; 272:4114-28. [PMID: 16098194 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2005.04823.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
cDNA cloning of ecdysone receptor (EcR) and ultraspiracle (USP) of the coleopteran Colorado potato beetle Leptinotarsa decemlineata (LdEcR and LdUSP) was conducted. Amino-acid sequences of the proteins deduced from cDNA sequences showed striking homology to those of other insects, especially the coleopteran yellow mealworm Tenebrio molitor. Northern hybridization analysis showed a 12.4-kb message for the LdEcR A-isoform, a 10.5-kb message for the LdEcR B1-isoform and a 5.7-kb message for the LdUSP, in fat body, gut, integument, testis and ovaries. In developmental profile studies, expression of both the LdEcR and LdUSP transcript in integument changed dramatically. In gel mobility shift assays, in vitro translated LdEcR alone bound weakly to the pal1 ecdysone response element, although LdUSP alone did not, and this binding was dramatically enhanced by the addition of LdUSP. LdEcR/LdUSP complex also showed significant binding to an ecdysone agonist, ponasterone A (K(D) = 2.8 nm), while LdEcR alone showed only weak binding (K(D) = 73.4 nm), and LdUSP alone did not show any binding. The receptor-binding affinity of various ecdysone agonists to LdEcR/LdUSP was not correlated to their larvicidal activity to L. decemlineata. From these results, it was suggested that multiple factors including the receptor binding affinity are related to the determination of the larvicidal activity of nonsteroidal ecdysone agonists in L. decemlineata.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Blotting, Northern
- Cloning, Molecular
- Coleoptera
- DNA, Complementary
- Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
- Ligands
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Protein Binding
- Protein Biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Receptors, Steroid/agonists
- Receptors, Steroid/chemistry
- Receptors, Steroid/genetics
- Receptors, Steroid/metabolism
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehiko Ogura
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Japan
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Abstract
Nonsteroidal ecdysone agonists are novel compounds that have become attractive candidates not only as pest control agents in agriculture but also as tools for research. Their narrow spectrum of activity makes them relatively safe as pesticides, and their mode of action as ligands for gene expression has found application in gene therapy and inducing transgenic gene expression in plants. These diacylhydrazines (DAHs) are potent nonsteroidal ecdysone agonists, and four of them, tebufenozide, methoxyfenozide, chromafenozide, and halofenozide, have been developed as insecticides. Although these compounds are very toxic to insects, they are safe for mammals and are environmentally benign. Their action on insects is also selective, the first three are effective against Lepidoptera but weakly active or inactive on Diptera and Coleoptera. On the other hand, halofenozide is effective on Coleoptera but mildly active on Lepidoptera. Previous reviews on ecdysone agonists have concentrated on the biological response of some DAHs and their effects on pests. In this review, the chemistry, biological effects and their modes of action at the molecular level will be covered. In addition, a few studies on other nonsteroidal ecdysone agonists, such as 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-N-iso-butylbenzamide, acylaminoketones, and benzoyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolines, will be briefly reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Nakagawa
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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Barchuk AR, Maleszka R, Simões ZLP. Apis mellifera ultraspiracle: cDNA sequence and rapid up-regulation by juvenile hormone. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2004; 13:459-467. [PMID: 15373804 DOI: 10.1111/j.0962-1075.2004.00506.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Two hormones, 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) and juvenile hormone (JH) are key regulators of insect development including the differentiation of the alternative caste phenotypes of social insects. In addition, JH plays a different role in adult honey bees, acting as a 'behavioural pacemaker'. The functional receptor for 20E is a heterodimer consisting of the ecdysone receptor and ultraspiracle (USP) whereas the identity of the JH receptor remains unknown. We have cloned and sequenced a cDNA encoding Apis mellifera ultraspiracle (AMUSP) and examined its responses to JH. A rapid, but transient up-regulation of the AMUSP messenger is observed in the fat bodies of both queens and workers. AMusp appears to be a single copy gene that produces two transcripts ( approximately 4 and approximately 5 kb) that are differentially expressed in the animal's body. The predicted AMUSP protein shows greater sequence similarity to its orthologues from the vertebrate-crab-tick-locust group than to the dipteran-lepidopteran group. These characteristics and the rapid up-regulation by JH suggest that some of the USP functions in the honey bee may depend on ligand binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Barchuk
- Departamento de Genética, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil.
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Minakuchi C, Nakagawa Y, Kamimura M, Miyagawa H. Binding affinity of nonsteroidal ecdysone agonists against the ecdysone receptor complex determines the strength of their molting hormonal activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003; 270:4095-104. [PMID: 14519121 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1033.2003.03801.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
N-tert-Butyl-N,N'-dibenzoylhydrazine and its analogs are nonsteroidal ecdysone agonists that exhibit insect molting hormonal and larvicidal activities. The interaction mode of those ecdysone agonists with the heterodimer of the ecdysone receptor and ultraspiracle has not been fully elucidated. We expressed the ecdysone receptor B1 and the ultraspiracle of the lepidopteran, Chilo suppressalis, using an in vitro transcription/translation system and confirmed, using gel-shift assays, that the proteins function as ecdysone receptors. We also analyzed their ligand-binding affinity. A potent ecdysteroid, ponasterone A, specifically bound to the ecdysone receptor with low affinity (KD = 55 nm), and the specific binding was dramatically increased (KD = 1.2 nm) in the presence of the ultraspiracle. For seven nonsteroidal ecdysone agonists and five ecdysteroids, the binding activity to the in vitro-translated ecdysone receptor-ultraspiracle complex was linearly correlated with the binding activity to the inherent receptor protein in the cell-free preparation of C. suppressalis integument. The binding to the ecdysone receptor-ultraspiracle complex for a series of compounds was highly correlated with their molting hormonal activity, indicating that the binding affinity of nonsteroidal ecdysone agonists to the ecdysone receptor-ultraspiracle complex primarily determines the strength of their molting hormonal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chieka Minakuchi
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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