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Campbell RG, Zadro JR, Gamble AR, Chan CL, Mackey MG, Osie G, Png LH, Douglas RG, Pappas E. Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders in Endoscopic Sinus and Skull Base Surgery: A Systematic Review With Meta-analysis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2024. [PMID: 38971976 DOI: 10.1002/ohn.892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Endoscopic sinus and skull base surgery has led to significant improvements in patient outcomes, yet may have come at a cost to surgeons' musculoskeletal (MSK) health. We aimed to determine the prevalence and characteristics of work-related MSK disorders (WRMDs) in endoscopic sinus and skull base surgeons; to investigate contributing factors for WRMD in this population; and to evaluate the effectiveness of ergonomic interventions on the severity or prevalence of WRMD in this population. DATA SOURCES Medline, Embase, CINAHL, Web of Science, and Scopus from inception to April 2, 2024. A bibliographic examination was performed for further papers. REVIEW METHODS Inclusion criteria included original peer-reviewed papers with work-related MSK outcomes (prevalence, contributing factors, and interventions) relating to endoscopic sinus and/or skull base surgeons in any language. RESULTS Of 25,772 unique citations, 37 studies met the inclusion criteria. The pooled lifetime, point, and 12-month prevalences of WRMD were 75.9% (95% confidence interval; I2, 67.2%-83.6%, I2 95.6%), 80.8% (77.0%-84.3%, I2 98.0%), and 82.0% (71.8%-90.3%, I2 60.96%) respectively. The neck, lumbar spine, and thoracic spine were the most commonly involved areas. One of 9 studies on contributing factors investigated discomfort as an outcome. The remainder focussed on surrogate outcomes (eg, posture, hand dysfunction). Two of the 13 intervention studies investigated pain or fatigue as an outcome. The remainder targeted posture, muscle activity, or workload. CONCLUSION WRMDs are highly prevalent in endoscopic sinus and skull base surgeons. Further studies focusing on the direct outcomes of WRMD such as pain are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raewyn G Campbell
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, New South Wales, Australia
- Rhinology and Skull Base Research Group, Applied Medical Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Joshua R Zadro
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney School of Public Health, Sydney Musculoskeletal Health and Institute for Musculoskeletal Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andrew R Gamble
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Cliffton L Chan
- Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Martin G Mackey
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Gabriel Osie
- Rhinology and Skull Base Research Group, Applied Medical Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Lu Hui Png
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Richard G Douglas
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Surgery, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Evangelos Pappas
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
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Papin LJ, Esche M, Scanlon JEM, Jacobsen NSJ, Debener S. Investigating cognitive-motor effects during slacklining using mobile EEG. Front Hum Neurosci 2024; 18:1382959. [PMID: 38818032 PMCID: PMC11137308 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2024.1382959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Balancing is a very important skill, supporting many daily life activities. Cognitive-motor interference (CMI) dual-tasking paradigms have been established to identify the cognitive load of complex natural motor tasks, such as running and cycling. Here we used wireless, smartphone-recorded electroencephalography (EEG) and motion sensors while participants were either standing on firm ground or on a slackline, either performing an auditory oddball task (dual-task condition) or no task simultaneously (single-task condition). We expected a reduced amplitude and increased latency of the P3 event-related potential (ERP) component to target sounds for the complex balancing compared to the standing on ground condition, and a further decrease in the dual-task compared to the single-task balancing condition. Further, we expected greater postural sway during slacklining while performing the concurrent auditory attention task. Twenty young, experienced slackliners performed an auditory oddball task, silently counting rare target tones presented in a series of frequently occurring standard tones. Results revealed similar P3 topographies and morphologies during both movement conditions. Contrary to our predictions we observed neither significantly reduced P3 amplitudes, nor significantly increased latencies during slacklining. Unexpectedly, we found greater postural sway during slacklining with no additional task compared to dual-tasking. Further, we found a significant correlation between the participant's skill level and P3 latency, but not between skill level and P3 amplitude or postural sway. This pattern of results indicates an interference effect for less skilled individuals, whereas individuals with a high skill level may have shown a facilitation effect. Our study adds to the growing field of research demonstrating that ERPs obtained in uncontrolled, daily-life situations can provide meaningful results. We argue that the individual CMI effects on the P3 ERP reflects how demanding the balancing task is for untrained individuals, which draws on limited resources that are otherwise available for auditory attention processing. In future work, the analysis of concurrently recorded motion-sensor signals will help to identify the cognitive demands of motor tasks executed in natural, uncontrolled environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara J. Papin
- Neuropsychology Lab, Department of Psychology, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Manik Esche
- Neuropsychology Lab, Department of Psychology, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Joanna E. M. Scanlon
- Neuropsychology Lab, Department of Psychology, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
- Oldenburg Branch for Hearing, Speech and Audio Technology (HSA), Fraunhofer Institute for Digital Media Technology (IDMT), Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Nadine S. J. Jacobsen
- Neuropsychology Lab, Department of Psychology, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Debener
- Neuropsychology Lab, Department of Psychology, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
- Oldenburg Branch for Hearing, Speech and Audio Technology (HSA), Fraunhofer Institute for Digital Media Technology (IDMT), Oldenburg, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Hearing4all, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
- Center for Neurosensory Science and Systems, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
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Mirando M, Penati R, Godi M, Giardini M, Nardone A. The Effect of Upright Stance and Vision on a Cognitive Task in Elderly Subjects and Patients with Parkinson's Disease. Brain Sci 2024; 14:305. [PMID: 38671957 PMCID: PMC11047827 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14040305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Standing compared to sitting enhances cognitive performance in healthy subjects. The effect of stance on cognitive performance has been addressed here in patients with Parkinson's disease (PwPD). We hypothesized that a simple cognitive task would be less enhanced in PwPD by standing with respect to sitting, because of a larger cognitive effort for maintenance of standing posture than in healthy subjects. We recruited 40 subjects (20 PwPD and 20 age-matched healthy subjects, HE). Each participant performed an arithmetic task (backward counting aloud by 7) in two postural states, sitting and standing, with eyes open (EO) and with eyes closed (EC). All trials lasted 60 s and were randomized across subjects and conditions. The number of correct subtractions per trial was an index of counting efficiency and the ratio of correct subtractions to total subtractions was an index of accuracy. All conditions collapsed, the efficiency of the cognitive task was significantly lower in PwPD than HE, whilst accuracy was affected to a lower extent. Efficiency significantly improved from sitting to standing in HE under both visual conditions whilst only with EO in PwPD. Accuracy was not affected by posture or vision in either group. We suggest that standing, compared to sitting, increases arousal, thus improving the cognitive performance in HE. Conversely, in PwPD this improvement was present only with vision, possibly due to their greater balance impairment with EC consuming an excess of attentional resources. These findings have implications for balance control and the risk of falling in PwPD in the absence of visual cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Mirando
- Department of Clinical-Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (M.M.); (R.P.)
| | - Rachele Penati
- Department of Clinical-Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (M.M.); (R.P.)
| | - Marco Godi
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Unit of Veruno Institute, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, 28010 Veruno, Italy; (M.G.); (M.G.)
| | - Marica Giardini
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Unit of Veruno Institute, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, 28010 Veruno, Italy; (M.G.); (M.G.)
| | - Antonio Nardone
- Department of Clinical-Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (M.M.); (R.P.)
- Centro Studi Attività Motorie and Neurorehabilitation and Spinal Units of Pavia Institute, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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Yang J, Yan S, Cao C. Different Dual-Task Paradigm Reduce Postural Control Ability and Dynamic Stability of Healthy Young Adults during Stair Descent. Appl Bionics Biomech 2024; 2024:9942042. [PMID: 38501124 PMCID: PMC10948222 DOI: 10.1155/2024/9942042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to compare the impacts of different dual-task paradigms on the postural control ability and dynamic stability of the youth during stair descent. Method Twenty young adults without regular exercise habits were randomly recruited to perform stair descent tasks with three different paradigms: single-task, cognitive dual-task, and manual dual-task. Kinematic and dynamic data were collected using an 8 Vicon motion analysis system and a Kistler force plate to evaluate postural control ability and dynamic stability during stair descent. Results The variation trends of lower limb joint moment were similar under the three task models. Compared with a single-task, both dual-task paradigms significantly reduced the mechanical parameters and dynamic stability during stair descent. Conclusion The dual-task paradigm increases the risk of stair-related falls. Both cognitive and manual tasks have similar impacts on postural control ability and dynamic stability during stair walking. It is recommended that people avoid performing dual tasks during stair descent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiankang Yang
- Department of Physical Education, College of Sports and Arts, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Shifang Yan
- Department of Wushu, Hebei Sport University, Shijiazhuang 050000, Hebei, China
| | - Chuanbao Cao
- Department of Wushu, Hebei Sport University, Shijiazhuang 050000, Hebei, China
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Campbell RG, Douglas RG, Zadro J, Gamble A, Chan CL, Mackey MG, Pappas E. Don't Just Stand There. Rethinking the Ideal Body Posture for Otorhinolaryngologists. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2024; 133:355-362. [PMID: 38044532 DOI: 10.1177/00034894231214035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Surgeons have a high rate of work-related musculoskeletal injuries; an area that has received little attention. These injuries result in surgeons performing less efficiently, needing to take time off work, suffering higher rates of burnout, and may ultimately lead surgeons to retire earlier than planned. Otorhinolaryngologists are at particular risk for work-related musculoskeletal injuries. Beyond the clinician, sustaining such injuries can negatively impact patient safety. Ergonomic interventions have been used effectively to reduce work-related musculoskeletal injuries in other professions, yet not in surgery. With traditional teachings of ideal body postures to avoid injury and manual handling training being re-evaluated, it is important to explore evidence based interventions for reducing work-related musculoskeletal injuries in otorhinolaryngologists. New research encourages us to shift the focus away from the traditional one-size-fits-all approach to ergonomics and toward postural recommendations and education that promote a dynamic, individualized approach to avoiding sustained, static and awkward postures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raewyn G Campbell
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, NSW, Australia
| | - Richard G Douglas
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Surgery, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Joshua Zadro
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrew Gamble
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Cliffton L Chan
- Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, NSW, Australia
| | - Martin G Mackey
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Evangelos Pappas
- Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
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Aghapour M, Affenzeller N, Peham C, Lutonsky C, Tichy A, Bockstahler B. Effect of Vision and Surface Slope on Postural Sway in Healthy Adults: A Prospective Cohort Study. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:227. [PMID: 38398736 PMCID: PMC10890291 DOI: 10.3390/life14020227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Postural stability requires an interaction between cognitive, perceptual, sensory, and motor functions. Thus, impairment in any of these systems may affect postural balance. This study assessed the effect of visual input and surface slope on postural stability. The study was conducted on healthy participants, 11 females and 11 males who were 24-34 years of age. They were asked to perform still upright bipedal standing on flat and +/-20° sloped surfaces with eyes open (EO) and closed (EC). Six center of pressure (COP) parameters were measured by posturography. A significant relationship was observed between COP parameters, standing conditions, and body mass index. Gender had no significant effect on the COP. The loss of visual input within each standing condition did not affect the COP parameters. In contrast, differences were observed between standing on a flat surface and uphill with EC and between standing on a flat surface and downhill with EC and EO. When the participants were standing on inclined surfaces, the loss of vision significantly increased the postural instability. Young healthy adults demonstrated the greatest difficulty in standing uphill with EC. This was followed by standing downhill with EC and standing downhill with EO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Aghapour
- Section of Physical Therapy, Small Animal Surgery, Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Nadja Affenzeller
- Section of Physical Therapy, Small Animal Surgery, Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- Clinical Unit of Internal Medicine Small Animals, Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Peham
- Movement Science Group, Equine Surgery, Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christiane Lutonsky
- Section of Physical Therapy, Small Animal Surgery, Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander Tichy
- Platform Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, Department for Biomedical Services, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Bockstahler
- Section of Physical Therapy, Small Animal Surgery, Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria
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Schlafly M, Prabhakar A, Popovic K, Schlafly G, Kim C, Murphey TD. Collaborative robots can augment human cognition in regret-sensitive tasks. PNAS NEXUS 2024; 3:pgae016. [PMID: 38725525 PMCID: PMC11079486 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Despite theoretical benefits of collaborative robots, disappointing outcomes are well documented by clinical studies, spanning rehabilitation, prostheses, and surgery. Cognitive load theory provides a possible explanation for why humans in the real world are not realizing the benefits of collaborative robots: high cognitive loads may be impeding human performance. Measuring cognitive availability using an electrocardiogram, we ask 25 participants to complete a virtual-reality task alongside an invisible agent that determines optimal performance by iteratively updating the Bellman equation. Three robots assist by providing environmental information relevant to task performance. By enabling the robots to act more autonomously-managing more of their own behavior with fewer instructions from the human-here we show that robots can augment participants' cognitive availability and decision-making. The way in which robots describe and achieve their objective can improve the human's cognitive ability to reason about the task and contribute to human-robot collaboration outcomes. Augmenting human cognition provides a path to improve the efficacy of collaborative robots. By demonstrating how robots can improve human cognition, this work paves the way for improving the cognitive capabilities of first responders, manufacturing workers, surgeons, and other future users of collaborative autonomy systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Millicent Schlafly
- Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Ahalya Prabhakar
- Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Katarina Popovic
- Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Geneva Schlafly
- Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Christopher Kim
- Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Todd D Murphey
- Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
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Maikos JT, Pruziner AL, Hendershot BD, Herlihy DV, Chomack JM, Hyre MJ, Phillips SL, Sidiropoulos AN, Dearth CL, Nelson LM. Effects of a Powered Ankle-Foot Prosthesis and Physical Therapy on Function for Individuals With Transfemoral Limb Loss: Rationale, Design, and Protocol for a Multisite Clinical Trial. JMIR Res Protoc 2024; 13:e53412. [PMID: 38277197 PMCID: PMC10858430 DOI: 10.2196/53412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Powered ankle-foot prosthetic devices can generate net positive mechanical work during gait, which mimics the physiological ankle. However, gait deviations can persist in individuals with transfemoral limb loss because of habit or lack of rehabilitation. Prosthetic research efforts favor the design or evaluation of prosthetic componentry and rarely incorporate any type of rehabilitation, despite evidence suggesting that it is critical for minimizing gait imbalances. Given the accelerated rate of innovation in prosthetics, there is a fundamental knowledge gap concerning how individuals with transfemoral limb loss should learn to correctly use powered ankle-foot devices for maximum functional benefit. Because of the recent advances in prosthetic technology, there is also a critical unmet need to develop guidelines for the prescription of advanced prosthetic devices that incorporate both physical and psychological components to identify appropriate candidates for advanced technology. OBJECTIVE The primary goal of this investigation is to examine the roles of advanced prosthetic technology and a device-specific rehabilitative intervention on gait biomechanics, functional efficacy, and pain in individuals with transfemoral limb loss. The secondary goal is to develop preliminary rehabilitation guidelines for advanced lower limb prosthetic devices to minimize gait imbalances and maximize function and to establish preliminary guidelines for powered ankle-foot prosthetic prescription. METHODS This prospective, multisite study will enroll 30 individuals with unilateral transfemoral limb loss. At baseline, participants will undergo a full gait analysis and assessment of function, neurocognition, cognitive load, subjective preferences, and pain using their current passive prosthesis. The participants will then be fitted with a powered ankle-foot device and randomized into 2 equal groups: a powered device with a device-specific rehabilitation intervention (group A) or a powered device with the current standard of practice (group B). Group A will undergo 4 weeks of device-specific rehabilitation. Group B will receive the current standard of practice, which includes basic device education but no further device-specific rehabilitation. Data collection procedures will then be repeated after 4 weeks and 8 weeks of powered ankle use. RESULTS This study was funded in September 2017. Enrollment began in September 2018. Data collection will conclude by March 2024. The initial dissemination of results is expected in August 2024. CONCLUSIONS The projected trends indicate that the number of individuals with limb loss will dramatically increase in the United States. The absence of effective, evidence-based interventions may make individuals with transfemoral limb loss more susceptible to increased secondary physical conditions and degenerative changes. With this expected growth, considerable resources will be required for prosthetic and rehabilitation services. Identifying potential mechanisms for correcting gait asymmetries, either through advanced prosthetic technology or rehabilitative interventions, can provide a benchmark for understanding the optimal treatment strategies for individuals with transfemoral limb loss. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03625921; https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03625921. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/53412.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason T Maikos
- Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York, NY, United States
| | - Alison L Pruziner
- Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, United States
- Extremity Trauma and Amputation Center of Excellence, Falls Church, VA, United States
- National Veterans Sports Programs and Special Events, Department of Veterans Affairs, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Brad D Hendershot
- Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, United States
- Extremity Trauma and Amputation Center of Excellence, Falls Church, VA, United States
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - David V Herlihy
- The Narrows Institute for Biomedical Research and Education, Brooklyn, NY, United States
| | - John M Chomack
- The Narrows Institute for Biomedical Research and Education, Brooklyn, NY, United States
| | - Michael J Hyre
- The Narrows Institute for Biomedical Research and Education, Brooklyn, NY, United States
| | | | | | - Christopher L Dearth
- Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, United States
- Extremity Trauma and Amputation Center of Excellence, Falls Church, VA, United States
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Leif M Nelson
- Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York, NY, United States
- Extremity Trauma and Amputation Center of Excellence, Falls Church, VA, United States
- National Veterans Sports Programs and Special Events, Department of Veterans Affairs, Washington, DC, United States
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Sansevere KS, MacVicar JA, Samuels DR, Yang AK, Johnson SK, Brunyé TT, Ward N. Balancing Act: Acute and Contextual Vestibular Sensations of Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation Using Survey and Sensor Outcomes in a Non-Clinical Sample. Brain Sci 2024; 14:87. [PMID: 38248302 PMCID: PMC10813998 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14010087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Cranial electrotherapy stimulation (CES) delivers low-intensity electrical currents to the brain to treat anxiety, depression, and pain. Though CES is considered safe and cost-effective, little is known about side effects emerging across different contexts. Our objective was to investigate how varying physical and cognitive demands impact the frequency and intensity of CES vestibular sensations in a sample of healthy young adults. We used a 2 (stimulation: sham, active) × 2 (physical demand: static sway, dynamic sit-to-stand) × 2 (cognitive demand: single-task remain silent, dual-task count backward) repeated measures design. Vestibular sensations were measured with surveys and wearable sensors capturing balance changes. Active stimulation did not influence reported vestibular sensations. Instead, high physical demand predicted more sensation reports. High cognitive demand, but not active stimulation, predicted postural sway unsteadiness. Significant effects of active stimulation on balance were observed only during the dynamic sit-to-stand transitions. In summary, CES induces vestibular sensations only for a specific outcome under certain circumstances. Our findings imply that consumers can safely maximize the benefits of CES while ensuring they are taking steps to minimize any potential side effects by considering their context and circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla S. Sansevere
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, 490 Boston Ave., Medford, MA 02155, USA (N.W.)
| | - Joel A. MacVicar
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, 490 Boston Ave., Medford, MA 02155, USA (N.W.)
| | - Daniel R. Samuels
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, 490 Boston Ave., Medford, MA 02155, USA (N.W.)
| | - Audrey K. Yang
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, 490 Boston Ave., Medford, MA 02155, USA (N.W.)
| | - Sara K. Johnson
- Eliot-Pearson Department of Child Study and Human Development, Tufts University, 105 College Ave., Medford, MA 02145, USA
| | - Tad T. Brunyé
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, 490 Boston Ave., Medford, MA 02155, USA (N.W.)
- U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command Soldier Center, 15 General Greene, Natick, MA 01760, USA
- Center for Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, 200 Boston Ave., Suite 1800, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Nathan Ward
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, 490 Boston Ave., Medford, MA 02155, USA (N.W.)
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Chen Y, Tang H, Wang Y, Jin C, Wang L, Miao W, Wang X. The effect of complex cognitive context on the dynamic stability during gait initiation in older women. Front Aging Neurosci 2024; 15:1342570. [PMID: 38274990 PMCID: PMC10808313 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1342570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Changes in cognitive control are considered potential factors affecting voluntary motor movements during gait initiation (GI). Simulating environments with higher cognitive resource demands have an effect on the stability of GI task performance, which is of significant importance for assessing fall risk in the older adults and devising fall risk management measures in multiple environments. This study aims to reveal the influence of complex cognitive competitive environment with increased cognitive demands on the dynamic stability during GI in the older women. Methods Twenty-three older females and twenty-three younger females performed walking tests under three conditions: voluntary initiation (SI), visual light reaction time task (LRT), and cognitive interference + visual light reaction time task (C + LRT). Eight cameras (Qualisys, Sweden, model: Oqus 600) and three force plates (Kistler, Switzerland, model: 9287C) are used to obtain kinematic and kinetic data. To recorde the trajectory of center of pressure (CoP) and the position of the foot placement, and compute the anterior-posterior (A-P) and medio-lateral (M-L) dynamic stability at the onset and end moments of the single-leg support by means of center of mass (CoM) and gait spatiotemporal parameters. Results Older women responded to the effect of complex environments involving cognitive competition on body stability by prolonging the lateral displacement time of the CoP during the anticipatory postural adjustments (APAs) phase, reducing step length and velocity, and increasing step width and foot inclination angle. Conclusion Complex initiation environments lead to competition for cognitive resources in the brain, resulting in decreased stability of GI motor control in older adults. The higher the complexity of the cognitive resource demands environment, the lower the stability of GI in older adults, and the greater the effect on their M-L stability at the onset of stepping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxia Chen
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
- Henan Sports Science and Technology Center (Henan Anti-Doping Center), Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Hongyuan Tang
- Henan Sports Science and Technology Center (Henan Anti-Doping Center), Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yuanxin Wang
- Henan Provincial Third People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Chunxia Jin
- Huanghe Science and Technology College, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Lihong Wang
- School of Physical Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | | | - Xiangdong Wang
- School of Physical Education, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
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Amara S, Al-Hadabi B, El-Ashkar H, Gmada N, Habacha H, Mkaouer B. Effect of dynamic balance on human mental rotation task in female badminton vs. volleyball players. Front Psychol 2024; 14:1338265. [PMID: 38274688 PMCID: PMC10808328 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1338265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The present study aims to compare the mental rotation performance between two non-contact sports (i.e., badminton and volleyball) in different upright conditions (i.e., with and without dynamic balance). Methods Thirty-five female sports and physical education students voluntarily participated in the experiment, including fourteen specialists in badminton and twenty-one specialists in volleyball. The experiment involved a mental body rotation task with or without balance exercises on a wobble board. Results Badminton players outperformed volleyball players in the mental rotation tasks regardless of balance. More interestingly, the results revealed an overall decrease in reaction times when participants performed balance exercises simultaneously with mental rotation. Discussion Our findings suggest that introducing dynamic balance on a wobble board has immediate beneficial effects on the mental rotation performance of female badminton and volleyball players. These findings are discussed in the context of sport specificities and cognitive processing framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samiha Amara
- Physical Education and Sport Sciences Department, College of Education, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
- Department of Individual Sports, Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Said, Manouba University, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Badria Al-Hadabi
- Physical Education and Sport Sciences Department, College of Education, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Heba El-Ashkar
- Physical Education and Sport Sciences Department, College of Education, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
- Department of Water Sports Training, Faculty of Physical Education for Girls, Helwan University, Helwan, Egypt
| | - Nabil Gmada
- Physical Education and Sport Sciences Department, College of Education, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Kef, University of Jendouba, El Kef, Tunisia
| | - Hamdi Habacha
- Department of Individual Sports, Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Said, Manouba University, Tunis, Tunisia
- Integrative Neuroscience and Cognition Center, Université de Paris, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Bessem Mkaouer
- Department of Individual Sports, Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Said, Manouba University, Tunis, Tunisia
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12
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Sax van der Weyden MN, Kearney JW, Cortes N, Fernandes O, Martin JR. Common law enforcement load carriage systems have limited acute effects on postural stability and muscle activity. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2023; 113:104091. [PMID: 37437354 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2023.104091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Law enforcement officers are inherently at a high risk of injury and the loads they must carry during their occupational duties further increase their injury risk. It is unknown how different methods of carrying a law enforcement officer's load influence factors related to injury risk. This study assessed the effects of common law enforcement load carriage systems on muscular activity and postural stability while standing. Twenty-four participants performed single and dual-task (i.e. concurrent performance of cognitive tasks) standing while wearing a duty belt, tactical vest, and no load. The postural stability and muscle activity were measured and effects of condition and task examined. Dual task standing decreased postural stability and increased muscular activity. The belt and vest (7.2 kg each) increased muscle activity compared to control for the right abdominals, low back, right thigh. The duty belt resulted in less muscle activity in the right abdominals but more muscle activity in the left multifidus compared to the control. The findings indicate that common law enforcement load carriage systems increase muscular activity but do not affect postural stability. However, the lack of differences between the duty belt and tactical vest did not provide clear support for one load carriage system versus the other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan N Sax van der Weyden
- Sports Medicine Assessment Research & Testing (SMART) Laboratory, VA, USA; School of Kinesiology, George Mason University, VA, USA.
| | - James W Kearney
- Sports Medicine Assessment Research & Testing (SMART) Laboratory, VA, USA; School of Kinesiology, George Mason University, VA, USA.
| | - Nelson Cortes
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation, and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Essex, England, UK; Department of Bioengineering. George Mason University, VA, USA.
| | - Orlando Fernandes
- School of Science and Technology, University of Évora, Évora, Portugal.
| | - Joel R Martin
- Sports Medicine Assessment Research & Testing (SMART) Laboratory, VA, USA; School of Kinesiology, George Mason University, VA, USA.
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13
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Melo RS, Cardeira CSF, Rezende DSA, Guimarães-do-Carmo VJ, Lemos A, de Moura-Filho AG. Effectiveness of the aquatic physical therapy exercises to improve balance, gait, quality of life and reduce fall-related outcomes in healthy community-dwelling older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0291193. [PMID: 37683025 PMCID: PMC10490910 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0291193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Opting to use aquatic or land-based physical therapy exercises to improve balance, gait, quality of life and reduce fall-related outcomes in community-dwelling older adults (CDOAs) is still a questionable clinical decision for physiotherapists. OBJECTIVE Assess the quality of evidence from randomized or quasi-randomized controlled trials that used aquatic physical therapy exercises to improve balance, gait, quality of life and reduce fall-related outcomes in CDOAs. METHODS Articles were surveyed in the following databases: MEDLINE/PubMed, EMBASE, SCOPUS, LILACS, Web of Science, CENTRAL (Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials), PEDro, CINAHL, SciELO and Google Scholar, published in any language, up to July 31, 2023. Two independent reviewers extracted the data and assessed evidence quality. The risk of bias of the trials was evaluated by the Cochrane tool and evidence quality by GRADE approach. Review Manager software was used to conduct the meta-analyses. RESULTS 3007 articles were identified in the searches, remaining 33 studies to be read in full, with 11 trials being eligible for this systematic review. The trials included presented low evidence quality for the balance, gait, quality of life and fear of falling. Land-based and aquatic physical therapy exercises improved the outcomes analyzed; however, aquatic physical therapy exercises were more effective in improving balance, gait, quality of life and reducing fear of falling in CDOAs. The meta-analysis showed that engaging in aquatic physical therapy exercises increases the functional reach, through of the anterior displacement of the center of pressure of CDOAs by 6.36cm, compared to land-based physical therapy exercises, assessed by the Functional Reach test: [CI:5.22 to 7.50], (p<0.00001), presenting low quality evidence. CONCLUSIONS Aquatic physical therapy exercises are more effective than their land-based counterparts in enhancing balance, gait, quality of life and reducing the fear of falling in CDOAs. However, due to methodological limitations of the trials, this clinical decision remains inconclusive. It is suggested that new trials be conducted with greater methodological rigor, in order to provide high-quality evidence on the use of the aquatic physical therapy exercises to improve the outcomes analyzed in CDOAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato S. Melo
- Department of Physical Therapy, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
- Post-Graduate Program in Physical Therapy, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Andrea Lemos
- Department of Physical Therapy, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
- Post-Graduate Program in Physical Therapy, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Alberto Galvão de Moura-Filho
- Department of Physical Therapy, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
- Post-Graduate Program in Physical Therapy, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
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14
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Nicoli G, Pavon G, Grayson A, Emerson A, Mitra S. Touch may reduce cognitive load during assisted typing by individuals with developmental disabilities. Front Integr Neurosci 2023; 17:1181025. [PMID: 37600233 PMCID: PMC10434793 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2023.1181025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Many techniques have attempted to provide physical support to ease the execution of a typing task by individuals with developmental disabilities (DD). These techniques have been controversial due to concerns that the support provider's touch can influence the typed content. The most common interpretation of assisted typing as an ideomotor phenomenon has been qualified recently by studies showing that users with DD make identifiable contributions to the process. This paper suggests a neurophysiological pathway by which touch could lower the cognitive load of seated typing by people with DD. The required sensorimotor processes (stabilizing posture and planning and executing manual reaching movements) and cognitive operations (generating and transcribing linguistic material) place concurrent demands on cognitive resources, particularly executive function (EF). A range of developmental disabilities are characterized by deficits in sensorimotor and EF capacity. As light touch has been shown to facilitate postural coordination, it is proposed that a facilitator's touch could assist the seated typist with sensorimotor and EF deficits by reducing their sensorimotor workload and thereby freeing up shared cognitive resources for the linguistic elements of the task. This is the first theoretical framework for understanding how a facilitator's touch may assist individuals with DD to contribute linguistic content during touch-assisted typing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Nicoli
- School of Social Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Giulia Pavon
- School of Social Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Grayson
- School of Social Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Emerson
- Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Suvobrata Mitra
- School of Social Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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15
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Ogasawara I, Revankar GS, Konda S, Matsuo T, Aoyama C, Nakata K. Individual Variation in Adaptive Ability of the Anticipated Postural Stability During a Dual-Task Single-Leg Landing in Female Athletes. Orthop J Sports Med 2023; 11:23259671231177312. [PMID: 37435428 PMCID: PMC10331203 DOI: 10.1177/23259671231177312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Precise postural control helps prevent anterior cruciate ligament injury. However, it is unknown whether the anticipated postural stability can be improved during a physically uncertain and cognitively demanding task. Hypothesis Anticipated postural stability will improve through unanticipated single-leg landing with a rapid foot placement target tracking. Study Design Controlled laboratory study. Methods A total of 22 healthy female university-level athletes performed a novel dual-task paradigm: an unanticipated single-leg landing with foot placement target tracking. In the normal condition (60 trials), the participants jumped from a 20 cm-high box onto the landing target with their dominant leg as softly as possible. In the subsequent perturbation condition (PC) (60 trials), the initially assigned landing target was abruptly switched randomly, requiring participants to modify their preplanned foot placement position to the newly assigned position. The center-of-pressure trajectory length within the first 100 ms after foot impact (CoP100) was calculated as a measure of anticipated postural stability for each trial. In addition, the peak vertical ground-reaction force (FzPeak) was quantified to assess landing load, and the degree of postural adaptation during PC was quantified by fitting an exponential function to trial-by-trial changes in CoP100. Participants were divided into 2 groups according to increase or decrease in CoP100, and results were compared between the groups. Results The direction and magnitude of postural sway alterations of the 22 participants showed a spectrum-like variation during the repeated trials. Twelve participants (sway-decreased group) exhibited a gradual reduction in postural sway (CoP100) during the PC, while the remaining 10 participants (sway-increased group) showed a gradual increase in CoP100. The FzPeak during the PC was significantly less in the sway-decreased group compared with the sway-increased group (P < .05). Conclusion Variation in the direction and magnitude of postural sway alteration among participants suggested that there was individual variation in an athlete's adaptive ability of the anticipated postural stability. Clinical Relevance The novel dual-task paradigm described in this study may be useful for rating individual injury risk based on an athlete's postural adaptation ability and may aid in targeted prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Issei Ogasawara
- Department of Health and Sport Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Gajanan S. Revankar
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shoji Konda
- Department of Health and Sport Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Matsuo
- Department of Health and Sport Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Chisa Aoyama
- Department of Health and Sport Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ken Nakata
- Department of Health and Sport Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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16
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Borji R, Laatar R, Zarrouk N, Sahli S, Rebai H. Cognitive-motor interference during standing stance across different postural and cognitive tasks in individuals with Down syndrome. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2023; 139:104562. [PMID: 37379660 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2023.104562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals with Down syndrome (DS) presented both cognitive and motor impairments that could influence each other. Therefore, exploring cognitive-motor interference during standing stance is relevant in this population. AIMS This study explored the dual task (DT) effects on postural balance during diverse cognitive tasks and sensory manipulations in individuals with DS, compared to those with typical development (TD). METHODS AND PROCEDURES Fifteen adolescents with DS (age = 14.26 ± 1.27 years; height = 1.50 ± 0.02; weight = 46.46 ± 4.03 kg; BMI =20.54 ± 1.51 kg/m2) and thirteen with TD (age = 14.07 ± 1.11 years; height = 1.50 ± 0.05; weight = 44.92 ± 4.15 kg; BMI =19.77 ± 0.94 kg/m2) participated in this study. Postural and cognitive performances for the selective span task (SST) and the verbal fluency (VF) were recorded during single task (ST) and DT conditions. Postural conditions were: firm eyes open (firm-EO), firm eyes closed (firm-EC) and foam-EO. Motor and cognitive DT costs (DTC) were calculated and analyzed across these different cognitive and postural conditions. OUTCOMES AND RESULTS In the DS group, postural performance was significantly (p < 0.001) altered during all DT conditions, compared to the ST situation. Moreover, the motor DTC was significantly (p < 0.001) higher while performing the VF task than the SST. However, in the control group, postural performance was significantly (p < 0.001) impaired only while performing the VF test in the DT-Firm EO condition. For both groups, cognitive performances were significantly (p < 0.05) altered in all DT conditions compared to the ST one. CONCLUSION Adolescents with DS are more prone to DT effects on postural balance than those with TD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rihab Borji
- Research Laboratory: Education, Motricité, Sport et Santé, EM2S, LR19JS01, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia.
| | - Rabeb Laatar
- Research Laboratory: Education, Motricité, Sport et Santé, EM2S, LR19JS01, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Nidhal Zarrouk
- Research Laboratory: Education, Motricité, Sport et Santé, EM2S, LR19JS01, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Sonia Sahli
- Research Laboratory: Education, Motricité, Sport et Santé, EM2S, LR19JS01, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Haithem Rebai
- Laboratory 'Optimisation de la Performance Sportive, Centre National de Médecine et Sciences du Sport (CNMSS)', Tunis, Tunisia
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17
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Saraiva M, Vilas-Boas JP, Fernandes OJ, Castro MA. Effects of Motor Task Difficulty on Postural Control Complexity during Dual Tasks in Young Adults: A Nonlinear Approach. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:628. [PMID: 36679423 PMCID: PMC9866022 DOI: 10.3390/s23020628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Few studies have evaluated the effect of a secondary motor task on the standing posture based on nonlinear analysis. However, it is helpful to extract information related to the complexity, stability, and adaptability to the environment of the human postural system. This study aimed to analyze the effect of two motor tasks with different difficulty levels in motor performance complexity on the static standing posture in healthy young adults. Thirty-five healthy participants (23.08 ± 3.92 years) performed a postural single task (ST: keep a quiet standing posture) and two motor dual tasks (DT). i.e., mot-DT(A)—perform the ST while performing simultaneously an easy motor task (taking a smartphone out of a bag, bringing it to the ear, and putting it back in the bag)—and mot-DT(T)—perform the ST while performing a concurrent difficult motor task (typing on the smartphone keyboard). The approximate entropy (ApEn), Lyapunov exponent (LyE), correlation dimension (CoDim), and fractal dimension (detrending fluctuation analysis, DFA) for the mediolateral (ML) and anterior-posterior (AP) center-of-pressure (CoP) displacement were measured with a force plate while performing the tasks. A significant difference was found between the two motor dual tasks in ApEn, DFA, and CoDim-AP (p < 0.05). For the ML CoP direction, all nonlinear variables in the study were significantly different (p < 0.05) between ST and mot-DT(T), showing impairment in postural control during mot-DT(T) compared to ST. Differences were found across ST and mot-DT(A) in ApEn-AP and DFA (p < 0.05). The mot-DT(T) was associated with less effectiveness in postural control, a lower number of degrees of freedom, less complexity and adaptability of the dynamic system than the postural single task and the mot-DT(A).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Saraiva
- RoboCorp Laboratory, i2A, Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, 3046-854 Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - João Paulo Vilas-Boas
- Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
- LABIOMEP-UP, Faculty of Sports and CIFI2D, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Orlando J. Fernandes
- Sport and Health Department, School of Health and Human Development, University of Évora, 7000-671 Évora, Portugal
- Comprehensive Health Research Center (CHRC), University of Évora, 7000-671 Évora, Portugal
| | - Maria António Castro
- RoboCorp Laboratory, i2A, Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, 3046-854 Coimbra, Portugal
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Coimbra, CEMMPRE, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal
- Sector of Physiotherapy, School of Health Sciences, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal
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Abstract
The effect of different human body part stimuli in mental rotation tasks (MRTs) on postural stability was investigated in two dual-task experiments. There were significant differences within egocentric MRTs (Experiment 1, N = 46): Hand and foot stimuli tended to cause more body sway than whole-body figures and showed increased body sway for higher rotation angles in the MRTs. In object-based MRTs (Experiment 2, N = 109) different stimuli did not evoke different levels of body sway, but higher rotation angles led to higher body sway. Both experiments showed a stabilizing effect of MRTs compared to the control condition. Exploratorily analyses identified reaction time in MRTs as a significant predictor of body sway. The results suggest a heterogeneous impact of mental rotation on postural stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Hofmann
- Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Leonardo Jost
- Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Petra Jansen
- Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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19
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Pitts J, Bhatt T. Effects of mentally induced fatigue on balance control: a systematic review. Exp Brain Res 2023; 241:13-30. [PMID: 36329316 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-022-06464-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between cognitive demands and postural control is controversial. Mental fatigue paradigms investigate the attentional requirements of postural control by assessing balance after a prolonged cognitive task. However, a majority of mental fatigue research has focused on cognition and sports performance, leaving balance relatively underexamined. The purpose of this paper was to systematically review the existing literature on mental fatigue and balance control. We conducted a comprehensive search on PubMed and Web of Science databases for studies comparing balance performance pre- to post-mental fatigue or between a mental fatigue and control group. The literature search resulted in ten relevant studies including both volitional (n = 7) and reactive (n = 3) balance measures. Mental fatigue was induced by various cognitive tasks which were completed for 20-90 min prior to balance assessment. Mental fatigue affected both volitional and reactive balance, resulting in increased postural sway, decreased accuracy on volitional tasks, delayed responses to perturbations, and less effective balance recovery responses. These effects could have been mediated by the depletion of attentional resources or impaired sensorimotor perception which delayed appropriate balance-correcting responses. However, the current literature is limited by the number of studies and heterogeneous mental fatigue induction methods. Future studies are needed to confirm these postulations and examine the effects of mental fatigue on different populations and postural tasks. This line of research could be clinically relevant to improve safety in occupational settings where individuals complete extremely long durations of cognitive tasks and for the development of effective fall-assessment and fall-prevention paradigms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Pitts
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1919 W Taylor Street, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Tanvi Bhatt
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1919 W Taylor Street, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
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20
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A review of user needs to drive the development of lower limb prostheses. J Neuroeng Rehabil 2022; 19:119. [PMCID: PMC9636812 DOI: 10.1186/s12984-022-01097-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The development of bionic legs has seen substantial improvements in the past years but people with lower-limb amputation still suffer from impairments in mobility (e.g., altered balance and gait control) due to significant limitations of the contemporary prostheses. Approaching the problem from a human-centered perspective by focusing on user-specific needs can allow identifying critical improvements that can increase the quality of life. While there are several reviews of user needs regarding upper limb prostheses, a comprehensive summary of such needs for those affected by lower limb loss does not exist.
Methods
We have conducted a systematic review of the literature to extract important needs of the users of lower-limb prostheses. The review included 56 articles in which a need (desire, wish) was reported explicitly by the recruited people with lower limb amputation (N = 8149).
Results
An exhaustive list of user needs was collected and subdivided into functional, psychological, cognitive, ergonomics, and other domain. Where appropriate, we have also briefly discussed the developments in prosthetic devices that are related to or could have an impact on those needs. In summary, the users would like to lead an independent life and reintegrate into society by coming back to work and participating in social and leisure activities. Efficient, versatile, and stable gait, but also support to other activities (e.g., sit to stand), contribute to safety and confidence, while appearance and comfort are important for the body image. However, the relation between specific needs, objective measures of performance, and overall satisfaction and quality of life is still an open question.
Conclusions
Identifying user needs is a critical step for the development of new generation lower limb prostheses that aim to improve the quality of life of their users. However, this is not a simple task, as the needs interact with each other and depend on multiple factors (e.g., mobility level, age, gender), while evolving in time with the use of the device. Hence, novel assessment methods are required that can evaluate the impact of the system from a holistic perspective, capturing objective outcomes but also overall user experience and satisfaction in the relevant environment (daily life).
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Nakahara H, Nawata R, Matsuo R, Ohgomori T. Deterioration of postural control due to the increase of similarity between center of pressure and smooth-pursuit eye movements during standing on one leg. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0276119. [PMID: 36227896 PMCID: PMC9560487 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Upright postural control is regulated by afferent and efferent/reafferent visual mechanisms. There are two types of efferent and conjugate eye movements: saccades and smooth pursuits. Although postural control is improved by saccades, the effects of smooth pursuits on postural control are still debated, because the difficulties of postural and visual tasks differ in the previous research. Additionally, the mechanisms that interfere with postural control and smooth pursuit are not fully understood. To address these issues, we examined the effects of different patterns of smooth-pursuit eye movement on the path length of the center of pressure (COP) displacement under bipedal and unipedal standing conditions. The relative frequency and amplitude of the COP displacement were remarkably increased when uniform linear visual targets were presented during unipedal standing. In addition, dynamic time warping analysis demonstrated that the similarity between the displacement of the COP and eye movements was increased by the presentation of uniform linear visual targets with orientation selectivity during unipedal standing but not during bipedal standing. In contrast, the attenuation of similarity between the displacement of the COP and eye movements significantly decreased the path length, relative frequency, and amplitude of the COP displacement. Our results indicate that postural stability is deteriorated by the increase of similarity between the displacement of the COP and smooth-pursuit eye movements under unstable conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hikaru Nakahara
- Department of Rehabilitation, Osaka Kawasaki Rehabilitation University, Kaizuka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Rukia Nawata
- Department of Rehabilitation, Osaka Kawasaki Rehabilitation University, Kaizuka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ryota Matsuo
- Department of Rehabilitation, Osaka Kawasaki Rehabilitation University, Kaizuka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Ohgomori
- Department of Rehabilitation, Osaka Kawasaki Rehabilitation University, Kaizuka, Osaka, Japan
- * E-mail:
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22
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Sütçü G, Doğan M, Topuz S. Investigation of postural control and spatiotemporal parameters of gait during dual tasks in ataxic individuals. Neurol Sci 2022; 43:5943-5949. [DOI: 10.1007/s10072-022-06248-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Mursic RA, Palmisano S. Something in the Sway: Effects of the Shepard-Risset Glissando on Postural Activity and Vection. Multisens Res 2022; 35:555-587. [PMID: 36057431 DOI: 10.1163/22134808-bja10081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated claims of disrupted equilibrium when listening to the Shepard-Risset glissando (which creates an auditory illusion of perpetually ascending/descending pitch). During each trial, 23 participants stood quietly on a force plate for 90 s with their eyes either open or closed (30 s pre-sound, 30 s of sound and 30 s post-sound). Their centre of foot pressure (CoP) was continuously recorded during the trial and a verbal measure of illusory self-motion (i.e., vection) was obtained directly afterwards. As expected, vection was stronger during Shepard-Risset glissandi than during white noise or phase-scrambled auditory control stimuli. Individual differences in auditorily evoked postural sway (observed during sound) were also found to predict the strength of this vection. Importantly, the patterns of sway induced by Shepard-Risset glissandi differed significantly from those during our auditory control stimuli - but only in terms of their temporal dynamics. Since significant sound type differences were not seen in terms of sway magnitude, this stresses the importance of investigating the temporal dynamics of sound-posture interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Mursic
- School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Stephen Palmisano
- School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
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The effect of the predictability of perturbation magnitudes in older adults with mild cognitive impairment. Aging Clin Exp Res 2022; 34:2741-2749. [PMID: 36038812 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-022-02217-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Balance impairment is common in older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). The ability to predict the magnitude of the body disturbance is essential to balance maintenance. The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of the predictability of the perturbation magnitudes on anticipatory (APAs) and compensatory (CPAs) postural adjustments in older adults with MCI and healthy older adults. Fifteen individuals with MCI and fourteen age-matched control participants stood on the force platform and received the pendulum perturbations of small or large magnitudes applied to their upper body. Electromyographic activity of eight leg and trunk muscles and displacements of the center of pressure (COP) were recorded and analyzed during the APA and CPA phases of postural control. Individuals with MCI demonstrated smaller APAs in the conditions of the perturbation of unpredictable magnitude and required more trials to optimize their postural adjustments, as compared to healthy older adults. Moreover, individuals with MCI had reduced postural stability in the conditions of unpredictable magnitude of the perturbation. The findings suggest that cognitive decline adversely affects the ability to predict the magnitude of the perturbations.
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Standing Posture in Motor and Cognitive Dual-Tasks during Smartphone Use: Linear and Nonlinear Analysis of Postural Control. Eur J Investig Health Psychol Educ 2022; 12:1021-1033. [PMID: 36005222 PMCID: PMC9407520 DOI: 10.3390/ejihpe12080073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Analysis of the center of pressure (CoP) during cognitive or motor dual-tasking is widely used to characterize postural control. Most studies use traditional measures of CoP to quantify postural control, but given its complexity, nonlinear analysis of CoP is of growing interest in the area. This study aims to analyze CoP behavior in healthy young adults during standing posture performance while simultaneously performing motor or cognitive tasks on a smartphone, using linear and nonlinear analysis of CoP. Thirty-six healthy participants (23.08 ± 3.92 years) were found eligible for this study. They performed a single task (ST), cognitive dual-task (cog-DT), and motor dual-task (mot-DT). The total excursion of CoP, displacement of CoP in the anterior-posterior and medial-lateral directions, mean total velocity of CoP, and mean anterior-posterior and medial-lateral velocities of CoP were measured with a force plate. Approximate entropy (ApEn) of the anterior-posterior (ApEn-AP) and medial-lateral (ApEn-ML) displacement of CoP were also calculated. The results showed that dual-task costs for the total excursion, displacement in the anterior-posterior direction, mean total velocity, and mean anterior-posterior velocity of CoP were greater during the cog-DT than the mot-DT (p < 0.05). In the nonlinear analysis of the CoP, there was no difference (p > 0.05) between the cog-DT and mot-DT for ApEn values of the anterior-posterior and medial-lateral time series of the CoP. Both linear and nonlinear analyses showed differences between the cog-DT and ST (p < 0.05), revealing a decline in postural control during the cog-DT compared with the ST. In conclusion, performing a cog-DT causes sway impairments and lower postural control efficacy compared with motor single and dual-tasks. Furthermore, both linear and nonlinear analyses were able to distinguish between conditions.
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Van Hove O, Pichon R, Pallanca P, Cebolla AM, Noel S, Feipel V, Deboeck G, Bonnechère B. Influence of Speech and Cognitive Load on Balance and Timed Up and Go. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12081018. [PMID: 36009081 PMCID: PMC9405849 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12081018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction between oral and/or mental cognitive tasks and postural control and mobility remains unclear. The aim of this study was to analyse the influence of speech production and cognitive load levels on static balance and timed up and go (TUG) during dual-task activities. Thirty healthy young subjects (25 ± 4 years old, 17 women) participated in this study. A control situation and two different cognitive arithmetic tasks were tested: counting backward in increments of 3 and 7 under oral (O) and mental (M) conditions during static balance and the TUG. We evaluated the dual-task cost (DTC) and the effect of speech production (SP) and the level of cognitive load (CL) on these variables. There was a significant increase in the centre of pressure oscillation velocity in static balance when the dual task was performed orally compared to the control situation The DTC was more pronounced for the O than for the M. The SP, but not the CL, had a significant effect on oscillation velocity. There was an increase in TUG associated with the cognitive load, but the mental or oral aspect did not seem to have an influence. Mobility is more affected by SP when the cognitive task is complex. This may be particularly important for the choice of the test and understanding postural control disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Van Hove
- Department of Pneumology, Erasme Hospital, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
- Correspondence:
| | - Romain Pichon
- Institut de Formation en Pédicurie-Podologie, Ergothérapie Kinésithérapie (IFPEK), 35000 Rennes, France;
- M2S Laboratory—EA7470, University Rennes 2, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Pauline Pallanca
- Department of Intensive Care, Erasme Hospital, 1070 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Ana Maria Cebolla
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Movement Biomechanics, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1070 Brussels, Belgium; (A.M.C.); (S.N.)
| | - Sarah Noel
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Movement Biomechanics, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1070 Brussels, Belgium; (A.M.C.); (S.N.)
| | - Véronique Feipel
- Laboratory of Functional Anatomy, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1070 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Gaël Deboeck
- Research Unit in Rehabilitation, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1070 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Bruno Bonnechère
- REVAL Rehabilitation Research Center, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Hasselt, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium;
- Technology-Supported and Data-Driven Rehabilitation, Data Sciences Institute, University of Hasselt, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
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Gursoy ZG, Yilmaz U, Celik H, Arpinar-Avsar P, Kirazci S. Effect of individualized cognitive and postural task difficulty levels on postural control during dual task condition. Gait Posture 2022; 96:1-8. [PMID: 35533430 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2022.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous dual task studies suggested that the difficulty of the concurrent cognitive and motor tasks may not be challenging to the same degree for each person. This study approaches this problem by setting individualized difficulty levels for tasks to examine the dual task interference. RESEARCH QUESTION Do the features of postural sway depend on increased individualized difficulty levels of concurrent cognitive and postural activities? METHODS 20 young healthy participants (10 male, 10 female) took part in the study. Before the experiments, cognitive task difficulty (No-, Medium-, High) has been set individually. Subjects performed postural tasks (quiet stance, voluntary sway) concurrently with or without a cognitive task which based on simple arithmetic calculations. Postural sway features were examined. RESULTS Postural sway features were affected by individualized difficulty level of concurrent cognitive and postural activities. In voluntary sway, as a more challenging postural task, higher reductions were observed for such sway features as COP velocity and range in AP direction. SIGNIFICANCE This study signaled task-specific changes in postural sway features. When the difficulty levels were set individually, the effect of motor and cognitive dual task was more apparent when the balance requirement of the primary motor task increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeren G Gursoy
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Education, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ugur Yilmaz
- Department of Biomechanics and Motor Control, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Huseyin Celik
- Department of Biomechanics and Motor Control, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Pinar Arpinar-Avsar
- Department of Biomechanics and Motor Control, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sadettin Kirazci
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Education, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
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Reed CA, DuBois CK, Hutchison KA, Huppert TJ, Monfort SM. Influence of serial subtraction tasks on transient characteristics of postural control. Hum Mov Sci 2022; 83:102950. [PMID: 35397288 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2022.102950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We sought to better understand the influence of cognitive perturbations on transient aspects of postural control. Twenty healthy, younger adults had their postural control assessed during eyes open quiet stance. Participants completed three different conditions that either had no cognitive perturbation present, an easy cognitive perturbation (i.e., serial subtraction by ones), or a more difficult cognitive perturbation (i.e., serial subtraction by sevens). All trials finished with 60 s of undisturbed eyes open quiet stance, which was the focus of the balance assessment. 95% confidence ellipse area (EA) was calculated for 5-s epochs throughout the trial. The difference in EA from the first epoch after participants started (onset) or stopped (offset) the cognitive task to the last epoch of the trial (i.e., 55-60 s after perturbation) was used to characterize transient postural control behavior. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy was also used to quantify changes in prefrontal cortex activation during the counting tasks to support interpretation of the transient balance findings. There was a significant effect of condition for transient balance characteristics following a cognitive perturbation (P < 0.001), with greater transient increases in postural sway for both difficult (Cohen's d = 0.40, P < 0.001) and easier (Cohen's d = 0.29, P = 0.013) cognitive perturbations relative to no cognitive perturbation. The onset of cognitive tasks was also associated with greater transient increases in postural sway than the offset of the cognitive tasks (Cohen's d = 0.24, P = 0.019). The functional near-infrared spectroscopy data indicated that a significant decrease in deoxygenated hemoglobin was observed for left Brodmann area 46 for both the subtraction by ones (T = -3.97; Benjamini-Hochberg significance value (q) = 0.008) and subtraction by sevens (T = -3.11; q = 0.036) conditions relative to the baseline condition. The subtraction by sevens condition was also associated with a relative increase in deoxygenated hemoglobin for the right Brodmann area 9 (T = 3.36; q = 0.026) compared to the subtraction by ones condition. In conclusion, serial subtraction can elicit transient increases in postural sway, with more difficult tasks and the onset of the cognitive-motor challenge exhibiting magnified effects. Additionally, even the cessation of a cognitive task (i.e., serial subtraction) can be associated with lingering perturbing effects on balance control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody A Reed
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA.; Sanford Orthopedics & Sports Medicine Research, Sanford Health, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
| | - Camryn K DuBois
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Keith A Hutchison
- Department of Psychology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Theodore J Huppert
- Department of Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Scott M Monfort
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA..
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29
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Effects on intermittent postural control in people with Parkinson's due to a dual task. Hum Mov Sci 2022; 83:102947. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2022.102947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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30
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Okur EO, Arik MI, Okur I, Gokpinar HH, Gunel MK. Dual-task training effect on gait parameters in children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy: Preliminary results of a self-controlled study. Gait Posture 2022; 94:45-50. [PMID: 35247824 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2022.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children with cerebral palsy (CP) may have difficulties under dual-task conditions. Spatiotemporal gait parameters have deteriorated with concurrent tasks in children with CP. However, how dual-task training affects gait parameters in children with spastic diplegic CP has not been clarified. RESEARCH QUESTION How does dual-task training program effect gait, functional skills, and health-related quality of life in children with spastic diplegic CP? METHODS Eleven children with spastic diplegic CP (median age 11 y, range 7-16 y; 4 female; 7 male) Gross Motor Function Classification System level 1-2 and obtained 27 and higher scores from Modified Mini Mental Test included in the study. The study was planned as a self-controlled clinical research design. Children were recruited to conventional physiotherapy program for 8 weeks and dual-task training program added to conventional physiotherapy program for following 8 weeks. Children were evaluated at baseline, after conventional physiotherapy program, and after dual-task training program. Children's gait was evaluated with Zebris™ FDM-2 device and Edinburgh Visual Gait Score, functional mobility skills with 1 min Walk Test (1MWT), and health-related quality of life with the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL) - CP module. RESULTS The difference in step length, step time, stride time, cadence and gait speed of spatiotemporal parameters of gait during dual-task performance were found statistically significant in children with spastic diplegic CP, after dual-task training program (p < 0,05). After dual-task training, statistically significant gains were found in 1MWT, movement and balance subtitle of PedsQL-CP module Parent Form (p < 0,05). SIGNIFICANCE Dual-task training program added to a conventional physiotherapy program provides more gains in terms of functionality of children with spastic diplegic CP will contribute to the improvement of the motor functional level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eda Ozge Okur
- Kutahya Health Sciences University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Occupational Therapy, Kutahya, Turkey,.
| | - Meltem Isintas Arik
- Kutahya Health Sciences University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Kutahya, Turkey
| | - Ismail Okur
- Kutahya Health Sciences University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Kutahya, Turkey
| | | | - Mintaze Kerem Gunel
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Samanpazari, Ankara, Turkey
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31
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The effect of increased cognitive processing on reactive balance control following perturbations to the upper limb. Exp Brain Res 2022; 240:1317-1329. [PMID: 35247064 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-022-06326-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Reactive balance control following hand perturbations is important for everyday living as humans constantly encounter perturbations to the upper limb while performing functional tasks while standing. When multiple tasks are performed simultaneously, cognitive processing is increased, and performance on at least one of the tasks is often disrupted, owing to attentional resources being divided. The purpose here was to assess the effects of increased cognitive processing on whole-body balance responses to perturbations of the hand during continuous voluntary reaching. Sixteen participants (8 females; 22.9 ± 4.5 years) stood and grasped the handle of a KINARM - a robotic-controlled manipulandum paired with an augmented visual display. Participants completed 10 total trials of 100 mediolateral arm movements at a consistent speed of one reach per second, and an auditory n-back task (cognitive task). Twenty anteroposterior hand perturbations were interspersed randomly throughout the reaching trials. The arm movements with random arm perturbations were either performed simultaneously with the cognitive task (combined task) or in isolation (arm perturbation task). Peak centre of pressure (COP) displacement and velocity, time to COP displacement onset and peak, as well as hand displacement and velocity following the hand perturbation were evaluated. N-back response times were 8% slower and 11% less accurate for the combined than the cognitive task. Peak COP displacement following posterior perturbations increased by 8% during the combined compared to the arm perturbation task alone, with no other differences detected. Hand peak displacement decreased by 5% during the combined compared to the arm perturbation task. The main findings indicate that with increased cognitive processing, attentional resources were allocated from the cognitive task towards upper limb movements, while attentional resources for balance seemed unaltered.
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32
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Figueiredo GA, Barela AMF, Bonnet CT, Barela JA. Haptic Information Improvement on Postural Sway is Information-Dependent But Not Influenced by Cognitive Task. J Mot Behav 2022; 54:515-522. [PMID: 35104435 DOI: 10.1080/00222895.2022.2030667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Young adults reduce their sway in both light touch (LT) and anchor systems (AS), however, the cognitive involvement in these tasks is unknown. This study investigated postural control in young adults standing upright using either LT or AS, concomitantly with a cognitive task (counting). Nine adults (26 ± 7.4 years) stood in the upright tandem stance with eyes closed, with/without LT, AS (force <2 N), and a cognitive task. The mean sway amplitude of the trunk, right wrist, and shoulder ellipse area, as well as the mean force during LT and AS were obtained. The cognitive task did not influence the magnitude of trunk sway or the mean force in the LT and AS conditions. The trunk sway magnitude was reduced in the AS and even further in LT. Wrist and shoulder variability was larger in the AS than in the LT. Based on these results, we conclude that enhanced sensory cues provided by LT and AS reduce trunk sway with little or no attentional demands.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Maria F Barela
- Institute of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Cédrick T Bonnet
- Sciences Cognitives et Sciences Affectives, CNRS, UMR 9193, Univ. Lille, Lille, France
| | - José A Barela
- Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
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Ward N, Hussey E, Wooten T, Marfeo E, Brunyé TT. Modulating Cognitive–Motor Multitasking with Commercial-off-the-Shelf Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12020180. [PMID: 35203943 PMCID: PMC8870640 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12020180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
One growing area of multitasking research involves a focus on performing cognitive and motor tasks in tandem. In these situations, increasing either cognitive or motor demands has implications for performance in both tasks, an effect which is thought to be due to competing neural resources. Separate research suggests that non-invasive brain stimulation may offer a means to mitigate performance decrements experienced during multitasking. In the present study, we investigated the degree to which a commercially available non-invasive brain stimulation device (Halo Sport) alters balance performance in the presence of different types of cognitive demands. Specifically, we tested if performing a secondary cognitive task impacts postural sway in healthy young adults and if we could mitigate this impact using transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) applied over the primary motor cortex. Furthermore, we included conditions of unstable and stable surfaces and found that lower surface stability increased postural sway. In addition, we found that cognitive load impacted postural sway but in the opposite pattern we had anticipated, with higher sway found in the single-task control condition compared to executive function conditions. Finally, we found a small but significant effect of tDCS on balance with decreased sway for active (compared to sham) tDCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Ward
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA;
- Correspondence:
| | - Erika Hussey
- Defense Innovation Unit, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA;
| | - Thomas Wooten
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA;
| | - Elizabeth Marfeo
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA;
| | - Tad T. Brunyé
- U.S. Army DEVCOM Soldier Center, Natick, MA 01760, USA;
- Center for Applied Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
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34
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Salihu AT, Hill KD, Jaberzadeh S. Effect of cognitive task complexity on dual task postural stability: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Exp Brain Res 2022; 240:703-731. [PMID: 35034175 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-021-06299-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The dual task experimental paradigm is used to probe the attentional requirements of postural control. However, findings of dual task postural studies have been inconsistent with many studies even reporting improvement in postural stability during dual tasking and thus raising questions about cognitive involvement in postural control. A U-shaped non-linear relationship has been hypothesized between cognitive task complexity and dual task postural stability suggesting that the inconsistent results might have arisen from the use of cognitive tasks of varying complexities. To systematically review experimental studies that compared the effect of simple and complex cognitive tasks on postural stability during dual tasking, we searched seven electronic databases for relevant studies published between 1980 to September 2020. 33 studies involving a total of 1068 participants met the review's inclusion criteria, 17 of which were included in meta-analysis (healthy young adults: 15 studies, 281 participants; Stroke patients: 2 studies, 52 participants). Narrative synthesis of the findings in studies involving healthy old adults was carried out. Our result suggests that in healthy population, cognitive task complexity may not determine whether postural stability increases or decreases during dual tasking (effect of cognitive task complexity was not statistically significant; P > 0.1), and thus the U-shaped non-linear hypothesis is not supported. Rather, differential effect of dual tasking on postural stability was observed mainly based on the age of the participants and postural task challenge, implying that the involvement of cognitive resources or higher cortical functions in the control of postural stability may largely depends on these two factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abubakar Tijjani Salihu
- Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation and Neuroplasticity Laboratory, Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Monash University, Frankston Victoria 319, P O Box 527, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Keith D Hill
- Rehabilitation, Ageing and Independent Living (RAIL) Research Centre, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Monash University, Frankston, Australia
| | - Shapour Jaberzadeh
- Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation and Neuroplasticity Laboratory, Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Monash University, Frankston Victoria 319, P O Box 527, Melbourne, Australia
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35
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Ward N, Menta A, Ulichney V, Raileanu C, Wooten T, Hussey EK, Marfeo E. The Specificity of Cognitive-Motor Dual-Task Interference on Balance in Young and Older Adults. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 13:804936. [PMID: 35087396 PMCID: PMC8786904 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.804936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Standing upright on stable and unstable surfaces requires postural control. Postural control declines as humans age, presenting greater risk of fall-related injury and other negative health outcomes. Secondary cognitive tasks can further impact balance, which highlights the importance of coordination between cognitive and motor processes. Past research indicates that this coordination relies on executive function (EF; the ability to control, maintain, and flexibly direct attention to achieve goals), which coincidentally declines as humans age. This suggests that secondary cognitive tasks requiring EF may exert a greater influence on balance compared to non-EF secondary tasks, and this interaction could be exaggerated among older adults. In the current study, we had younger and older adults complete two Surface Stability conditions (standing upright on stable vs. unstable surfaces) under varying Cognitive Load; participants completed EF (Shifting, Inhibiting, Updating) and non-EF (Processing Speed) secondary cognitive tasks on tablets, as well as a single task control scenario with no secondary cognitive task. Our primary balance measure of interest was sway area, which was measured with an array of wearable inertial measurement unit sensors. Replicating prior work, we found a main effect of Surface Stability with less sway on stable surfaces compared to unstable surfaces, and we found an interaction between Age and Surface Stability with older adults exhibiting significantly greater sway selectively on unstable surfaces compared to younger adults. New findings revealed a main effect of Cognitive Load on sway, with the single task condition having significantly less sway than two of the EF conditions (Updating and Shifting) and the non-EF condition (Processing Speed). We also found an interaction of Cognitive Load and Surface Stability on postural control, where Surface Stability impacted sway the most for the single task and two of the executive function conditions (Inhibition and Shifting). Interestingly, Age did not interact with Cognitive Load, suggesting that both age groups were equally impacted by secondary cognitive tasks, regardless the presence or type of secondary cognitive task. Taken together, these patterns suggest that cognitive demands vary in their impact on posture control across stable vs. unstable surfaces, and that EF involvement may not be the driving mechanism explaining cognitive-motor dual-task interference on balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Ward
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | - Alekya Menta
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | - Virginia Ulichney
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | | | - Thomas Wooten
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | | | - Elizabeth Marfeo
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
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36
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Kirmizi M, Yalcinkaya G, Sengul YS, Kalemci O, Angin S. Investigation of balance performance under different sensory and dual-task conditions in patients with chronic neck pain. Musculoskelet Sci Pract 2021; 56:102449. [PMID: 34419890 DOI: 10.1016/j.msksp.2021.102449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most studies suggest that people with chronic neck pain (CNP) have decreased balance abilities. However, balance performance during performing concurrent tasks is not clarified. OBJECTIVES To investigate balance performance under different sensory and dual-task conditions in people with and without CNP. METHOD Twenty-two women with CNP and twenty-two asymptomatic women were tested using the Biodex Stability System. Overall stability index (OSI), anterior/posterior stability index (APSI), medial/lateral stability index (MLSI) were obtained in two sessions: eyes-open and eyes-closed. Both sessions consisted of four conditions: quiet standing, rotating head, counting backward, standing on foam. Higher index scores mean poorer balance. DESIGN Case-Control study. RESULTS A mixed factorial ANOVA (2 × 8 design) showed that there was a main effect of CNP on OSI, APSI, and MLSI (p < 0.001), which indicates that CNP causes poor balance. Further, there was an interaction between CNP and test conditions for only OSI (p < 0.05). Simple effects tests showed that patients with CNP had higher OSI in all conditions except standing on foam with eyes-open, and quiet standing and counting backward with eyes-closed (p < 0.05). The largest effect size was obtained during rotating head with eyes-open (η2:0.301), followed by counting backward with eyes-open and quiet standing with eyes-open (η2:0.267 and 0.245). Performing a concurrent task, closing eyes, or standing on foam mostly increased OSI in both groups (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Patients with CNP have poorer balance under different sensory and dual-task conditions. Addressing balance assessment while performing concurrent tasks, especially head rotations, may offer new insights into the management of CNP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muge Kirmizi
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Izmir Katip Celebi University, Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Izmir, Turkey; Institute of Health Sciences, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Gamze Yalcinkaya
- Institute of Health Sciences, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Yesim Salik Sengul
- School of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Orhan Kalemci
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Salih Angin
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Cyprus International University, Nicosia, Cyprus
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Sugihara Y, Matsuura T, Kubo Y, Ohgomori T. Activation of the Prefrontal Cortex and Improvement of Cognitive Performance with Standing on One Leg. Neuroscience 2021; 477:50-62. [PMID: 34634425 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is involved in attention, motor planning, and executive functions. In addition, it is known that postural control and cognitive performance are affected during dual-task paradigms, suggesting that postural control and cognition use common areas of the brain. Although postural control and cognition have been used as interfering dual tasks, the neuronal mechanisms underlying interference are not fully understood. We simultaneously performed postural and cognitive tasks in healthy young adults and evaluated activity in the PFC using near-infrared spectrometry. The displacement of the center of pressure (COP) is reduced by cognitive tasks. Difficult postural tasks increased the relative proportion and amplitude of postural sway in the high-frequency bandwidth, related to the adjustment of postural sway. Although the cognitive tasks did not affect the relative proportion of each frequency bandwidth, the amplitudes were selectively reduced. The postural task-dependent change in PFC activity was correlated with the relative proportion and amplitude of postural sway in the high-frequency bandwidth of the COP movement. Cognitive task-dependent changes in PFC activity were not correlated with postural sway. Cognitive performance was better in unipedal standing than bipedal standing. These findings suggest that postural tasks affect cognitive performance via the activation of the PFC, but cognitive tasks affect postural control through a different mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuma Sugihara
- Department of Rehabilitation, Osaka Kawasaki Rehabilitation University, 158 Mizuma, Kaizuka, Osaka 597-0104, Japan
| | - Tomoki Matsuura
- Department of Rehabilitation, Osaka Kawasaki Rehabilitation University, 158 Mizuma, Kaizuka, Osaka 597-0104, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kubo
- Department of Rehabilitation, Osaka Kawasaki Rehabilitation University, 158 Mizuma, Kaizuka, Osaka 597-0104, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Ohgomori
- Department of Rehabilitation, Osaka Kawasaki Rehabilitation University, 158 Mizuma, Kaizuka, Osaka 597-0104, Japan.
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Marchand C, De Graaf JB, Jarrassé N. Measuring mental workload in assistive wearable devices: a review. J Neuroeng Rehabil 2021; 18:160. [PMID: 34743700 PMCID: PMC8573948 DOI: 10.1186/s12984-021-00953-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
As wearable assistive devices, such as prostheses and exoskeletons, become increasingly sophisticated and effective, the mental workload associated with their use remains high and becomes a major challenge to their ecological use and long-term adoption. Numerous methods of measuring mental workload co-exist, making analysis of this research topic difficult. The aim of this review is to examine how mental workload resulting from the use of wearable assistive devices has been measured, in order to gain insight into the specific possibilities and limitations of this field. Literature searches were conducted in the main scientific databases and 60 articles measuring the mental workload induced by the use of a wearable assistive device were included in this study. Three main families of methods were identified, the most common being 'dual task' and 'subjective assessment' methods, followed by those based on 'physiological measures', which included a wide variety of methods. The variability of the measurements was particularly high, making comparison difficult. There is as yet no evidence that any particular method of measuring mental workload is more appropriate to the field of wearable assistive devices. Each method has intrinsic limitations such as subjectivity, imprecision, robustness or complexity of implementation or interpretation. A promising metric seems to be the measurement of brain activity, as it is the only method that is directly related to mental workload. Finally, regardless of the measurement method chosen, special attention should be paid to the measurement of mental workload in the context of wearable assistive devices. In particular, certain practical considerations, such as ecological situations and environments or the level of expertise of the participants tested, may be essential to ensure the validity of the mental workload assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Marchand
- CNRS, UMR 7222, ISIR / INSERM, U1150 Agathe-ISIR, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | | | - Nathanaël Jarrassé
- CNRS, UMR 7222, ISIR / INSERM, U1150 Agathe-ISIR, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.
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Allahverdipour H, Dianat I, Mameh G, Asghari Jafarabadi M. Effects of Cognitive and Physical Loads on Dynamic and Static Balance Performance of Healthy Older Adults Under Single-, Dual-, and Multi-task Conditions. HUMAN FACTORS 2021; 63:1133-1140. [PMID: 32469611 DOI: 10.1177/0018720820924626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to examine the effects of cognitive and physical loads on dynamic and static balance performance of healthy older adults under single-, dual-, and multi-task conditions. BACKGROUND Previous studies on postural control in older adults have generally used dual-task methodology, whereas less attention has been paid to multi-task performance, despite its importance in many daily and occupational activities. METHOD The effects of single versus combined (dual-task and multi-task) cognitive (to speak out the name of the weekdays in a reverse order) and physical (with three levels including handling weights of 1, 2, and 3 kg in each hand) loads on dynamic and static balance performance of 42 older adults (21 males and 21 females) aged ≥60 years were examined. Dynamic and static balance measures were evaluated using the Timed Up and Go (TUG) and stabilometer (sway index) tests, respectively. RESULTS The TUG speed of female participants was generally slower than that of male participants. Age had no effect on balance performance measures. Under dual-task conditions, cognitive load decreased the dynamic balance performance, while the physical task levels had no effect. The dual-task conditions had no impact on the static balance performance. The effects of cognitive and physical loads on dynamic balance performance varied under dual- and multi-task conditions. CONCLUSION The findings highlight differences between dual- and multi-task protocols and add to the understanding of balance performance in older adults under cognitive and physical loads. APPLICATION The present study highlights differences between dual- and multi-task methodologies that need to be considered in future studies of balance and control in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Iman Dianat
- 48432 Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Iran
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40
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Guthrie MD, Herrera AJ, Downey JE, Brane LJ, Boninger ML, Collinger JL. The impact of distractions on intracortical brain–computer interface control of a robotic arm. BRAIN-COMPUTER INTERFACES 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/2326263x.2021.1980292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael D. Guthrie
- Rehab Neural Engineering Labs, Department of Bioengineering, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Angelica J Herrera
- Rehab Neural Engineering Labs, Department of Bioengineering, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - John E. Downey
- Rehab Neural Engineering Labs, Department of Bioengineering, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lucas J. Brane
- Rehab Neural Engineering Labs, Department of Bioengineering, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Michael L. Boninger
- Rehab Neural Engineering Labs, Department of Bioengineering, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Human Engineering Research Laboratories, Va Center of Excellence, Pittsburgh, Pa, USA
| | - Jennifer L. Collinger
- Rehab Neural Engineering Labs, Department of Bioengineering, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Human Engineering Research Laboratories, Va Center of Excellence, Pittsburgh, Pa, USA
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41
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Fournet M, Pernon M, Catalano Chiuvé S, Lopez U, Laganaro M. Attention in post-lexical processes of utterance production: Dual-task cost in younger and older adults. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2021; 74:1852-1872. [PMID: 34238085 PMCID: PMC8451003 DOI: 10.1177/17470218211034130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
There is a general agreement that speaking requires attention at least for conceptual and lexical processes of utterance production. However, conflicting results have been obtained with dual-task paradigms using either repetition tasks or more generally tasks involving limited loading of lexical selection. This study aimed to investigate whether post-lexical processes recruit attentional resources. We used a new dual-task paradigm in a set of experiments where a continuous verbal production task involved either high or low demand on lexical selection processes. Experiment 1 evaluates lexical and post-lexical processes with a semantic verbal fluency task, whereas Experiments 2 and 3 focus on post-lexical processes with a non-propositional speech task. In each experiment, two types of non-verbal secondary tasks were used: processing speed (simple manual reaction times) or inhibition (Go/No-go). In Experiment 1, a dual-task cost was observed on the semantic verbal fluency task and each non-verbal task. In Experiment 2, a dual-task cost appeared on the non-verbal tasks but not on the speech task. The same paradigm was used with older adults (Experiment 3), as increased effort in post-lexical processes has been associated with ageing. For older adults, a dual-task cost was also observed on the non-propositional verbal task when speech was produced with the inhibition non-verbal task. The results suggest an attentional cost on post-lexical processes and strategic effects in the resolution of the dual-task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryll Fournet
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Neurology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.,Neuropsychological Service-Neurorehabilitation, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Michaela Pernon
- Department of Neurology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.,Laboratory of Phonetics and Phonology, National Scientific Research Center, University Sorbonne Nouvelle, Paris, France
| | | | - Ursula Lopez
- Department of Neurology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.,Neuropsychology and Speech Therapy Service, Fribourg Hospital, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Marina Laganaro
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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42
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Trajković N, Kozinc Ž, Smajla D, Šarabon N. Relationship between ankle strength and range of motion and postural stability during single-leg quiet stance in trained athletes. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11749. [PMID: 34083684 PMCID: PMC8175377 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91337-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between strength of ankle plantar and dorsal flexors and range of motion (RoM), and body sway variables during single-leg quiet stance, in highly trained athletes. The participants for this study were young athletes from 9 disciplines (n = 655). Center of pressure (CoP) velocity, amplitude, and frequency were measured during single-leg quiet stance. Moreover, athletes were measured for passive ankle plantar flexion (PF) and dorsal flexion (DF) RoM, and for rate of torque development (RTD) in the 0–50 (RTD50) and 0–200 ms time windows (RTD200). Ankle strength and RoM could not predict CoP velocity total, anterior–posterior (AP), and medial–lateral (ML) (p > 0.05). However, PFRTD50 and PFRoM and PFRoM positively influenced CoP amplitude in ML direction (p < 0.001, R2 = 0.10). Moreover, CoP frequency in ML direction significantly increased with lower PFRTD50, DFRTD50, DFRTD200, PFRoM, and DFRoM (p < 0.05). We have demonstrated that ankle strength and RoM were related to single-leg quiet stance postural balance in trained athletes. The ankle RoM showed the greatest influence on CoP variables in ML directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nebojša Trajković
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Niš, 18000, Niš, Serbia
| | - Žiga Kozinc
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, Polje 42, 6310, Izola, Slovenia.,Andrej Marušič Institute, University of Primorska, Muzejski trg 2, 6000, Koper, Slovenia
| | - Darjan Smajla
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, Polje 42, 6310, Izola, Slovenia.,Human Health Department, InnoRenew CoE, Livade 6, 6310, Izola, Slovenia
| | - Nejc Šarabon
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, Polje 42, 6310, Izola, Slovenia. .,Andrej Marušič Institute, University of Primorska, Muzejski trg 2, 6000, Koper, Slovenia. .,Human Health Department, InnoRenew CoE, Livade 6, 6310, Izola, Slovenia. .,Laboratory for Motor Control and Motor Behavior, S2P, Science to Practice, Ltd., Tehnološki Park 19, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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43
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Anxiety does not always affect balance: the predominating role of cognitive engagement in a video gaming task. Exp Brain Res 2021; 239:2001-2014. [PMID: 33909113 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-021-06104-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Scientists have predominantly assessed anxiety's impact on postural control when anxiety is created by the need to maintain balance (e.g., standing at heights). In the present study, we investigate how postural control and its mechanisms (i.e., vestibular function) are impacted when anxiety is induced by an unrelated task (playing a video game). Additionally, we compare watching and playing a game to dissociate postural adaptations caused by increased engagement rather than anxiety. Participants [N = 25, female = 8, M (SD) age = 23.5 (3.9)] held a controller in four standing conditions of varying surface compliance (firm or foam) and with or without peripheral visual occlusion across four blocks: quiet standing (baseline), watching the game with a visual task (watching), playing the game (low anxiety), and playing under anxiety (high anxiety). We measured sway area, sway frequency, root mean square (RMS) sway, anxiety, and mental effort. Limited sway differences emerged between anxiety blocks (only sway area on firm surface). The watching block elicited more sway than baseline (greater sway area and RMS sway; lower sway frequency), and the low anxiety block elicited more sway than the watching block (greater sway area and RMS sway; higher sway frequency). Mental effort was associated with increased sway area and RMS sway. Our findings indicate that anxiety, when generated through competition, has minimal impact on postural control. Postural control primarily adapts according to mental effort and more cognitively engaging task constraints (i.e., playing versus watching). We speculate increased sway reflects the prioritization of attention to game performance over postural control.
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44
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Hughes G, Dai B. The influence of decision making and divided attention on lower limb biomechanics associated with anterior cruciate ligament injury: a narrative review. Sports Biomech 2021; 22:30-45. [PMID: 33821758 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2021.1898671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive loads have been shown to influence anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury risk. Two main sources of cognitive loads that athletes experience are decision making and dividing attention between multiple tasks. The aim of this paper was to review previous studies examining the effects of decision making and divided attention on lower limb biomechanics during landing and cutting. Previous research has shown decision making to significantly influence a number of biomechanical variables associated with increased risk of ACL injury, such as reduced knee flexion at initial contact, increased knee valgus angles, increased knee extension moment and increased knee valgus moment in decision-making tasks compared to pre-planned tasks. Furthermore, dividing attention between multiple tasks has been shown to result in reduced knee flexion at initial contact, increased vertical ground reaction force, and reduced stability during landing/cutting. The changes in lower limb biomechanics observed as a result of both decision making and dividing attention are likely due to a reduced ability to anticipate ground contact and implement protective movement patterns associated with reduced ACL loading. Collectively, these findings emphasise the need for tasks that incorporate decision making and divided attention when investigating ACL injury mechanisms and developing ACL injury risk screening assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerwyn Hughes
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Boyi Dai
- Division of Kinesiology and Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
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45
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Hofmann P, Jansen P. The Relation of Mental Rotation and Postural Stability. J Mot Behav 2021; 55:580-593. [PMID: 33745418 DOI: 10.1080/00222895.2021.1899113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Main goal of this study was to investigate the influence of mental rotation tasks on postural stability. 84 participants were tested with two object-based mental rotation tasks (cube vs. human figures), an egocentric mental rotation task with one human figure, a math- (cognitive control) and a neutral task, while standing on a force plate in a both-legged narrow stance. Parameters related to the Center of Pressure course over time were used to quantify postural stability. The simultaneous solution of mental rotation tasks has led to postural stabilisation compared to the neutral condition. Egocentric tasks provoked more postural stability than object-based tasks with cube figures. Furthermore, a more stable stance was observed for embodied stimuli than for cube figures. An explorative approach showed the tendency that higher rotation angles of the object-based mental rotation task stimuli lead to more postural sway. These results contribute to a better understanding of the interaction between mental rotation and motor skills and emphasize the role of type of task and embodiment in dual task research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Hofmann
- Faculty of Human Science, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Petra Jansen
- Faculty of Human Science, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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46
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Karabulut M, Bas B, Müjdeci B. Evaluation of dual-task performance with Nintendo Wii-Fit plus in children with specific learning disabilities. HEARING, BALANCE AND COMMUNICATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/21695717.2020.1870822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Karabulut
- Department of Audiology, Faculty of Health Science, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Banu Bas
- Department of Audiology, Faculty of Health Science, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Banu Müjdeci
- Department of Audiology, Faculty of Health Science, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara, Turkey
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47
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Michaud L, Lafleur D, Lajoie Y. Effect of Center of Mass Immobilization on Center of Pressure Displacement in Single and Dual-Task. J Mot Behav 2021; 55:539-549. [PMID: 33719906 DOI: 10.1080/00222895.2021.1896468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent research showed that artificially immobilizing the center of mass (COM) of participants in a standing position increased the center of pressure (COP) variability. This increase has been interpreted as an exploratory behavior. The objectives of this study are to investigate if this exploratory behavior is (1) reflected in other COP variables and (2) automatically controlled using a dual-task paradigm. Sixteen young adults were strapped to an apparatus which allowed them to sway freely ("unlocked") or to be immobilized ("locked") without their knowledge. Participants undertook the two phases (unlocked and locked) in a single-task and dual-task condition. Results suggested the presence of an exploratory behavior through different COP variables. Results also suggested this exploratory behavior to be automatic by nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Michaud
- School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - David Lafleur
- School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Yves Lajoie
- School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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48
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Rheem H, Vaughn Becker D, Craig SD. Assessing learning effort with hand motion tracking methods. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hansol Rheem
- Human Systems Engineering Arizona State University Mesa Arizona USA
| | - D. Vaughn Becker
- Human Systems Engineering Arizona State University Mesa Arizona USA
| | - Scotty D. Craig
- Human Systems Engineering Arizona State University Mesa Arizona USA
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49
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The Interaction Between Long-Term Memory and Postural Control: Different Effects of Episodic and Semantic Tasks. Motor Control 2021; 25:182-197. [PMID: 33421961 DOI: 10.1123/mc.2020-0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this experiment was to investigate the postural response to specific types of long-term memory (episodic vs. semantic) in young adults performing an unperturbed upright stance. Although a similar level of steadiness (mean distance) was observed, dual tasking induced a higher velocity, more energy in the higher frequency range (power spectral density), and less regularity (sample entropy) compared with a simple postural task. Moreover, mean velocity was always greater in the semantic than in the episodic task. The differences in postural control during dual tasking may result from the types of processes involved in the memory task. Findings suggest a spatial process sharing between posture and episodic memory.
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50
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Motealleh A, Sinaei E, Nouraddinifard E, Rezaei I. Comparison of postural control in older adults under different dual-task conditions: A cross-sectional study. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2020; 26:443-447. [PMID: 33992281 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2020.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND and purpose: Performing a cognitive task while maintaining postural stability, known as "dual-task" condition, can increase the cognitive demand and reduce the postural control capacity. The inability to allocate attention to postural control under dual-task conditions may lead to balance impairments, particularly in older adults. The present study aimed to compare the effects of different dual-task conditions of backward counting (BC) and visual attention (VA) on older adults' postural balance performance. METHODS Twenty asymptomatic volunteers (mean age: 70.4 ± 4.1 years) were recruited. Participants stood on a foam surface placed over a force plate, and displacement and sway velocity of their center of pressure (COP) in anterior-posterior (AP) and medial-lateral (ML) directions were recorded under three conditions: BC dual-task, VA dual-task (control of center of mass with a laser pointer), and quiet stance as the control task (CT). RESULTS Repeated measures ANOVA showed a significant difference in AP and ML sway velocities between conditions with p-values of 0.039 and 0.042, respectively. The LSD post-hoc test revealed that the BC task significantly increased AP sway velocity compared to the CT (p = 0.013), and the VA task significantly increased ML sway velocity compared to the CT (p = 0.034) and the BC tasks (p = 0.026). There were no statistically significant differences between conditions for ML (p = 0.058) and AP (p = 0.350) displacements and total sway velocity (p = 0.051). CONCLUSION Older adults' postural stability can be impaired under dual-task conditions and the present study revealed that various dual tasks increase postural sway in different directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Motealleh
- Physical Therapy Department, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Rehabilitation Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Ehsan Sinaei
- Rehabilitation Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | | | - Iman Rezaei
- Physical Therapy Department, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Rehabilitation Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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