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Usman JS, Salisu R, Abdullahi A, Salihu AT, Muhammad AH, Sulaiman SK, Yakasai AM. Assistive Technology utilization among stroke survivors in Kano, Northwest Nigeria: A cross-sectional study. Assist Technol 2024; 36:209-216. [PMID: 37699108 DOI: 10.1080/10400435.2023.2244560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Mobility impairments and participation restrictions are common occurrences post-stroke, which may necessitate the need to utilize Assistive Technology (AT). This study investigated the prevalence, pattern, and satisfaction with AT utilization in stroke survivors (SS). The study was conducted in two hospitals in Kano, Nigeria. The QUBEC user evaluation of satisfaction with AT (QUEST) questionnaire and the Rivermead Mobility Index were used to assess satisfaction with AT utilization and mobility, respectively. Pearson correlation and independent t-test were used to determine the relationship and gender difference among the outcomes, respectively. A total of 280 SS participated; however, only 115 (41.07%) were AT users. The commonly used AT was wheelchair 84 (73%), while the least used was walking frame 3 (2.6%). About two-thirds of the participants were quite or very satisfied with their ATs. The duration of AT utilization is positively related to stroke duration (r = 0.940) but negatively related to mobility level (r = -0.246). There is no significant gender difference in duration and satisfaction with AT utilization. AT like wheelchairs seems uncommonly utilized among SS in Kano, Nigeria, likely due to patients' lack of knowledge of use, economic factors, and culture among others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jibrin Sammani Usman
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Rabbilu Salisu
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Auwal Abdullahi
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Abubakar Tijjani Salihu
- Monash Neuromodulation Research Unit, Department of Physiotherapy, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ashiru Hamza Muhammad
- Department of Public Health, Godiya Disability Inclusion and Development Initiative, Dutse, Jigawa, Nigeria
| | - Surajo Kamilu Sulaiman
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria
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Salihu AT, Hill KD, Jaberzadeh S. Age and Type of Task-Based Impact of Mental Fatigue on Balance: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Mot Behav 2024; 56:373-391. [PMID: 38189442 DOI: 10.1080/00222895.2023.2299706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
The role of cognition in balance control suggests that mental fatigue may negatively affect balance. However, cognitive involvement in balance control varies with the type or difficulty of the balance task and age. Steady-state balance tasks, such as quiet standing, are well-learned tasks executed automatically through reflex activities controlled by the brainstem and spinal cord. In contrast, novel, and challenging balance tasks, such as proactively controlling balance while walking over rugged terrain or reacting to unexpected external perturbations, may require cognitive processing. Furthermore, individuals with preexisting balance impairments due to aging or pathology may rely on cognitive processes to control balance in most circumstances. This systematic review and meta-analysis investigated the effect of mental fatigue on different types of balance control tasks in young and older adults. A literature search was conducted in seven electronic databases and 12 studies met eligibility criteria. The results indicated that mental fatigue had a negative impact on both proactive (under increased cognitive load) and reactive balance in young adults. In older adults, mental fatigue affected steady-state and proactive balance. Therefore, mentally fatigued older individuals may be at increased risk of a loss of balance during steady-state balance task compared to their younger counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abubakar Tijjani Salihu
- Monash Neuromodulation Research Unit, Department of Physiotherapy, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Keith D Hill
- Rehabilitation, Ageing and Independent Living (RAIL) Research Centre, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Monash University, Frankston, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shapour Jaberzadeh
- Monash Neuromodulation Research Unit, Department of Physiotherapy, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Salihu AT, Usman JS, Hill KD, Zoghi M, Jaberzadeh S. Mental fatigue does not affect static balance under both single and dual task conditions in young adults. Exp Brain Res 2023:10.1007/s00221-023-06643-4. [PMID: 37219602 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-023-06643-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The ability to control balance and prevent falls while carrying out daily life activities may require a predominantly controlled (cognitive) or automatic processing depending on the balance challenge, age, or other factors. Consequently, this process may be affected by mental fatigue which has been shown to impair cognitive abilities. Controlling static balance in young adults is a relatively easy task that may proceed automatically with minimal cognitive input making it insusceptible to mental fatigue. To investigate this hypothesis, static single and dual task (while concurrently counting backward by seven) balance was assessed in 60 young adults (25.2 ± 2.4 years) before and after 45 min of Stroop task (mental fatigue condition) and watching documentary (control), presented in a randomized counterbalanced order on separate days. Moreover, because mental fatigue can occur due to task underload or overload, participants carried out two different Stroop tasks (i.e., all congruent, and mainly incongruent trials) on separate days in the mental fatigue condition. Results of the study revealed a significantly higher feeling of mental fatigue after the mental fatigue conditions compared to control (p < 0.001). Similarly, the performance on congruent Stroop trials decreases with time indicating objective mental fatigue (p < 0.01). However, there was no difference in balance or concurrent task performance under both single and dual task assessments between the three conditions (p > 0.05) indicating lack of effect of mental fatigue on static balance in this population. Therefore, future studies investigating this phenomenon in occupational or sport settings in similar population should consider using more challenging balance tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abubakar Tijjani Salihu
- Monash Neuromodulation Research Unit, Department of Physiotherapy, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Jibrin Sammani Usman
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Keith D Hill
- Rehabilitation, Ageing and Independent Living (RAIL) Research Centre, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Monash University, Frankston, Australia
| | - Maryam Zoghi
- Discipline of Physiotherapy, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Federation University Australia, Gippsland, Australia
| | - Shapour Jaberzadeh
- Monash Neuromodulation Research Unit, Department of Physiotherapy, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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4
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Salihu AT, Hill KD, Jaberzadeh S. Neural mechanisms underlying state mental fatigue: a systematic review and activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis. Rev Neurosci 2022; 33:889-917. [PMID: 35700454 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2022-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sustained performance of cognitive tasks could lead to the development of state mental fatigue characterized by subjective sensation of mental weariness and decrease in cognitive performance. In addition to the occupational hazards associated with mental fatigue, it can also affect physical performance reducing endurance, balance, and sport-specific technical skills. Similarly, mental fatigue is a common symptom in certain chronic health conditions such as multiple sclerosis affecting quality of life of the patients. Despite its widely acknowledged negative impact, the neural mechanisms underlining this phenomenon are still not fully understood. We conducted a systematic review and activation likelihood estimation (ALE) meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging studies investigating the effect of mental fatigue due to time-on-task (TOT) on brain activity to elucidate the possible underlying mechanisms. Studies were included if they examined change in brain activity induced by experimental mental fatigue (TOT effect) or investigated the relationship between brain activity and subjective mental fatigue due to TOT. A total of 33 studies met the review's inclusion criteria, 13 of which were included in meta-analyses. Results of the meta-analyses revealed a decrease in activity with TOT in brain areas that constitute the cognitive control network. Additionally, an increased activity with TOT, as well as negative relationship with subjective mental fatigue was found in parts of the default mode network of the brain. The changes in cognitive control and the default mode networks of the brain due to state mental fatigue observed in this study were discussed in relation to the existing theories of mental fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abubakar Tijjani Salihu
- Monash Neuromodulation Research Unit, Department of Physiotherapy, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Keith D Hill
- Rehabilitation, Ageing and Independent Living (RAIL) Research Centre, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Monash University, Frankston, Australia
| | - Shapour Jaberzadeh
- Monash Neuromodulation Research Unit, Department of Physiotherapy, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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Salihu AT, Hill KD, Jaberzadeh S. Effect of cognitive task complexity on dual task postural stability: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Exp Brain Res 2022; 240:703-731. [PMID: 35034175 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-021-06299-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The dual task experimental paradigm is used to probe the attentional requirements of postural control. However, findings of dual task postural studies have been inconsistent with many studies even reporting improvement in postural stability during dual tasking and thus raising questions about cognitive involvement in postural control. A U-shaped non-linear relationship has been hypothesized between cognitive task complexity and dual task postural stability suggesting that the inconsistent results might have arisen from the use of cognitive tasks of varying complexities. To systematically review experimental studies that compared the effect of simple and complex cognitive tasks on postural stability during dual tasking, we searched seven electronic databases for relevant studies published between 1980 to September 2020. 33 studies involving a total of 1068 participants met the review's inclusion criteria, 17 of which were included in meta-analysis (healthy young adults: 15 studies, 281 participants; Stroke patients: 2 studies, 52 participants). Narrative synthesis of the findings in studies involving healthy old adults was carried out. Our result suggests that in healthy population, cognitive task complexity may not determine whether postural stability increases or decreases during dual tasking (effect of cognitive task complexity was not statistically significant; P > 0.1), and thus the U-shaped non-linear hypothesis is not supported. Rather, differential effect of dual tasking on postural stability was observed mainly based on the age of the participants and postural task challenge, implying that the involvement of cognitive resources or higher cortical functions in the control of postural stability may largely depends on these two factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abubakar Tijjani Salihu
- Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation and Neuroplasticity Laboratory, Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Monash University, Frankston Victoria 319, P O Box 527, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Keith D Hill
- Rehabilitation, Ageing and Independent Living (RAIL) Research Centre, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Monash University, Frankston, Australia
| | - Shapour Jaberzadeh
- Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation and Neuroplasticity Laboratory, Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Monash University, Frankston Victoria 319, P O Box 527, Melbourne, Australia
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Maina MB, Ahmad U, Ibrahim HA, Hamidu SK, Nasr FE, Salihu AT, Abushouk AI, Abdurrazak M, Awadelkareem MA, Amin A, Imam A, Akinrinade ID, Yakubu AH, Azeez IA, Mohammed YG, Adamu AA, Ibrahim HB, Bukar AM, Yaro AU, Goni BW, Prieto-Godino LL, Baden T. Two decades of neuroscience publication trends in Africa. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3429. [PMID: 34103514 PMCID: PMC8187719 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23784-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroscience research in Africa remains sparse. Devising new policies to boost Africa's neuroscience landscape is imperative, but these must be based on accurate data on research outputs which is largely lacking. Such data must reflect the heterogeneity of research environments across the continent's 54 countries. Here, we analyse neuroscience publications affiliated with African institutions between 1996 and 2017. Of 12,326 PubMed indexed publications, 5,219 show clear evidence that the work was performed in Africa and led by African-based researchers - on average ~5 per country and year. From here, we extract information on journals and citations, funding, international coauthorships and techniques used. For reference, we also extract the same metrics from 220 randomly selected publications each from the UK, USA, Australia, Japan and Brazil. Our dataset provides insights into the current state of African neuroscience research in a global context.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Maina
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK.
- Biomedical Science Research and Training Centre, College of Medical Sciences, Yobe State University, Damaturu, Nigeria.
- TReND in Africa (www.TReNDinAfrica.org), Brighton, UK.
| | - U Ahmad
- Medical Genetics Laboratory, Genetics and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Bauchi State University, PMB 65, Gadau, Nigeria
| | - H A Ibrahim
- College of Medicine, Misr University for Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
| | - S K Hamidu
- TReND in Africa (www.TReNDinAfrica.org), Brighton, UK
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Gombe State University, Gombe, Nigeria
| | - F E Nasr
- TReND in Africa (www.TReNDinAfrica.org), Brighton, UK
- Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - A T Salihu
- Non-invasive Brain Stimulation and Neuroplasticity Laboratory, Department of Physiotherapy, School of Primary and Allied Healthcare, Faculty of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Physiotherapy, Hasiya Bayero Paediatric Hospital, Kano, Nigeria
| | - A I Abushouk
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
- Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - M Abdurrazak
- Sheka Primary Health Care Kumbotso, Kano, Nigeria
| | - M A Awadelkareem
- TReND in Africa (www.TReNDinAfrica.org), Brighton, UK
- Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Al-Neelain University, Khartoum, Sudan
- UK Dementia Research Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Neuroscience Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - A Amin
- TReND in Africa (www.TReNDinAfrica.org), Brighton, UK
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - A Imam
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - I D Akinrinade
- TReND in Africa (www.TReNDinAfrica.org), Brighton, UK
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - A H Yakubu
- TReND in Africa (www.TReNDinAfrica.org), Brighton, UK
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria
| | - I A Azeez
- Department of Neuroscience Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria
| | - Y G Mohammed
- TReND in Africa (www.TReNDinAfrica.org), Brighton, UK
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Gombe State University, Gombe, Nigeria
- Department of Biology, Neurobiology group, University of Konstanz, Baden Wurttemberg, Germany
| | - A A Adamu
- Department of Physiotherapy, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria
| | - H B Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmacy, Federal Medical Centre, Katsina, Nigeria
| | - A M Bukar
- Centre for Visual Computing, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK
| | - A U Yaro
- College of Medical Sciences, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria
| | - B W Goni
- Department of Medicine, Yobe State University Teaching Hospital Damaturu PMB 1072, Damaturu, Yobe State, Nigeria
| | - L L Prieto-Godino
- TReND in Africa (www.TReNDinAfrica.org), Brighton, UK.
- Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.
| | - T Baden
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK.
- TReND in Africa (www.TReNDinAfrica.org), Brighton, UK.
- Institute of Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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7
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Maina MB, Mohammed YG, Bukar AM, Ahmad U, Tijjani Salihu A, Ibrahim HA, Abdurrazak M, Hamidu SK, Yaro AU, Awadelkareem MA, Nasr FE, Baden T. African neuroscience on the global stage: Nigeria as a model. Eur J Neurosci 2019; 49:1544-1551. [PMID: 30758873 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Of the 572 neuroscience-related studies published in Nigerian from 1996 to 2017, <5% used state-of-the-art techniques, none used transgenic models, and only one study was published in a top-tier journal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Bukar Maina
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK.,College of Medical Sciences, Gombe State University, Gombe, Nigeria
| | - Yunusa Garba Mohammed
- College of Medical Sciences, Gombe State University, Gombe, Nigeria.,International Max Planck Research School, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Ali Maina Bukar
- Centre for Visual Computing, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK
| | - Umar Ahmad
- Medical Genetics Laboratory, Genetics and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Bauchi State University, Bauchi, Nigeria
| | | | | | | | | | - Aisha Umar Yaro
- College of Medical Sciences, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria
| | | | - Fayza Eid Nasr
- Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Tom Baden
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
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Gwani AS, Salihu AT, Garba IS, Rufa'i AA. Estimation of stature from radiographic measurement of foot dimensions: Truncated foot length may be more reliable than full foot length. J Forensic Leg Med 2017; 46:53-57. [PMID: 28131011 DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 10/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Foot length has been shown to be a reliable dimension for estimation of stature. However, phalanges of the foot are very small bones and their length may not be proportional to person's stature. Thus, we hypothesized that foot length measured excluding the phalanges, the truncated foot length, may be more reliable in stature estimation than full foot length. This study, therefore, aimed at comparing the accuracy of the regression equations derived from the truncated foot length and the full foot length. The study recruited a sample of 32 young adults (16 males and 16 females) aged from 20 to 35 years. Lateral radiographs of the right feet were obtained for each subject in a bilateral standing position while maintaining equal weight on both feet. Standing height of the participants was measured with a stadiometer. Truncated foot length and full foot length were measured on the lateral radiographs of the foot. Independent t-test was used to check for mean differences in the dimensions between genders. Linear regression analysis was used to determine the equations for stature estimation. Intra and inter-observer reliability were calculated from four precision estimates: absolute technical error of measurement (aTEM), relative technical error of measurement (rTEM), coefficient of reliability (Rr) and coefficient of variation (Cv). All the dimensions measured were significantly larger in males than females. Linear regression equations were derived for estimation of stature using both the truncated foot length and full foot length. The regression equations derived from truncated foot length have larger correlation coefficient, coefficient of determination, adjusted coefficient of determination as well as smaller standard error of estimation than those derived from full foot length. All the precision estimates showed that the measurement errors are within acceptable limits. This study suggests that even if the full foot length is available, excluding the phalanges may give more accurate stature estimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullahi Suleiman Gwani
- Department of Human Anatomy, College of Medical Sciences, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, PMB 0248, Bauchi, Bauchi State, Nigeria.
| | - Abubakar Tijjani Salihu
- Department of Physiotherapy, Hasiya Bayero Paediatric Hospital, Emir Palace Road, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Isa Sa'idu Garba
- Department of Physiotherapy, College of Medical Sciences, University of Maiduguri, PMB 1069, Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria
| | - Adamu Ahmad Rufa'i
- Department of Physiotherapy, College of Medical Sciences, University of Maiduguri, PMB 1069, Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria
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Salihu AT, Muthuraju S, Idris Z, Izaini Ghani AR, Abdullah JM. Functional outcome after intracerebral haemorrhage – a review of the potential role of antiapoptotic agents. Rev Neurosci 2016; 27:317-27. [DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2015-0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIntracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) is the second most common form of stroke and is associated with greater mortality and morbidity compared with ischaemic stroke. The current ICH management strategies, which mainly target primary injury mechanisms, have not been shown to improve patient’s functional outcome. Consequently, multimodality treatment approaches that will focus on both primary and secondary pathophysiology have been suggested. During the last decade, a proliferation of experimental studies has demonstrated the role of apoptosis in secondary neuronal loss at the periphery of the clot after ICH. Subsequently, the value of certain antiapoptotic agents in reducing neuronal death and improving functional outcome following ICH was evaluated in animal models. Preliminary evidence from those studies strongly supports the potential role of antiapoptotic agents in reducing neuronal death and improving functional outcome after intracerebral haemorrhage. Expectedly, the ongoing and subsequent clinical trials will substantiate these findings and provide clear information on the most potent and safe antiapoptotic agents, their appropriate dosage, and temporal window of action, thereby making them suitable for the multimodality treatment approach.
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