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Lasok H, Nziengui H, Kochersperger P, Ditengou FA. Arabidopsis Root Development Regulation by the Endogenous Folate Precursor, Para-Aminobenzoic Acid, via Modulation of the Root Cell Cycle. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:4076. [PMID: 38140403 PMCID: PMC10748309 DOI: 10.3390/plants12244076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
The continuous growth of roots depends on their ability to maintain a balanced ratio between cell production and cell differentiation at the tip. This process is regulated by the hormonal balance of cytokinin and auxin. However, other important regulators, such as plant folates, also play a regulatory role. In this study, we investigated the impact of the folate precursor para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) on root development. Using pharmacological, genetic, and imaging approaches, we show that the growth of Arabidopsis thaliana roots is repressed by either supplementing the growth medium with PABA or overexpressing the PABA synthesis gene GAT-ADCS. This is associated with a smaller root meristem consisting of fewer cells. Conversely, reducing the levels of free root endogenous PABA results in longer roots with extended meristems. We provide evidence that PABA represses Arabidopsis root growth in a folate-independent manner and likely acts through two mechanisms: (i) the G2/M transition of cell division in the root apical meristem and (ii) promoting premature cell differentiation in the transition zone. These data collectively suggest that PABA plays a role in Arabidopsis root growth at the intersection between cell division and cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Lasok
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7A, 30-387 Kraków, Poland;
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biology II, Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hugues Nziengui
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Science and Technology University of Masuku, Franceville P.O. Box 913, Gabon;
| | - Philip Kochersperger
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biology II, Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Franck Anicet Ditengou
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biology II, Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Lighthouse Core Facility, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
- Bio Imaging Core Light Microscopy (BiMiC), Institute for Disease Modelling and Targeted Medicine (IMITATE), Medical Center University of Freiburg, Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
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2
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Fam96b recruits brain-type creatine kinase to fuel mitotic spindle formation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2023; 1870:119410. [PMID: 36503010 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2022.119410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mitosis is a complicated and ordered process with high energy demands and metabolite fluxes. Cytosolic creatine kinase (CK), an enzyme involved in ATP homeostasis, has been shown to be essential to chromosome movement during mitotic anaphase in sea urchin. However, it remains elusive for the molecular mechanism underlying the recruitment of cytosolic CK by the mitotic apparatus. In this study, Fam96b/MIP18, a component of the MMXD complex with a function in Fe/S cluster supply, was identified as a brain-type CK (CKB)-binding protein. The binding of Fam96b with CKB was independent of the presence of CKB substrates and did not interfere with CKB activity. Fam96b was prone to oligomerize via the formation of intermolecular disulfide bonds, while the binding of enzymatically active CKB could modulate Fam96b oligomerization. Oligomerized Fam96b recruited CKB and the MMXD complex to associate with the mitotic spindle. Depletion of Fam96b or CKB by siRNA in the HeLa cells led to mitotic defects, which further resulted in retarded cell proliferation, increased cell death and aberrant cell cycle progression. Rescue experiments indicated that both Fam96b oligomerization and CKB activity were essential to the proper formation of mitotic spindle. These findings suggest that Fam96b may act as a scaffold protein to coordinate the supply and homeostasis of ATP and Fe/S clusters during mitosis.
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Chemoresistant Cancer Cell Lines Are Characterized by Migratory, Amino Acid Metabolism, Protein Catabolism and IFN1 Signalling Perturbations. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14112763. [PMID: 35681748 PMCID: PMC9179525 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14112763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary While chemoresistance remains a major barrier to improving the outcomes for patients with ovarian cancer, the molecular features, and associated biological functions, which underpin chemoresistance in ovarian cancer remain poorly understood. In this study we aimed to provide insight into the proteins and metabolites, and their associated biological pathways, which play a role in conferring chemoresistance to ovarian cancer. Through mass spectrometry analysis comparing the proteome and metabolome of chemosensitive vs chemoresistant ovarian cancer cell lines we revealed numerous perturbations in signalling and metabolic pathways in chemoresistant cells. Further comparison to primary cells taken from patients with chemoresistant or chemosensitive disease identified a shared dysregulation in cytokine and type 1 interferon signalling. Our research sets the foundation for a deeper understanding of the proteomic and metabolomic features of chemoresistance and identifies type 1 interferon signalling as a common feature of chemoresistance. Abstract Chemoresistance remains the major barrier to effective ovarian cancer treatment. The molecular features and associated biological functions of this phenotype remain poorly understood. We developed carboplatin-resistant cell line models using OVCAR5 and CaOV3 cell lines with the aim of identifying chemoresistance-specific molecular features. Chemotaxis and CAM invasion assays revealed enhanced migratory and invasive potential in OVCAR5-resistant, compared to parental cell lines. Mass spectrometry analysis was used to analyse the metabolome and proteome of these cell lines, and was able to separate these populations based on their molecular features. It revealed signalling and metabolic perturbations in the chemoresistant cell lines. A comparison with the proteome of patient-derived primary ovarian cancer cells grown in culture showed a shared dysregulation of cytokine and type 1 interferon signalling, potentially revealing a common molecular feature of chemoresistance. A comprehensive analysis of a larger patient cohort, including advanced in vitro and in vivo models, promises to assist with better understanding the molecular mechanisms of chemoresistance and the associated enhancement of migration and invasion.
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Hernansaiz-Ballesteros RD, Földi C, Cardelli L, Nagy LG, Csikász-Nagy A. Evolution of opposing regulatory interactions underlies the emergence of eukaryotic cell cycle checkpoints. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11122. [PMID: 34045495 PMCID: PMC8159995 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90384-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In eukaryotes the entry into mitosis is initiated by activation of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), which in turn activate a large number of protein kinases to induce all mitotic processes. The general view is that kinases are active in mitosis and phosphatases turn them off in interphase. Kinases activate each other by cross- and self-phosphorylation, while phosphatases remove these phosphate groups to inactivate kinases. Crucial exceptions to this general rule are the interphase kinase Wee1 and the mitotic phosphatase Cdc25. Together they directly control CDK in an opposite way of the general rule of mitotic phosphorylation and interphase dephosphorylation. Here we investigate why this opposite system emerged and got fixed in almost all eukaryotes. Our results show that this reversed action of a kinase-phosphatase pair, Wee1 and Cdc25, on CDK is particularly suited to establish a stable G2 phase and to add checkpoints to the cell cycle. We show that all these regulators appeared together in LECA (Last Eukaryote Common Ancestor) and co-evolved in eukaryotes, suggesting that this twist in kinase-phosphatase regulation was a crucial step happening at the emergence of eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa D Hernansaiz-Ballesteros
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Bioquant, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Csenge Földi
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, 6726, Hungary
| | - Luca Cardelli
- Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford, Wolfson Building, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QD, UK
| | - László G Nagy
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, 6726, Hungary
| | - Attila Csikász-Nagy
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK.
- Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Práter u. 50/A, Budapest, 1083, Hungary.
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Zhang G, Li X, Sun Y, Wang X, Liu G, Huang Y. A Genetic Screen Identifies Etl4-Deficiency Capable of Stabilizing the Haploidy in Embryonic Stem Cells. Stem Cell Reports 2021; 16:29-38. [PMID: 33440180 PMCID: PMC7815943 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2020.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian haploid embryonic stem cells (haESCs) hold great promise for functional genetic studies and forward screening. However, all established haploid cells are prone to spontaneous diploidization during long-term culture, rendering application challenging. Here, we report a genome-wide loss-of-function screening that identified gene mutations that could significantly reduce the rate of self-diploidization in haESCs. We further demonstrated that CRISPR/Cas9-mediated Etl4 knockout (KO) stabilizes the haploid state in different haESC lines. More interestingly, Etl4 deficiency increases mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) capacity and decreases glycolysis in haESCs. Mimicking this effect by regulating the energy metabolism with drugs decreased the rate of self-diploidization. Collectively, our study identified Etl4 as a novel haploidy-related factor linked to an energy metabolism transition occurring during self-diploidization of haESCs. A genome-wide genetic screen identifies several haploidy-related factors in haESCs Etl4-deficiency stabilizes the haploid state in different haESC lines Etl4-deficiency increases mitochondrial OXPHOS and decrease glycolysis in haESCs Energy metabolism regulation with drugs decreased the rate of self-diploidization
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Affiliation(s)
- Guozhong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China; Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Xiaowen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China; Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Yi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China; Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Xue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China; Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Guang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China; Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China.
| | - Yue Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China; Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China.
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6
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Arata Y, Takagi H. Quantitative Studies for Cell-Division Cycle Control. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1022. [PMID: 31496950 PMCID: PMC6713215 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell-division cycle (CDC) is driven by cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs). Mathematical models based on molecular networks, as revealed by molecular and genetic studies, have reproduced the oscillatory behavior of CDK activity. Thus, one basic system for representing the CDC is a biochemical oscillator (CDK oscillator). However, genetically clonal cells divide with marked variability in their total duration of a single CDC round, exhibiting non-Gaussian statistical distributions. Therefore, the CDK oscillator model does not account for the statistical nature of cell-cycle control. Herein, we review quantitative studies of the statistical properties of the CDC. Over the past 70 years, studies have shown that the CDC is driven by a cluster of molecular oscillators. The CDK oscillator is coupled to transcriptional and mitochondrial metabolic oscillators, which cause deterministic chaotic dynamics for the CDC. Recent studies in animal embryos have raised the possibility that the dynamics of molecular oscillators underlying CDC control are affected by allometric volume scaling among the cellular compartments. Considering these studies, we discuss the idea that a cluster of molecular oscillators embedded in different cellular compartments coordinates cellular physiology and geometry for successful cell divisions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hiroaki Takagi
- Department of Physics, School of Medicine, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
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8
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MacPherson S, Kilgour M, Lum JJ. Understanding lymphocyte metabolism for use in cancer immunotherapy. FEBS J 2018; 285:2567-2578. [PMID: 29611301 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Like all dividing cells, naïve T cells undergo a predictable sequence of events to enter the cell cycle starting from G0 and progressing to G1 , S and finally G2 /M. This methodical series of steps ensures fidelity in the generation of two identical T cells during a single round of division. To achieve this, T cells must activate or inactivate metabolic pathways at discrete times during each phase of the cell cycle. This permits the generation of substrates to support biosynthesis, bioenergetics and the epigenetic changes required for proper differentiation and function. The precursors that feed into these pathways are often shared, highlighting the complex relationship between metabolism and cellular processes that are essential to lymphocytes. It is therefore not surprising that different T cell subtypes exhibit unique metabolic dependencies that change as they mature and go through specialized differentiation programmes. The importance of the influence of metabolism on T cells is underscored by the emerging field of cancer immunotherapy, where autologous T cells can be manufactured ex vivo then infused as a form of curative treatment for human cancers. This review will highlight some of the recent knowledge on T lymphocyte metabolism and give a perspective on the practical implications for cellular-based immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah MacPherson
- Trev and Joyce Deeley Research Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Victoria, Canada
| | - Marisa Kilgour
- Trev and Joyce Deeley Research Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Victoria, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Canada
| | - Julian J Lum
- Trev and Joyce Deeley Research Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Victoria, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Canada
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9
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Shen Y, Sherman JW, Chen X, Wang R. Phosphorylation of CDC25C by AMP-activated protein kinase mediates a metabolic checkpoint during cell-cycle G 2/M-phase transition. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:5185-5199. [PMID: 29467227 PMCID: PMC5892595 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.001379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
From unicellular to multicellular organisms, cell-cycle progression is tightly coupled to biosynthetic and bioenergetic demands. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated the G1/S-phase transition as a key checkpoint where cells respond to their metabolic status and commit to replicating the genome. However, the mechanism underlying the coordination of metabolism and the G2/M-phase transition in mammalian cells remains unclear. Here, we show that the activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a highly conserved cellular energy sensor, significantly delays mitosis entry. The cell-cycle G2/M-phase transition is controlled by mitotic cyclin-dependent kinase complex (CDC2-cyclin B), which is inactivated by WEE1 family protein kinases and activated by the opposing phosphatase CDC25C. AMPK directly phosphorylates CDC25C on serine 216, a well-conserved inhibitory phosphorylation event, which has been shown to mediate DNA damage–induced G2-phase arrest. The acute induction of CDC25C or suppression of WEE1 partially restores mitosis entry in the context of AMPK activation. These findings suggest that AMPK-dependent phosphorylation of CDC25C orchestrates a metabolic checkpoint for the cell-cycle G2/M-phase transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Shen
- From the Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Hematology/Oncology and BMT, Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43205 and.,the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - John William Sherman
- From the Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Hematology/Oncology and BMT, Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43205 and
| | - Xuyong Chen
- From the Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Hematology/Oncology and BMT, Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43205 and
| | - Ruoning Wang
- From the Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Hematology/Oncology and BMT, Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43205 and
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10
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Fueling the Cell Division Cycle. Trends Cell Biol 2016; 27:69-81. [PMID: 27746095 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2016.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cell division is a complex process with high energy demands. However, how cells regulate the generation of energy required for DNA synthesis and chromosome segregation is not well understood. Recent data suggest that changes in mitochondrial dynamics and metabolic pathways such as oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and glycolysis crosstalk with, and are tightly regulated by, the cell division machinery. Alterations in energy availability trigger cell-cycle checkpoints, suggesting a bidirectional connection between cell division and general metabolism. Some of these connections are altered in human disease, and their manipulation may help in designing therapeutic strategies for specific diseases including cancer. We review here recent studies describing the control of metabolism by the cell-cycle machinery.
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11
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Percival SM, Parant JM. Observing Mitotic Division and Dynamics in a Live Zebrafish Embryo. J Vis Exp 2016:10.3791/54218. [PMID: 27501381 PMCID: PMC6082026 DOI: 10.3791/54218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitosis is critical for organismal growth and differentiation. The process is highly dynamic and requires ordered events to accomplish proper chromatin condensation, microtubule-kinetochore attachment, chromosome segregation, and cytokinesis in a small time frame. Errors in the delicate process can result in human disease, including birth defects and cancer. Traditional approaches investigating human mitotic disease states often rely on cell culture systems, which lack the natural physiology and developmental/tissue-specific context advantageous when studying human disease. This protocol overcomes many obstacles by providing a way to visualize, with high resolution, chromosome dynamics in a vertebrate system, the zebrafish. This protocol will detail an approach that can be used to obtain dynamic images of dividing cells, which include: in vitro transcription, zebrafish breeding/collecting, embryo embedding, and time-lapse imaging. Optimization and modifications of this protocol are also explored. Using H2A.F/Z-EGFP (labels chromatin) and mCherry-CAAX (labels cell membrane) mRNA-injected embryos, mitosis in AB wild-type, auroraB(hi1045) (,) and esco2(hi2865) mutant zebrafish is visualized. High resolution live imaging in zebrafish allows one to observe multiple mitoses to statistically quantify mitotic defects and timing of mitotic progression. In addition, observation of qualitative aspects that define improper mitotic processes (i.e., congression defects, missegregation of chromosomes, etc.) and improper chromosomal outcomes (i.e., aneuploidy, polyploidy, micronuclei, etc.) are observed. This assay can be applied to the observation of tissue differentiation/development and is amenable to the use of mutant zebrafish and pharmacological agents. Visualization of how defects in mitosis lead to cancer and developmental disorders will greatly enhance understanding of the pathogenesis of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie M Percival
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - John M Parant
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham;
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12
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Creatine kinase in cell cycle regulation and cancer. Amino Acids 2016; 48:1775-84. [PMID: 27020776 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-016-2217-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The phosphocreatine-creatine kinase (CK) shuttle system is increasingly recognized as a fundamental mechanism for ATP homeostasis in both excitable and non-excitable cells. Many intracellular processes are ATP dependent. Cell division is a process requiring a rapid rate of energy turnover. Cell cycle regulation is also a key point to understanding the mechanisms underlying cancer progression. It has been known for about 40 years that aberrant CK levels are associated with various cancers and for over 30 years that CK is involved in mitosis regulation. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms have not been investigated sufficiently until recently. By maintaining ATP at sites of high-energy demand, CK can regulate cell cycle progression by affecting the intracellular energy status as well as by influencing signaling pathways that are essential to activate cell division and cytoskeleton reorganization. Aberrant CK levels may impair cell viability under normal or stressed conditions and induce cell death. The involvement of CK in cell cycle regulation and cellular energy metabolism makes it a potential diagnostic biomarker and therapeutic target in cancer. To understand the multiple physiological/pathological functions of CK, it is necessary to identify CK-binding partners and regulators including proteins, non-coding RNAs and participating endogenous small molecular weight chemical compounds. This review will focus on molecular mechanisms of CK in cell cycle regulation and cancer progression. It will also discuss the implications of recent mechanistic studies, the emerging problems and future challenges of the multifunctional enzyme CK.
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Two ubiquitin ligases, APC/C-Cdh1 and SKP1-CUL1-F (SCF)-beta-TrCP, sequentially regulate glycolysis during the cell cycle. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:5278-83. [PMID: 21402913 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1102247108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
During cell proliferation, the abundance of the glycolysis-promoting enzyme, 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase, isoform 3 (PFKFB3), is controlled by the ubiquitin ligase APC/C-Cdh1 via a KEN box. We now demonstrate in synchronized HeLa cells that PFKFB3, which appears in mid-to-late G1, is essential for cell division because its silencing prevents progression into S phase. In cells arrested by glucose deprivation, progression into S phase after replacement of glucose occurs only when PFKFB3 is present or is substituted by the downstream glycolytic enzyme 6-phosphofructo-1-kinase. PFKFB3 ceases to be detectable during late G1/S despite the absence of Cdh1; this disappearance is prevented by proteasomal inhibition. PFKFB3 contains a DSG box and is therefore a potential substrate for SCF-β-TrCP, a ubiquitin ligase active during S phase. In synchronized HeLa cells transfected with PFKFB3 mutated in the KEN box, the DSG box, or both, we established the breakdown routes of the enzyme at different stages of the cell cycle and the point at which glycolysis is enhanced. Thus, the presence of PFKFB3 is tightly controlled to ensure the up-regulation of glycolysis at a specific point in G1. We suggest that this up-regulation of glycolysis and its associated events represent the nutrient-sensitive restriction point in mammalian cells.
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14
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Ma H, Pederson T. Nucleostemin: a multiplex regulator of cell-cycle progression. Trends Cell Biol 2008; 18:575-9. [PMID: 18951797 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2008.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2008] [Revised: 09/16/2008] [Accepted: 09/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Nucleostemin (NS) is a protein concentrated in the nucleolus of most stem cells and also in many tumor cells, which has been implicated in cell-cycle progression owing to its ability to modulate p53. Depletion of NS causes G(1) cell-cycle arrest, but its overexpression does so as well. Recently, this paradox has been clarified. NS overexpression causes a sequestration of murine double minute 2 (MDM2), preventing the destruction of p53. A recent study has demonstrated that loss of NS promotes the interaction of L5 and L11 ribosomal proteins with MDM2 and, thus, also prevents p53 degradation. This new finding expands our understanding of the multiple modes of NS action and reinforces the concept that the nucleolus has key roles in cell-cycle progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanhui Ma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01609, USA.
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15
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Abstract
This issue of Developmental Biology features articles that constitute a new wave of insights into how a genome interacts with itself (as DNA) and with effectors-proteins and probably RNAs, collectively operating as a kind of "cis-trans" dualism. We learned a test for allelism in genetics class that bore that Latin name but now it comes as a new day for biological science-a welcome era in which a phenomenon as complex as development can be envisioned from principles of chemical binding energy and specificity. The buzzword (the term is just-as there is deserved buzz) is that the genome is hard-wired, in the sense that it has been shaped to both encode and react to a regulatory network, of which it is itself a part. I here review some of the milestones of embryology in which the sea urchin was the key player, segueing into the modern era in which this organism launched an entirely new intellectual construct of genome organization and gene expression during development. This essay also contains a number of personal perspectives as well as some views on the overall epistemological fabric of developmental biology. Like all of us, I am excited to see the S. purpuratus genome appear and heartily congratulate, by writing this essay, the trailblazers whose intellectual courage and persistence has brought us to this happy position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thoru Pederson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Program in Cell Dynamics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 377 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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