1
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Pan M, Shen Y, Li Y, Shen C, Li W. B 2(OH) 4-Mediated Reductive Ring-Opening of N-Tosyl Aziridines by Nitroarenes: A Green and Regioselective Access to Vicinal Diamines. J Org Chem 2024; 89:8656-8667. [PMID: 38831644 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
The nucleophilic ring-opening of aziridine derivatives provides an important synthetic tool for the preparation of various β-functionalized amines. Amines as nucleophiles are employed to prepare synthetically useful 1,2-diamines in the presence of various catalysts or activators. Herein, the B2(OH)4-mediated reductive ring-opening transformation of N-tosyl aziridines by nitroarenes was developed. This aqueous protocol employed nitroarenes as cheap and readily available amino sources and proceeds under external catalyst-free conditions. Control experiments and DFT calculations pointed to the in situ reduction of nitroarenes to aryl amines via N-aryl boramidic acid (E) and an SN1-type ring-opening of N-tosylaziridines by the resultant aryl amines with high regioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengni Pan
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, P. R. China
| | - Yue Shen
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, P. R. China
| | - Yang Li
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, P. R. China
| | - Chaoren Shen
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China
| | - Wanfang Li
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, P. R. China
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2
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Dequina HJ, Jones CL, Schomaker JM. Recent updates and future perspectives in aziridine synthesis and reactivity. Chem 2023; 9:1658-1701. [PMID: 37681216 PMCID: PMC10482075 DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2023.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
In this review, selected recent advances in the preparation and reactivity of aziridines using modern synthetic approaches are highlighted, while comparing these new strategies with more classical approaches. This critical analysis is designed to help identify current gaps in the field and is showcasing new and exciting opportunities to move the chemistry of aziridines forward in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hillary J. Dequina
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, 1101 N. University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Corey L. Jones
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, 1101 N. University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Jennifer M. Schomaker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, 1101 N. University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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3
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Honnenahalli Rajegowda S, Athahalli Honnagirigowda SR. In-vitro anti-inflammatory activity of serine protease inhibitor from Cassia siamea and Dolichos biflorus: A comparative study. Cell Biochem Funct 2023; 41:33-44. [PMID: 36250219 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Cassia siamea is a nonedible legume belonging to Fabaceae. The seed of C. siamea contains ~16% of protein. The study reports the biochemical characterization of purified novel serine protease inhibitor from seeds of C. siamea, aimed with assessing the anti-inflammatory activity. The seed extract was subjected to ammonium sulfate precipitation followed by fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC)-anion exchange chromatography and affinity-chromatography to obtain a relative pure protease inhibitor. Thirty-fivefold purification with the specific activity of 250 U/mg of trypsin inhibitory unit was obtained. The characterization of protease inhibitor for optimum temperature, pH, and metal ions were measured using N-α-benzoyl-DL-arginine-p-nitroanilide (BAPNA) assay and casein zymogram. The C. siamea trypsin inhibitor (CsTI) has a relative molecular mass of 25.540 kDa. Purified CsTI and Dolichos biflorus were tested for anti-inflammatory efficacy against A549 and RAW264.7 cell lines. The inhibitory activity of both purified inhibitors are comparable and are potent toward anti-inflammatory activity. The purified inhibitor shows to be a promising candidate as anti-inflammatory agent by targeting the serine proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Honnenahalli Rajegowda
- Department of Studies and Research in Biochemistry, Jnana Kaveri Post Graduate Centre, Mangalore University, Kodagu, Karnataka, India
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4
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Song R, Qiao W, He J, Huang J, Luo Y, Yang T. Proteases and Their Modulators in Cancer Therapy: Challenges and Opportunities. J Med Chem 2021; 64:2851-2877. [PMID: 33656892 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Proteostasis is the process of regulating intracellular proteins to maintain the balance of the cell proteome, which is crucial for cancer cell survival. Several proteases located in the cytoplasm, mitochondria, lysosome, and extracellular environment have been identified as potential antitumor targets because of their involvement in proteostasis. Although the discovery of small-molecule inhibitors targeting proteases faces particular challenges, rapid advances in chemical biology and structural biology, and the new technology of drug discovery have facilitated the development of promising protease modulators. In this review, the protein structure and function of important tumor-related proteases and their inhibitors are presented. We also provide a prospective on advances and the outlook of new drug strategies that target these proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rao Song
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Wenliang Qiao
- Lung Cancer Center, Laboratory of Lung Cancer, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jun He
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jiasheng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Youfu Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Tao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.,Laboratory of Human Disease and Immunotherapies, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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5
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Ge L, Zhao N, Miao Y, Zhang S, Zhao M, Luo Y, Lai H, Huang Y, Wang Y. Inhibitory effect of edible natural compounds with di- and tri-carboxyl moiety on endogenous protease inducing disassembly and degradation of myofibrils from grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Food Res Int 2020; 137:109457. [PMID: 33233133 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of endogenous protease is a rapid and feasible approach to control the proteolysis proceeding of post mortem fish flesh. In the present study, the in vitro inhibitory effects of common edible di- and tri-carboxylic acids and salts on endogenous proteolytic activities as well as myofibrillar disassembly and degradation mediated by crude enzyme of grass carp muscle were investigated. The results showed that among the compounds tested, maleic acid, fumaric acid, tartaric acid and malic acid were the most effective inhibitor for cathepsin B, L and calpain, with IC50 ranging from 7.76 to 30.13 mM, from 32.38 to 65.12 mM, from 1.06 to 6.76 mM, respectively. Also, relatively lower Ki (ranging from 1.04 to 43.21 mM) of these compounds were found towards cathepsin B, L and calpain. Incubation of myofibrillar protein with crude enzyme in the presence of di- and tri-carboxylic compounds could remarkably suppress the dissociation and degradation of myosin heavy chain (MHC), and ameliorate the loss of heat shock protein (HSP) in myofibrils, with tartaric acid and fumaric acid proved more effective than other compounds, possibly implicating their application as potential and efficient inhibitors for quality control of fish muscle products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Ge
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Nan Zhao
- Institute of Agro-Products Processing Science and Technology, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China.
| | - Yuzhi Miao
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Siyuan Zhang
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Minhui Zhao
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yongyuan Luo
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Haimei Lai
- Institute of Agro-Products Processing Science and Technology, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuli Huang
- Institute of Agro-Products Processing Science and Technology, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Yali Wang
- Institute of Agro-Products Processing Science and Technology, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
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6
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Fey P, Chartomatsidou R, Kiefer W, Mottram JC, Kersten C, Schirmeister T. New aziridine-based inhibitors of cathepsin L-like cysteine proteases with selectivity for the Leishmania cysteine protease LmCPB2.8. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 156:587-597. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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7
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Mohan M, Kozhithodi S, Nayarisseri A, Elyas KK. Screening, Purification and Characterization of Protease Inhibitor from Capsicum frutescens. Bioinformation 2018; 14:285-293. [PMID: 30237674 PMCID: PMC6137568 DOI: 10.6026/97320630014285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants are rich in protease inhibitors (PI) and trypsin inhibitors are the most common. Therefore, it is of interest to screen PI from plant sources. We report the screening, purification and characterization of PI from Capsicum frutescenes. The partially purified PI showed bands corresponding to 21 KDa and was further confirmed using reverse zymography. The enzyme was stable at temperatures below 60°C and a wide range of pH with 65 folds purification. The effect of magnesium ions oxidizing and reducing agents on PI is reported. The large-scale isolation and purification of PI from Capsicum frutescenes is of commercial interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manju Mohan
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Calicut - 673635, Kerala, India
| | - Shireen Kozhithodi
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Calicut - 673635, Kerala, India
| | - Anuraj Nayarisseri
- In silico Research Laboratory, Eminent Biosciences, Vijaynagar, Indore - 452010, Madhya Pradesh, India
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8
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Angyal A, Demjén A, Wéber E, Kovács AK, Wölfling J, Puskás LG, Kanizsai I. Lewis Acid-Catalyzed Diastereoselective Synthesis of Multisubstituted N-Acylaziridine-2-carboxamides from 2H-Azirines via Joullié–Ugi Three-Component Reaction. J Org Chem 2018; 83:3570-3581. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b03189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anikó Angyal
- AVIDIN Ltd., Alsó kikötő sor 11/D, Szeged H-6726, Hungary
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 8, Szeged H-6720, Hungary
| | - András Demjén
- AVIDIN Ltd., Alsó kikötő sor 11/D, Szeged H-6726, Hungary
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 8, Szeged H-6720, Hungary
| | - Edit Wéber
- SZTE-MTA Lendület Foldamer Research Group, Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, University of Szeged, Somogyi u. 4, Szeged H-6720, Hungary
| | - Anita K. Kovács
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 8, Szeged 6720, Hungary
| | - János Wölfling
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 8, Szeged H-6720, Hungary
| | | | - Iván Kanizsai
- AVIDIN Ltd., Alsó kikötő sor 11/D, Szeged H-6726, Hungary
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9
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Shi MW, Stewart SG, Sobolev AN, Dittrich B, Schirmeister T, Luger P, Hesse M, Chen Y, Spackman PR, Spackman MA, Grabowsky S. Approaching an experimental electron density model of the biologically active
trans
‐epoxysuccinyl amide group—Substituent effects vs. crystal packing. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.3683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ming W. Shi
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry The University of Western Australia Perth WA Australia
| | - Scott G. Stewart
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry The University of Western Australia Perth WA Australia
| | - Alexandre N. Sobolev
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry The University of Western Australia Perth WA Australia
| | - Birger Dittrich
- Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie Heinrich‐Heine‐Universität Düsseldorf Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Tanja Schirmeister
- Institut für Pharmazie und Biochemie Johannes‐Gutenberg‐Universität Mainz Mainz Germany
| | - Peter Luger
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Anorganische Chemie Freie Universität Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - Malte Hesse
- Fachbereich 2—Biologie/Chemie, Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie Universität Bremen Bremen Germany
| | - Yu‐Sheng Chen
- ChemMatCARS The University of Chicago Argonne IL USA
| | - Peter R. Spackman
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry The University of Western Australia Perth WA Australia
| | - Mark A. Spackman
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry The University of Western Australia Perth WA Australia
| | - Simon Grabowsky
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry The University of Western Australia Perth WA Australia
- Fachbereich 2—Biologie/Chemie, Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie Universität Bremen Bremen Germany
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10
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Schmitz J, Li T, Bartz U, Gütschow M. Cathepsin B Inhibitors: Combining Dipeptide Nitriles with an Occluding Loop Recognition Element by Click Chemistry. ACS Med Chem Lett 2016; 7:211-6. [PMID: 26985300 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.5b00474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An active site mapping of human cathepsin B with dipeptide nitrile inhibitors was performed for a combinatorial approach by introducing several points of diversity and stepwise optimizing the inhibitor structure. To address the occluding loop of cathepsin B by a carboxylate moiety, click chemistry to generate linker-connected molecules was applied. Inhibitor 17 exhibited K i values of 41.3 nM, 27.3 nM, or 19.2 nM, depending on the substrate and pH of the assay. Kinetic data were discussed with respect to the conformational selection and induced fit models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina Schmitz
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical
Chemistry I, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Bonn-Rhein-Sieg, von-Liebig-Strasse 20, D-53359 Rheinbach, Germany
| | - Tianwei Li
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical
Chemistry I, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Ulrike Bartz
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Bonn-Rhein-Sieg, von-Liebig-Strasse 20, D-53359 Rheinbach, Germany
| | - Michael Gütschow
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical
Chemistry I, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
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11
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Scully CCG, White CJ, Yudin AK. The effect of backbone flexibility on site-selective modification of macrocycles. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:10230-10237. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ob01778a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The interplay of rotatable backbone torsions determines the ring-opening regioselectivity of electrophilic aziridines in macrocyclic peptide scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor C. G. Scully
- Davenport Research Laboratories
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Toronto
- Toronto
- Canada
| | - Christopher J. White
- Davenport Research Laboratories
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Toronto
- Toronto
- Canada
| | - Andrei K. Yudin
- Davenport Research Laboratories
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Toronto
- Toronto
- Canada
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- Essam M. Hussein
- a Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science , Assiut University , Assiut , Egypt
- b Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Sciences , Umm Al-Qura University , Makkah , Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid S. Khairou
- b Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Sciences , Umm Al-Qura University , Makkah , Saudi Arabia
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13
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Walsh CT, O'Brien RV, Khosla C. Nonproteinogenic amino acid building blocks for nonribosomal peptide and hybrid polyketide scaffolds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:7098-124. [PMID: 23729217 PMCID: PMC4634941 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201208344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Freestanding nonproteinogenic amino acids have long been recognized for their antimetabolite properties and tendency to be uncovered to reactive functionalities by the catalytic action of target enzymes. By installing them regiospecifically into biogenic peptides and proteins, it may be possible to usher a new era at the interface between small molecule and large molecule medicinal chemistry. Site-selective protein functionalization offers uniquely attractive strategies for posttranslational modification of proteins. Last, but not least, many of the amino acids not selected by nature for protein incorporation offer rich architectural possibilities in the context of ribosomally derived polypeptides. This Review summarizes the biosynthetic routes to and metabolic logic for the major classes of the noncanonical amino acid building blocks that end up in both nonribosomal peptide frameworks and in hybrid nonribosomal peptide-polyketide scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher T Walsh
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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14
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Walsh CT, O'Brien RV, Khosla C. Nichtproteinogene Aminosäurebausteine für Peptidgerüste aus nichtribosomalen Peptiden und hybriden Polyketiden. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201208344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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15
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Microbial and fungal protease inhibitors--current and potential applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 93:1351-75. [PMID: 22218770 PMCID: PMC7080157 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3834-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2011] [Revised: 12/07/2011] [Accepted: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Proteolytic enzymes play essential metabolic and regulatory functions in many biological processes and also offer a wide range of biotechnological applications. Because of their essential roles, their proteolytic activity needs to be tightly regulated. Therefore, small molecules and proteins that inhibit proteases can be versatile tools in the fields of medicine, agriculture and biotechnology. In medicine, protease inhibitors can be used as diagnostic or therapeutic agents for viral, bacterial, fungal and parasitic diseases as well as for treating cancer and immunological, neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases. They can be involved in crop protection against plant pathogens and herbivorous pests as well as against abiotic stress such as drought. Furthermore, protease inhibitors are indispensable in protein purification procedures to prevent undesired proteolysis during heterologous expression or protein extraction. They are also valuable tools for simple and effective purification of proteases, using affinity chromatography. Because there are such a large number and diversity of proteases in prokaryotes, yeasts, filamentous fungi and mushrooms, we can expect them to be a rich source of protease inhibitors as well.
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16
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Paasche A, Arnone M, Fink RF, Schirmeister T, Engels B. Origin of the reactivity differences of substituted aziridines: CN vs CC bond breakages. J Org Chem 2009; 74:5244-9. [PMID: 19719251 DOI: 10.1021/jo900505q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Aziridines are broadly used as starting materials for various chemical syntheses, and the underlying reactions (CN vs CC bond breaking accompanied by an attack of a nucleophile or a dipolarophile) are strongly influenced by the substitution pattern. The present study investigates reaction courses of possible ring-opening reactions accompanied by the attack of a nucleophile for different substitution patterns of the aziridine. Information is obtained through the computation of the underlying potential energy surfaces and reaction paths. The results provide insight into the mechanisms of different ring-opening reactions and explain how the kinetics and thermodynamics of the reaction are influenced by substituents. This allows predicting substitution patterns that steer the reaction course to either CN or CC bond cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Paasche
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg D-97074, Germany
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17
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Ammetto I, Gasperi T, Loreto MA, Migliorini A, Palmarelli F, Tardella PA. Synthesis of Functionalized Spiroaziridine-oxindoles from 3-Ylideneoxindoles: An Easy Route to 3-(Aminoalkyl)oxindoles. European J Org Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200900891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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18
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Ismail FMD, Levitsky DO, Dembitsky VM. Aziridine alkaloids as potential therapeutic agents. Eur J Med Chem 2009; 44:3373-87. [PMID: 19540628 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2009.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2008] [Revised: 05/13/2009] [Accepted: 05/14/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The present review describes research on natural aziridine alkaloids isolated from both terrestrial and marine species, as well as their lipophilic semi-synthetic, and/or synthetic analogs. Over 130 biologically active aziridine-containing compounds demonstrate confirmed pharmacological activity including antitumor, antimicrobial, antibacterial effects. The structures, origin, and biological activities of aziridine alkaloids are reviewed. Consequently this review emphasizes the role of aziridine alkaloids as an important source of drug prototypes and leads for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fyaz M D Ismail
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Group, Department of Pharmacy and Chemistry, Liverpool John Moores University, 221C Phase 1, Byrom Street, Liverpool, Merseyside L3 3AF, UK
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19
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Buback V, Mladenovic M, Engels B, Schirmeister T. Rational Design of Improved Aziridine-Based Inhibitors of Cysteine Proteases. J Phys Chem B 2009; 113:5282-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jp810549n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Verena Buback
- Institut für Pharmazie and Lebensmittelchemie, Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Milena Mladenovic
- Institut für Pharmazie and Lebensmittelchemie, Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Engels
- Institut für Pharmazie and Lebensmittelchemie, Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tanja Schirmeister
- Institut für Pharmazie and Lebensmittelchemie, Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
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20
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Schulz F, Gelhaus C, Degel B, Vicik R, Heppner S, Breuning A, Leippe M, Gut J, Rosenthal PJ, Schirmeister T. Screening of protease inhibitors as antiplasmodial agents. Part I: Aziridines and epoxides. ChemMedChem 2008; 2:1214-24. [PMID: 17562535 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200700070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
A broad protease-based and cell-based screening of protease inhibitors yielded the aziridine-2-carboxylic acid derivative 2 a and the N-acylated aziridine-2,3-dicarboxylic acid derivatives 32 a and 34 b as the most potent inhibitors of falcipain-2 and falcipain-3 (IC(50) falcipain-2: 0.079-5.4 microM, falcipain-3: 0.25-39.8 microM). As the compounds also display in vitro activity against the P. falciparum parasite in the submicromolar and low micromolar range, these compound classes are leads for new antiplasmodial falcipain inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Schulz
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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Mladenovic M, Schirmeister T, Thiel S, Thiel W, Engels B. The importance of the active site histidine for the activity of epoxide- or aziridine-based inhibitors of cysteine proteases. ChemMedChem 2008; 2:120-8. [PMID: 17066390 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200600159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In the present study the importance of the active site histidine residue (His) for the activity of epoxide- or aziridine-based cysteine protease inhibitors is examined theoretically. To account for all important effects, QM/MM hybrid approaches are employed which combine quantum mechanical (QM) methods that are necessary to describe bond-breaking and formation processes, with molecular mechanics (MM) methods that incorporate the influence of the protein environment. Using various model systems, the computations exclude a direct proton shift from the active site His residue to the inhibitor, but show that one water molecule is sufficient to establish a very efficient relay system. This relay system allows an easy proton transfer from the active site His residue to the inhibitor and is thus essential for the activity of both types of inhibitors. Differences between the epoxides and the aziridines are discussed, along with some implications for the rational design of optimized inhibitors. The work presented herein represents the first QM/MM study into the mode of action of these important inhibitor classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Mladenovic
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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22
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Fioravanti S, Massari D, Morreale A, Pellacani L, Tardella PA. Solution-phase synthesis of 2-cyano and 2-amido aziridinyl peptides. Tetrahedron 2008; 64:3204-3211. [PMID: 32287417 PMCID: PMC7111778 DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2008.01.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2007] [Revised: 01/04/2008] [Accepted: 01/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Starting from a library of 2-l-α-amino acyl (E)-acrylonitriles, different short 2-cyano and 2-amido aziridinyl peptides, potential protease inhibitors, were obtained under parallel solution-phase conditions. The transformations include careful selection of conditions for aziridine deprotection and cyano group partial hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Fioravanti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi 'La Sapienza', P.le Aldo Moro 2, I-00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Davide Massari
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi 'La Sapienza', P.le Aldo Moro 2, I-00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Alberto Morreale
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi 'La Sapienza', P.le Aldo Moro 2, I-00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Lucio Pellacani
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi 'La Sapienza', P.le Aldo Moro 2, I-00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Paolo A Tardella
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi 'La Sapienza', P.le Aldo Moro 2, I-00185 Roma, Italy
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23
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Degel B, Staib P, Rohrer S, Scheiber J, Martina E, Büchold C, Baumann K, Morschhäuser J, Schirmeister T. Cis-Configured Aziridines Are New Pseudo-Irreversible Dual-Mode Inhibitors ofCandida albicans Secreted Aspartic Protease 2. ChemMedChem 2008; 3:302-15. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200700101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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24
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Vicik R, Helten H, Schirmeister T, Engels B. Rational design of aziridine-containing cysteine protease inhibitors with improved potency: studies on inhibition mechanism. ChemMedChem 2006; 1:1021-8. [PMID: 16933238 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200600081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
To enable a rational design of improved cysteine protease inhibitors, the present work investigates trends in the inhibition potency of aziridine derivatives with a substituted nitrogen center. To predict the influence of electron-withdrawing substituents, quantum chemical computations of the ring opening of N-formylated, N-methylated, and N-unsubstituted aziridines with thiolate were performed. They revealed that the N-formyl group leads to a strong decrease of the reaction barrier and a considerable increase in exothermicity due to stabilization of the transition state. In contrast, a nucleophilic attack at the carbonyl carbon atom is characterized by very low reaction barriers, suggesting a reversible reaction, thus providing the theoretical background for the reversible inhibition of cysteine proteases by peptidyl aldehydes. Reactions of aziridine building blocks (diethyl aziridine-2,3-dicarboxylate 1, diethyl 1-formyl aziridine-2,3-dicarboxylate 2) with a model thiolate in aqueous solution which were followed by NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry, showed the N-formylated compound 2 to readily undergo a ring-opening reaction. In contrast, the reaction of 1 with the thiolate is much slower. Enzyme assays with the cysteine protease cathepsin L showed 2 to be a 5000-fold better enzyme inhibitor than 1. Dialysis assays clearly proved irreversible inhibition. These experiments, together with the results obtained with the model thiolate, indicate that the main inhibition mechanism of the N-formylated aziridine 2 is the ring-opening reaction rather than the reversible attack of the active site cysteine residue at the carbonyl carbon atom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radim Vicik
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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25
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Vicik R, Busemann M, Gelhaus C, Stiefl N, Scheiber J, Schmitz W, Schulz F, Mladenovic M, Engels B, Leippe M, Baumann K, Schirmeister T. Aziridide-Based Inhibitors of Cathepsin L: Synthesis, Inhibition Activity, and Docking Studies. ChemMedChem 2006; 1:1126-41. [PMID: 16933358 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200600106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A comprehensive screening of N-acylated aziridine (aziridide) based cysteine protease inhibitors containing either Boc-Leu-Caa (Caa=cyclic amino acid), Boc-Gly-Caa, or Boc-Phe-Ala attached to the aziridine nitrogen atom revealed Boc-(S)-Leu-(S)-Azy-(S,S)-Azi(OBn)(2) (18 a) as a highly potent cathepsin L (CL) inhibitor (K(i)=13 nM) (Azy=aziridine-2-carboxylate, Azi=aziridine-2,3-dicarboxylate). Docking studies, which also accounted for the unusual bonding situations (the flexibility and hybridization of the aziridides) predict that the inhibitor adopts a Y shape and spans across the entire active site cleft, binding into both the nonprimed and primed sites of CL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radim Vicik
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg, Germany
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26
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Ponte-Sucre A, Vicik R, Schultheis M, Schirmeister T, Moll H. Aziridine-2,3-dicarboxylates, peptidomimetic cysteine protease inhibitors with antileishmanial activity. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006; 50:2439-47. [PMID: 16801424 PMCID: PMC1489792 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01430-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy of leishmaniasis is mainly based on antimonials. However, they are extremely toxic and cause serious side effects, and there is a worldwide increasing frequency of chemoresistance to antimonials. These issues emphasize the urgent need for affordable alternative drugs against leishmaniasis. Leishmania cysteine proteases are essential for parasite growth, differentiation, pathogenicity, and virulence and are thus attractive targets for combating leishmaniasis. Herein we demonstrate that the cysteine protease inhibitors aziridine-2,3-dicarboxylates 13b and 13e impaired promastigote growth at mid-micromolar concentrations and decreased the infection rate of peritoneal macrophages at concentrations 8- to 13-fold lower than those needed to inhibit parasite replication. Simultaneous treatment of infected cells with compound 13b and gamma interferon resulted in an even further reduction of the concentration needed for a significant decrease in macrophage infection rate. Notably, treatment with the compounds alone modulated the cytokine secretion of infected macrophages, with increased levels of interleukin-12 and tumor necrosis factor alpha. Furthermore, the decreased infection rate in the presence of compound 13b correlated with increased nitric oxide production by macrophages. Importantly, at the concentrations used herein, compounds 13b and 13e were not toxic against fibroblasts, macrophages, or dendritic cells. Together, these results suggest that the aziridine-2,3-dicarboxylates 13b and 13e are potential antileishmanial lead compounds with low toxicity against host cells and selective antiparasitic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Ponte-Sucre
- Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, University of Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
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Vicik R, Hoerr V, Glaser M, Schultheis M, Hansell E, McKerrow JH, Holzgrabe U, Caffrey CR, Ponte-Sucre A, Moll H, Stich A, Schirmeister T. Aziridine-2,3-dicarboxylate inhibitors targeting the major cysteine protease of Trypanosoma brucei as lead trypanocidal agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:2753-7. [PMID: 16516467 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2005] [Revised: 02/02/2006] [Accepted: 02/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The protozoan parasite Trypanosoma brucei causes Human African trypanosomiasis, which is fatal if left untreated. Due to the toxicity of currently used drugs and emerging drug resistance, there is an urgent need for novel therapies. The major trypanosome papain-like cysteine protease expressed by the parasite (e.g., rhodesain in T. b. rhodesiense) is considered an important target for the development of new trypanocidal drugs. Series of aziridine-2,3-dicarboxylate-based cysteine protease inhibitors have been tested, most of them inhibiting rhodesain in the low micromolar range. Among these, only dibenzyl aziridine-2,3-dicarboxylates display trypanocidal activity being equipotent to the drug eflornithine. The Leu-Pro-containing aziridinyl tripeptides 13a-f are the most promising as they are not cytotoxic to macrophages up to concentrations of 125microM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radim Vicik
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Wuerzburg, Germany
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28
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Bitar Y, Degel B, Schirmeister T, Holzgrabe U. Comparison of the separation of aziridine isomers applyingheptakis(2,3-di-O-methyl-6-sulfato)β-CD andheptakis(2,3-di-O-acetyl-6-sulfato)β-CD in aqueous and nonaqueous systems. Electrophoresis 2005; 26:3897-903. [PMID: 16167307 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200500176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Aziridines are attracting interest as protease inhibitors, which might be used, e.g., for treatment of parasitic diseases. Within the framework of greater projects dealing with the search of new selective protease inhibitors, a huge number of aziridines with two stereogenic centers will be synthesized. Thus, a fast and reliable screening method for the evaluation of the isomeric composition is needed. Robust baseline separations were obtained using heptakis(2,3-di-O-acetyl-6-sulfato)beta-CD (HDAS) in acidic methanol and sulfated beta-CD in acidic phosphate buffer. With HDAS the resolutions were higher and migration times shorter. Thus, the method will be used as a screening method for further isomeric mixtures of aziridines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaser Bitar
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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29
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Fioravanti S, Morreale A, Pellacani L, Tardella PA. Can functionalized N-acyloxy aziridines be easily deprotected? CR CHIM 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crci.2005.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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30
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Supuran CT, Scozzafava A, Mastrolorenzo A. Bacterial proteases: current therapeutic use and future prospects for the development of new antibiotics. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2005. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.11.2.221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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31
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Schirmeister T, Breuning A, Murso A, Stalke D, Mladenovic M, Engels B, Szeghalmi A, Schmitt M, Kiefer W, Popp J. Conformation and Hydrogen Bonding Properties of an Aziridinyl Peptide: X-ray Structure Analysis, Raman Spectroscopy and Theoretical Investigations. J Phys Chem A 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp047026n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Schirmeister
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany, Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany, Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany, and Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Alexander Breuning
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany, Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany, Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany, and Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Alexander Murso
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany, Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany, Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany, and Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Dietmar Stalke
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany, Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany, Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany, and Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Milena Mladenovic
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany, Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany, Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany, and Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Bernd Engels
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany, Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany, Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany, and Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Adriana Szeghalmi
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany, Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany, Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany, and Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Schmitt
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany, Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany, Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany, and Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Kiefer
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany, Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany, Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany, and Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Jürgen Popp
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany, Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany, Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany, and Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, D-07743 Jena, Germany
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32
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Helten H, Schirmeister T, Engels B. Model Calculations about the Influence of Protic Environments on the Alkylation Step of Epoxide, Aziridine, and Thiirane Based Cysteine Protease Inhibitors. J Phys Chem A 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp048784g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Holger Helten
- Institut für Organische Chemie, and Institut für Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tanja Schirmeister
- Institut für Organische Chemie, and Institut für Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Engels
- Institut für Organische Chemie, and Institut für Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
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33
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Medjahed W, Tabet Zatla A, Kajima Mulengi J, Baba Ahmed F, Merzouk H. The synthesis of N -acyl-2-hydroxymethyl aziridines of biological interest. Tetrahedron Lett 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2003.11.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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34
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Gelhaus C, Vicik R, Hilgenfeld R, Schmidt CL, Leippe M, Schirmeister T. Synthesis and antiplasmodial activity of a cysteine protease-inhibiting biotinylated aziridine-2,3-dicarboxylate. Biol Chem 2004; 385:435-8. [PMID: 15196005 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2004.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Cysteine proteases have been implicated in a variety of processes essential for the survival and progression of the malarial parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Here, we synthesized a cysteine protease inhibitor that contains the electrophilic aziridine-2,3-dicarboxylic acid as the reactive agent and biotin as a targeting label. Diethyl ester and dibenzyl ester derivatives of the inhibitor were active against cathepsin L and the plasmodial protease falcipain 2, but only the latter displayed potent antiplasmodial activity against viable parasites. The morphological changes observed during the intraerythrocytic life stages of Plasmodium suggest that degradation of hemoglobin of the host cell is seriously affected, eventually leading to growth arrest and cell death of the parasites. After incubation of infected erythrocytes with the compound plasmodial proteins were captured, with the biotinyl group of the inhibitor serving as an affinity tag. Among these the cysteine proteases falcipain 2 and falcipain 3 were identified as potential target proteins of the compound as evidenced by tandem mass spectrometry. Apparently, the compound gets access to intracellular compartments and therein targets plasmodial cysteine proteases. Accordingly, the reagent described here appears to be a valuable template to develop cell-permeable, non-radioactive reagents that selectively target enzymes involved in pathogenicity of the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Gelhaus
- Zentrum für Infektionsforschung, Universität Würzburg, Roentgenring 11, D-97070 Würzburg, Germany
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35
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Deaton DN, Kumar S. Cathepsin K Inhibitors: Their Potential as Anti-Osteoporosis Agents. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2004; 42:245-375. [PMID: 15003723 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6468(04)42006-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David N Deaton
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, GlaxoSmithKline Inc., 5 Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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36
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Breuning A, Vicik R, Schirmeister T. An improved synthesis of aziridine-2,3-dicarboxylates via azido alcohols—epimerization studies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2003.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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37
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Powers JC, Asgian JL, Ekici OD, James KE. Irreversible inhibitors of serine, cysteine, and threonine proteases. Chem Rev 2002; 102:4639-750. [PMID: 12475205 DOI: 10.1021/cr010182v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 818] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James C Powers
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, USA.
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38
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Abstract
Serine-, cysteine-, and metalloproteases are widely spread in many pathogenic bacteria, where they play critical functions related to colonization and evasion of host immune defenses, acquisition of nutrients for growth and proliferation, facilitation of dissemination, or tissue damage during infection. Since all the antibiotics used clinically at the moment share a common mechanism of action, acting as inhibitors of the bacterial cell wall biosynthesis or affecting protein synthesis on ribosomes, resistance to these pharmacological agents represents a serious medical problem, which might be resolved by using new generation of antibiotics, possessing a different mechanism of action. Bacterial protease inhibitors constitute an interesting such possibility, due to the fact that many specific as well as ubiquitous proteases have recently been characterized in some detail in both gram-positive as well as gram-negative pathogens. Few potent, specific inhibitors for such bacterial proteases have been reported at this moment except for some signal peptidase, clostripain, Clostridium histolyticum collagenase, botulinum neurotoxin, and tetanus neurotoxin inhibitors. No inhibitors of the critically important and ubiquitous AAA proteases, degP or sortase have been reported, although such compounds would presumably constitute a new class of highly effective antibiotics. This review presents the state of the art in the design of such enzyme inhibitors with potential therapeutic applications, as well as recent advances in the use of some of these proteases in therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudiu T Supuran
- University of Florence, Dipartimento di Chimica, Laboratorio di Chimica Inorganica e Bioinorganica, Firenze, Italy.
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Cardillo G, Fabbroni S, Gentilucci L, Gianotti M, Percacciante R, Tolomelli A. Enantioselective synthesis of aziridine 2,2-dicarboxylates. Part I: Copper(II)-bisoxazoline complex-catalysed Michael reaction on alkylidene malonates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0957-4166(02)00340-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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40
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Schirmeister T. (S)-Thiirancarboxylic acid as a reactive building block for a new class of cysteine protease inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2000; 10:2647-51. [PMID: 11128643 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(00)00549-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
For (S)-thiirancarboxylic acid a second-order rate constant of k2nd = 222 M(-1) min(-1) for the irreversible inhibition of papain was determined. The ethyl and methyl ester do not inhibit the enzyme time-dependently. An improved synthesis of enantiomerically pure thiirancarboxylic acid is described. It is shown that thiirancarboxylates can be substrates for serine proteases (alpha-chymotrypsin) and esterases (pig liver esterase) and even for metallo proteases (thermolysin).
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Affiliation(s)
- T Schirmeister
- Institute for Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Germany.
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