1
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Fukumoto K, Yazaki M, Arisawa M. Synthesis of Unprotected Cyclic Peptide Methylene Dithioacetals by Rhodium-Catalyzed Oxidation of Methanol to Formaldehyde. Org Lett 2024; 26:221-224. [PMID: 38134135 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
In the presence of a rhodium catalyst, unprotected peptide dithiols possessing two cysteine residues are efficiently converted to their corresponding cyclic methylene dithioacetals in a mixed solvent of methanol and water (4:1) under an oxygen atmosphere (1 atm). The slow formation of formaldehyde inhibits side reactions by maintaining its concentration at a low level, which is a key feature of this reaction. This method can be applied to peptide dithiols containing amino acids such as Gly, Ala, Ser, Lys, Met, Phe, Tyr, and His and provides cyclic methylene dithioacetals without being affected by other functional groups. Primary alcohols, such as ethanol and isopropanol, can also be employed. Oxytocin can be cyclized to provide a cyclic methylene dithioacetal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Fukumoto
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Masana Yazaki
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Mieko Arisawa
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
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2
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Hallberg M, Larhed M. From Angiotensin IV to Small Peptidemimetics Inhibiting Insulin-Regulated Aminopeptidase. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:590855. [PMID: 33178027 PMCID: PMC7593869 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.590855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
It was reported three decades ago that intracerebroventricular injection of angiotensin IV (Ang IV, Val-Tyr-Ile-His-Pro-Phe) improved memory and learning in the rat. There are several explanations for these positive effects of the hexapeptide and related analogues on cognition available in the literature. In 2001, it was proposed that the insulin-regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP) is a main target for Ang IV and that Ang IV serves as an inhibitor of the enzyme. The focus of this review is the efforts to stepwise transform the hexapeptide into more drug-like Ang IV peptidemimetics serving as IRAP inhibitors. Moreover, the discovery of IRAP inhibitors by virtual and substance library screening and direct design applying knowledge of the structure of IRAP and of related enzymes is briefly presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Hallberg
- The Beijer Laboratory, Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, BMC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mats Larhed
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Science for Life Laboratory, BMC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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3
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Brango-Vanegas J, Martinho LA, Bessa LJ, Vasconcelos AG, Plácido A, Pereira AL, Leite JRSA, Machado AHL. Synthesis of novel sulfide-based cyclic peptidomimetic analogues to solonamides. Beilstein J Org Chem 2019; 15:2544-2551. [PMID: 31728168 PMCID: PMC6839570 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.15.247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Eight new sulfide-based cyclic peptidomimetic analogues of solonamides A and B have been synthesized via solid-phase peptide synthesis and SN2’ reaction on a Morita–Baylis–Hillman (MBH) residue introduced at the N-terminal of a tetrapeptide. This last step takes advantage of the electrophilic feature of the MBH residue and represents a new cyclization strategy occurring. The analogues were prepared in moderate overall yields and did not show toxic effects on Staphylococcus aureus growth and were not toxic to human fibroblasts. Two of them inhibited the hemolytic activity of S. aureus, suggesting an interfering action in the bacterial quorum sensing similar to the one already reported for solonamides.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Brango-Vanegas
- Instituto de Química, Universidade de Brasília, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, 70910-900, Asa Norte, Brasília DF, Brasil
| | - Luan A Martinho
- Instituto de Química, Universidade de Brasília, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, 70910-900, Asa Norte, Brasília DF, Brasil
| | - Lucinda J Bessa
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bíoquímica, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, 4169007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Andreanne G Vasconcelos
- Área de Morfologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, 70910-900, Brasília, DF, Brasil
| | - Alexandra Plácido
- Glial Cell Biology Lab, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, i3S, Universidade do Porto, 420013, Porto, Portugal.,Bioprospectum, Lda, UPTEC, 4200135, Porto, Portugal
| | - Alex L Pereira
- Campus de Ceilândia, Universidade de Brasília, Centro Metropolitano, 72220-275, Ceilândia Sul, Ceilândia, DF, Brazil
| | - José R S A Leite
- Área de Morfologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, 70910-900, Brasília, DF, Brasil
| | - Angelo H L Machado
- Instituto de Química, Universidade de Brasília, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, 70910-900, Asa Norte, Brasília DF, Brasil
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4
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Mousa R, Lansky S, Shoham G, Metanis N. BPTI folding revisited: switching a disulfide into methylene thioacetal reveals a previously hidden path. Chem Sci 2018; 9:4814-4820. [PMID: 29910933 PMCID: PMC5982216 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc01110a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The folding mechanism of the model protein bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor was revisited. By switching the solvent exposed disulfide bond with methylene thioacetal we uncovered a hidden pathway in its folding mechanism. In addition, this moiety enhanced protein stability while fully maintaining the protein structure and biological function.
Bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (BPTI) is a 58-residue protein that is stabilized by three disulfide bonds at positions 5–55, 14–38 and 30–51. Widely studied for about 50 years, BPTI represents a folding model for many disulfide-rich proteins. In the study described below, we replaced the solvent exposed 14–38 disulfide bond with a methylene thioacetal bridge in an attempt to arrest the folding pathway of the protein at its two well-known intermediates, N′ and N*. The modified protein was expected to be unable to undergo the rate-determining step in the widely accepted BPTI folding mechanism: the opening of the 14–38 disulfide bond followed by rearrangements that leads to the native state, N. Surprisingly, instead of halting BPTI folding at N′ and N*, we uncovered a hidden pathway involving a direct reaction between the N* intermediate and the oxidizing reagent glutathione (GSSG) to form the disulfide-mixed intermediate N*–SG, which spontaneously folds into N. On the other hand, N′ was unable to fold into N. In addition, we found that the methylene thioacetal bridge enhances BPTI stability while fully maintaining its structure and biological function. These findings suggest a general strategy for enhancing protein stability without compromising on function or structure, suggesting potential applications for future therapeutic protein production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem Mousa
- Institute of Chemistry , The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Jerusalem , 91904 , Israel .
| | - Shifra Lansky
- Institute of Chemistry , The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Jerusalem , 91904 , Israel .
| | - Gil Shoham
- Institute of Chemistry , The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Jerusalem , 91904 , Israel .
| | - Norman Metanis
- Institute of Chemistry , The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Jerusalem , 91904 , Israel .
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5
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Niida A, Sasaki S, Yonemori K, Sameshima T, Yaguchi M, Asami T, Sakamoto K, Kamaura M. Investigation of the structural requirements of K-Ras(G12D) selective inhibitory peptide KRpep-2d using alanine scans and cysteine bridging. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:2757-2761. [PMID: 28457754 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.04.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A structure-activity relationship study of a K-Ras(G12D) selective inhibitory cyclic peptide, KRpep-2d was performed. Alanine scanning of KRpep-2d focusing on the cyclic moiety showed that Leu7, Ile9, and Asp12 are the key elements for K-Ras(G12D) selective inhibition of KRpep-2d. The cysteine bridging was also examined to identify the stable analog of KRpep-2d under reductive conditions. As a result, the KRpep-2d analog (12) including mono-methylene bridging showed potent K-Ras(G12D) selective inhibition in both the presence and the absence of dithiothreitol. This means that mono-methylene bridging is an effective strategy to obtain a reduction-resistance analog of parent disulfide cyclic peptides. Peptide 12 inhibited proliferation of K-Ras(G12D)-driven cancer cells significantly. These results gave valuable information for further optimization of KRpep-2d to provide novel anti-cancer drug candidates targeting the K-Ras(G12D) mutant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayumu Niida
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., 2-26-1 Muraokahigashi, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan.
| | - Shigekazu Sasaki
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., 2-26-1 Muraokahigashi, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Kazuko Yonemori
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., 2-26-1 Muraokahigashi, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Tomoya Sameshima
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., 2-26-1 Muraokahigashi, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Masahiro Yaguchi
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., 2-26-1 Muraokahigashi, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Taiji Asami
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., 2-26-1 Muraokahigashi, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Kotaro Sakamoto
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., 2-26-1 Muraokahigashi, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan.
| | - Masahiro Kamaura
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., 2-26-1 Muraokahigashi, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
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6
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Kourra CMBK, Cramer N. Converting disulfide bridges in native peptides to stable methylene thioacetals. Chem Sci 2016; 7:7007-7012. [PMID: 28451136 PMCID: PMC5355835 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc02285e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Disulfide bridges play a crucial role in defining and rigidifying the three-dimensional structure of peptides. However, disulfides are inherently unstable in reducing environments. Consequently, the development of strategies aiming to circumvent these deficiencies - ideally with little structural disturbance - are highly sought after. Herein, we report a simple protocol converting the disulfide bond of peptides into highly stable methylene thioacetal. The transformation occurs under mild, biocompatible conditions, enabling the conversion of unprotected native peptides into analogues with enhanced stability. The developed protocol is applicable to a range of peptides and selective in the presence of a multitude of potentially reactive functional groups. The thioacetal modification annihilates the reductive lability and increases the serum, pH and temperature stability of the important peptide hormone oxytocin. Moreover, it is shown that the biological activities for oxytocin are retained.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M B K Kourra
- Laboratory of Asymmetric Catalysis and Synthesis , Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering , Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , EPFL SB ISIC LCSA , BCH 4305 , CH-1015 Lausanne , Switzerland .
| | - N Cramer
- Laboratory of Asymmetric Catalysis and Synthesis , Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering , Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , EPFL SB ISIC LCSA , BCH 4305 , CH-1015 Lausanne , Switzerland .
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7
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Micewicz ED, Sharma S, Waring AJ, Luong HT, McBride WH, Ruchala P. Bridged Analogues for p53-Dependent Cancer Therapy Obtained by S-Alkylation. Int J Pept Res Ther 2015; 22:67-81. [PMID: 26957954 DOI: 10.1007/s10989-015-9487-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A small library of anticancer, cell-permeating, stapled peptides based on potent dual-specific antagonist of p53-MDM2/MDMX interactions, PMI-N8A, was synthesized, characterized and screened for anticancer activity against human colorectal cancer cell line, HCT-116. Employed synthetic modifications included: S-alkylation-based stapling, point mutations increasing hydrophobicity in key residues as well as improvement of cell-permeability by introduction of polycationic sequence(s) that were woven into the sequence of parental peptide. Selected analogue, ArB14Co, was also tested in vivo and exhibited potent anticancer bioactivity at the low dose (3.0 mg/kg). Collectively, our findings suggest that application of stapling in combination with rational design of polycationic short analogues may be a suitable approach in the development of physiologically active p53-MDM2/MDMX peptide inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa D Micewicz
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California at Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Shantanu Sharma
- Materials and Process Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Alan J Waring
- Department of Medicine, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA, Medical Center, 1000 West Carson Street, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | - Hai T Luong
- Department of Analytical Operations, Gilead Sciences, Inc., 4049 Avenida de la Plata, Oceanside CA, 92056, USA
| | - William H McBride
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California at Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Piotr Ruchala
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California at Los Angeles, 760 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
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8
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Discovery of inhibitors of insulin-regulated aminopeptidase as cognitive enhancers. Int J Hypertens 2012; 2012:789671. [PMID: 23304452 PMCID: PMC3529497 DOI: 10.1155/2012/789671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2012] [Accepted: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The hexapeptide angiotensin IV (Ang IV) is a metabolite of angiotensin II (Ang II) and plays a central role in the brain. It was reported more than two decades ago that intracerebroventricular injection of Ang IV improved memory and learning in the rat. Several hypotheses have been put forward to explain the positive effects of Ang IV and related analogues on cognition. It has been proposed that the insulin-regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP) is the main target of Ang IV. This paper discusses progress in the discovery of inhibitors of IRAP as potential enhancers of cognitive functions. Very potent inhibitors of the protease have been synthesised, but pharmacokinetic issues (including problems associated with crossing the blood-brain barrier) remain to be solved. The paper also briefly presents an overview of the status in the discovery of inhibitors of ACE and renin, and of AT1R antagonists and AT2R agonists, in order to enable other discovery processes within the RAS system to be compared. The paper focuses on the relationship between binding affinities/inhibition capacity and the structures of the ligands that interact with the target proteins.
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9
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Jo H, Meinhardt N, Wu Y, Kulkarni S, Hu X, Low KE, Davies PL, DeGrado WF, Greenbaum DC. Development of α-helical calpain probes by mimicking a natural protein-protein interaction. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:17704-13. [PMID: 22998171 PMCID: PMC3523126 DOI: 10.1021/ja307599z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We have designed a highly specific inhibitor of calpain by mimicking a natural protein-protein interaction between calpain and its endogenous inhibitor calpastatin. To enable this goal we established a new method of stabilizing an α-helix in a small peptide by screening 24 commercially available cross-linkers for successful cysteine alkylation in a model peptide sequence. The effects of cross-linking on the α-helicity of selected peptides were examined by CD and NMR spectroscopy, and revealed structurally rigid cross-linkers to be the best at stabilizing α-helices. We applied this strategy to the design of inhibitors of calpain that are based on calpastatin, an intrinsically unstable polypeptide that becomes structured upon binding to the enzyme. A two-turn α-helix that binds proximal to the active site cleft was stabilized, resulting in a potent and selective inhibitor for calpain. We further expanded the utility of this inhibitor by developing irreversible calpain family activity-based probes (ABPs), which retained the specificity of the stabilized helical inhibitor. We believe the inhibitor and ABPs will be useful for future investigation of calpains, while the cross-linking technique will enable exploration of other protein-protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunil Jo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Nataline Meinhardt
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Yibing Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Swapnil Kulkarni
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Xiaozhen Hu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Kristin E. Low
- Department of Biochemistry and Protein Function Discovery, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6 (Canada)
| | - Peter L. Davies
- Department of Biochemistry and Protein Function Discovery, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6 (Canada)
| | - William F. DeGrado
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Doron C. Greenbaum
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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10
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Oliveira VX, Fázio MA, Silva AF, Campana PT, Pesquero JB, Santos EL, Costa-Neto CM, Miranda A. Biological and conformational evaluation of angiotensin II lactam bridge containing analogues. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 172:1-7. [PMID: 21787808 DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2011.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2010] [Revised: 03/28/2011] [Accepted: 05/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin II (AII) is the active octapeptide product of the renin enzymatic cascade, which is responsible for sustaining blood pressure. In an attempt to establish the AII-receptor-bound conformation of this octapeptide, we designed conformationally constrained analogues by scanning the entire AII sequence with an i-(i+2) and i-(i+3) lactam bridge consisting of an Asp-(Xaa)(n)-Lys scaffold. Most analogues presented low agonistic activity when compared to AII in the different bioassays tested. The exceptions are cyclo(0-1a) [Asp(0), endo-(Lys(1a))]-AII (1) and [Asp(0), endo-(Lys(1a))]-AII (2), both of which showed activity similar to AII. Based on peptide 1 and the analogue cyclo(3-5)[Sar(1), Asp(3), Lys(5)]-AII characterized by Matsoukas et al., we analyzed the agonistic and antagonistic activities, respectively, through a new monocyclic peptide series synthesized by using the following combinations of residues as bridgehead elements for the lactam bond formation: D- or L-Asp combined with D- or L-Lys or L-Glu combined with L-Orn. Six analogues showed an approximately 20% increase in biological activity when compared with peptide (1) and were equipotent to AII. In contrast, six analogues presented antagonistic activity. These results suggest that the position of the lactam bridge is more important than the bridge length or chirality for recognition of and binding to the angiotensin II AT1-receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vani X Oliveira
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, SP 09210-170, Brazil.
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11
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Modeling binding modes of angiotensin II and pseudopeptide analogues to the AT2 receptor. J Mol Graph Model 2008; 26:991-1003. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2007.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2007] [Revised: 08/16/2007] [Accepted: 08/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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12
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Li P, Jiang S, Lee SL, Lin CY, Johnson MD, Dickson RB, Michejda CJ, Roller PP. Design and synthesis of novel and potent inhibitors of the type II transmembrane serine protease, matriptase, based upon the sunflower trypsin inhibitor-1. J Med Chem 2007; 50:5976-83. [PMID: 17985858 DOI: 10.1021/jm0704898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Matriptase, initially isolated from human breast cancer cells in culture, is a member of the emerging class of type II transmembrane serine proteases. Matriptase blockade could potentially modulate tumorigenesis and metastasis in vivo. Sunflower trypsin inhibitor-1 (1, SFTI-1), isolated from sunflower seeds, exhibits very potent matriptase inhibitory activity. On the basis of these findings, we designed and synthesized 13 analogues of the naturally occurring peptide 1 with the intention to explore the structure-activity relationships of this type of bicyclic peptides and to improve inhibitory selectivity and metabolic stability of the disulfide-bridge-containing peptide 1. We discovered that the methylenedithioether-bridged compound 14 demonstrates very potent binding affinity to matriptase. Compound 8 exhibits much better selectivity for inhibition of matriptase versus thrombin, whereas compound 2 becomes a more potent thrombin inhibitor, which can be potentially used as an anticoagulant for prophylaxis and therapy of thromboembolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Li
- Lombardi Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007, USA
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13
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Samant MP, Rivier JE. Norcystine, a new tool for the study of the structure-activity relationship of peptides. Org Lett 2007; 8:2361-4. [PMID: 16706526 DOI: 10.1021/ol0606740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] Norcysteine (Ncy) is an unnatural amino acid possessing an electronegative sulfur atom directly attached to the alpha-carbon atom. We describe the synthesis of Boc-D,L-Ncy(Mob)-OH, the resolution of its methyl ester, and the introduction of both D- and L-Ncy in GnRH analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj P Samant
- The Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, The Salk Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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14
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Axén A, Andersson H, Lindeberg G, Rönnholm H, Kortesmaa J, Demaegdt H, Vauquelin G, Karlén A, Hallberg M. Small potent ligands to the insulin-regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP)/AT4 receptor. J Pept Sci 2007; 13:434-44. [PMID: 17559064 DOI: 10.1002/psc.859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin IV analogs encompassing aromatic scaffolds replacing parts of the backbone of angiotensin IV have been synthesized and evaluated in biological assays. Several of the ligands displayed high affinities to the insulin-regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP)/AT(4) receptor. Displacement of the C-terminal of angiotensin IV with an o-substituted aryl acetic acid derivative delivered the ligand 4, which exhibited the highest binding affinity (K(i) = 1.9 nM). The high affinity of this ligand provides support to the hypothesis that angiotensin IV adopts a gamma-turn in the C-terminal of its bioactive conformation. Ligand (4) inhibits both human IRAP and aminopeptidase N-activity and induces proliferation of adult neural stem cells at low concentrations. Furthermore, ligand 4 is degraded considerably more slowly in membrane preparations than angiotensin IV. Hence, it might constitute a suitable research tool for biological studies of the (IRAP)/AT(4) receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Axén
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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15
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Rosenström U, Sköld C, Lindeberg G, Botros M, Nyberg F, Karlén A, Hallberg A. Design, Synthesis, and Incorporation of a β-Turn Mimetic in Angiotensin II Forming Novel Pseudopeptides with Affinity for AT1 and AT2 Receptors. J Med Chem 2006; 49:6133-7. [PMID: 17004728 DOI: 10.1021/jm051222g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A benzodiazepine-based beta-turn mimetic has been designed, synthesized, and incorporated into angiotensin II. Comparison of the mimetic with beta-turns in crystallized proteins showed that it most closely resembles a type II beta-turn. The compounds exhibited high to moderate binding affinity for the AT2 receptor, and one also displayed high affinity for the AT1 receptor. Molecular modeling showed that the high-affinity compounds could be incorporated into a previously derived model of AT2 receptor ligands.
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MESH Headings
- Angiotensin II/chemistry
- Animals
- Aorta, Thoracic/drug effects
- Aorta, Thoracic/physiology
- Benzodiazepines/chemical synthesis
- Benzodiazepines/chemistry
- Benzodiazepines/pharmacology
- Drug Design
- Female
- In Vitro Techniques
- Ligands
- Liver/drug effects
- Liver/metabolism
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Mimicry
- Muscle Contraction/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiology
- Peptides/chemistry
- Protein Structure, Secondary
- Rabbits
- Radioligand Assay
- Rats
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/agonists
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/metabolism
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2/agonists
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2/metabolism
- Swine
- Uterus/drug effects
- Uterus/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrika Rosenström
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, BMC, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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16
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Udugamasooriya G, Saro D, Spaller MR. Bridged peptide macrocycles as ligands for PDZ domain proteins. Org Lett 2006; 7:1203-6. [PMID: 15787467 DOI: 10.1021/ol0475966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] Conformationally constrained side chain-bridged cyclic peptides were prepared using bis-carboxylic acid ring spacers. These macrocyles were designed to inhibit protein-protein interactions mediated by the third PDZ domain (PDZ3) of a mammalian neuronal protein, PSD-95. Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) experiments measured dissociation constants in the low micromolar range. For each compound, the change in entropy (TdeltaS) of binding either is comparable in magnitude to the enthalpy change (deltaH) or is the predominant driving force for association.
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17
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Axén A, Lindeberg G, Demaegdt H, Vauquelin G, Karlén A, Hallberg M. Cyclic insulin-regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP)/AT4 receptor ligands. J Pept Sci 2006; 12:705-13. [PMID: 16967438 DOI: 10.1002/psc.782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The angiotensin IV receptor (AT4 receptor) is the insulin-regulated aminopeptidase enzyme (IRAP, EC 3.4.11.3). This membrane-spanning enzyme belongs to the M1 family of zinc-dependent metallo-peptidases. It has been proposed that AT4 receptor ligands exert their physiological effects by binding to the active site of IRAP and thereby inhibiting the catalytic activity of the enzyme. The biological activity of a large series of linear angiotensin IV analogs was previously disclosed. Herein, the synthesis and biological evaluation of a series of angiotensin IV analogs, encompassing macrocyclic ring systems of different sizes, are presented. It is demonstrated that disulfide cyclizations of angiotensin IV can deliver ligands with high IRAP/AT4 receptor affinity. One ligand, with an 11-membered ring system (4), inhibited human IRAP and aminopeptidase N (AP-N) activity with similar potency as angiotensin IV but was considerably more stable than angiotensin IV toward enzymatic degradation. The compound provides a promising starting point for further optimization toward more drug-like derivatives. The cyclic constrained analogs allowed us to propose a tentative bioactive conformation of angiotensin IV and it seems that the peptide adopts an inverse gamma-turn at the C-terminal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Axén
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 574, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden
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18
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Georgsson J, Sköld C, Plouffe B, Lindeberg G, Botros M, Larhed M, Nyberg F, Gallo-Payet N, Gogoll A, Karlén A, Hallberg A. Angiotensin II pseudopeptides containing 1,3,5-trisubstituted benzene scaffolds with high AT2 receptor affinity. J Med Chem 2005; 48:6620-31. [PMID: 16220978 DOI: 10.1021/jm050280z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Two 1,3,5-trisubstituted aromatic scaffolds intended to serve as gamma-turn mimetics have been synthesized and incorporated in five pseudopeptide analogues of angiotensin II (Asp-Arg-Val-Tyr-Ile-His-Pro-Phe), replacing Val-Tyr-Ile, Val-Tyr, or Tyr-Ile. All the tested compounds exhibited nanomolar affinity for the AT2 receptor with the best compound (3) having a K(i) of 1.85 nM. Four pseudopeptides were AT2 selective, while one (5) also exhibited good affinity for the AT1 receptor (K(i) = 30.3 nM). This pseudopeptide exerted full agonistic activity in an AT2 receptor induced neurite outgrowth assay but displayed no agonistic effect in an AT1 receptor functional assay. Molecular modeling, using the program DISCOtech, showed that the high-affinity ligands could interact similarly with the AT2 receptor as other ligands with high affinity for this receptor. A tentative agonist model is proposed for AT2 receptor activation by angiotensin II analogues. We conclude that the 1,3,5-trisubstituted benzene rings can be conveniently prepared and are suitable as gamma-turn mimics.
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MESH Headings
- Angiotensin II/analogs & derivatives
- Angiotensin II/chemical synthesis
- Angiotensin II/pharmacology
- Animals
- Aorta, Thoracic/drug effects
- Aorta, Thoracic/physiology
- Benzene Derivatives/chemical synthesis
- Benzene Derivatives/pharmacology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Female
- In Vitro Techniques
- Ligands
- Liver/metabolism
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Mimicry
- Muscle Contraction/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiology
- Myometrium/metabolism
- Neurites/drug effects
- Neurites/physiology
- Oligopeptides/chemical synthesis
- Oligopeptides/pharmacology
- Protein Structure, Secondary
- Rabbits
- Radioligand Assay
- Rats
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/agonists
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/metabolism
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2/agonists
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2/metabolism
- Swine
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennie Georgsson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Division of Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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19
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Rosenström U, Sköld C, Plouffe B, Beaudry H, Lindeberg G, Botros M, Nyberg F, Wolf G, Karlén A, Gallo-Payet N, Hallberg A. New selective AT2 receptor ligands encompassing a gamma-turn mimetic replacing the amino acid residues 4-5 of angiotensin II act as agonists. J Med Chem 2005; 48:4009-24. [PMID: 15943474 DOI: 10.1021/jm0491492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
New benzodiazepine-based gamma-turn mimetics with one or two amino acid side chains were synthesized. The gamma-turn mimetics were incorporated into angiotensin II (Ang II) replacing the Val(3)-Tyr(4)-Ile(5) or Tyr(4)-Ile(5) peptide segments. All of the resulting pseudopeptides displayed high AT(2)/AT(1) receptor selectivity and exhibited AT(2) receptor affinity in the low nanomolar range. Molecular modeling was used to investigate whether the compounds binding to the AT(2) receptor could position important structural elements in common areas. A previously described benzodiazepine-based gamma-turn mimetic with high affinity for the AT(2) receptor was also included in the modeling. It was found that the molecules, although being structurally quite different, could adopt the same binding mode/interaction pattern in agreement with the model hypothesis. The pseudopeptides selected for agonist studies were shown to act as AT(2) receptor agonists being able to induce outgrowth of neurite cells, stimulate p42/p44(mapk), and suppress proliferation of PC12 cells.
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20
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Rosenström U, Sköld C, Lindeberg G, Botros M, Nyberg F, Hallberg A, Karlén A. Synthesis and AT2 receptor-binding properties of angiotensin II analogues. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 64:194-201. [PMID: 15485557 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3011.2004.00184.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigates the importance of the amino acid side chains in the octapeptide angiotensin II (Ang II) for binding to the AT2 receptor. A Gly scan was performed where each amino acid in Ang II was substituted one-by-one with glycine. The resulting set of peptides was tested for affinity to the AT2 receptor (porcine myometrial membranes). For a comparison, the peptides were also tested for affinity to the AT1 receptor (rat liver membranes). Only the substitution of Arg2 reduced affinity to the AT2 receptor considerably (92-fold when compared with Ang II). For the other Gly-substituted analogues the affinity to the AT2 receptor was only moderately affected. To further investigate the role of the Arg2 side chain for receptor binding, we synthesized some N-terminally modified Ang II analogues. According to these studies a positive charge in the N-terminal end of angiotensin III [Ang II (2-8)] is not required for high AT2 receptor affinity but seems to be more important in Ang II. With respect to the AT1 receptor, [Gly2]Ang II and [Gly8]Ang II lacked binding affinity (Ki > 10 microM). Replacement of the Val3 or Ile5 residues with Gly produced only a slight decrease in affinity. Interestingly, substitution of Tyr4 or His6, which are known to be very important for AT1 receptor binding, resulted in only 48 and 14 times reduction in affinity, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Rosenström
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Division of Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Uppsala University, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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21
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Rosenström U, Sköld C, Lindeberg G, Botros M, Nyberg F, Karlén A, Hallberg A. A selective AT2 receptor ligand with a gamma-turn-like mimetic replacing the amino acid residues 4-5 of angiotensin II. J Med Chem 2004; 47:859-70. [PMID: 14761188 DOI: 10.1021/jm030921v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Three angiotensin II (Ang II) analogues encompassing a benzodiazepine-based gamma-turn-like scaffold have been synthesized. Evaluation of the compounds in a radioligand binding assay showed that they had no affinity to the rat liver AT(1) receptor. However, one of the compounds displayed considerable affinity to the pig uterus AT(2) receptor (K(i) = 3.0 nM) while the other two lacked affinity to this receptor. It was hypothesized that the reason for the inactivity of one of these analogues to the AT(2) receptor was that the guanidino group of the Arg(2) residue and/or the N-terminal end of the pseudopeptide could not interact optimally with the receptor. To investigate this hypothesis, a conformational analysis was performed and a comparison was carried out with the monocyclic methylenedithioether analogue cyclo(S-CH(2)-S)[Cys(3,5)]Ang II which is known to bind with high affinity to the AT(2) receptor (K(i) = 0.62 nM). This comparison showed that, in the compounds with high AT(2) receptor affinity, the guanidino group of the Arg(2) residue and the N-terminal end could access common regions of space that were not accessible to the inactive compound. To examine the importance of the guanidino group for binding, the Arg side chain was removed by substituting Arg(2) for Ala(2) in the analogue having the high affinity. This analogue lacked affinity to AT(2) receptors, which supports the role of the guanidino group in receptor binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrika Rosenström
- Division of Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, BMC, Box 574, Uppsala University, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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22
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Lindman S, Lindeberg G, Frändberg PA, Nyberg F, Karlén A, Hallberg A. Effect of 3-5 monocyclizations of angiotensin II and 4-aminoPhe6-Ang II on AT2 receptor affinity. Bioorg Med Chem 2003; 11:2947-54. [PMID: 12788364 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(03)00212-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The endogenous angiotensin II (Ang II) and the synthetic AT(2) selective agonist 4-aminoPhe(6)-Ang II respond very differently to identical cyclizations. Cyclizations of Ang II by thioacetalization, involving the 3 and 5 amino acid residue side chains, provided ligands with almost equipotent binding affinities to Ang II at the AT(2) receptor. In contrast, the same cyclization procedures applied on the AT(2) selective 4-aminoPhe(6)-Ang II delivered significantly less potent AT(2) receptor ligands, although the AT(2)/AT(1) selectivity was still very high. The fact that different structure-activity relationships are observed after imposing conformational restrictions on Ang II and 4-aminoPhe(6)-Ang II, respectively, suggests that the peptides, despite large similarities might adopt quite different backbone conformations when binding to the AT(2) receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Lindman
- Department of Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Uppsala Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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23
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Johannesson P, Lindeberg G, Johansson A, Nikiforovich GV, Gogoll A, Synnergren B, Le Grèves M, Nyberg F, Karlén A, Hallberg A. Vinyl sulfide cyclized analogues of angiotensin II with high affinity and full agonist activity at the AT(1) receptor. J Med Chem 2002; 45:1767-77. [PMID: 11960488 DOI: 10.1021/jm011063a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Vinyl sulfide cyclized analogues of the octapeptide angiotensin II that are structurally related to the cyclic disulfide agonist c[Hcy(3,5)]Ang II have been prepared. The synthesis relies on the reaction of the mercapto group of a cysteine residue in position 3 with the formyl group of allysine incorporated in position 5 of angiotensin II. A mixture of the cis and the trans isomers was formed, and these were separated and isolated by RP-HPLC. Thus, the three-atom CH(2)[bond]S[bond]S element of the AT(1) receptor agonist c[Hcy(3,5)]Ang II has been displaced by a bioisosteric three-atom S[bond]CH[double bond]CH element. A comparative conformational analysis of the 13-membered ring systems of c[Hcy(3,5)]Ang II and the 13-membered cyclic vinyl sulfides with cis and trans configuration, respectively, suggested that all three systems adopted very similar low-energy conformations. This similarity was also reflected in the bioactivity. Both of the compounds that contained the ring systems encompassing the cis or trans vinyl sulfide elements between positions 3 and 5 exhibited K(i) values less than 2 nM and exerted full agonism at the AT(1) receptor. In contrast, vinyl sulfide cyclization involving the amino acid residues 5 and 7 rendered inactive compounds. The cyclic vinyl sulfides that have agonist activity were both shown to possess low-energy conformers compatible with the previously proposed 3D model for the bioactive conformation of Ang II.
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MESH Headings
- Angiotensin II/analogs & derivatives
- Angiotensin II/chemical synthesis
- Angiotensin II/chemistry
- Angiotensin II/pharmacology
- Animals
- Aorta/drug effects
- Aorta/physiology
- Binding, Competitive
- Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
- In Vitro Techniques
- Liver/metabolism
- Male
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Conformation
- Muscle Contraction
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiology
- Peptide Fragments/chemical synthesis
- Peptide Fragments/chemistry
- Peptide Fragments/pharmacology
- Peptides, Cyclic/chemical synthesis
- Peptides, Cyclic/chemistry
- Peptides, Cyclic/pharmacology
- Rabbits
- Radioligand Assay
- Rats
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1
- Receptors, Angiotensin/agonists
- Receptors, Angiotensin/metabolism
- Stereoisomerism
- Structure-Activity Relationship
- Sulfides/chemical synthesis
- Sulfides/chemistry
- Sulfides/pharmacology
- Vinyl Compounds/chemical synthesis
- Vinyl Compounds/chemistry
- Vinyl Compounds/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Johannesson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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