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Sun YZ, Wu YA, Shi J, Wu W, Song JR, Ren H. Copper/Iodine Co-catalyzed Oxygenative Transannulation of Tryptamines Enables Direct Synthesis of Donaxaridine and Its Derivatives. Org Lett 2024; 26:625-630. [PMID: 38206574 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
We report a general copper/iodine co-catalyzed oxygenative transannulation strategy using readily available tryptamines. Molecular oxygen and water are used as oxygen sources and provide direct access to the donaxaridine scaffold and its derivatives. This methodology is applied to the efficient synthesis of the natural products donaxaridine, chimonamidine, donaxanine, donaxarine, and aline in just one or two steps. The tryptamines, albeit with oxy-sensitive dialkyl N-H groups, are selectively oxidized through a single-electron transfer dioxygenation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Zheng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, P. R. China
- Natural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang 550014, P. R. China
| | - Ying-Ai Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, P. R. China
- Natural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang 550014, P. R. China
| | - Jun Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, P. R. China
- Natural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang 550014, P. R. China
| | - Wei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, P. R. China
- Natural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang 550014, P. R. China
| | - Jun-Rong Song
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, P. R. China
- Natural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang 550014, P. R. China
| | - Hai Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, P. R. China
- Natural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang 550014, P. R. China
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2
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De S, Dan AK, Sahu R, Das D. Asymmetric Synthesis of Halocyclized Products by Using Various Catalysts: A State‐of‐the‐Art Review. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Soumik De
- NIT Silchar: National Institute of Technology Silchar Department of Chemistry QQ5R+3WM, NIT Road, Fakiratilla 788010 Silchar INDIA
| | - Aritra Kumar Dan
- KIIT School of Biotechnology Department of Biotechnology School Of Biotechnology, KIIT ,Campus 11, Patia 751024 Bhubaneswar INDIA
| | - Raghaba Sahu
- Seoul National University College of Pharmacy College of Pharmacy 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu 08826 KOREA, REPUBLIC OF
| | - Debadutta Das
- RITE: Radhakrishna Institute of Technology and Engineering Chemistry Barunai Temple Rd, IDCO-01, IDCO Industrial Estate, Barunei 752057 Khordha INDIA
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3
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Wang W, Jiang SY, Song JR, Wu W, Shi J, Li ZY, Wu YA, Chi Q, Pan WD, Ren H. Copper-Catalyzed Selective Oxidative Cross-Coupling of Tryptophols and Tryptamines To Access Heterocyclic 3a,3a'-Bisindolines. Org Lett 2022; 24:2716-2721. [PMID: 35388699 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c00821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The first example of cyclization cross-coupling of tryptophols and tryptamines has been realized by copper catalysis with air or oxone as the terminal oxidant, resulting in the direct construction of a new class of heterocyclic 3a,3a'-bisindolines in moderate to good yields with high chemoselectivities. A series of mechanistic control experiments were also conducted, indicating that the copper catalyst selectively coordinates with the nitrogen moiety of the tryptamine to initiate the oxidation, and a nucleophilic-alkylation process is proposed for the carbon-carbon bond-forming in the reaction. The novel synthetic strategies and molecular skeletons outlined in this work provide new ideas and concepts for the design of other useful reaction and potential drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University; The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academy of Science, Guiyang 550031, China.,Guizhou University, Huaxi Avenue South, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Shu-Yun Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University; The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academy of Science, Guiyang 550031, China
| | - Jun-Rong Song
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University; The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academy of Science, Guiyang 550031, China
| | - Wei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University; The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academy of Science, Guiyang 550031, China
| | - Jun Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University; The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academy of Science, Guiyang 550031, China
| | - Zhi-Yao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University; The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academy of Science, Guiyang 550031, China
| | - Ying-Ai Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University; The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academy of Science, Guiyang 550031, China
| | - Qin Chi
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University; The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academy of Science, Guiyang 550031, China
| | - Wei-Dong Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University; The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academy of Science, Guiyang 550031, China.,Guizhou University, Huaxi Avenue South, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Hai Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University; The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academy of Science, Guiyang 550031, China
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4
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Ma Z, Zhou A, Xia C. Strategies for total synthesis of bispyrrolidinoindoline alkaloids. Nat Prod Rep 2022; 39:1015-1044. [PMID: 35297915 DOI: 10.1039/d1np00060h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Covering up to 2021Complex cyclotryptamine alkaloids with a bispyrrolidino[2,3-b]indoline (BPI) skeleton are an intriguing family of natural products, exhibiting wide systematic occurrences, large structural diversity, and multiple biological activities. Based on their structural characteristics, BPI alkaloids can be classified into chimonanthine-type BPI alkaloids, BPI diketopiperazines, and BPI epipolythiodiketopiperazines. These intricate molecules have captivated great attention soon after their isolation and identification in the 1960s. Due to the structural complexity, the total synthesis of these cyclotryptamine alkaloids is challenging. Nevertheless, remarkable progress has been achieved in the last six decades; in particular, several methods have been successfully established for the construction of vicinal all-carbon quaternary stereocenters. In this review, the structural diversity and chemical synthesis of these BPI alkaloids were summarized. BPI alkaloids are mainly synthesized by the methods of oxidative dimerization, reductive dimerization, and alkylation of bisoxindole. The purpose of this review is to present overall strategies for assembling the BPI skeleton and efforts towards controlling the stereocenters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixian Ma
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, and Yunnan University Library, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China.
| | - Ankun Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, and Yunnan University Library, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China.
| | - Chengfeng Xia
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, and Yunnan University Library, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China.
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5
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Dotson JJ, Garg NK, Garcia-Garibay MA. Evaluation of the photodecarbonylation of crystalline ketones for the installation of reverse prenyl groups on the pyrrolidinoindoline scaffold. Tetrahedron 2021; 76. [PMID: 34898726 DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2020.131181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We report synthetic efforts toward the regiocontrolled installation of the prenyl moiety in debromoflustramine A by the regiospecific photodecarbonylation of a prenyl-substituted ketone. Synthetic approaches to access the plausible photodecarbonylation substrates beginning from tryptamine were evaluated. Initial attempts to synthesize a suitable substrate for photodecarbonylation were hampered by a lack of substrate crystallinity (a prerequisite for solid-state photochemistry). Ultimately, a crystalline substrate could be accessed to attempt the key step by judicious selection of N-substituents. Although the photodecarbonylation did not result in the desired reverse prenylation, this study highlights the troubleshooting and optimization required for crystal phase photochemistry and underscores methods that can be used to control substrate crystallinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan J Dotson
- University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Neil K Garg
- University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Miguel A Garcia-Garibay
- University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
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6
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Manjal SK, Pathania S, Bhatia R, Kaur R, Kumar K, Rawal RK. Diversified Synthetic Strategies for Pyrroloindoles: An Overview. J Heterocycl Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.3661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sundeep Kaur Manjal
- Department of Pharmaceutical ChemistryIndo‐Soviet Friendship College of Pharmacy (ISFCP) Moga 142001 India
| | - Shelly Pathania
- Department of Pharmaceutical ChemistryIndo‐Soviet Friendship College of Pharmacy (ISFCP) Moga 142001 India
- Research Scholar, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and TechnologyMaharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University Bathinda Punjab 151001 India
| | - Rohit Bhatia
- Department of Pharmaceutical ChemistryIndo‐Soviet Friendship College of Pharmacy (ISFCP) Moga 142001 India
- Research Scholar, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and TechnologyMaharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University Bathinda Punjab 151001 India
| | - Ramandeep Kaur
- Department of Pharmaceutical ChemistryIndo‐Soviet Friendship College of Pharmacy (ISFCP) Moga 142001 India
| | - Kapil Kumar
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesApeejay Satya University Sohna‐Palwal Road, Sohna Gurgaon Haryana 122103 India
| | - Ravindra K. Rawal
- Department of ChemistryMaharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University) Mullana 133207 Ambala Haryana India
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7
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Shu RG, Wan YL, Wang XM. Non-volatile constituents and pharmacology of Chimonanthus: A review. Chin J Nat Med 2019; 17:161-186. [PMID: 30910054 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(19)30020-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Chimonanthus plants widely distributed in southern area of China, which have a long history of edibles and medicine. Phytochemical investigations have shown that Chimonanthus produced 143 non-volatile constituents, including alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, coumarins and others, which exhibit significant anti-oxidant, anti-bacterial, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, antihyperglycemic, antihyperlipidemic and other biological activities. On the basis of systematic reviewing of literatures, this article overviews the non-volatile constituents and pharmacology of Chimonanthus from domestic and foreign over the last 30 years (until June 2018), and may provide a useful reference for the further development of Chimonanthus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren-Geng Shu
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China.
| | - Yi-Li Wan
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China; School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xiao-Min Wang
- School of Life Science, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
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8
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Ahire MM, Pol MD, Kavale DS, Gonnade RG, Mhaske SB. Stereoselective construction of deoxy-cruciferane alkaloids by NHC-catalyzed intramolecular annulation of homoenolate with quinazolinone. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:7135-7139. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ob01243e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Novel NHC-catalyzed intramolecular stereoselective [3 + 2] cycloaddition of enal with quinazolinone is developed to construct a pyrroloindoloquinazolinone scaffold of deoxy-cruciferane alkaloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milind M. Ahire
- Division of Organic Chemistry
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory
- Pune 411008
- India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)
| | - Mahesh D. Pol
- Division of Organic Chemistry
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory
- Pune 411008
- India
| | - Dattatry S. Kavale
- Division of Organic Chemistry
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory
- Pune 411008
- India
| | - Rajesh G. Gonnade
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)
- Ghaziabad 201002
- India
- Physical and Materials Chemistry Division
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory
| | - Santosh B. Mhaske
- Division of Organic Chemistry
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory
- Pune 411008
- India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)
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9
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Liu G, Fu J. Squalene synthase cloning and functional identification in wintersweet plant (Chimonanthus zhejiangensis). BOTANICAL STUDIES 2018; 59:30. [PMID: 30539325 PMCID: PMC6289936 DOI: 10.1186/s40529-018-0246-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Three species of wintersweets: Chimonanthus salicifolius S. Y. Hu, Chimonanthus zhejiangensis M. C. Liu and Chimonanthus grammalus M. C. Liu are widely distributed in China. The three wintersweets belonging to the genus of Chimonanthus that can synthesize abundant terpenoids that are beneficial to human health. Their buds and leaves are traditional Chinese herb applied by the 'She' ethnic minority in southeast of China. Squalene is a multi-functional and ubiquitous triterpene in plants, which is biosynthesized by squalene synthase (SQS) using farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) as the substrate. The synthesis of squalene in wintersweet was not clearly. This work would provide us much help to further understand the terpene metabolism in wintersweet and its health function to people at phytochemistry and molecular levels. RESULTS In this study, we identified squalene component in the extractions of leaves of three wintersweets and isolated SQS genes from leaf transcriptomes. The three SQSs were highly conservative, so CzSQS from C. zhejiangensis was just determined the enzymatic activity. The in vitro expressed CzSQS that deleted two transmembrane domains could catalyze FPP to generate squalene with the presence of NADPH and Mg2+. CONCLUSIONS The squalene was one of wintersweet leaves phytochemicals. The squalene synthases of three wintersweet plants were highly conserved. The CzSQS was capable to catalyze two FPP molecules to squalene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanhua Liu
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, 310008, People's Republic of China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianyu Fu
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, 310008, People's Republic of China.
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10
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Ma GL, Xiong J, Osman EEA, Huang T, Yang GX, Hu JF. LC-MS guided isolation of sinodamines A and B: Chimonanthine-type alkaloids from the endangered ornamental plant Sinocalycanthus chinensis. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2018; 151:61-68. [PMID: 29665477 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Two previously undescribed chimonanthine-type [sinodamines A and B] and five related known dimeric tryptamine-derived alkaloids were isolated and characterized from the leaves of the endangered ornamental plant Sinocalycanthus chinensis under the guidance of LC-MS detection and dereplication analyses, along with conventional isolation procedures. Their structures were established on the basis of spectroscopic methods and chemical transformations. Sinodamine A can be regarded as the naturally occurring N-oxide derivative of its pseudo-mesomer sinodamine B. An acid-catalyzed Meisenheimer rearrangement from sinodamine A to its oxazine-form with a final equilibrium of 1:2 was observed by monitoring their NMR spectra. (-)-Folicanthine showed significant cytotoxicity against human lung carcinoma A549 and colorectal carcinoma HT29 cells, with IC50 values of 7.76 and 6.16 μM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Lei Ma
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, No. 826 Zhangheng Rd., Shanghai, 201203, PR China
| | - Juan Xiong
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, No. 826 Zhangheng Rd., Shanghai, 201203, PR China.
| | - Ezzat E A Osman
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, No. 826 Zhangheng Rd., Shanghai, 201203, PR China
| | - Ting Huang
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, No. 826 Zhangheng Rd., Shanghai, 201203, PR China
| | - Guo-Xun Yang
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, No. 826 Zhangheng Rd., Shanghai, 201203, PR China
| | - Jin-Feng Hu
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, No. 826 Zhangheng Rd., Shanghai, 201203, PR China.
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11
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Ma Z, Chen C. Natural products as inspiration for the development of new synthetic methods. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2018; 65:43-59. [PMID: 29430058 PMCID: PMC5800783 DOI: 10.1002/jccs.201700134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Natural products have played an important role in shaping modern synthetic organic chemistry. In particular, their complex molecular skeletons have stimulated the development of many new synthetic methods. We highlight in this article some recent examples of synthetic design inspired by the biosynthesis of natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Ma
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390-9038, USA
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Chuo Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390-9038, USA
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12
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Lindovska P, Movassaghi M. Concise Synthesis of (-)-Hodgkinsine, (-)-Calycosidine, (-)-Hodgkinsine B, (-)-Quadrigemine C, and (-)-Psycholeine via Convergent and Directed Modular Assembly of Cyclotryptamines. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:17590-17596. [PMID: 29058431 PMCID: PMC5733798 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b09929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The enantioselective total synthesis of (-)-hodgkinsine, (-)-calycosidine, (-)-hodgkinsine B, (-)-quadrigemine C, and (-)-psycholeine through a diazene-directed assembly of cyclotryptamine fragments is described. Our synthetic strategy enables multiple and directed assembly of intact cyclotryptamine subunits for convergent synthesis of highly complex bis- and tris-diazene intermediates. Photoextrusion of dinitrogen from these intermediates enables completely stereoselective formation of all C3a-C3a' and C3a-C7' carbon-carbon bonds and all the associated quaternary stereogenic centers. In a representative example, photoextrusion of three dinitrogen molecules from an advanced intermediate in a single-step led to completely controlled introduction of four quaternary stereogenic centers and guided the assembly of four cyclotryptamine monomers en route to (-)-quadrigemine C. The synthesis of these complex diazenes was made possible through a new methodology for synthesis of aryl-alkyl diazenes using electronically attenuated hydrazine-nucleophiles for a silver-promoted addition to C3a-bromocyclotryptamines. The application of Rh- and Ir-catalyzed C-H amination reactions in complex settings were used to gain rapid access to C3a- and C7-functionalized cyclotryptamine monomers, respectively, used for diazene synthesis. This convergent and modular assembly of intact cyclotryptamines offers the first solution to access these alkaloids through completely stereoselective union of monomers at challenging linkages and the associated quaternary stereocenters as illustrated in our synthesis of five members of the oligocyclotryptamine family of alkaloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Lindovska
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Mohammad Movassaghi
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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13
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Liu G, Zhuo M, An D, Zhang G, Qin X, Gao J, Fan Y, Zhang S. Highly Enantioselective Friedel-Crafts Reactions of Indoles with Isatins Catalyzed by Chiral Imidodiphosphoric Acids. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201700175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guofeng Liu
- College of Chemistry; Jilin University; 2699 Qianjin Street Changchun 130012 People's Republic of China
| | - Minghua Zhuo
- College of Chemistry; Jilin University; 2699 Qianjin Street Changchun 130012 People's Republic of China
| | - Dong An
- College of Chemistry; Jilin University; 2699 Qianjin Street Changchun 130012 People's Republic of China
| | - Guangliang Zhang
- College of Chemistry; Jilin University; 2699 Qianjin Street Changchun 130012 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangshuo Qin
- College of Chemistry; Jilin University; 2699 Qianjin Street Changchun 130012 People's Republic of China
| | - Jigang Gao
- College of Chemistry; Jilin University; 2699 Qianjin Street Changchun 130012 People's Republic of China
| | - Yansen Fan
- College of Chemistry; Jilin University; 2699 Qianjin Street Changchun 130012 People's Republic of China
| | - Suoqin Zhang
- College of Chemistry; Jilin University; 2699 Qianjin Street Changchun 130012 People's Republic of China
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14
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Zweig JE, Kim DE, Newhouse TR. Methods Utilizing First-Row Transition Metals in Natural Product Total Synthesis. Chem Rev 2017; 117:11680-11752. [PMID: 28525261 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
First-row transition-metal-mediated reactions constitute an important and growing area of research due to the low cost, low toxicity, and exceptional synthetic versatility of these metals. Currently, there is considerable effort to replace existing precious-metal-catalyzed reactions with first-row analogs. More importantly, there are a plethora of unique transformations mediated by first-row metals, which have no classical second- or third-row counterpart. Herein, the application of first-row metal-mediated methods to the total synthesis of natural products is discussed. This Review is intended to highlight strategic uses of these metals to realize efficient syntheses and highlight the future potential of these reagents and catalysts in organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua E Zweig
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University , 275 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Daria E Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University , 275 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Timothy R Newhouse
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University , 275 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
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15
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Giovannini P, Howes MJR. Medicinal plants used to treat snakebite in Central America: Review and assessment of scientific evidence. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2017; 199:240-256. [PMID: 28179114 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Every year between 1.2 and 5.5 million people worldwide are victims of snakebites, with about 400,000 left permanently injured. In Central America an estimated 5500 snakebite cases are reported by health centres, but this is likely to be an underestimate due to unreported cases in rural regions. The aim of this study is to review the medicinal plants used traditionally to treat snakebites in seven Central American countries: Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and Panama. MATERIALS AND METHODS A literature search was performed on published primary data on medicinal plants of Central America and those specifically pertaining to use against snakebites. Plant use reports for traditional snakebite remedies identified in primary sources were extracted and entered in a database, with data analysed in terms of the most frequent numbers of use reports. The scientific evidence that might support the local uses of the most frequently reported species was also examined. RESULTS A total of 260 independent plant use reports were recorded in the 34 sources included in this review, encompassing 208 species used to treat snakebite in Central America. Only nine species were reported in at least three studies: Cissampelos pareira L., Piper amalago L., Aristolochia trilobata L., Sansevieria hyacinthoides (L.) Druce, Strychnos panamensis Seem., Dorstenia contrajerva L., Scoparia dulcis L., Hamelia patens Jacq., and Simaba cedron Planch. Genera with the highest number of species used to treat snakebite were Piper, Aristolochia, Hamelia, Ipomoea, Passiflora and Peperomia. The extent of the scientific evidence available to understand any pharmacological basis for their use against snakebites varied between different plant species. CONCLUSION At least 208 plant species are traditionally used to treat snakebite in Central America but there is a lack of clinical research to evaluate their efficacy and safety. Available pharmacological data suggest different plant species may target different symptoms of snakebites, such as pain or anxiety, although more studies are needed to further evaluate the scientific basis for their use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Giovannini
- Natural Capital and Plant Health Department, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Wakehurst Place, Ardingly, West Sussex RH17 6TN, UK.
| | - Melanie-Jayne R Howes
- Natural Capital and Plant Health Department, Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AB, UK; Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, Franklin-Wilkins Building, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
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16
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Liang K, Xia C. Recent Advances of Transition Metal-Mediated Oxidative Radical Reactions in Total Synthesis of Indole Alkaloids. CHINESE J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201600777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kangjiang Liang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resources (Yunnan University); Ministry of Education, Yunnan University; Kunming Yunnan 650091 China
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Kunming Yunnan 650201 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
| | - Chengfeng Xia
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resources (Yunnan University); Ministry of Education, Yunnan University; Kunming Yunnan 650091 China
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Kunming Yunnan 650201 China
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17
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Mazza A, Beccalli EM, Contini A, Garcia-Argaez AN, Dalla Via L, Gelmi ML. A new scaffold of topoisomerase I inhibitors: Design, synthesis and biological evaluation. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 124:326-339. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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18
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Zheng S, Zhou X, Xu S, Zhu R, Bai H, Zhang J. Synthesis and Antimicrobial Characterization of Half-Calycanthaceous Alkaloid Derivatives. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21091207. [PMID: 27618003 PMCID: PMC6273825 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21091207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 29 novel tetrahydropyrroloindol-based calycanthaceous alkaloid derivatives were synthesized from indole-3-acetonitrile in good yields. The synthesized compounds were evaluated against nine strains of bacteria and a wide range of plant pathogen fungi. Bioassay results revealed that majority of the compounds displayed similar or higher in vitro antimicrobial activities than the positive control. The biological activities also indicated that substituents at R₄ and R₅ significantly affect the activities. Notably, compound c4 was found to be most active among the tested calycanthaceous analogues and might be a novel potential leading compound for further development as an antifungal agent. The results could pave the way for further design and structural modification of calycanthaceous alkaloids as antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaojun Zheng
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, Jiangsu, China.
- Key Laboratory of Protection & Utilization of Biological Resources in Tarim Basin of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps/College of Life Sciences, Tarim University, Alar 843300, Xinjiang, China.
- Key Laboratory of Botanical Pesticide R & D in Shaanxi Province, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Xinping Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Protection & Utilization of Biological Resources in Tarim Basin of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps/College of Life Sciences, Tarim University, Alar 843300, Xinjiang, China.
| | - Shixun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Protection & Utilization of Biological Resources in Tarim Basin of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps/College of Life Sciences, Tarim University, Alar 843300, Xinjiang, China.
| | - Rui Zhu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Hongjin Bai
- Key Laboratory of Protection & Utilization of Biological Resources in Tarim Basin of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps/College of Life Sciences, Tarim University, Alar 843300, Xinjiang, China.
| | - Jiwen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Protection & Utilization of Biological Resources in Tarim Basin of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps/College of Life Sciences, Tarim University, Alar 843300, Xinjiang, China.
- Key Laboratory of Botanical Pesticide R & D in Shaanxi Province, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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19
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Shen X, Zhou Y, Xi Y, Zhao J, Zhang H. Total Synthesis of Dimeric HPI Alkaloids. NATURAL PRODUCTS AND BIOPROSPECTING 2016; 6:117-39. [PMID: 26969313 PMCID: PMC4805652 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-016-0092-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we report a full account of the synthesis of dimeric hexahydropyrroloindole alkaloids and its analogues. The key feature of our new strategy is the novel catalytic copper (10 %) mediated intramolecular arylations of o-haloanilides followed by intermolecular oxidative dimerization of the resulting oxindoles in one pot. This sequential reaction leads to the key intermediates for the synthesis of (+)-chimonanthine, (+)-folicanthine, (-)-calycanthine and (-)-ditryptophenaline. In the presence of catalytic amount of cuprous iodide (10 %), an intramolecular arylation of o-haloanilides followed by an intermolecular oxidative dimerization of the resulting oxindoles leads to a common intermediate for the synthesis of (+)-chimonanthine, (+)-folicanthine and (-)-calycanthine. Based on this cascade sequence, we also developed a flexible strategy towards the asymmetric syntheses of dimeric HPI alkaloids (-)-ditryptophenaline and its analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianfu Shen
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource (Yunnan University), Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongyun Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource (Yunnan University), Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongkai Xi
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource (Yunnan University), Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingfeng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource (Yunnan University), Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongbin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource (Yunnan University), Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, People's Republic of China.
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20
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Li D, Jiang YY, Jin ZM, Li HY, Xie HJ, Wu B, Wang KW. Isolation and absolute configurations of diastereomers of 8α-hydroxy-T-muurolol and (1α,6β,7β)-cadinane-4-en-8α,10α-diol from Chimonanthus salicifolius. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2016; 122:294-300. [PMID: 26790964 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2016.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Phytochemical investigation of the aerial parts of Chimonanthus salicifolius resulted in the isolation of two sesquiterpenoids, 8α-hydroxy-T-muurolol and (1α,6β,7β)-cadinane-4-en-8α,10α-diol, together with 13 known compounds. The 15 structures were established by means of 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy. The relative and absolute configurations of 8α-hydroxy-T-muurolol and 8α,11-elemodiol were achieved by NOESY experiments and X-ray crystallography using CuKα radiation. 8α-hydroxy-T-muurolol and (1α,6β,7β)-cadinane-4-en-8α,10α-diol showed immunosuppressive activities in a dose-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Li
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China
| | - Yu-Yan Jiang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China
| | - Zhi-Min Jin
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Hai-Yan Li
- Analysis & Testing Center, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Hu-Jun Xie
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China
| | - Bin Wu
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Kui-Wu Wang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China.
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21
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Loach RP, Fenton OS, Movassaghi M. Concise Total Synthesis of (+)-Asperazine, (+)-Pestalazine A, and (+)-iso-Pestalazine A. Structure Revision of (+)-Pestalazine A. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:1057-64. [PMID: 26726924 PMCID: PMC4908971 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b12392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The concise, enantioselective total syntheses of (+)-asperazine (1), (+)-iso-pestalazine A (2), and (+)-pestalazine A (3) have been achieved by the development of a late-stage C3-C8' Friedel-Crafts union of polycyclic diketopiperazines. Our modular strategy enables the union of complex polycyclic diketopiperazines in virtually their final forms, thus providing rapid and highly convergent assembly at the challenging quaternary stereocenter of these dimeric alkaloids. The significance of this carbon-carbon bond formation can be gauged by the manifold constraints that were efficiently overcome, namely the substantial steric crowding at both reactive sites, the nucleophilic addition of C8' over N1' to the C3 carbocation, and the multitude of reactivity posed by the use of complex diketopiperazine fragments in the coupling event. The success of the indoline π-nucleophile that evolved through our studies is notable given the paucity of competing reaction pathways observed in the presence of the highly reactive C3 carbocation generated. This first total synthesis of (+)-pestalazine A also allowed us to revise the molecular structure for this natural alkaloid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard P. Loach
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Owen S. Fenton
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Mohammad Movassaghi
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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22
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Canham SM, Hafensteiner BD, Lebsack AD, May-Dracka TL, Nam S, Stearns BA, Overman LE. Stereocontrolled enantioselective total synthesis of the [2+2] quadrigemine alkaloids. Tetrahedron 2015; 71:6424-6436. [PMID: 26257440 PMCID: PMC4526107 DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2015.02.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A unified strategy for enantioselective total synthesis of all stereoisomers of the 2+2 family of quadrigemine alkaloids is reported. In this approach, two enantioselective intramolecular Heck reactions are carried out at the same time on precursors fashioned in four steps from either meso- or (+)-chimonanthine to form the two critical quaternary carbons of the peripheral cyclotryptamine rings of these products. Useful levels of catalyst control are realized in either desymmetrizing a meso precursor or controlling diastereoselectivity in elaborating C2-symmetic intermediates. None of the synthetic quadrigemines are identical with alkaloids isolated previously and referred to as quadrigemines A and E. In addition, we report improvements in our previous total syntheses of (+)- or (-)-quadrigemine C that shortened the synthetic sequence to 10 steps and provided these products in 2.2% overall yield from tryptamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M. Canham
- Department of Chemistry, 1102 Natural Sciences II, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025
| | - Benjamin D. Hafensteiner
- Department of Chemistry, 1102 Natural Sciences II, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025
- City Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Beckman Research Institute, Department of Molecular Medicine, 1500 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, California 91010
| | - Alec D. Lebsack
- Department of Chemistry, 1102 Natural Sciences II, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025
| | - Tricia L. May-Dracka
- Department of Chemistry, 1102 Natural Sciences II, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025
| | - Sangkil Nam
- City Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Beckman Research Institute, Department of Molecular Medicine, 1500 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, California 91010
| | - Brian A. Stearns
- Department of Chemistry, 1102 Natural Sciences II, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025
| | - Larry E. Overman
- Department of Chemistry, 1102 Natural Sciences II, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025
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23
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Ma GL, Yang GX, Xiong J, Cheng WL, Cheng KJ, Hu JF. Salicifoxazines A and B, new cytotoxic tetrahydro-1,2-oxazine-containing tryptamine-derived alkaloids from the leaves of Chimonanthus salicifolius. Tetrahedron Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2015.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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24
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Xu JB, Cheng KJ. Studies on the alkaloids of the calycanthaceae and their syntheses. Molecules 2015; 20:6715-38. [PMID: 25884552 PMCID: PMC6272451 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20046715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants of the Calycanthaceae family, which possesses four genera and about 15 species, are mainly distributed in China, North America and Australia. Chemical studies on the Calycanthaceae have led to the discovery of about 14 alkaloids of different skeletons, including dimeric piperidinoquinoline, dimeric pyrrolidinoindoline and/or trimeric pyrrolidinoindolines, which exhibit significant anti-convulsant, anti-fungal, anti-viral analgesic, anti-tumor, and anti-melanogenesis activities. As some of complex tryptamine-derived alkaloids exhibit promising biological activities, the syntheses of these alkaloids have also been a topic of interest in synthetic chemistry during the last decades. This review will focus on the structures and total syntheses of these alkaloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Biao Xu
- Chemical Biology Center, Lishui Institute of Agricultural Sciences, 827 Liyang Street, Lishui 323000, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Ke-Jun Cheng
- Chemical Biology Center, Lishui Institute of Agricultural Sciences, 827 Liyang Street, Lishui 323000, Zhejiang, China.
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25
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Ishikawa H. [Total synthesis of biologically active alkaloids using bio-inspired indole oxidation]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2015; 135:383-90. [PMID: 25759047 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.14-00240-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Many tryptophan-based dimeric diketopiperazine (DKP) alkaloids including WIN 64821 and ditryptophenaline, which exhibit fascinating biological activities, have been isolated from fungi. These alkaloids possess a unique architecture; therefore several total syntheses of these compounds have been accomplished via bio-inspired reactions. Despite these elegant strategies, we were convinced that a more direct bio-inspired solution for the preparation of tryptophan-based DKP alkaloids was possible because in a true biosynthesis, direct dimerization of tryptophan occurs in aqueous media without incorporation of a protecting group on the substrates. Thus we developed direct bio-inspired dimerization reactions in aqueous, acidic media, along with a novel biomimetic pathway, to provide C2-symmetric and non-symmetric dimeric compounds from commercially available amine-free tryptophan derivatives using Mn(OAc)3, VOF3, and V2O5 as one-electron oxidants. In addition, concise two-pot or three-step syntheses of the naturally occurring dimeric DKP alkaloids (+)-WIN 64821, (-)-ditryptophenaline, and (+)-naseseazine B were accomplished with total yields of 20%, 13%, and 20%, respectively. The present synthesis has several noteworthy features: 1) the tryptophan-based C2-symmetric and non-symmetric dimeric key intermediates can be prepared on a multigram scale in one step; 2) the developed oxidation reaction was carried out in aqueous, acidic solution without deactivation of the metal oxidants; 3) protection of the primary amine can be avoided by salt formation in aqueous acid; 4) for the total two-pot operation, the reaction media are environmentally friendly water and ethanol; 5) satisfactory total yields are obtained compared with previously reported syntheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayato Ishikawa
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University
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26
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Liang K, Deng X, Tong X, Li D, Ding M, Zhou A, Xia C. Copper-Mediated Dimerization to Access 3a,3a′-Bispyrrolidinoindoline: Diastereoselective Synthesis of (+)-WIN 64821 and (−)-Ditryptophenaline. Org Lett 2015; 17:206-9. [PMID: 25565384 DOI: 10.1021/ol5032365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kangjiang Liang
- State
Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China,
Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xu Deng
- State
Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China,
Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiaogang Tong
- State
Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China,
Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dashan Li
- State
Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China,
Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ming Ding
- State
Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China,
Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ankun Zhou
- State
Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China,
Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Chengfeng Xia
- State
Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China,
Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
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27
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Shen X, Zhou Y, Xi Y, Zhao J, Zhang H. Copper catalyzed sequential arylation−oxidative dimerization of o-haloanilides: synthesis of dimeric HPI alkaloids. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:14873-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc05378a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A copper catalyzed sequential arylation−oxidative dimerization reaction was developed as the key step for the synthesis of hexahydropyrroloindole alkaloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianfu Shen
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource (Yunnan University)
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemical Science and Technology
- Yunnan University
- Kunming, 650091
| | - Yongyun Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource (Yunnan University)
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemical Science and Technology
- Yunnan University
- Kunming, 650091
| | - Yongkai Xi
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource (Yunnan University)
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemical Science and Technology
- Yunnan University
- Kunming, 650091
| | - Jingfeng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource (Yunnan University)
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemical Science and Technology
- Yunnan University
- Kunming, 650091
| | - Hongbin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource (Yunnan University)
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemical Science and Technology
- Yunnan University
- Kunming, 650091
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28
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Dimeric pyrrolidinoindoline-type alkaloids with melanogenesis inhibitory activity in flower buds of Chimonanthus praecox. J Nat Med 2014; 68:539-49. [PMID: 24668298 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-014-0832-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A methanol extract of the flower buds of Chimonanthus praecox (L.) Link (Calycanthaceae) demonstrated inhibitory effects on melanogenesis in theophylline-stimulated murine B16 melanoma 4A5 cells. From the extract, five dimeric pyrrolidinoindoline alkaloids and four sesquiterpenes were isolated, together with 16 known compounds. Among them, (-)-chimonanthine (1, IC50 = 0.93 μM), (-)-folicanthine (2, 1.4 μM), and (-)-calycanthidine (3, 1.8 μM) showed potent inhibitory effects without notable cytotoxicity at the effective concentrations. The most potent alkaloid (1) inhibited both tyrosinase and tyrosine-related protein-1 mRNA expressions, to which the melanogenesis inhibitory activity would be ascribable.
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29
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Lathrop SP, Movassaghi M. Application of diazene-directed fragment assembly to the total synthesis and stereochemical assignment of (+)-desmethyl- meso-chimonanthine and related heterodimeric alkaloids. Chem Sci 2014; 5:10.1039/C3SC52451E. [PMID: 24409339 PMCID: PMC3881597 DOI: 10.1039/c3sc52451e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe the first application of our methodology for heterodimerization via diazene fragmentation towards the total synthesis of (-)-calycanthidine, meso-chimonanthine, and (+)-desmethyl-meso-chimonanthine. Our syntheses of these alkaloids feature an improved route to C3a-aminocyclotryptamines, an enhanced method for sulfamide synthesis and oxidation, in addition to a late-stage diversification leading to the first enantioselective total synthesis of (+)-desmethyl-meso-chimonanthine and its unambiguous stereochemical assignment. This versatile strategy for directed assembly of heterodimeric cyclotryptamine alkaloids has broad implications for the controlled synthesis of higher order derivatives with related substructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P. Lathrop
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Chemistry, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Mohammad Movassaghi
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Chemistry, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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30
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Novelli S, Lorena C, Antonella C. Identification of Alkaloid’s Profile in Ficus benjamina L. Extracts with Higher Antioxidant Power. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.4236/ajps.2014.526421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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31
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Sun D, Xing C, Wang X, Su Z, Li C. Highly efficient and stereocontrolled oxidative coupling of tetrahydropyrroloindoles: synthesis of chimonanthines, (+)-WIN 64821 and (+)-WIN 64745. Org Chem Front 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4qo00165f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The I2-mediated oxidative dimerization of tetrahydropyrroloindoles allows the convenient and efficient synthesis of target molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deqian Sun
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei, China
| | - Changyu Xing
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiaoqing Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhongquan Su
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Chaozhong Li
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Science and Technology of China
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32
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Cai ZJ, Wang SY, Ji SJ. I2/TBHP-Catalyzed Chemoselective Amination of Indoles. Org Lett 2013; 15:5226-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ol4023936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Jian Cai
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Shun-Yi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Shun-Jun Ji
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
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33
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Tadano S, Mukaeda Y, Ishikawa H. Bio-Inspired Dimerization Reaction of Tryptophan Derivatives in Aqueous Acidic Media: Three-Step Syntheses of (+)-WIN 64821, (−)-Ditryptophenaline, and (+)-Naseseazine B. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201303143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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34
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Tadano S, Mukaeda Y, Ishikawa H. Bio-Inspired Dimerization Reaction of Tryptophan Derivatives in Aqueous Acidic Media: Three-Step Syntheses of (+)-WIN 64821, (−)-Ditryptophenaline, and (+)-Naseseazine B. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:7990-4. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201303143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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35
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Araki T, Manabe Y, Fujioka K, Yokoe H, Kanematsu M, Yoshida M, Shishido K. Total syntheses of (±)-folicanthine and (±)-chimonanthine via a double intramolecular carbamoylketene–alkene [2+2] cycloaddition. Tetrahedron Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.12.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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36
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Li QJ, Wang ML, Yang XS, Ma L, Hao XJ. Two new coumarin glycosides from Chimonanthus nitens. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2013; 15:270-5. [PMID: 23421779 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2012.762766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Two new coumarin glycosides, namely nitensosides A-B (1-2), together with six known compounds, scopolin (3), 5,6,7-trimethoxycoumarin (4), d-calycanthine (5), calycanthoside (6), xeroboside (7), and scopoletin (8), were isolated from Chimonanthus nitens. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated by comprehensive analysis of IR, MS, and NMR spectroscopic data. Compounds 3, 4, 7, and 8 showed moderate inhibitory activity against Micrococcus luteus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Ji Li
- The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550002, China
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37
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Snell RH, Durbin MJ, Woodward RL, Willis MC. Catalytic Enantioselective Desymmetrisation as a Tool for the Synthesis of Hodgkinsine and Hodgkinsine B. Chemistry 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201203150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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38
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Li M, Zan L, Prajapati D, Hu W. Rhodium(ii) catalyzed diastereoselective reactions of diazoacetamides with isatins: an efficient approach to 3-hydroxy-3,3′-bioxindoles. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:8808-13. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ob26580j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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39
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Snell RH, Woodward RL, Willis MC. Catalytic enantioselective total synthesis of hodgkinsine B. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:9116-9. [PMID: 21919143 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201103864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Snell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
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40
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Snell RH, Woodward RL, Willis MC. Catalytic Enantioselective Total Synthesis of Hodgkinsine B. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201103864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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41
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Newhouse T, Lewis CA, Eastman KJ, Baran PS. Scalable total syntheses of N-linked tryptamine dimers by direct indole-aniline coupling: psychotrimine and kapakahines B and F. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:7119-37. [PMID: 20426477 PMCID: PMC2874090 DOI: 10.1021/ja1009458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This report details the invention of a method to enable syntheses of psychotrimine (1) and the kapakahines F and B (2, 3) on a gram scale and in a minimum number of steps. Mechanistic inquiries are presented for the key enabling quaternization of indole at the C3 position by electrophilic attack of an activated aniline species. Excellent chemo-, regio-, and diastereoselectivities are observed for reactions with o-iodoaniline, an indole cation equivalent. Additionally, the scope of this reaction is broad with respect to the tryptamine and aniline components. The anti-cancer profiles of 1-3 have also been evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Newhouse
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Chad A. Lewis
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Kyle J. Eastman
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Phil S. Baran
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
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42
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Deng J, Zhang S, Ding P, Jiang H, Wang W, Li J. Facile Creation of 3-Indolyl-3-hydroxy-2-oxindoles by an Organocatalytic Enantioselective Friedel-Crafts Reaction of Indoles with Isatins. Adv Synth Catal 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.200900851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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43
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Takahashi N, Ito T, Matsuda Y, Kogure N, Kitajima M, Takayama H. Determination of absolute configuration of trimeric indole alkaloid, psychotrimine, by first asymmetric total synthesis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2010; 46:2501-3. [PMID: 20309475 DOI: 10.1039/b923918a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The first asymmetric total synthesis of psychotrimine, a trimeric indole alkaloid, was accomplished via an asymmetric Ireland-Claisen rearrangement to construct a chiral quaternary carbon center, thereby establishing the absolute configuration of psychotrimine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuaki Takahashi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
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Porto DD, Henriques AT, Fett-Neto AG. Bioactive Alkaloids from South American Psychotria and Related Species. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.2174/1874847300902010029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Many important molecules have been discovered from tropical and sub-tropical plant biodiversity. However, the largest part of the chemical profile of such biodiversity remains unknown. Combining ethnopharmacological and chemotaxonomical investigation can be a good strategy in bioactive compound discovery. South American Psychotria species studied by this approach proved to be a rich source of new bioactive alkaloids, some of which bear unique chemical skeletons.
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45
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Zhang JW, Gao JM, Xu T, Zhang XC, Ma YT, Jarussophon S, Konishi Y. Antifungal activity of alkaloids from the seeds of Chimonanthus praecox. Chem Biodivers 2009; 6:838-45. [PMID: 19551726 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.200800089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Two alkaloids, D-calycanthine (1) and L-folicanthine (2), were isolated from the active MeOH extract of the seeds of Chimonanthus praecox LINK. The structures of the two compounds were established by (1)H- and (13)C-NMR, and MS (FAB, ESI) analyses. In the in vitro tests, compounds 1 and 2 showed significant inhibitory activities against five plant pathogenic fungi Exserohilum turcicum, Bipolaris maydis, Alternaria solani, Sclerotinia sderotiorum, and Fusarium oxysportium, among which B. maydis was found to be the most susceptible to 1 with an EC(50) value of 29.3 microg/ml, followed by S. sderotiorum to 2 with an EC(50) value of 61.2 microg/ml. To our knowledge, this is the first report of isolation and LC/MS/MS identification as well as of antifungal properties of these alkaloids from the seeds of this plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Wen Zhang
- Research Centre for Natural Medicinal Chemistry, College of Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P. R. China
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Abstract
Background: Traditional and current opioid pharmacology is fundamentally based on interactions between opioid receptors and compounds isolated from natural sources. Adverse effects associated with opioids have led to the search for compounds with diminished side effects. Discussion: Recent discoveries of non-nitrogenous and structurally diverse alkaloids as novel opioid ligands have led to renewed interest in the development of novel chemotypes for opioid receptors. Conclusion: The strong history of natural products as opioid receptor ligands suggests that nature is one of the most promising for the identification of novel opioids. This review highlights the vast potential of investigating natural products as novel probes of opioid receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Newhouse
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Phil S. Baran
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
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48
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Francis Thomas N, Kee CH, Ariffin A, Awang K, Faizal Weber JF, Lim CG, Ropi Mukhtar M, Hamid A. Hadi A. The Subtle Co-catalytic Intervention of Benzophenone in Radical Cation Mediated Cyclization — An Improved Synthesis of 2-(3’,4’-Dimethoxyphenyl)indoline. HETEROCYCLES 2008. [DOI: 10.3987/com-07-11280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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49
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Kodanko JJ, Hiebert S, Peterson EA, Sung L, Overman LE, de Moura Linck V, Goerck GC, Amador TA, Leal MB, Elisabetsky E. Synthesis of all low-energy stereoisomers of the tris(pyrrolidinoindoline) alkaloid hodgkinsine and preliminary assessment of their antinociceptive activity. J Org Chem 2007; 72:7909-14. [PMID: 17887704 DOI: 10.1021/jo7013643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The previously unknown stereoisomers 3, 4, ent-1, and ent-4 of the tris(pyrrolidinoindoline) alkaloids hodgkinsine (1) and hodgkinsine B (2) were prepared by stereocontrolled total synthesis. In each synthesis, a catalyst-controlled intramolecular Heck reaction was the key step in appending a third cis-pyrrolidinoindoline ring to a hexacyclic chimonanthine precursor. Results of the preliminary evaluation of these hodgkinsine stereoisomers in the tail flick and capsaicin pain models are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy J Kodanko
- Department of Chemistry, 1102 Natural Sciences II, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, USA
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50
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Giorgio E, Tanaka K, Verotta L, Nakanishi K, Berova N, Rosini C. Determination of the absolute configurations of flexible molecules: synthesis and theoretical simulation of electronic circular dichroism/optical rotation of some pyrrolo[2,3-b]indoline alkaloids--a case study. Chirality 2007; 19:434-45. [PMID: 17393468 DOI: 10.1002/chir.20395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The paper describes the synthesis and chiroptical properties of (-)-1,2,3,3a,8,8a,-hexahydro-1,3a-dimethyl-pyrrolo[2,3-b]indole, (-)-1, one of the monomeric units of many flexible polypyrroloindoline alkaloids and (-)-chimonanthine, (-)-2. The aim of this investigation is to show that, under certain circumstances, namely, with molecules for which the sign and order of magnitude of [alpha](D) are determined by the lowest-energy valence-shell transitions (referred to as class (a) molecules), a small basis set calculation of chiroptical properties provides reliable results, and that such a treatment can be employed for absolute configurational assignment of larger oligomers, for which the increased flexibility renders the analysis as formidable task. Actually, as the aforementioned two molecules belong to class (a) systems, a TDDFT/B3LYP/6-31G* calculation of the ECD and ORD spectra gives rise to a more than satisfactory simulation of these data, assuming the reported absolute configurations. In other words, the use of the TDDFT/B3LYP method with the small 6-31G* basis set enables one to treat large and flexible molecules such as (-)-2 (52 atoms and 6 conformers) by usage of a simple PC in about 2 weeks. This protocol demonstrates that an ab initio prediction of ECD/ORD spectra results in reliable assignments of absolute configuration of even relatively large natural products, thus economizing computation time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egidio Giorgio
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università della Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy
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