1
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Kerr RV, Fairbairn JA, Merritt AT, Bugg TDH. Peptidomimetic analogues of an Arg-Trp-x-x-Trp motif responsible for interaction of translocase MraY with bacteriophage ϕX174 lysis protein E. Bioorg Med Chem 2021; 52:116502. [PMID: 34808406 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2021.116502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Translocase MraY is the target for bacteriophage ϕX174 lysis protein E, which interacts via a protein-protein interaction mediated by Phe-288 and Glu-287 of E. coli MraY, and an Arg-Trp-x-x-Trp motif on protein E, also found in several cationic antimicrobial peptides. Analogues of Arg-Trp-octyl ester, found previously to show antimicrobial activity, were tested for antimicrobial activity, with Lys-Trp-oct (MIC50P. fluorescens 5 µg/mL) and Arg-Trp-decyl ester (MIC50P. fluorescens 3 µg/mL) showing enhanced antimicrobial activity. Synthesis and testing of α-helix peptidomimetic analogues for this motif revealed improved antibacterial activity (MIC50E. coli 4-7 µg/mL) for analogues containing two aromatic substituents, mimicking the Arg-Trp-x-x-Trp motif, and MraY inhibition (IC50 140 µM) by one such peptidomimetic. Investigation of mechanism of action using the Alamar Blue membrane permeabilisation assay revealed bacteriostatic and bacteriocidal mechanisms in different members of this set of compounds, raising the possibility of more than one biological target. The observed antimicrobial activity and MraY inhibition shown by peptidomimetic compounds confirms that this site could be targeted by drug-like molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel V Kerr
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Julia A Fairbairn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Andrew T Merritt
- LifeArc, SBC Open Innovation Campus, Stevenage, Herts SG1 2FX, UK
| | - Timothy D H Bugg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
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2
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Varmazyad M, Modi MM, Kalen AL, Sarsour EH, Wagner B, Du J, Schultz MK, Buettner GR, Pigge FC, Goswami PC. N-alkyl triphenylvinylpyridinium conjugated dihydroartemisinin perturbs mitochondrial functions resulting in enhanced cancer versus normal cell toxicity. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 165:421-434. [PMID: 33561488 PMCID: PMC8020572 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.01.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Dihydroartemisinin (DHA) is an FDA-approved antimalarial drug that has been repurposed for cancer therapy because of its preferential antiproliferative effects on cancer versus normal cells. Mitochondria represent an attractive target for cancer therapy based on their regulatory role in proliferation and cell death. This study investigates whether DHA conjugated to innately fluorescent N-alkyl triphenylvinylpyridinium (TPVP) perturbs mitochondrial functions resulting in a differential toxicity of cancer versus normal cells. TPVP-DHA treatments resulted in a dose-dependent toxicity of human melanoma and pancreatic cancer cells, whereas normal human fibroblasts were resistant to this treatment. TPVP-DHA treatments resulted in a G1-delay of the cancer cell cycle, which was also associated with a significant inhibition of the mTOR-metabolic and ERK1/2-proliferative signaling pathways. TPVP-DHA treatments perturbed mitochondrial functions, which correlated with increases in mitochondrial fission. In summary, TPVP mediated mitochondrial targeting of DHA enhanced cancer cell toxicity by perturbing mitochondrial functions and morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mira M Modi
- Basic Science Department, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Kansas City University, Kansas City, MO, 64106, USA
| | - Amanda L Kalen
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Division, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Ehab H Sarsour
- Basic Science Department, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Kansas City University, Kansas City, MO, 64106, USA
| | - Brett Wagner
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Division, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Juan Du
- Department of Surgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Michael K Schultz
- Department of Radiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Garry R Buettner
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Division, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | | | - Prabhat C Goswami
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Division, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
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3
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Terasawa Y, Sataka C, Sato T, Yamamoto K, Fukushima Y, Nakajima C, Suzuki Y, Katsuyama A, Matsumaru T, Yakushiji F, Yokota SI, Ichikawa S. Elucidating the Structural Requirement of Uridylpeptide Antibiotics for Antibacterial Activity. J Med Chem 2020; 63:9803-9827. [PMID: 32787111 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and biological evaluation of analogues of uridylpeptide antibiotics were described, and the molecular interaction between the 3'-hydroxy analogue of mureidomycin A (3'-hydroxymureidomycin A) and its target enzyme, phospho-MurNAc-pentapeptide transferase (MraY), was analyzed in detail. The structure-activity relationship (SAR) involving MraY inhibition suggests that the side chain at the urea-dipeptide moiety does not affect the MraY inhibition. However, the anti-Pseudomonas aeruginosa activity is in great contrast and the urea-dipeptide motif is a key contributor. It is also suggested that the nucleoside peptide permease NppA1A2BCD is responsible for the transport of 3'-hydroxymureidomycin A into the cytoplasm. A systematic SAR analysis of the urea-dipeptide moiety of 3'-hydroxymureidomycin A was further conducted and the antibacterial activity was determined. This study provides a guide for the rational design of analogues based on uridylpeptide antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuma Terasawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Chisato Sataka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Toyotaka Sato
- Department of Microbiology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South-1, West-17, Chuo-ku, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Kazuki Yamamoto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Yukari Fukushima
- Division of Bioresources, Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
| | - Chie Nakajima
- Division of Bioresources, Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan.,Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Kita-20, Nishi-10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Suzuki
- Division of Bioresources, Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan.,Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Kita-20, Nishi-10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
| | - Akira Katsuyama
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan.,Center for Research and Education on Drug Discovery, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Takanori Matsumaru
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan.,Center for Research and Education on Drug Discovery, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Fumika Yakushiji
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan.,Center for Research and Education on Drug Discovery, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Yokota
- Department of Microbiology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South-1, West-17, Chuo-ku, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ichikawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan.,Center for Research and Education on Drug Discovery, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan.,Global Station for Biosurfaces and Drug Discovery, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
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4
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Mashalidis EH, Lee SY. Structures of Bacterial MraY and Human GPT Provide Insights into Rational Antibiotic Design. J Mol Biol 2020; 432:4946-4963. [PMID: 32199982 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2020.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The widespread emergence of antibiotic resistance in pathogens necessitates the development of antibacterial agents inhibiting underexplored targets in bacterial metabolism. One such target is phospho-MurNAc-pentapeptide translocase (MraY), an essential integral membrane enzyme that catalyzes the first committed step of peptidoglycan biosynthesis. MraY has long been considered a promising candidate for antibiotic development in part because it is the target of five classes of naturally occurring nucleoside inhibitors with potent in vivo and in vitro antibacterial activity. Although these inhibitors each have a nucleoside moiety, they vary dramatically in their core structures, and they have different activity properties. Until recently, the structural basis of MraY inhibition was poorly understood. Several recent structures of MraY and its human paralog, GlcNAc-1-P-transferase, have provided insights into MraY inhibition that are consistent with known inhibitor activity data and can inform rational drug design for this important antibiotic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellene H Mashalidis
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, 303 Research Drive,Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Seok-Yong Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, 303 Research Drive,Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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5
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Mechanism of action of nucleoside antibacterial natural product antibiotics. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2019; 72:865-876. [DOI: 10.1038/s41429-019-0227-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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6
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Mashalidis EH, Kaeser B, Terasawa Y, Katsuyama A, Kwon DY, Lee K, Hong J, Ichikawa S, Lee SY. Chemical logic of MraY inhibition by antibacterial nucleoside natural products. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2917. [PMID: 31266949 PMCID: PMC6606608 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10957-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel antibacterial agents are needed to address the emergence of global antibiotic resistance. MraY is a promising candidate for antibiotic development because it is the target of five classes of naturally occurring nucleoside inhibitors with potent antibacterial activity. Although these natural products share a common uridine moiety, their core structures vary substantially and they exhibit different activity profiles. An incomplete understanding of the structural and mechanistic basis of MraY inhibition has hindered the translation of these compounds to the clinic. Here we present crystal structures of MraY in complex with representative members of the liposidomycin/caprazamycin, capuramycin, and mureidomycin classes of nucleoside inhibitors. Our structures reveal cryptic druggable hot spots in the shallow inhibitor binding site of MraY that were not previously appreciated. Structural analyses of nucleoside inhibitor binding provide insights into the chemical logic of MraY inhibition, which can guide novel approaches to MraY-targeted antibiotic design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellene H Mashalidis
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, 303 Research Drive, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Benjamin Kaeser
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, 303 Research Drive, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Yuma Terasawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nihi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Akira Katsuyama
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nihi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Do-Yeon Kwon
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Kiyoun Lee
- Department of Chemistry, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, 14662, Korea
| | - Jiyong Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Satoshi Ichikawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nihi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Seok-Yong Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, 303 Research Drive, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
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7
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Karnthaler-Benbakka C, Koblmüller B, Mathuber M, Holste K, Berger W, Heffeter P, Kowol CR, Keppler BK. Synthesis, Characterization and in vitro Studies of a Cathepsin B-Cleavable Prodrug of the VEGFR Inhibitor Sunitinib. Chem Biodivers 2018; 16:e1800520. [PMID: 30566287 PMCID: PMC6391952 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201800520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Since several decades, the prodrug concept has raised considerable interest in cancer research due to its potential to overcome common problems associated with chemotherapy. However, for small‐molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors, which also cause severe side effects, hardly any strategies to generate prodrugs for therapeutic improvement have been reported so far. Here, we present the synthesis and biological investigation of a cathepsin B‐cleavable prodrug of the VEGFR inhibitor sunitinib. Cell viability assays and Western blot analyses revealed, that, in contrast to the non‐cathepsin B‐cleavable reference compound, the prodrug shows activity comparable to the original drug sunitinib in the highly cathepsin B‐expressing cell lines Caki‐1 and RU‐MH. Moreover, a cathepsin B cleavage assay confirmed the desired enzymatic activation of the prodrug. Together, the obtained data show that the concept of cathepsin B‐cleavable prodrugs can be transferred to the class of targeted therapeutics, allowing the development of optimized tyrosine kinase inhibitors for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Karnthaler-Benbakka
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Straße 42, AT-1090, Wien
| | - Bettina Koblmüller
- Institute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8 A, AT-1090, Wien
| | - Marlene Mathuber
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Straße 42, AT-1090, Wien
| | - Katharina Holste
- Institute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8 A, AT-1090, Wien
| | - Walter Berger
- Institute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8 A, AT-1090, Wien.,Research Cluster 'Translational Cancer Therapy Research', University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, AT-1090, Wien
| | - Petra Heffeter
- Institute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8 A, AT-1090, Wien.,Research Cluster 'Translational Cancer Therapy Research', University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, AT-1090, Wien
| | - Christian R Kowol
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Straße 42, AT-1090, Wien.,Research Cluster 'Translational Cancer Therapy Research', University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, AT-1090, Wien
| | - Bernhard K Keppler
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Straße 42, AT-1090, Wien.,Research Cluster 'Translational Cancer Therapy Research', University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, AT-1090, Wien
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8
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Lukose V, Walvoort MTC, Imperiali B. Bacterial phosphoglycosyl transferases: initiators of glycan biosynthesis at the membrane interface. Glycobiology 2018; 27:820-833. [PMID: 28810664 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwx064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphoglycosyl transferases (PGTs) initiate the biosynthesis of both essential and virulence-associated bacterial glycoconjugates including lipopolysaccharide, peptidoglycan and glycoproteins. PGTs catalyze the transfer of a phosphosugar moiety from a nucleoside diphosphate sugar to a polyprenol phosphate, to form a membrane-bound polyprenol diphosphosugar product. PGTs are integral membrane proteins, which include between 1 and 11 predicted transmembrane domains. Despite this variation, common motifs have been identified in PGT families through bioinformatics and mutagenesis studies. Bacterial PGTs represent important antibacterial and virulence targets due to their significant role in initiating the biosynthesis of key bacterial glycoconjugates. Considerable effort has gone into mechanistic and inhibition studies for this class of enzymes, both of which depend on reliable, high-throughput assays for easy quantification of activity. This review summarizes recent advances made in the characterization of this challenging but important class of enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinita Lukose
- Departments of Chemistry and Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Marthe T C Walvoort
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara Imperiali
- Departments of Chemistry and Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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9
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Bugg TDH. Nucleoside Natural Product Antibiotics Targetting Microbial Cell Wall Biosynthesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/7355_2017_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
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10
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Sansanmycin natural product analogues as potent and selective anti-mycobacterials that inhibit lipid I biosynthesis. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14414. [PMID: 28248311 PMCID: PMC5337940 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is responsible for enormous global morbidity and mortality, and current treatment regimens rely on the use of drugs that have been in use for more than 40 years. Owing to widespread resistance to these therapies, new drugs are desperately needed to control the TB disease burden. Herein, we describe the rapid synthesis of analogues of the sansanmycin uridylpeptide natural products that represent promising new TB drug leads. The compounds exhibit potent and selective inhibition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the etiological agent of TB, both in vitro and intracellularly. The natural product analogues are nanomolar inhibitors of Mtb phospho-MurNAc-pentapeptide translocase, the enzyme responsible for the synthesis of lipid I in mycobacteria. This work lays the foundation for the development of uridylpeptide natural product analogues as new TB drug candidates that operate through the inhibition of peptidoglycan biosynthesis. Drug resistant tuberculosis (TB) infections are emerging at a high rate, with only few therapeutic options currently available. Here, the authors report synthetic analogues of the natural product sansanmycin that target mycobacterial cell wall biosynthesis and represent potent leads for improved anti-TB treatments.
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11
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Moutiez M, Belin P, Gondry M. Aminoacyl-tRNA-Utilizing Enzymes in Natural Product Biosynthesis. Chem Rev 2017; 117:5578-5618. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mireille Moutiez
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the
Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Pascal Belin
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the
Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Muriel Gondry
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the
Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
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12
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Serpi M, Ferrari V, Pertusati F. Nucleoside Derived Antibiotics to Fight Microbial Drug Resistance: New Utilities for an Established Class of Drugs? J Med Chem 2016; 59:10343-10382. [PMID: 27607900 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Novel antibiotics are urgently needed to combat the rise of infections due to drug-resistant microorganisms. Numerous natural nucleosides and their synthetically modified analogues have been reported to have moderate to good antibiotic activity against different bacterial and fungal strains. Nucleoside-based compounds target several crucial processes of bacterial and fungal cells such as nucleoside metabolism and cell wall, nucleic acid, and protein biosynthesis. Nucleoside analogues have also been shown to target many other bacterial and fungal cellular processes although these are not well characterized and may therefore represent opportunities to discover new drugs with unique mechanisms of action. In this Perspective, we demonstrate that nucleoside analogues, cornerstones of anticancer and antiviral treatments, also have great potential to be repurposed as antibiotics so that an old drug can learn new tricks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Serpi
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University , Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, CF10 3NB Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Valentina Ferrari
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University , Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, CF10 3NB Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Fabrizio Pertusati
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University , Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, CF10 3NB Cardiff, United Kingdom
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13
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The Membrane Steps of Bacterial Cell Wall Synthesis as Antibiotic Targets. Antibiotics (Basel) 2016; 5:antibiotics5030028. [PMID: 27571111 PMCID: PMC5039524 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics5030028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptidoglycan is the major component of the cell envelope of virtually all bacteria. It has structural roles and acts as a selective sieve for molecules from the outer environment. Peptidoglycan synthesis is therefore one of the most important biogenesis pathways in bacteria and has been studied extensively over the last twenty years. The pathway starts in the cytoplasm, continues in the cytoplasmic membrane and finishes in the periplasmic space, where the precursor is polymerized into the peptidoglycan layer. A number of proteins involved in this pathway, such as the Mur enzymes and the penicillin binding proteins (PBPs), have been studied and regarded as good targets for antibiotics. The present review focuses on the membrane steps of peptidoglycan synthesis that involve two enzymes, MraY and MurG, the inhibitors of these enzymes and the inhibition mechanisms. We also discuss the challenges of targeting these two cytoplasmic membrane (associated) proteins in bacterial cells and the perspectives on how to overcome the issues.
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14
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Shi Y, Jiang Z, Lei X, Zhang N, Cai Q, Li Q, Wang L, Si S, Xie Y, Hong B. Improving the N-terminal diversity of sansanmycin through mutasynthesis. Microb Cell Fact 2016; 15:77. [PMID: 27154005 PMCID: PMC4858918 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-016-0471-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sansanmycins are uridyl peptide antibiotics (UPAs), which are inhibitors of translocase I (MraY) and block the bacterial cell wall biosynthesis. They have good antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains. The biosynthetic gene cluster of sansanmycins has been characterized and the main biosynthetic pathway elucidated according to that of pacidamycins which were catalyzed by nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs). Sananmycin A is the major compound of Streptomyces sp. SS (wild type strain) and it bears a non-proteinogenic amino acid, meta-tyrosine (m-Tyr), at the N-terminus of tetrapeptide chain. RESULTS ssaX deletion mutant SS/XKO was constructed by the λ-RED mediated PCR targeting method and confirmed by PCR and southern blot. The disruption of ssaX completely abolished the production of sansanmycin A. Complementation in vivo and in vitro could both recover the production of sansanmycin A, and the overexpression of SsaX apparently increased the production of sansanmycin A by 20%. Six new compounds were identified in the fermentation culture of ssaX deletion mutant. Some more novel sansanmycin analogues were obtained by mutasynthesis, and totally ten sansanmycin analogues, MX-1 to MX-10, were purified and identified by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The bioassay of these sansanmycin analogues showed that sansanmycin MX-1, MX-2, MX-4, MX-6 and MX-7 exhibited comparable potency to sansanmycin A against M. tuberculosis H37Rv, as well as multi-drug-resistant (MDR) and extensive-drug-resistant (XDR) strains. Moreover, sansanmycin MX-2 and MX-4 displayed much better stability than sansanmycin A. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated that SsaX is responsible for the biosynthesis of m-Tyr in vivo by gene deletion and complementation. About twenty novel sansanmycin analogues were obtained by mutasynthesis in ssaX deletion mutant SS/XKO and ten of them were purified and structurally identified. Among them, MX-2 and MX-4 showed promising anti-MDR and anti-XDR tuberculosis activity and greater stability than sansanmycin A. These results indicated that ssaX deletion mutant SS/XKO was a suitable host to expand the diversity of the N-terminus of UPAs, with potential to yield more novel compounds with improved activity and/or other properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Shi
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics of Ministry of Health, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No.1 Tiantan Xili, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Zhibo Jiang
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics of Ministry of Health, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No.1 Tiantan Xili, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Xuan Lei
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics of Ministry of Health, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No.1 Tiantan Xili, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Ningning Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics of Ministry of Health, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No.1 Tiantan Xili, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Qiang Cai
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics of Ministry of Health, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No.1 Tiantan Xili, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Qinglian Li
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics of Ministry of Health, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No.1 Tiantan Xili, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Lifei Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics of Ministry of Health, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No.1 Tiantan Xili, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Shuyi Si
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics of Ministry of Health, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No.1 Tiantan Xili, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Yunying Xie
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics of Ministry of Health, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No.1 Tiantan Xili, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Bin Hong
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics of Ministry of Health, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No.1 Tiantan Xili, Beijing, 100050, China.
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15
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Bugg TDH, Rodolis MT, Mihalyi A, Jamshidi S. Inhibition of phospho-MurNAc-pentapeptide translocase (MraY) by nucleoside natural product antibiotics, bacteriophage ϕX174 lysis protein E, and cationic antibacterial peptides. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:6340-6347. [PMID: 27021004 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
This review covers recent developments in the inhibition of translocase MraY and related phospho-GlcNAc transferases WecA and TagO, and insight into the inhibition and catalytic mechanism of this class of integral membrane proteins from the structure of Aquifex aeolicus MraY. Recent studies have also identified a protein-protein interaction site in Escherichia coli MraY, that is targeted by bacteriophage ϕX174 lysis protein E, and also by cationic antimicrobial peptides containing Arg-Trp close to their N- or C-termini.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D H Bugg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Maria T Rodolis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Agnes Mihalyi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Shirin Jamshidi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
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16
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Walvoort MTC, Lukose V, Imperiali B. A Modular Approach to Phosphoglycosyltransferase Inhibitors Inspired by Nucleoside Antibiotics. Chemistry 2015; 22:3856-64. [PMID: 26662170 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201503986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Phosphoglycosyltransferases (PGTs) represent "gatekeeper" enzymes in complex glycan assembly pathways by catalyzing transfer of a phosphosugar from an activated nucleotide diphosphosugar to a membrane-resident polyprenol phosphate. The unique structures of selected nucleoside antibiotics, such as tunicamycin and mureidomycin A, which are known to inhibit comparable biochemical transformations, are exploited as the foundation for the development of modular synthetic inhibitors of PGTs. Herein we present the design, synthesis, and biochemical evaluation of two readily manipulatable modular scaffolds as inhibitors of monotopic bacterial PGTs. Selected compounds show IC50 values down to the 40 μm range, thereby serving as lead compounds for future development of selective and effective inhibitors of diverse PGTs of biological and medicinal interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marthe T C Walvoort
- Departments of Chemistry and Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Vinita Lukose
- Departments of Chemistry and Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Barbara Imperiali
- Departments of Chemistry and Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
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17
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Rodolis MT, Mihalyi A, Ducho C, Eitel K, Gust B, Goss RJM, Bugg TDH. Mechanism of action of the uridyl peptide antibiotics: an unexpected link to a protein-protein interaction site in translocase MraY. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 50:13023-5. [PMID: 25222373 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc06516f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The pacidamycin and muraymycin uridyl peptide antibiotics show some structural resemblance to an Arg-Trp-x-x-Trp sequence motif for protein-protein interaction between bacteriophage ϕX174 protein E and E. coli translocase MraY. Members of the UPA class, and a synthetic uridine-peptide analogue, were found to show reduced levels of inhibition to F288L or E287A mutant MraY enzymes, implying that the UPAs interact at this extracellular site as part of the enzyme inhibition mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria T Rodolis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
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18
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Quattropani A, Sauer WHB, Crosignani S, Dorbais J, Gerber P, Gonzalez J, Marin D, Muzerelle M, Beltran F, Nichols A, Georgi K, Schneider M, Vitte PA, Eligert V, Novo-Perez L, Hantson J, Nock S, Carboni S, de Souza ALS, Arrighi JF, Boschert U, Bombrun A. Pharmacophore-Based Design of Novel Oxadiazoles as Selective Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) Receptor Agonists with in vivo Efficacy. ChemMedChem 2015; 10:688-714. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201402557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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19
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Paszkowska J, Kral K, Bieg T, Żaba K, Węgrzyk K, Jaśkowiak N, Molinaro A, Silipo A, Wandzik I. Synthesis and biological evaluation of 5'-glycyl derivatives of uridine as inhibitors of 1,4-β-galactosyltransferase. Bioorg Chem 2014; 58:18-25. [PMID: 25462623 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
New 5'-glycyl derivatives of uridine containing fragments of varying lipophilicity were synthesized as analogues of natural peptidyl antibiotics. One of the studied compounds, 5'-O-(N-succinylglycyl)-2',3'-O-isopropylideneuridine (A4), showed moderate inhibition against 1,4-β-galactosyltransferase. However, additional studies showed that the observed inhibitory effect was due to binding to bovine serum albumin, which was used in assays as a stabilizer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jadwiga Paszkowska
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Silesian University of Technology, B. Krzywoustego 4, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kral
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Silesian University of Technology, B. Krzywoustego 4, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Bieg
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Silesian University of Technology, B. Krzywoustego 4, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Karolina Żaba
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Silesian University of Technology, B. Krzywoustego 4, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Węgrzyk
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Silesian University of Technology, B. Krzywoustego 4, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Natalia Jaśkowiak
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Silesian University of Technology, B. Krzywoustego 4, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Antonio Molinaro
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Alba Silipo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Ilona Wandzik
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Silesian University of Technology, B. Krzywoustego 4, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland.
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20
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Spork AP, Büschleb M, Ries O, Wiegmann D, Boettcher S, Mihalyi A, Bugg TDH, Ducho C. Lead structures for new antibacterials: stereocontrolled synthesis of a bioactive muraymycin analogue. Chemistry 2014; 20:15292-7. [PMID: 25318977 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201404775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Naturally occurring muraymycin nucleoside antibiotics represent a promising class of novel antibacterial agents. The structural complexity suggests the investigation of simplified analogues as potential lead structures, which can then be further optimized towards highly potent antimicrobials. Herein we report studies on muraymycin-derived potential lead structures lacking an aminoribose motif found in most naturally occurring muraymycins. We have identified a 5'-defunctionalized motif to be ideal in terms of stability and chemical accessibility and have synthesized a full-length muraymycin analogue based on this structure using a novel fully stereocontrolled route. The obtained 5'-deoxy analogue of the natural product muraymycin C4 showed good inhibitory properties towards the bacterial target protein MraY, sufficient pharmacokinetic stability and no cytotoxicity against human cells, thus making it a promising lead for antibacterial drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatol P Spork
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus C2 3, 66123 Saarbrücken (Germany); Department of Chemistry, Institute of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Tammannstr. 2, 37077 Göttingen (Germany)
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21
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Xie Y, Cai Q, Ren H, Wang L, Xu H, Hong B, Wu L, Chen R. NRPS substrate promiscuity leads to more potent antitubercular sansanmycin analogues. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2014; 77:1744-1748. [PMID: 24964393 DOI: 10.1021/np5001494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Sansanmycins, members of the uridyl peptide antibiotics, are assembled by nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs), the substrate promiscuity of which results in the diversity of products. Further exploration of the NRPSs' substrate promiscuity by reinvestigating sansanmycin producer strain led to the isolation and structural elucidation of eight new uridyl peptides, sansanmycins H-O (1-8). Among them, sansanmycin L, containing a 6-OH-bicyclic residue and Phe3 first found at the position AA3, exhibited activity against M. tuberculosis H37Rv with an MIC value of 2 μg/mL, 8-fold more potent than that of the major compound, sansanmycin A (MIC = 16 μg/mL).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunying Xie
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , Beijing, People's Republic of China
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22
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Moukha-chafiq O, Reynolds RC. Parallel solution-phase synthesis and general biological activity of a uridine antibiotic analog library. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2014; 16:232-7. [PMID: 24661222 PMCID: PMC4025591 DOI: 10.1021/co4001452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
![]()
A small library of ninety four uridine antibiotic analogs was synthesized,
under the Pilot Scale Library (PSL) Program of the NIH Roadmap initiative,
from amine 2 and carboxylic acids 33 and 77 in solution-phase fashion. Diverse aldehyde, sulfonyl chloride,
and carboxylic acid reactant sets were condensed to 2, leading after acid-mediated hydrolysis, to the targeted compounds 3–32 in good yields and high purity. Similarly,
treatment of 33 with diverse amines and sulfonamides
gave 34–75. The coupling of the amino
terminus of d-phenylalanine methyl ester to the free 5′-carboxylic
acid moiety of 33 followed by sodium hydroxide treatment
led to carboxylic acid analog 77. Hydrolysis of this
material gave analog 78. The intermediate 77 served as the precursor for the preparation of novel dipeptidyl
uridine analogs 79–99 through peptide
coupling reactions to diverse amine reactants. None of the described
compounds show significant anticancer or antimalarial acivity. A number
of samples exhibited a variety of promising inhibitory, agonist, antagonist,
or activator properties with enzymes and receptors in primary screens
supplied and reported through the NIH MLPCN program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Moukha-chafiq
- Southern Research Institute, Drug Discovery Division, Birmingham, Alabama 35205, United States
| | - Robert C. Reynolds
- Southern Research Institute, Drug Discovery Division, Birmingham, Alabama 35205, United States
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23
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Bacterial cell division proteins as antibiotic targets. Bioorg Chem 2014; 55:27-38. [PMID: 24755375 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2014.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Proteins involved in bacterial cell division often do not have a counterpart in eukaryotic cells and they are essential for the survival of the bacteria. The genetic accessibility of many bacterial species in combination with the Green Fluorescence Protein revolution to study localization of proteins and the availability of crystal structures has increased our knowledge on bacterial cell division considerably in this century. Consequently, bacterial cell division proteins are more and more recognized as potential new antibiotic targets. An international effort to find small molecules that inhibit the cell division initiating protein FtsZ has yielded many compounds of which some are promising as leads for preclinical use. The essential transglycosylase activity of peptidoglycan synthases has recently become accessible to inhibitor screening. Enzymatic assays for and structural information on essential integral membrane proteins such as MraY and FtsW involved in lipid II (the peptidoglycan building block precursor) biosynthesis have put these proteins on the list of potential new targets. This review summarises and discusses the results and approaches to the development of lead compounds that inhibit bacterial cell division.
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24
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Kuranaga T, Sesoko Y, Inoue M. Cu-mediated enamide formation in the total synthesis of complex peptide natural products. Nat Prod Rep 2014; 31:514-32. [PMID: 24567066 DOI: 10.1039/c3np70103d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cu-mediated C(sp(2))-N bond formation has received intense interest recently, and has been applied to the total synthesis of a wide variety of structurally complex natural products. This review covers the synthetic assembly of peptide natural products in which Cu-mediated enamide formation is the key transformation. The total syntheses of cyclopeptide alkaloids, pacidamycin D, and yaku'amide A exemplify the versatility of the Cu-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction in comparison to other synthetic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takefumi Kuranaga
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
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25
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26
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Tang X, Gross M, Xie Y, Kulik A, Gust B. Identification of Mureidomycin Analogues and Functional Analysis of an N-Acetyltransferase in Napsamycin Biosynthesis. Chembiochem 2013; 14:2248-55. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201300287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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27
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Synthesis of pacidamycin analogues via an Ugi-multicomponent reaction. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:4810-5. [PMID: 22677318 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Revised: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The second-generation synthesis of 3'-hydroxypacidamycin D (2) has been accomplished via an Ugi-four component reaction at a late stage of the synthesis. This approach provided ready access to a range of analogues including diastereomers of the diaminobutylic acid residue and hybrid-type analogues of mureidomycins. Biological evaluations of these analogues indicated that the stereochemistry at the diaminobutylic acid residue has a crucial impact on both the MraY biochemical inhibition and whole-cell antibacterial activity.
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28
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Shapiro AB, Jahić H, Gao N, Hajec L, Rivin O. A High-Throughput, Homogeneous, Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer-Based Assay for Phospho-N-acetylmuramoyl-pentapeptide Translocase (MraY). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 17:662-72. [DOI: 10.1177/1087057112436885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Peptidoglycan biosynthesis is an essential process in bacteria and is therefore a suitable target for the discovery of new antibacterial drugs. One of the last cytoplasmic steps of peptidoglycan biosynthesis is catalyzed by the integral membrane protein MraY, which attaches soluble UDP- N-acetylmuramoyl-pentapeptide to the membrane-bound acceptor undecaprenyl phosphate. Although several natural product–derived inhibitors of MraY are known, none have the properties necessary to be of clinical use as antibacterial drugs. Here we describe a novel, homogeneous, fluorescence resonance energy transfer–based MraY assay that is suitable for high-throughput screening for novel MraY inhibitors. The assay allows for continuous measurement, or it can be quenched prior to measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Haris Jahić
- AstraZeneca R&D Boston, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ning Gao
- AstraZeneca R&D Boston, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Laurel Hajec
- AstraZeneca R&D Boston, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Olga Rivin
- AstraZeneca R&D Boston, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA
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29
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Okamoto K, Sakagami M, Feng F, Togame H, Takemoto H, Ichikawa S, Matsuda A. Total Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Pacidamycin D and Its 3′-Hydroxy Analogue. J Org Chem 2012; 77:1367-77. [DOI: 10.1021/jo202159q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Okamoto
- Shionogi Innovation Center for Drug Discovery, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Kita-21 Nishi-11, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Masahiro Sakagami
- Shionogi Innovation Center for Drug Discovery, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Kita-21 Nishi-11, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Fei Feng
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-21, Nishi-11, Kita-ku, Sapporo,
001-0021, Japan
| | - Hiroko Togame
- Shionogi Innovation Center for Drug Discovery, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Kita-21 Nishi-11, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takemoto
- Shionogi Innovation Center for Drug Discovery, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Kita-21 Nishi-11, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ichikawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12,
Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo
060-0812, Japan
| | - Akira Matsuda
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12,
Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo
060-0812, Japan
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30
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Li YB, Xie YY, Du NN, Lu Y, Xu HZ, Wang B, Yu Y, Liu YX, Song DQ, Chen RX. Synthesis and in vitro antitubercular evaluation of novel sansanmycin derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:6804-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2011] [Revised: 09/08/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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31
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Okamoto K, Sakagami M, Feng F, Togame H, Takemoto H, Ichikawa S, Matsuda A. Total Synthesis of Pacidamycin D by Cu(I)-Catalyzed Oxy Enamide Formation. Org Lett 2011; 13:5240-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ol202124b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Okamoto
- Shionogi Innovation Center for Drug Discovery, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Kita-21 Nishi-11 Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan, and Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Masahiro Sakagami
- Shionogi Innovation Center for Drug Discovery, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Kita-21 Nishi-11 Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan, and Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Fei Feng
- Shionogi Innovation Center for Drug Discovery, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Kita-21 Nishi-11 Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan, and Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Hiroko Togame
- Shionogi Innovation Center for Drug Discovery, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Kita-21 Nishi-11 Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan, and Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takemoto
- Shionogi Innovation Center for Drug Discovery, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Kita-21 Nishi-11 Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan, and Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ichikawa
- Shionogi Innovation Center for Drug Discovery, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Kita-21 Nishi-11 Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan, and Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Akira Matsuda
- Shionogi Innovation Center for Drug Discovery, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Kita-21 Nishi-11 Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan, and Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
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32
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Viso A, Fernández de la Pradilla R, Tortosa M, García A, Flores A. Update 1 of: α,β-Diamino Acids: Biological Significance and Synthetic Approaches. Chem Rev 2011; 111:PR1-42. [DOI: 10.1021/cr100127y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alma Viso
- Instituto de Química Orgánica, CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Mariola Tortosa
- Instituto de Química Orgánica, CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana García
- Instituto de Química Orgánica, CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Aida Flores
- Instituto de Química Orgánica, CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
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33
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Kaysser L, Tang X, Wemakor E, Sedding K, Hennig S, Siebenberg S, Gust B. Identification of a Napsamycin Biosynthesis Gene Cluster by Genome Mining. Chembiochem 2010; 12:477-87. [PMID: 21290549 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201000460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Kaysser
- Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Pharmazeutische Biologie, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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34
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Rackham EJ, Grüschow S, Ragab AE, Dickens S, Goss RJM. Pacidamycin biosynthesis: identification and heterologous expression of the first uridyl peptide antibiotic gene cluster. Chembiochem 2010; 11:1700-9. [PMID: 20665770 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201000200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The pacidamycins are antimicrobial nucleoside antibiotics produced by Streptomyces coeruleorubidus that inhibit translocase I, an essential bacterial enzyme yet to be clinically targeted. The novel pacidamycin scaffold is composed of a pseudopeptide backbone linked by a unique exocyclic enamide to an atypical 3'-deoxyuridine nucleoside. In addition, the peptidyl chain undergoes a double inversion caused by the incorporation of a diamino acid residue and a rare internal ureido moiety. The pacidamycin gene cluster was identified and sequenced, thereby providing the first example of a biosynthetic cluster for a member of the uridyl peptide family of antibiotics. Analysis of the 22 ORFs provided an insight into the biosynthesis of the unique structural features of the pacidamycins. Heterologous expression in Streptomyces lividans resulted in the production of pacidamycin D and the newly identified pacidamycin S, thus confirming the identity of the pacidamycin biosynthetic gene cluster. Identification of this cluster will enable the generation of new uridyl peptide antibiotics through combinatorial biosynthesis. The concise cluster will provide a useful model system through which to gain a fundamental understanding of the way in which nonribosomal peptide synthetases interact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma J Rackham
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Earlham Road, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
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Trunkfield AE, Gurcha SS, Besra GS, Bugg TD. Inhibition of Escherichia coli glycosyltransferase MurG and Mycobacterium tuberculosis Gal transferase by uridine-linked transition state mimics. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:2651-63. [PMID: 20226679 PMCID: PMC3034214 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2009] [Revised: 01/07/2010] [Accepted: 02/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Glycosyltransferase MurG catalyses the transfer of N-acetyl-d-glucosamine to lipid intermediate I on the bacterial peptidoglycan biosynthesis pathway, and is a target for development of new antibacterial agents. A transition state mimic was designed for MurG, containing a functionalised proline, linked through the alpha-carboxylic acid, via a spacer, to a uridine nucleoside. A set of 15 functionalised prolines were synthesised, using a convergent dipolar cycloaddition reaction, which were coupled via either a glycine, proline, sarcosine, or diester linkage to the 5'-position of uridine. The library of 18 final compounds were tested as inhibitors of Escherichia coli glycosyltransferase MurG. Ten compounds showed inhibition of MurG at 1mM concentration, the most active with IC(50) 400microM. The library was also tested against Mycobacterium tuberculosis galactosyltransferase GlfT2, and one compound showed effective inhibition at 1mM concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E. Trunkfield
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Sudagar S. Gurcha
- Department of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Gurdyal S. Besra
- Department of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy D.H. Bugg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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36
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Winn M, Goss RJM, Kimura KI, Bugg TDH. Antimicrobial nucleoside antibiotics targeting cell wall assembly: recent advances in structure-function studies and nucleoside biosynthesis. Nat Prod Rep 2009; 27:279-304. [PMID: 20111805 DOI: 10.1039/b816215h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The quest for new antibiotics, especially those with activity against Gram-negative bacteria, is urgent; however, very few new antibiotics have been marketed in the last 40 years, with this limited number falling into only four new structural classes. Several nucleoside natural product antibiotics target bacterial translocase MraY, involved in the lipid-linked cycle of peptidoglycan biosynthesis, and fungal chitin synthase. Biosynthetic studies on the nikkomycin, caprazamycin and pacidamycin/mureidomycin families are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Winn
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
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37
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Monasson O, Ginisty M, Mravljak J, Bertho G, Gravier-Pelletier C, Le Merrer Y. Synthetic studies towards diazepanone scaffolds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2009.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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38
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Grüschow S, Rackham EJ, Elkins B, Newill PLA, Hill LM, Goss RJM. New pacidamycin antibiotics through precursor-directed biosynthesis. Chembiochem 2009; 10:355-60. [PMID: 19090518 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200800575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Pacidamycins, mureidomycins and napsamycins are structurally related uridyl peptide antibiotics that inhibit translocase I, an as yet clinically unexploited target. This potentially important bioactivity coupled to the biosynthetically intriguing structure of pacidamycin make this natural product a fascinating subject for study. A precursor-directed biosynthesis approach was employed in order to access new pacidamycin derivatives. Strikingly, the biosynthetic machinery exhibited highly relaxed substrate specificity with the majority of the tryptophan analogues that were administered; this resulted in the production of new pacidamycin derivatives. Remarkably, 2-methyl-, 7-methyl-, 7-chloro- and 7-bromotryptophans produced their corresponding pacidamycin analogues in larger amounts than the natural pacidamycin. Low levels or no incorporation was observed for tryptophans substituted at positions 4, 5 and 6. The ability to generate bromo- and chloropacidamycins opens up the possibility of further functionalising these compounds through chemical cross-coupling in order to access a much larger family of derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Grüschow
- School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacology, University of East Anglia, Earlham Road, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
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39
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Li J, Sha Y. A convenient synthesis of amino acid methyl esters. Molecules 2008; 13:1111-9. [PMID: 18560331 PMCID: PMC6245331 DOI: 10.3390/molecules13051111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2008] [Revised: 05/05/2008] [Accepted: 05/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of amino acid methyl ester hydrochlorides were prepared in good to excellent yields by the room temperature reaction of amino acids with methanol in the presence of trimethylchlorosilane. This method is not only compatible with natural amino acids, but also with other aromatic and aliphatic amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yaowu Sha
- The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorous Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China; E-mail:
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40
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Lam WH, Rychli K, Bugg TDH. Identification of a novel β-replacement reaction in the biosynthesis of 2,3-diaminobutyric acid in peptidylnucleoside mureidomycin A. Org Biomol Chem 2008; 6:1912-7. [DOI: 10.1039/b802585a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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41
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Bouhss A, Trunkfield AE, Bugg TDH, Mengin-Lecreulx D. The biosynthesis of peptidoglycan lipid-linked intermediates. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2007; 32:208-33. [PMID: 18081839 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2007.00089.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 308] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The biosynthesis of bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan is a complex process involving many different steps taking place in the cytoplasm (synthesis of the nucleotide precursors) and on the inner and outer sides of the cytoplasmic membrane (assembly and polymerization of the disaccharide-peptide monomer unit, respectively). This review summarizes the current knowledge on the membrane steps leading to the formation of the lipid II intermediate, i.e. the substrate of the polymerization reactions. It makes the point on past and recent data that have significantly contributed to the understanding of the biosynthesis of undecaprenyl phosphate, the carrier lipid required for the anchoring of the peptidoglycan hydrophilic units in the membrane, and to the characterization of the MraY and MurG enzymes which catalyze the successive transfers of the N-acetylmuramoyl-peptide and N-acetylglucosamine moieties onto the carrier lipid, respectively. Enzyme inhibitors and antibacterial compounds interfering with these essential metabolic steps and interesting targets are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Bouhss
- Laboratoire des Enveloppes Bactériennes et Antibiotiques, Institut de Biochimie et Biophysique Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UMR 8619 CNRS, Univ Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
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42
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Sun D, Jones V, Carson EI, Lee REB, Scherman MS, McNeil MR, Lee RE. Solid-phase synthesis and biological evaluation of a uridinyl branched peptide urea library. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:6899-904. [PMID: 17962016 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.09.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2007] [Revised: 09/26/2007] [Accepted: 09/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A 1000-member uridinyl branched peptide library was synthesized on PS-DES support using IRORI technology. High-throughput screening of this library for anti-tuberculosis activity identified several members with a MIC(90) value of 12.5 microg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianqing Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
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43
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Abstract
A thymidinyl dipeptide urea library with structural similarity to the nucleoside peptide class of antibiotics was designed and synthesized. To generate the library, a solid-phase synthesis was developed starting from 5'-azidothymidine attached to a polystyrene butyl diethylsilane (PS-DES) resin support. This study describes the prelibrary solid-phase synthesis development including maximum loading capacity optimization, selection of orthogonal functionalized side-chain protection strategies, synthesis of a 64-member test library, and optimization of the final cleavage step. Using the optimized procedures, we synthesized a 1000-member library in a 50 micromol quantity using IRORI-directed sorting technology in MiniKans, producing the target library in good yields and purity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard E. Lee
- Corresponding author. Phone: 901-448-6018. Fax: 901-448-6828. E-mail:
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44
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Mendel S, Holbourn JM, Schouten JA, Bugg TDH. Interaction of the transmembrane domain of lysis protein E from bacteriophage phiX174 with bacterial translocase MraY and peptidyl-prolyl isomerase SlyD. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2007; 152:2959-2967. [PMID: 17005977 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.28776-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The molecular target for the bacteriolytic E protein from bacteriophage X174, responsible for host cell lysis, is known to be the enzyme phospho-MurNAc-pentapeptide translocase (MraY), an integral membrane protein involved in bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan biosynthesis, with an essential role being played by peptidyl-prolyl isomerase SlyD. A synthetic 37 aa peptide E(pep), containing the N-terminal transmembrane alpha-helix of E, was found to be bacteriolytic against Bacillus licheniformis, and inhibited membrane-bound MraY. The solution conformation of E(pep) was found by circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy to be 100 % alpha-helical. No change in the CD spectrum was observed upon addition of purified Escherichia coli SlyD, implying that SlyD does not catalyse prolyl isomerization upon E. However, E(pep) was found to be a potent inhibitor of SlyD-catalysed peptidyl-prolyl isomerization (IC(50) 0.15 microM), implying a strong interaction between E and SlyD. E(pep) was found to inhibit E. coli MraY activity when assayed in membranes (IC(50) 0.8 microM); however, no inhibition of solubilized MraY was observed, unlike nucleoside natural product inhibitor tunicamycin. These results imply that the interaction of E with MraY is not at the MraY active site, and suggest that a protein-protein interaction is formed between E and MraY at a site within the transmembrane region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Mendel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Joanne M Holbourn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - James A Schouten
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Timothy D H Bugg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
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45
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Li B, Berliner M, Buzon R, Chiu CKF, Colgan ST, Kaneko T, Keene N, Kissel W, Le T, Leeman KR, Marquez B, Morris R, Newell L, Wunderwald S, Witt M, Weaver J, Zhang Z, Zhang Z. Aqueous Phosphoric Acid as a Mild Reagent for Deprotection of tert-Butyl Carbamates, Esters, and Ethers. J Org Chem 2006; 71:9045-50. [PMID: 17109528 DOI: 10.1021/jo061377b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Aqueous phosphoric acid (85 wt %) is an effective, environmentally benign reagent for the deprotection of tert-butyl carbamates, tert-butyl esters, and tert-butyl ethers. The reaction conditions are mild and offer good selectivity in the presence of other acid-sensitive groups, including CBZ carbamates, azetidine, benzyl and methyl esters, TBDMS, and methyl phenyl ethers. The mildness of the reaction is further demonstrated in the synthesis of clarithromycin derivative, in which a tert-butyl ester is removed in the presence of cyclic carbamate, lactone, ketal, acetate ester, and epimerizable methyl ketone functionalities. The reaction preserves the stereochemical integrity of the substrates. The reactions are high yielding, and the workup is convenient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Li
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, USA.
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46
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Viso A, Fernández de la Pradilla R, García A, Flores A. α,β-Diamino Acids: Biological Significance and Synthetic Approaches. Chem Rev 2005; 105:3167-96. [PMID: 16092828 DOI: 10.1021/cr0406561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alma Viso
- Instituto de Química Orgánica, CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain.
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47
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Price NP, Momany FA. Modeling bacterial UDP-HexNAc: polyprenol-P HexNAc-1-P transferases. Glycobiology 2005; 15:29R-42R. [PMID: 15843595 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwi065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein N-glycosylation in eukaryotes and peptidoglycan biosynthesis in bacteria are both initiated by the transfer of a D-N-acetylhexosamine 1-phosphate to a membrane-bound polyprenol phosphate. These reactions are catalyzed by a family of transmembrane proteins known as the UDP-D-N-acetylhexosamine: polyprenol phosphate D-N-acetylhexosamine 1-phosphate transferases. The sole eukaryotic member of this family, the d-N-acetylglucosamine 1-phosphate transferase (GPT), is specific for UDP-GlcNAc as the donor substrate and uses dolichol phosphate as the membrane-bound acceptor. The bacterial translocases, MraY, WecA, and WbpL, utilize undecaprenol phosphate as the acceptor substrate, but differ in their specificity for the UDP-sugar donor substrate. The structural basis of this sugar nucleotide specificity is uncertain. However, potential carbohydrate recognition (CR) domains have been identified within the C-terminal cytoplasmic loops of MraY, WecA, and WbpL that are highly conserved in family members with the same UDP-N-acetylhexosamine specificity. This review focuses on the catalytic mechanism and substrate specificity of these bacterial UDP-D-N-acetylhexosamine: polyprenol phosphate D-N-acetylhexosamine 1-P transferases and may provide insights for the development of selective inhibitors of cell wall biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil P Price
- USDA-ARS-NCAUR, Bioproducts and Biocatalysis Research Unit, Peoria, IL, USA.
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48
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Lloyd AJ, Brandish PE, Gilbey AM, Bugg TDH. Phospho-N-acetyl-muramyl-pentapeptide translocase from Escherichia coli: catalytic role of conserved aspartic acid residues. J Bacteriol 2004; 186:1747-57. [PMID: 14996806 PMCID: PMC355978 DOI: 10.1128/jb.186.6.1747-1757.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospho-N-acetyl-muramyl-pentapeptide translocase (translocase 1) catalyzes the first of a sequence of lipid-linked steps that ultimately assemble the peptidoglycan layer of the bacterial cell wall. This essential enzyme is the target of several natural product antibiotics and has recently been the focus of antimicrobial drug discovery programs. The catalytic mechanism of translocase 1 is believed to proceed via a covalent intermediate formed between phospho-N-acetyl-muramyl-pentapeptide and a nucleophilic amino acid residue. Amino acid sequence alignments of the translocase 1 family and members of the related transmembrane phosphosugar transferase superfamily revealed only three conserved residues that possess nucleophilic side chains: the aspartic acid residues D115, D116, and D267. Here we report the expression and partial purification of Escherichia coli translocase 1 as a C-terminal hexahistidine (C-His6) fusion protein. Three enzymes with the site-directed mutations D115N, D116N, and D267N were constructed, expressed, and purified as C-His6 fusions. Enzymatic analysis established that all three mutations eliminated translocase 1 activity, and this finding verified the essential role of these residues. By analogy with the structural environment of the double aspartate motif found in prenyl transferases, we propose a model whereby D115 and D116 chelate a magnesium ion that coordinates with the pyrophosphate bridge of the UDP-N-acetyl-muramyl-pentapeptide substrate and in which D267 therefore fulfills the role of the translocase 1 active-site nucleophile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian J Lloyd
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
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