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Ahmad S, Akhtar R, Zahoor AF. Comprehensive Account on the Synthesis of (-)-Balanol and its Analogues. Curr Org Synth 2021; 19:56-85. [PMID: 34370642 DOI: 10.2174/1570179418666210809131917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A variety of diseases have been associated with hyperactivation of protein kinase C (PKC) enzymes such as cancer, diabetes, asthma, cardiovascular and central nervous system disorders. There is a dire need to selectively inhibit these enzymes by synthesizing new potent inhibitors. Balanol, a fungal metabolite belonging to the PKC inhibitor family, is especially included in this aspect. Tremendous effort has been put towards the synthesis of balanol by different research groups. OBJECTIVE The aim of this review is to provide a detailed description of synthetic approaches adopted for the synthesis of key fragments of balanol (azepane and benzophenone). All the factors that resulted in excellent yield and high enantioselectivity have also been mentioned. CONCLUSION It has been shown throughout this review that the synthesis of hexahydroazepine and benzophenone cores of balanol was achieved by employing a variety of important key steps with commercially available starting precursors, which make this total synthesis more valuable. Moreover, this article provides ideas to the synthetic as well as pharmaceutical chemists for the synthesis of (-)-balanol and its analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajjad Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, University of Engineering and Technology Lahore, Faisalabad Campus, 38000-Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Rabia Akhtar
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, 38000-Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ameer Fawad Zahoor
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, 38000-Faisalabad, Pakistan
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Deka SJ, Trivedi V. Potentials of PKC in Cancer Progression and Anticancer Drug Development. Curr Drug Discov Technol 2020; 16:135-147. [PMID: 29468974 DOI: 10.2174/1570163815666180219113614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
PKC is a family of serine-threonine kinases which play crucial roles in the regulation of important signal transduction pathways in mammalian cell-biology. These enzymes are themselves regulated by various molecules that can serve as ligands to the regulatory domains and translocate PKC to membrane for activity. The role of PKC in the modulation of both proliferative and apoptotic signaling in cancer has become a subject of immense interest after it was discovered that PKC regulates a myriad of enzymes and transcription factors involved in carcinogenic signaling. Therefore, PKC has served as an attractive target for the development of newer generation of anti-cancer drugs. The following review discusses the potential of PKC to be regarded as a target for anti-cancer therapy. We also review all the molecules that have been discovered so far to be regulators/activators/inhibitors of PKC and also how far these molecules can be considered as potential candidates for anti-cancer drug development based on PKC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman J Deka
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology-Guwahati, Guwahati-781039, Assam, India
| | - Vishal Trivedi
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology-Guwahati, Guwahati-781039, Assam, India
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Hardianto A, Khanna V, Liu F, Ranganathan S. Diverse dynamics features of novel protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes determine the selectivity of a fluorinated balanol analogue for PKCε. BMC Bioinformatics 2019; 19:342. [PMID: 30717648 PMCID: PMC7394325 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-018-2373-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background (−)-Balanol is an ATP-mimicking inhibitor that non-selectively targets protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes and cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA). While PKA constantly shows tumor promoting activities, PKC isozymes can ambiguously be tumor promoters or suppressors. In particular, PKCε is frequently implicated in tumorigenesis and a potential target for anticancer drugs. We recently reported that the C5(S)-fluorinated balanol analogue (balanoid 1c) had improved binding affinity and selectivity for PKCε but not to the other novel PKC isozymes, which share a highly similar ATP site. The underlying basis for this fluorine-based selectivity is not entirely comprehended and needs to be investigated further for the development of ATP mimic inhibitors specific for PKCε. Results Using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations assisted by homology modelling and sequence analysis, we have studied the fluorine-based selectivity in the highly similar ATP sites of novel PKC (nPKC) isozymes. The study suggests that every nPKC isozyme has different dynamics behaviour in both apo and 1c-bound forms. Interestingly, the apo form of PKCε, where 1c binds strongly, shows the highest degree of flexibility which dramatically decreases after binding 1c. Conclusions For the first time to the best of our knowledge, we found that the origin of 1c selectivity for PKCε comes from the unique dynamics feature of each PKC isozyme. Fluorine conformational control in 1c can synergize with and lock down the dynamics of PKCε, which optimize binding interactions with the ATP site residues of the enzyme, particularly the invariant Lys437. This finding has implications for further rational design of balanol-based PKCε inhibitors for cancer drug development. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12859-018-2373-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ari Hardianto
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia.,Department of Chemistry, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor, West Java, 45363, Indonesia
| | - Varun Khanna
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia.,School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, 5042, Australia
| | - Fei Liu
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Shoba Ranganathan
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia.
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Hardianto A, Liu F, Ranganathan S. Molecular Dynamics Pinpoint the Global Fluorine Effect in Balanoid Binding to PKCε and PKA. J Chem Inf Model 2018; 58:511-519. [PMID: 29341608 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.7b00504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
(-)-Balanol is an adenosine triphosphate mimic that inhibits protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes and cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) with limited selectivity. While PKA is known as a tumor promoter, PKC isozymes can be tumor promoters or suppressors. In particular, PKCε is frequently involved in tumorigenesis and a potential target for anticancer drugs. We recently reported that stereospecific fluorination of balanol yielded a balanoid with enhanced selectivity for PKCε over other PKC isozymes and PKA, although the global fluorine effect behind the selectivity enhancement is not fully understood. Interestingly, in contrast to PKA, PKCε is more sensitive to this fluorine effect. Here we investigate the global fluorine effect on the different binding responses of PKCε and PKA to balanoids using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. For the first time to the best of our knowledge, we found that a structurally equivalent residue in each kinase, Thr184 in PKA and Ala549 in PKCε, is essential for the different binding responses. Furthermore, the study revealed that the invariant Lys, Lys73 in PKA and Lys437 in PKCε, already known to have a crucial role in the catalytic activity of kinases, serves as the main anchor for balanol binding. Overall, while Thr184 in PKA attenuates the effect of fluorination, Ala549 permits remote response of PKCε to fluorine substitution, with implications for rational design of future balanol-based PKCε inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ari Hardianto
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University , Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Fei Liu
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University , Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Shoba Ranganathan
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University , Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
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Hardianto A, Yusuf M, Liu F, Ranganathan S. Exploration of charge states of balanol analogues acting as ATP-competitive inhibitors in kinases. BMC Bioinformatics 2017; 18:572. [PMID: 29297286 PMCID: PMC5751415 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-017-1955-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND (-)-Balanol is an ATP mimic that inhibits protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes and cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) with limited selectivity. While PKA is a tumour promoter, PKC isozymes act as tumour promoters or suppressors, depending on the cancer type. In particular, PKCε is frequently implicated in cancer promotion, making it a potential target for anticancer drugs. To improve isozyme selectivity of balanol, exhaustive structural and activity relationship (SAR) studies have been performed in the last two decades, but with limited success. More recently, fluorination on balanol has shown improved selectivity for PKCε, although the fluorine effect is not yet clearly understood. Understanding the origin to this fluorine-based selectivity will be valuable for designing better balanol-based ATP mimicking inhibitors. Computational approaches such as molecular dynamics (MD) simulations can decipher the fluorine effect, provided that correct charges have been assigned to a ligand. Balanol analogues have multiple ionisable functional groups and the effect of fluorine substitutions on the exact charge state of each analogue bound to PKA and to PKCε needs to be thoroughly investigated in order to design highly selective inhibitors for therapeutic applications. RESULTS We explored the charge states of novel fluorinated balanol analogues using MD simulations. For different potential charge states of these analogues, Molecular Mechanics Generalized Born Surface Area (MMGBSA) binding energy values were computed. This study suggests that balanol and the most potent fluorinated analogue (5S fluorine substitution on the azepane ring), have charges on the azepane ring (N1), and the phenolic (C6''OH) and the carboxylate (C15''O2H) groups on the benzophenone moiety, when bound to PKCε as well as PKA. CONCLUSIONS To the best our knowledge, this is the first study showing that the phenolate group is charged in balanol and its analogues binding to the ATP site of PKCε. Correct charge assignments of ligands are important to obtain predicted binding energy values from MD simulations that reflect experimental values. Both fluorination and the local enzymatic environment of the ATP site can influence the exact charge states of balanol analogues. Overall, this study is highly valuable for further rational design of potent balanol analogues selective to PKCε.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ari Hardianto
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109 Australia
| | - Muhammad Yusuf
- Department of Chemistry, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor, West Java 45363 Indonesia
| | - Fei Liu
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109 Australia
| | - Shoba Ranganathan
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109 Australia
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Active site fingerprinting and pharmacophore screening strategies for the identification of dual inhibitors of protein kinase C (ΡΚCβ) and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1). Mol Divers 2016; 20:747-61. [PMID: 27216445 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-016-9676-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Current clinical studies have revealed that diabetic complications are multifactorial disorders that target two or more pathways. The majority of drugs in clinical trial target aldose reductase and protein kinase C ([Formula: see text]), while recent studies disclosed a significant role played by poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1). In light of this, the current study was aimed to identify novel dual inhibitors of [Formula: see text] and PARP-1 using a pharmaco-informatics methodology. Pharmacophore-based 3D QSAR models for these two targets were generated using HypoGen and used to screen three commercially available chemical databases to identify dual inhibitors of [Formula: see text] and PARP-1. Overall, 18 hits were obtained from the screening process; the hits were filtered based on their drug-like properties and predicted binding affinities (docking analysis). Important amino acid residues were predicted by developing a fingerprint of the active site using alanine-scanning mutagenesis and molecular dynamics. The stability of the complexes (18 hits with both proteins) and their final binding orientations were investigated using molecular dynamics simulations. Thus, novel hits have been predicted to have good binding affinities for [Formula: see text] and PARP-1 proteins, which could be further investigated for in vitro/in vivo activity.
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Saha T, Maitra R, Chattopadhyay SK. A unified approach to the important protein kinase inhibitor balanol and a proposed analogue. Beilstein J Org Chem 2013; 9:2910-5. [PMID: 24454570 PMCID: PMC3896276 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.9.327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A common approach to the important protein kinase inhibitor (−)-balanol and an azepine-ring-modified balanol derivative has been developed using an efficient fragment coupling protocol which proceeded in good overall yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapan Saha
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kalyani, Kalyani - 741235, West Bengal, India
| | - Ratnava Maitra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kalyani, Kalyani - 741235, West Bengal, India
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Riches AG, Cablewski T, Glattauer V, Thissen H, Meagher L. Scalable synthesis of an integrin-binding peptide mimetic for biomedical applications. Tetrahedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2012.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Sharma AK, Das SK. Microwave‐Induced Rapid Access to Aromatic and Heteroaromatic Sulfonamides Under Solvent‐Free Conditions Without Using External Base. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2010. [DOI: 10.1081/scc-200032530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashwani Kumar Sharma
- a Discovery Chemistry, Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd., Discovery Research , Bollaram Road, Miyapur, Hyderabad, 500049, India
| | - Saibal Kumar Das
- a Discovery Chemistry, Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd., Discovery Research , Bollaram Road, Miyapur, Hyderabad, 500049, India
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Srivastava AK, Panda G. Total synthesis of (-)-balanol, all stereoisomers, their N-tosyl analogues, and fully protected ophiocordin: an easy route to hexahydroazepine cores from garner aldehydes. Chemistry 2008; 14:4675-88. [PMID: 18399526 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200701991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Total syntheses of (-)-balanol and all of its stereoisomers starting from easily available Garner aldehydes are described. Diastereoselective Grignard reactions on Garner aldehydes and ring-closing metatheses are the key steps for the construction of hexahydroazepine subunits. The benzophenone subunits were constructed through coupling of suitably functionalized aromatic aldehyde and bromo components. The synthetic route constitutes a convenient and scalable reaction sequence to generate all of the stereoisomers of balanol. The methodology is explored further for the synthesis of N-tosyl analogues of balanol and of fully protected ophiocordin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Kumar Srivastava
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, UP, India
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Brito CM, Pinto DCGA, Silva AMS, Silva AMG, Tomé AC, Cavaleiro JAS. Diels–Alder Reactions of 2′-Hydroxychalcones withortho-Benzoquino-dimethane: A New Synthesis of 3-Aryl-2-naphthyl 2-Hydroxyphenyl Ketones. European J Org Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200500872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Nihei KI, Nihei A, Kubo I. Rational design of antimicrobial agents: antifungal activity of alk(en)yl dihydroxybenzoates and dihydroxyphenyl alkanoates. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 13:3993-6. [PMID: 14592492 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2003.08.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A homologous series (C3-C14) of each alkyl 3,4- and 3,5-dihydroxybenzoates, and 3,4- and 3,5-dihydroxyphenyl alkanoates exhibit similar antifungal activity against Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Their nonyl derivatives exhibit the most potent antifungal activity against this yeast with the minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) in the range between 12.5 and 50 microg/mL. In addition, various 3,4-dihydroxybenzoates, possessing different side chains, namely unsaturated, branched and alicyclic were synthesized and their activity was compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-ichi Nihei
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3112, USA
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Synthesis and properties of polyaromatic dendrimers possessing a repetitive amide–ester coupling sequence. Tetrahedron 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(03)00466-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Kadkin O, Osajda K, Kaszynski P, Barber TA. Polyester polyols: Synthesis and characterization of diethylene glycol terephthalate oligomers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.10655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Gould C, Wong CF. Designing specific protein kinase inhibitors: insights from computer simulations and comparative sequence/structure analysis. Pharmacol Ther 2002; 93:169-78. [PMID: 12191609 DOI: 10.1016/s0163-7258(02)00186-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinases are important targets for designing therapeutic drugs. We describe here a computational approach to extend the usefulness of a single protein-inhibitor structure in aiding the design of protein kinase inhibitors. This approach is based on using sensitivity analysis to identify the most significant functional groups of a lead compound in accounting for binding affinity and on using comparative sequence/structure analysis to examine whether these functional groups would present specificity. A sensitivity analysis study is similar to genetic or chemical modification experiments in which specific features of a lead compound are modified to examine whether they affect properties such as binding affinity. In this study, the binding affinity was estimated by using an implicit-solvent model in which the electrostatic contributions were obtained by solving the Poisson equation, and the hydrophobic effects were accounted for by using surface-area-dependent terms. The comparative sequence/structure analysis involves the study of the amino acid distributions of a large number of protein kinases (384 in this study) near the ligand-binding sites. This analysis provides useful guiding principles for designing specific inhibitors targeted towards a particular kinase. Here, we illustrate the utility of these computational approaches by applying them to identify the determinants of the recognition between the protein kinase A and two of its inhibitors. One inhibitor, balanol, binds to the ATP-binding pocket. The other, protein kinase inhibitor, binds to the substrate-binding site. These analyses have helped to construct pharmacophore models for mining new drug leads from small-molecule libraries and for suggesting how a lead compound or a peptide inhibitor may be modified to generate selective inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Gould
- Department of Biology, Truman State University, Kirksville, MO 63501, USA
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