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Hamdi A, Yaseen M, Ewes WA, Bhat MA, Ziedan NI, El-Shafey HW, Mohamed AAB, Elnagar MR, Haikal A, Othman DIA, Elgazar AA, Abusabaa AHA, Abdelrahman KS, Soltan OM, Elbadawi MM. Development of new thiazolidine-2,4-dione hybrids as aldose reductase inhibitors endowed with antihyperglycaemic activity: design, synthesis, biological investigations, and in silico insights. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2023; 38:2231170. [PMID: 37470409 PMCID: PMC10361003 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2023.2231170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
This research study describes the development of new small molecules based on 2,4-thiazolidinedione (2,4-TZD) and their aldose reductase (AR) inhibitory activities. The synthesis of 17 new derivatives of 2,4-TZDs hybrids was feasible by incorporating two known bioactive scaffolds, benzothiazole heterocycle, and nitro phenacyl moiety. The most active hybrid (8b) was found to inhibit AR in a non-competitive manner (0.16 µM), as confirmed by kinetic studies and molecular docking simulations. Furthermore, the in vivo experiments demonstrated that compound 8b had a significant hypoglycaemic effect in mice with hyperglycaemia induced by streptozotocin. Fifty milligrams per kilogram dose of 8b produced a marked decrease in blood glucose concentration, and a lower dose of 5 mg/kg demonstrated a noticeable antihyperglycaemic effect. These outcomes suggested that compound 8b may be used as a promising therapeutic agent for the treatment of diabetic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelrahman Hamdi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Muhammad Yaseen
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, University of Swat, Swat, Pakistan
| | - Wafaa A Ewes
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Mashooq Ahmad Bhat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Noha I Ziedan
- Department of physical, mathematical and Engineering science, Faculty of science, Business and Enterprise, University of Chester, Chester, UK
| | - Hamed W El-Shafey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A B Mohamed
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Mohamed R Elnagar
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq
| | - Abdullah Haikal
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Dina I A Othman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Abdullah A Elgazar
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Ahmed H A Abusabaa
- Department of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt
| | - Kamal S Abdelrahman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Osama M Soltan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Mostafa M Elbadawi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
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2
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Akdağ M, Özçelik AB, Demir Y, Beydemir Ş. Design, synthesis, and aldose reductase inhibitory effect of some novel carboxylic acid derivatives bearing 2-substituted-6-aryloxo-pyridazinone moiety. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.132675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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3
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Pan Z, Liu T, Ma Y, Yan J, Wang YJ. Construction of Quinazolin(thi)ones by Brønsted Acid/Visible-Light Photoredox Relay Catalysis. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202206001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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4
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Ubale AS, Shaikh MA, Gnanaprakasam B. Sequential Oxidative Fragmentation and Skeletal Rearrangement of Peroxides for the Synthesis of Quinazolinone Derivatives. J Org Chem 2021; 86:9621-9636. [PMID: 34232051 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
For the first time, the sequential reaction of peroxyoxindole that involves base-promoted oxidative fragmentation to isocyanate formation and primary amine or amino alcohol accelerated skeletal rearrangement to synthesize exo-olefinic-substituted quinazolinone or oxazoloquinazolinone is reported. The advantages of this new reaction include a broad substrate scope and transition-metal-free and room-temperature conditions. The formation of the isocyanate as a key intermediate that accelerates oxidative skeletal rearrangement has been confirmed by trapping experiments and spectroscopic evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akash S Ubale
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune 411008, India
| | - Moseen A Shaikh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune 411008, India
| | - Boopathy Gnanaprakasam
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune 411008, India
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5
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Long N, Le Gresley A, Wren SP. Thiazolidinediones: An In-Depth Study of Their Synthesis and Application to Medicinal Chemistry in the Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:1716-1735. [PMID: 33844475 PMCID: PMC8251912 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
2,4-Thiazolidinedione (TZD) is a privileged and highly utilised scaffold for the development of pharmaceutically active compounds. This sulfur-containing heterocycle is a versatile pharmacophore that confers a diverse range of pharmacological activities. TZD has been shown to exhibit biological action towards a vast range of targets interesting to medicinal chemists. In this review, we attempt to provide insight into both the historical conventional and the use of novel methodologies to synthesise the TZD core framework. Further to this, synthetic procedures utilised to substitute the TZD molecule at the activated methylene C5 and N3 position are reviewed. Finally, research into developing clinical agents, which act as modulators of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors gamma (PPARγ), protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) and aldose reductase 2 (ALR2), are discussed. These are the three most targeted receptors for the treatment of diabetes mellitus (DM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Long
- Department of Chemical & Pharmaceutical SciencesFaculty of ScienceEngineering & ComputingKingston University LondonPenrhyn RoadSurreyKT1 2EEUK
| | - Adam Le Gresley
- Department of Chemical & Pharmaceutical SciencesFaculty of ScienceEngineering & ComputingKingston University LondonPenrhyn RoadSurreyKT1 2EEUK
| | - Stephen P. Wren
- Department of Chemical & Pharmaceutical SciencesFaculty of ScienceEngineering & ComputingKingston University LondonPenrhyn RoadSurreyKT1 2EEUK
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6
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Kovacikova L, Prnova MS, Majekova M, Bohac A, Karasu C, Stefek M. Development of Novel Indole-Based Bifunctional Aldose Reductase Inhibitors/Antioxidants as Promising Drugs for the Treatment of Diabetic Complications. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26102867. [PMID: 34066081 PMCID: PMC8151378 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26102867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Aldose reductase (AR, ALR2), the first enzyme of the polyol pathway, is implicated in the pathophysiology of diabetic complications. Aldose reductase inhibitors (ARIs) thus present a promising therapeutic approach to treat a wide array of diabetic complications. Moreover, a therapeutic potential of ARIs in the treatment of chronic inflammation-related pathologies and several genetic metabolic disorders has been recently indicated. Substituted indoles are an interesting group of compounds with a plethora of biological activities. This article reviews a series of indole-based bifunctional aldose reductase inhibitors/antioxidants (ARIs/AOs) developed during recent years. Experimental results obtained in in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo models of diabetic complications are presented. Structure–activity relationships with respect to carboxymethyl pharmacophore regioisomerization and core scaffold modification are discussed along with the criteria of ‘drug-likeness”. Novel promising structures of putative multifunctional ARIs/AOs are designed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Kovacikova
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, CEM SAS, Dúbravská Cesta 9, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia; (L.K.); (M.S.P.); (M.M.)
| | - Marta Soltesova Prnova
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, CEM SAS, Dúbravská Cesta 9, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia; (L.K.); (M.S.P.); (M.M.)
| | - Magdalena Majekova
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, CEM SAS, Dúbravská Cesta 9, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia; (L.K.); (M.S.P.); (M.M.)
| | - Andrej Bohac
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia;
- Biomagi, Inc., Mamateyova 26, 851 04 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Cimen Karasu
- Cellular Stress Response and Signal Transduction Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Beşevler, 06500 Ankara, Turkey;
| | - Milan Stefek
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, CEM SAS, Dúbravská Cesta 9, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia; (L.K.); (M.S.P.); (M.M.)
- Correspondence:
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7
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Tanawattanasuntorn T, Thongpanchang T, Rungrotmongkol T, Hanpaibool C, Graidist P, Tipmanee V. (-)-Kusunokinin as a Potential Aldose Reductase Inhibitor: Equivalency Observed via AKR1B1 Dynamics Simulation. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:606-614. [PMID: 33458512 PMCID: PMC7807751 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c05102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
(-)-Kusunokinin performed its anticancer potency through CFS1R and AKT pathways. Its ambiguous binding target has, however, hindered the next development phase. Our study thus applied molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation to predict the protein target from the pathways. Among various candidates, aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1 (AKR1B1) was finally identified as a (-)-kusunokinin receptor. The predicted binding affinity of (-)-kusunokinin was better than the selected aldose reductase inhibitors (ARIs) and substrates. The compound also had no significant effect on AKR1B1 conformation. An intriguing AKR1B1 efficacy, with respect to the known inhibitors (epalrestat, zenarestat, and minalrestat) and substrates (UVI2008 and prostaglandin H2), as well as a similar interactive insight of the enzyme pocket, pinpointed an ARI equivalence of (-)-kusunokinin. An aromatic ring and a γ-butyrolactone ring shared a role with structural counterparts in known inhibitors. The modeling explained that the aromatic constituent contributed to π-π attraction with Trp111. In addition, the γ-butyrolactone ring bound the catalytic His110 using hydrogen bonds, which could lead to enzymatic inhibition as a consequence of substrate competitiveness. Our computer-based findings suggested that the potential of (-)-kusunokinin could be furthered by in vitro and/or in vivo experiments to consolidate (-)-kusunokinin as a new AKR1B1 antagonist in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanotnon Tanawattanasuntorn
- Department
of Biomedical Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Tienthong Thongpanchang
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Center of Excellence for Innovation
in Chemistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Thanyada Rungrotmongkol
- Biocatalyst and Environmental Biotechnology
Research Unit, Department
of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Program in Bioinformatics and Computational
Biology, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn
University, Bangkok 10300, Thailand
| | - Chonnikan Hanpaibool
- Biocatalyst and Environmental Biotechnology
Research Unit, Department
of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Program in Bioinformatics and Computational
Biology, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn
University, Bangkok 10300, Thailand
| | - Potchanapond Graidist
- Department
of Biomedical Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Varomyalin Tipmanee
- Department
of Biomedical Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
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8
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Chen H, Li P, Qin R, Yan H, Li G, Huang H. DMAP-Catalyzed One-Pot Synthesis of Quinazoline-2,4-diones from 2-Aminobenzamides and Di- tert-butyl Dicarbonate. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:9614-9623. [PMID: 32363314 PMCID: PMC7191844 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c01104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The one-pot synthesis of quinazoline-2,4-diones was developed in the presence of 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) by metal-free catalysis. The commercially available (Boc)2O acted as a key precursor in the construction of the 2-position carbonyl of quinazolinediones. The p-methoxybenzyl (PMB)-activated heterocyclization could smoothly proceed at room temperature instead of the microwave condition. This strategy is compatible with a variety of substrates with different functional groups. Furthermore, this protocol was utilized to smoothly prepare Zenarestat with a total yield of 70%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- Beijing
Key Laboratory of Environmental and Viral Oncology, College of Life
Science and Bio-engineering, Beijing University
of Technology, Beijing 100124, P. R. China
| | - Peng Li
- Beijing
Key Laboratory of Active Substance Discovery and Druggability Evaluation
& Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Key Laboratory of Anti-DR
TB Innovative Drug Research, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of
Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, P. R. China
| | - Rongfei Qin
- Beijing
Key Laboratory of Active Substance Discovery and Druggability Evaluation
& Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Key Laboratory of Anti-DR
TB Innovative Drug Research, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of
Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, P. R. China
| | - Hong Yan
- Beijing
Key Laboratory of Environmental and Viral Oncology, College of Life
Science and Bio-engineering, Beijing University
of Technology, Beijing 100124, P. R. China
| | - Gang Li
- Beijing
Key Laboratory of Active Substance Discovery and Druggability Evaluation
& Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Key Laboratory of Anti-DR
TB Innovative Drug Research, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of
Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, P. R. China
| | - Haihong Huang
- Beijing
Key Laboratory of Active Substance Discovery and Druggability Evaluation
& Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Key Laboratory of Anti-DR
TB Innovative Drug Research, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of
Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, P. R. China
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9
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Salem MG, Aziz YMA, Elewa M, Elshihawy HA, Said MM. Synthesis and molecular modeling of novel non-sulfonylureas as hypoglycemic agents and selective ALR2 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:3383-3389. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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10
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Lu J, Liu Y, Wang X, Wang S, Di X. Development and validation of a rapid high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of WJ-38, a novel aldose reductase inhibitor, in rat plasma and its application to a pharmacokinetic study. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2012; 893-894:29-33. [PMID: 22425386 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2012.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Revised: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
WJ-38 is an aldose reductase inhibitor that is being developed for the treatment of diabetic complications. The present paper describes a sensitive and specific liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of WJ-38 in rat plasma. Partial denaturation of plasma proteins with methanol followed by liquid-liquid extraction using ethyl acetate was used to extract strongly protein-bound WJ-38 from rat plasma. Chromatographic separation was performed on an Inertsil ODS-3 column with an isocratic mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile, water and formic acid (75:25:0.125, v/v/v). Mass spectrometric detection was achieved by a triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer equipped with an ESI interface operating in positive ionization mode. Quantitation was performed using selected reaction monitoring of precursor-product ion transitions at m/z 392→246 for WJ-38 and m/z 446→321 for glipizide (internal standard). A linear calibration curve was obtained over the concentration range of 10.0-10,000 ng/mL for WJ-38 in rat plasma. The intra- and inter-day precisions were less than 13.6% and the accuracy was within ± 5.3%. The extraction recovery of WJ-38 from rat plasma was over 66.0%. The validated method has been successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study in rats after intragastrical administration of WJ-38.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Lu
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, PR China
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11
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Pérez-Nueno VI, Ritchie DW. Identifying and characterizing promiscuous targets: implications for virtual screening. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2011; 7:1-17. [PMID: 22468890 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2011.632406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ligand-based shape matching approaches have become established as important and popular virtual screening (VS) techniques. However, despite their relative success, the question of how to best choose the initial query compounds and their conformations remains largely unsolved. This issue gains importance when dealing with promiscuous targets, that is, proteins that bind multiple ligand scaffold families in one or more binding site. Conventional shape matching VS approaches assume that there is only one binding mode for a given protein target. This may be true for some targets, but it is certainly not true in all cases. Several recent studies have shown that some protein targets bind to different ligands in different ways. AREAS COVERED The authors discuss the concept of promiscuity in the context of virtual drug screening, and present and analyze several examples of promiscuous targets. The article also reports on the impact of the query conformation on the performance of shape-based VS and the potential to improve VS performance by using consensus shape clustering techniques. EXPERT OPINION The notion of polypharmacology is becoming highly relevant in drug discovery. Understanding and exploiting promiscuity present challenges and opportunities for drug discovery endeavors. The examples of promiscuity presented here suggest that promiscuous targets and ligands are much more common than previously assumed, and this should be taken into account in practical VS protocols. Although some progress has been made, there is a need to develop more sophisticated computational techniques and protocols that can identify and characterize promiscuous targets on a genomic scale.
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12
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Pérez-Nueno VI, Ritchie DW. Using Consensus-Shape Clustering To Identify Promiscuous Ligands and Protein Targets and To Choose the Right Query for Shape-Based Virtual Screening. J Chem Inf Model 2011; 51:1233-48. [DOI: 10.1021/ci100492r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - David W. Ritchie
- INRIA Nancy, LORIA, 615 rue du Jardin Botanique, 54600 Villers-lès-Nancy, France
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13
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Rapposelli S, Da Settimo F, Digiacomo M, La Motta C, Lapucci A, Sartini S, Vanni M. Synthesis and biological evaluation of 2'-oxo-2,3-dihydro-3'H- spiro[chromene-4,5'-[1,3]oxazolidin]-3'yl]acetic acid derivatives as aldose reductase inhibitors. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2011; 344:372-85. [PMID: 21319207 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201000302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2010] [Revised: 11/06/2010] [Accepted: 11/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Aldose reductase (ARL2) is the first enzyme in the polyol pathway which catalyzes the NADPH-dependent reduction of glucose to sorbitol. Its involvement on diabetic complications makes this enzyme a challenge therapeutic target widely investigated to limit and/or prevent them. On this basis, a limited series of 4-spiro-oxazolidinone-benzopyran derivatives (1-7) were synthesized to evaluate them as potential ARL2 inhibitors. The activity was determined spectrophotometrically by monitoring the oxidation of NADPH catalyzed by ALR2. Within the series of compounds, the 4-methoxy derivative 1b showed to be the most active compound, exhibiting inhibitory levels in the submicromolar range. In addition, the activity against the aldehyde reductase isoform (ARL1) was also evaluated. Unlike sorbinil (reference drug) that lack of selectivity towards the two enzyme all the tested compounds resulted to be devoid of ARL1 inhibitory activity (IC(50) > 10 µM), thus proving to be selective.
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14
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Lim SS, Shin KH, Jung SH, Shin KJ, Kim DC, Park SW, Shin HK, Keum SR. Inhibitory effect of pyridyloxy- or phenoxylphenoxyalkanate derivatives on rat lens aldose reductase and rat platelet aggregation. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 56:941-5. [PMID: 15233875 DOI: 10.1211/0022357023664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The therapeutic potential of aldose reductase inhibitors for the prevention of the secondary complications of diabetes has been extensively reported. On the other hand, the hyperaggregability of platelets in diabetic patients has also been reported as a cause of chronic diabetic complications. The purpose of this study was to develop new compounds with these dual effects from pyridyloxy- or phenoxylphenoxyalkanate synthesized derivatives and examine the effect of their structure-activity relationships on the inhibition of rat lens aldose reductase (RLAR) as well as on platelet aggregation. 2-[4-(2,6-dichloro-3-methyl-phenoxy)-3-nitro-phenoxy]-propionic acid (3) exhibited the most potent inhibitory effect (IC50 = 3.0 ± 0.21 μM), comparable to tetramethylene glutaric acid (IC50 = 6.1 ±0.2 μM), which is used as a positive control on RLAR, and showed potent inhibitory activities on rat platelet aggregation induced by ADP and collagen (IC50 = 0.093 ± 0.01 and 0.032 ± 0.01 μM, respectively) comparable with aspirin (IC50 = 0.15 ± 0.05 and 0.047 ± 0.01 μM, respectively), used as a positive control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon Sung Lim
- Silver Biotechnology Research Center, Hallym University, Chunchon 200-702, South Korea
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15
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Patra JC, Singh O. Artificial neural networks-based approach to design ARIs using QSAR for diabetes mellitus. J Comput Chem 2009; 30:2494-508. [DOI: 10.1002/jcc.21240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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16
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Relationship between Aldose reductase and superoxide dismutase inhibition capacities of indole-based analogs of melatonin derivatives. ARCH BIOL SCI 2009. [DOI: 10.2298/abs0904675d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Aldose reductase (AR) has been implicated in the etiology of diabetic complications. Under diabetic conditions, the elevated vascular glucose level causes an increased flux through the polyol pathway, which induces functional and morphological changes associated with secondary diabetic complications such as cataract, neuropathy, and nephrop?athy. Oxidative stress, antioxidants, and the polyol pathway have recently been found to be linked in pathological states. A large number of structurally different compounds have been studied as potent in vitro AR inhibitors (ARIs). However, with few exceptions, these compounds did not show clinical benefit, and some even produced serious side effects. In view of the ARI activity of certain indole derivative compounds and antioxidant properties of melatonin, we investigated some indole-based analogs of melatonin derivatives. Antioxidant and ARI activity tests were applied to nine indole derivatives that are substituted at the third and fifth positions. Also, the relationship between ARI and antioxidant enzyme activity is discussed.
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Bozdağ-Dündar O, Evranos B, Daş-Evcimen N, Sarıkaya M, Ertan R. Synthesis and aldose reductase inhibitory activity of some new chromonyl-2,4-thiazolidinediones. Eur J Med Chem 2008; 43:2412-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2008.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2007] [Revised: 11/28/2007] [Accepted: 01/08/2008] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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18
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Daş-Evcimen N, Bozdağ-Dündar O, Sarikaya M, Ertan R. In vitro aldose reductase inhibitory activity of some flavonyl-2,4-thiazolidinediones. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2008; 23:297-301. [PMID: 18569331 DOI: 10.1080/14756360701475282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aldose reductase (AR) is implicated to play a critical role in diabetes and cardiovascular complications because of the reaction it catalyzes. AR enzyme appears to be the key factor in the reduction of glucose to sorbitol. Synthesis and accumulation of sorbitol in cells due to AR activity is the main cause of diabetic complications, such as diabetic cataract, retinopathy, neuropathy and nephropathy. Aldose reductase inhibitors have been found to prevent sorbitol accumulation in tissues. Numerous compounds have been prepared in order to improve the pharmacological prophile of inhibition of aldose reductase enzyme. In this study, seventeen flavonyl-2,4-thiazolidinediones (flavonyl-2,4-TZD) (Ia-e, IIa-e and IIIa-g) were tested for their ability to inhibit rat kidney AR. Compound Ib showed the highest inhibitory activity (88.69 +/- 1.46%) whereas Ia, IIa, IIIa, IIIb also showed significant inhibitory activity (49.26 +/- 2.85, 67.29 +/- 1.09, 71.11 +/- 1.95, 64.86 +/- 1.21%, respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- Net Daş-Evcimen
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University.
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Bozdağ-Dündar O, Verspohl EJ, Daş-Evcimen N, Kaup RM, Bauer K, Sarıkaya M, Evranos B, Ertan R. Synthesis and biological activity of some new flavonyl-2,4-thiazolidinediones. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:6747-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.05.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2008] [Revised: 05/14/2008] [Accepted: 05/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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20
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Lee YS, Kang YH, Jung JY, Kang IJ, Han SN, Chung JS, Shin HK, Lim SS. Inhibitory constituents of aldose reductase in the fruiting body of Phellinus linteus. Biol Pharm Bull 2008; 31:765-8. [PMID: 18379080 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.31.765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In an effort to characterize active principles for diabetic complication from medicinal mushroom, aldose reductase inhibitors were isolated from the fruiting body of Phellinus linteus and identified as hispidin (5), phelligridimer A (6), davallialactone (7), methyldavallialactone (8), hypholomine B (9), interfungins A (10), and inoscavin A (11), together with protocatechuic acid (1), protocatechualdehyde (2), caffeic acid (3), and ellagic acid (4). Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analyses. Among them, davallialactone (7), hypholomine B (9), and ellagic acid (4) exhibited potent rat lens aldose reductase and human recombinant aldose reductase inhibitory activity with IC50 values of 0.33, 0.82, 0.63 microM and 0.56, 1.28, 1.37 microM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon Sil Lee
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon 200-702, Korea
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21
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Stefek M, Snirc V, Djoubissie PO, Majekova M, Demopoulos V, Rackova L, Bezakova Z, Karasu C, Carbone V, El-Kabbani O. Carboxymethylated pyridoindole antioxidants as aldose reductase inhibitors: Synthesis, activity, partitioning, and molecular modeling. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:4908-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2008] [Revised: 03/05/2008] [Accepted: 03/14/2008] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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22
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Blakeley MP, Ruiz F, Cachau R, Hazemann I, Meilleur F, Mitschler A, Ginell S, Afonine P, Ventura ON, Cousido-Siah A, Haertlein M, Joachimiak A, Myles D, Podjarny A. Quantum model of catalysis based on a mobile proton revealed by subatomic x-ray and neutron diffraction studies of h-aldose reductase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:1844-8. [PMID: 18250329 PMCID: PMC2538850 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0711659105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We present results of combined studies of the enzyme human aldose reductase (h-AR, 36 kDa) using single-crystal x-ray data (0.66 A, 100K; 0.80 A, 15K; 1.75 A, 293K), neutron Laue data (2.2 A, 293K), and quantum mechanical modeling. These complementary techniques unveil the internal organization and mobility of the hydrogen bond network that defines the properties of the catalytic engine, explaining how this promiscuous enzyme overcomes the simultaneous requirements of efficiency and promiscuity offering a general mechanistic view for this class of enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P. Blakeley
- Institut Laue Langevin, 6, Rue Jules Horowitz, BP 156, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Federico Ruiz
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, ULP, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, 1 Rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Raul Cachau
- Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC)-Frederick, Inc., National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Isabelle Hazemann
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, ULP, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, 1 Rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Flora Meilleur
- Center for Structural Molecular Biology, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, TN 37831
| | - Andre Mitschler
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, ULP, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, 1 Rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Stephan Ginell
- Structural Biology Center, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 St. Cass Avenue, Argonne, IL 60439
| | - Pavel Afonine
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720; and
| | - Oscar N. Ventura
- Computational Chemical Physics Group, Departamento de Experimentación y Teoría de la Estructura de la Materia y sus Aplicaciones, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la Republica, C.C.1157, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Alexandra Cousido-Siah
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, ULP, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, 1 Rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Michael Haertlein
- Institut Laue Langevin, 6, Rue Jules Horowitz, BP 156, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Andrzej Joachimiak
- Structural Biology Center, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 St. Cass Avenue, Argonne, IL 60439
| | - Dean Myles
- Center for Structural Molecular Biology, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, TN 37831
| | - Alberto Podjarny
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, ULP, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, 1 Rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch, France
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23
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Bozdağ-Dündar O, Evcimen ND, Ceylan-Ünlüsoy M, Ertan R, Sarıkaya M. Some new thiazolyl thiazolidinedione derivatives as aldose reductase inhibitors. Med Chem Res 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-007-9008-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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24
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Soni LK, Kaskhedikar SG. Exploring Structural Feature of Aldose-Reductase Inhibition by 5-[[2-(.OMEGA.-Carboxyalkoxy)aryl]methylene]-4-oxo-2-thioxothiazolidine Derivatives Employing Fujita-Ban and Hansch Approach. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2007; 55:72-5. [PMID: 17202704 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.55.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Designing of a highly selective, potent and safe inhibitor of aldose reductase (ALR) capable of potentially blocking the excess glucose flux through the polyol pathway that prevails under diabetic condition has been a long standing challenge. In our study, we did quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) analysis, based on Fujita-Ban and classical Hansch approach, on 5-[[2-(omega-carboxyalkoxy)aryl]methylene]-4-oxo-2-thioxothiazolidine derivatives. Study gave structural insight into the binding mode of the molecules to the aldose reductase enzyme. The Fujita-Ban approach revealed that benzylidene thiazolidine nucleus is more potent as compare to naphthyl-methylene thiazolidine analogs. The bulkierness of naphthyl-methylene might be inquisitive with receptor. Hansch approach suggested that electron-withdrawing groups are conducive to aldose reductase inhibitory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Love Kumar Soni
- Molecular Modelling Study Group, CADD Laboratory, Computational Chemistry Research, Department of Pharmacy, Shri G.S. Institute of Technology and Science, Indore 452 003, India.
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25
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26
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Ganushchak NI, Kobrin LO, Bilaya EE, Mizyuk VL. Synthesis of heterocyclic compounds on the basis of 2H-chromen-2-one derivatives. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2006. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428006070335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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27
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Koukoulitsa C, Zika C, Geromichalos GD, Demopoulos VJ, Skaltsa H. Evaluation of aldose reductase inhibition and docking studies of some secondary metabolites, isolated from Origanum vulgare L. ssp. hirtum. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:1653-9. [PMID: 16249088 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2005] [Revised: 10/03/2005] [Accepted: 10/06/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Five polar constituents of Origanum vulgare L. ssp. hirtum were investigated for their ability to inhibit aldose reductase (ALR2), the first enzyme of the polyol pathway implicated in the secondary complications of diabetes. The most active compound was found to be lithospermic acid B. Caffeic acid was inactive as it showed no inhibitory activity against the enzyme. The order of the inhibitory activity of the remaining compounds was: rosmarinic acid >12-hydroxyjasmonic acid 12-O-beta-glucopyranoside > p-menth-3-ene-1,2-diol 1-O-beta-glucopyranoside. Docking studies have been undertaken to gain insight into the binding mode of the investigated compounds at the active site of ALR2. The predicted hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions may explain the observed inhibitory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Koukoulitsa
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Chemistry of Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou, Greece.
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28
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Rakowitz D, Maccari R, Ottanà R, Vigorita MG. In vitro aldose reductase inhibitory activity of 5-benzyl-2,4-thiazolidinediones. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:567-74. [PMID: 16202614 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.08.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2005] [Revised: 08/06/2005] [Accepted: 08/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Several 5-benzyl-2,4-thiazolidinediones (5-7) were synthesised and tested as in vitro aldose reductase (ALR2) inhibitors. Most of them, particularly N-unsubstituted 5-benzyl-2,4-thiazolidinediones 5 and (5-benzyl-2,4-dioxothiazolidin-3-yl)acetic acids 7, displayed moderate to high inhibitory activity levels. In detail, the insertion of an acetic chain on N-3 significantly enhanced ALR2 inhibitory potency, leading to acids 7 which proved to be the most effective among the tested compounds. In addition, in N-unsubstituted derivatives 5 the presence of an additional aromatic ring on the 5-benzyl moiety was generally beneficial. In fact, the ALR2 inhibition results of compounds 5-7, compared to those of the previously assayed corresponding 5-arylidene-2,4-thiazolidinediones, indicated that N-unsubstituted derivatives 5b, c and d, which bore an additional aromatic group in the para position of the 5-benzyl residue, were significantly more effective than their 5-arylidene counterparts; in all other cases, the saturation of the exocyclic double bond CC in 5 brought about a moderate decrease in activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dietmar Rakowitz
- Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52a, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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29
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Rakowitz D, Hennig B, Nagano M, Steger S, Costantino L, Matuszczak B. Synthesis of novel benzoic acid derivatives with benzothiazolyl subunit and evaluation as aldose reductase inhibitors. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2005; 338:411-8. [PMID: 16143954 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.200500101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Several methyl benzothiazolyloxybenzoates, S-isosters, and the corresponding benzoic acids were synthesized and tested as aldose reductase inhibitors (ARIs). Out of this series, the ester derivative 2a-7 was found to exhibit the highest enzyme-inhibitoric activity. In order to investigate this unexpected result, further modifications were carried out which allowed us to explain this finding and to open a path to a novel class of ARIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dietmar Rakowitz
- Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
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30
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Hu L, Chen G, Chau RMW. A neural networks-based drug discovery approach and its application for designing aldose reductase inhibitors. J Mol Graph Model 2005; 24:244-53. [PMID: 16226911 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2005.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2005] [Revised: 09/09/2005] [Accepted: 09/09/2005] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
A novel approach that combines neural networks, computer docking and quantum mechanical method is developed to design potent aldose reductase inhibitors (ARIs). Neural networks is employed to determine the quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) among the known ARIs. The physical descriptors of the neural networks, such as electronegativity and molar volume, are evaluated with first-principles quantum mechanical method. Based on the QSAR, new candidates for ARI are predicted, and subsequently screened via computer docking technique. The surviving candidates are further tested via quantum mechanical calculation for their bindings to aldose reductase. We find that the best 49 predicted ARI candidates have better calculated binding energies than those of experimentally known drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- LiHong Hu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, HKSAR, Hong Kong, China
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31
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Maccari R, Ottanà R, Curinga C, Vigorita MG, Rakowitz D, Steindl T, Langer T. Structure–activity relationships and molecular modelling of 5-arylidene-2,4-thiazolidinediones active as aldose reductase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 13:2809-23. [PMID: 15781392 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2004] [Revised: 02/04/2005] [Accepted: 02/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The structure-activity relationships (SARs) of 5-arylidene-2,4-thiazolidinediones active as aldose reductase inhibitors (ARIs) were extended by varying the substitution pattern on the 5-arylidene moiety and on N-3. In particular, the introduction of an additional aromatic ring or an H-bond donor group on the 5-benzylidene ring enhanced ALR2 inhibitory potency. Moreover, the presence of a carboxylic anionic chain on N-3 was shown to be an important, although not essential, structural requisite to produce high levels of ALR2 inhibition. The length of this carboxylic chain was critical and acetic acids 4 were the most effective inhibitors among the tested derivatives. Molecular docking simulations into the ALR2 active site accorded with the in vitro inhibition data. They allowed the rationalization of the observed SARs and provided a pharmacophoric model for this class of ARIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosanna Maccari
- Dipartimento Farmaco-chimico, Facoltà di Farmacia, Università di Messina, Viale SS. Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy.
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32
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Miyamoto S. Recent advances in aldose reductase inhibitors: potential agents for the treatment of diabetic complications. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2005. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.12.5.621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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33
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Howard EI, Sanishvili R, Cachau RE, Mitschler A, Chevrier B, Barth P, Lamour V, Van Zandt M, Sibley E, Bon C, Moras D, Schneider TR, Joachimiak A, Podjarny A. Ultrahigh resolution drug design I: details of interactions in human aldose reductase-inhibitor complex at 0.66 A. Proteins 2004; 55:792-804. [PMID: 15146478 DOI: 10.1002/prot.20015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The first subatomic resolution structure of a 36 kDa protein [aldose reductase (AR)] is presented. AR was cocrystallized at pH 5.0 with its cofactor NADP+ and inhibitor IDD 594, a therapeutic candidate for the treatment of diabetic complications. X-ray diffraction data were collected up to 0.62 A resolution and treated up to 0.66 A resolution. Anisotropic refinement followed by a blocked matrix inversion produced low standard deviations (<0.005 A). The model was very well ordered overall (CA atoms' mean B factor is 5.5 A2). The model and the electron-density maps revealed fine features, such as H-atoms, bond densities, and significant deviations from standard stereochemistry. Other features, such as networks of hydrogen bonds (H bonds), a large number of multiple conformations, and solvent structure were also better defined. Most of the atoms in the active site region were extremely well ordered (mean B approximately 3 A2), leading to the identification of the protonation states of the residues involved in catalysis. The electrostatic interactions of the inhibitor's charged carboxylate head with the catalytic residues and the charged coenzyme NADP+ explained the inhibitor's noncompetitive character. Furthermore, a short contact involving the IDD 594 bromine atom explained the selectivity profile of the inhibitor, important feature to avoid toxic effects. The presented structure and the details revealed are instrumental for better understanding of the inhibition mechanism of AR by IDD 594, and hence, for the rational drug design of future inhibitors. This work demonstrates the capabilities of subatomic resolution experiments and stimulates further developments of methods allowing the use of the full potential of these experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- E I Howard
- Laboratoire de Génomique et de Biologie Structurales, UMR 7104 du CNRS, IGBMC, Illkirch, France
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34
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El-Kabbani O, Darmanin C, Schneider TR, Hazemann I, Ruiz F, Oka M, Joachimiak A, Schulze-Briese C, Tomizaki T, Mitschler A, Podjarny A. Ultrahigh resolution drug design. II. Atomic resolution structures of human aldose reductase holoenzyme complexed with fidarestat and minalrestat: Implications for the binding of cyclic imide inhibitors. Proteins 2004; 55:805-13. [PMID: 15146479 DOI: 10.1002/prot.20001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The X-ray structures of human aldose reductase holoenzyme in complex with the inhibitors Fidarestat (SNK-860) and Minalrestat (WAY-509) were determined at atomic resolutions of 0.92 A and 1.1 A, respectively. The hydantoin and succinimide moieties of the inhibitors interacted with the conserved anion-binding site located between the nicotinamide ring of the coenzyme and active site residues Tyr48, His110, and Trp111. Minalrestat's hydrophobic isoquinoline ring was bound in an adjacent pocket lined by residues Trp20, Phe122, and Trp219, with the bromo-fluorobenzyl group inside the "specificity" pocket. The interactions between Minalrestat's bromo-fluorobenzyl group and the enzyme include the stacking against the side-chain of Trp111 as well as hydrogen bonding distances with residues Leu300 and Thr113. The carbamoyl group in Fidarestat formed a hydrogen bond with the main-chain nitrogen atom of Leu300. The atomic resolution refinement allowed the positioning of hydrogen atoms and accurate determination of bond lengths of the inhibitors, coenzyme NADP+ and active-site residue His110. The 1'-position nitrogen atom in the hydantoin and succinimide moieties of Fidarestat and Minalrestat, respectively, form a hydrogen bond with the Nepsilon2 atom of His 110. For Fidarestat, the electron density indicated two possible positions for the H-atom in this bond. Furthermore, both native and anomalous difference maps indicated the replacement of a water molecule linked to His110 by a Cl-ion. These observations suggest a mechanism in which Fidarestat is bound protonated and becomes negatively charged by donating the proton to His110, which may have important implications on drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ossama El-Kabbani
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Victorian College of Pharmacy, Monash University (Parkville Campus), Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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35
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El-Kabbani O, Ramsland P, Darmanin C, Chung RPT, Podjarny A. Structure of human aldose reductase holoenzyme in complex with statil: an approach to structure-based inhibitor design of the enzyme. Proteins 2003; 50:230-8. [PMID: 12486717 DOI: 10.1002/prot.10278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Aldose reductase, a monomeric NADPH-dependent oxidoreductase, catalyzes the reduction of a wide variety of aldehydes and ketones to their corresponding alcohols. The X-ray structure of human aldose reductase holoenzyme in complex with statil was determined at a resolution of 2.1 A. The carboxylate group of statil interacted with the conserved anion binding site located between the nicotinamide ring of the coenzyme and active site residues Tyr48, His110, and Trp111. Statil's hydrophobic phthalazinyl ring was bound in an adjacent pocket lined by residues Trp20, Phe122, and Trp219, with the bromo-fluorobenzyl group penetrating the "specificity" pocket. The interactions between the inhibitor's bromo-fluorobenzyl group and the enzyme include the stacking against the side-chain of Trp111 as well as hydrogen bonding to residues Leu300 and Thr113. Based on the model of the ternary complex, the program GRID was used in an attempt to design novel potential inhibitors of human aldose reductase with enhanced binding energies of the complex. Molecular modeling calculations suggested that the replacement of the fluorine atom of statil with a carboxylate functional group may enhance the binding energies of the complex by 33%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ossama El-Kabbani
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Victorian College of Pharmacy, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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36
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Lee YS, Hodoscek M, Kador PF, Sugiyama K. Hydrogen bonding interactions between aldose reductase complexed with NADP(H) and inhibitor tolrestat studied by molecular dynamics simulations and binding assay. Chem Biol Interact 2003; 143-144:307-16. [PMID: 12604217 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2797(02)00188-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Molecular dynamics simulations and binding affinity studies have been carried out in order to probe the effect of the charge state of His110 and cofactor NADPH on the binding affinity of the potent inhibitor tolrestat to aldose reductase (ALR2) complexed with either NADPH or NADP(+). Molecular dynamics simulations of ALR2-NADP(+)-tolrestat indicate that the carboxylate group of tolrestat forms a hydrogen bond with Tyr48 and His110 of ALR2 regardless of the charge state of His110. In the case of ALR2-NADPH-tolrestat, the H-bonding pattern is significantly different from that of ALR2-NADP(+)-tolrestat, in that Tyr48 does not H-bond to tolrestat. The binding affinity of tolrestat to ALR2 complexed with either NADPH or NADP(+) is comparable and pH-dependent. Based on the H-bonding interactions seen in computer simulations, it is proposed that the cationic moiety at the active site of ALR2-NADP(+) and ALR2-NADPH that interacts with the carboxylate of tolrestat is NADP(+) and His110, respectively. The residue that gives rise to the pH-dependent binding of tolrestat to ALR2-NADP(+) and ALR2-NADPH has been identified as Tyr48 and His110, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong S Lee
- Center for Molecular Modeling, Center for Information Technology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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37
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Bruno G, Costantino L, Curinga C, Maccari R, Monforte F, Nicoló F, Ottanà R, Vigorita MG. Synthesis and aldose reductase inhibitory activity of 5-arylidene-2,4-thiazolidinediones. Bioorg Med Chem 2002; 10:1077-84. [PMID: 11836118 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(01)00366-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Several (Z)-5-arylidene-2,4-thiazolidinediones were synthesized and tested as aldose reductase inhibitors (ARIs). The most active of the N-unsubstituted derivatives (2) exerted the same inhibitory activity of Sorbinil. The introduction of an acetic side chain on N-3 of the thiazolidinedione moiety led to a marked increase in lending inhibitory activity, conducting to the discovery of a very potent ARI (4c), whose activity level (IC50=0.13 microM) was in the same range of Tolrestat. Moreover, the corresponding methyl esters (3), devoid of any acidic functionality, showed appreciable inhibitory activity similar to that of the N-unsubstituted compounds. It was also found that the substitution pattern on the 5-benzylidene moiety markedly influenced the activity of N-unsubstituted 2,4-thiazolidinediones 2, compounds with substituents at the meta position being generally more effective than the para-substituted ones; however, this SAR was not evidenced in acetates 3 and acids 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Bruno
- Dipartimento Ch. Inorg., Chim. Anal. e Ch.-Fis, Facoltà Scienze MMFFNN, Università di Messina, Salita Sperone 31, 98166, Messina, Italy
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38
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Kawamura M, Eisenhofer G, Kopin IJ, Kador PF, Lee YS, Fujisawa S, Sato S. Aldose reductase: an aldehyde scavenging enzyme in the intraneuronal metabolism of norepinephrine in human sympathetic ganglia. Auton Neurosci 2002; 96:131-9. [PMID: 11958479 DOI: 10.1016/s1566-0702(01)00385-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The neurotransmitter norepinephrine is metabolized by monoamine oxidase into an aldehyde intermediate that is further metabolized to the stable glycol derivative, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol (DHPG). In this study, the possible role of aldose reductase in reducing this aldehyde intermediate in human sympathetic neurons has been examined. DHPG is formed when norepinephrine is incubated with aldose reductase in the presence of monoamine oxidase. DHPG metabolism is inhibited by the monoamine oxidase inhibitor, pargyline which prevents the deamination of norepinephrine, and by the aldose reductase inhibitor AL 1576, which inhibits DHPG formation without affecting the deamination of norepinephrine. Although similar formation of DHPG was observed with human liver aldehyde reductase, the production of DHPG was more effective with aldose reductase than aldehyde reductase. Two peaks of reductase activity corresponding to aldose reductase and aldehyde reductase were observed when sympathetic ganglia were chromatofocused. Molecular modeling studies indicate that the energy-minimized structure of 3,4-dihydroxymandelaldehyde bound to aldose reductase is similar to that of glyceraldehyde where the 2'-hydroxyl group forms hydrogen bonds with Trp111 and NADPH. These results suggest that aldose reductase may be important in metabolizing the potentially toxic aldehyde intermediate formed from norepinephrine in human sympathetic ganglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minoru Kawamura
- Clinical Neurocardiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Miyamoto S. Molecular Modeling and Structure-based Drug Discovery Studies of Aldose Reductase Inhibitors. CHEM-BIO INFORMATICS JOURNAL 2002. [DOI: 10.1273/cbij.2.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Schlitzer M, Rodriguez L, Kador PF. Synthesis of potential aldose reductase inhibitors based on minimal pharmacophore requirements. J Pharm Pharmacol 2001; 53:831-9. [PMID: 11428659 DOI: 10.1211/0022357011776180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A series of 17 compounds were synthesized based on the premise that the minimal pharmacophore for aldose reductase inhibition requires the presence of both an aryl group and polar group connected by a linking structure. Three groups of compounds were synthesized, the first possessing an aniline-4-(2'-6'-methylbenzothiazole) or 2-aminobenzothiazole group as the aryl group, the second possessing a 2-naphthyl as the aryl group and the third possessing either a 4-(2-phenylthiazole) or 2-(5-2'-nitrophenylfuran) as the aryl group. In all three of these groups the carboxylate or its methyl ester are linked to the aryl group through various lengths of methylene carbons and amide or cinnamide groups. Optimal activity was observed when the carboxylic group was separated from the aryl group by a linking structure of five atoms in length. Both a double bond and an amide moiety are well tolerated in the linking structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Schlitzer
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Germany
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El-Kabbani O, Rogniaux H, Barth P, Chung RP, Fletcher EV, Van Dorsselaer A, Podjarny A. Aldose and aldehyde reductases: correlation of molecular modeling and mass spectrometric studies on the binding of inhibitors to the active site. Proteins 2000; 41:407-14. [PMID: 11025551 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0134(20001115)41:3<407::aid-prot120>3.0.co;2-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Aldose and aldehyde reductases are monomeric NADPH-dependent oxidoreductases that catalyze the reduction of a wide variety of aldehydes and ketones to their corresponding alcohols. The overall three-dimensional structures of the enzymes are composed of similar alpha/beta TIM-barrels, and the active site residues Tyr 50, His 113, and Trp 114 interacting with the hydrophilic heads of inhibitors are conserved. We have used molecular modeling and mass spectrometry to characterize the interactions between the enzymes and three aldose reductase inhibitors: tolrestat, sorbinil, and zopolrestat. Unlike the IC(50) values (concentration of inhibitor giving 50% of inhibition in solution), the Vc(50) values measured by mass spectrometry (accelerating voltage of ions needed to dissociate 50% of a noncovalent complex in the gas phase) for the two enzymes are similar, and they correlate with the electrostatic and hydrogen-bonding energies calculated between the conserved Tyr 50, His 113, and Trp 114 and the inhibitors. The results of our comparison agree with detailed structural information obtained by X-ray crystallography, suggesting that nonconserved residues from the C-terminal loop account for differences in IC(50) values for the two enzymes. Additionally, they confirm our previous assumption that the Vc(50) values reflect the enzyme-inhibitor electrostatic and hydrogen-bonding interactions and exclude the hydrophobic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- O El-Kabbani
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Victorian College of Pharmacy, Monash University (Parkville Campus), Parkville, Vic, Australia
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Sugiyama K, Chen Z, Lee YS, Kador PF. Isolation of a non-covalent aldose reductase-nucleotide-inhibitor complex. Biochem Pharmacol 2000; 59:329-36. [PMID: 10644040 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(99)00332-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A method for the isolation of an intact, non-covalent complex formed by the interaction of aldose reductase, NADP(H) nucleotide, and inhibitor has been developed to aid in the discovery and development of novel aldose reductase inhibitors. In the complexes isolated, both the carboxylic acid-containing inhibitor tolrestat and the spirohydantoin-containing inhibitor AL1576 (2,7-difluorospirofluorene-9,5'-imidazolidine-2',4'-dione) tightly bound in a 1:1 ratio to aldose reductase complexed with either NADPH or NADP+. Inhibitor binding to either the enzyme-NADP+ or enzyme-NADPH complex appeared to be equal and pH-dependent, with maximum binding observed at a pH range of 7 to 8.5 where the inhibitors are ionized. These results indicated that the charge state of the cofactor (NADPH vs NADP+) is not critical for inhibitor binding to aldose reductase. Molecular modeling studies suggested that His110 plays a crucial role in directing charged inhibitors containing either a carboxylate or an ionizable hydantoin group to the active site of aldose reductase by providing charge interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sugiyama
- Laboratory of Ocular Therapeutics, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1850, USA
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Aldose reductase inhibitors: therapeutic implications for diabetic complications. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 1999; 8:2095-2119. [PMID: 11139842 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.8.12.2095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The 'late complications' of diabetes mellitus, i.e., nephropathy, neuropathy and retinopathy are firmly rooted in inadequate control of blood glucose: hyperglycaemia. Hyperglycaemia causes elevated cytosolic glucose and/or rates of glucose metabolism, i.e., 'hyperglysolia,' within cells of vulnerable tissues. Although the molecular basis for the pathogenic effects of hyperglysolia remains to be proven, substantial evidence points to a key role for increased glucose metabolism through a cytosolic enzyme, aldose reductase (AR). Recent human genetic and biochemical data link polymorphisms of the AR gene (technically called the AR2 gene) and elevated tissue levels of AR with strongly altered risks for diabetic complications. Despite several genetic reports failing to confirm such an association, there are now ten concordant reports from five continents that certain polymorphisms of the AR gene are associated with an ~ 3- to 20-fold higher risk for diabetic complications. Moreover, in US and European diabetic study populations the principle allele of the AR gene associated with elevated disease risk, the Z-2 allele, correlates with an ~ 2- to 3-fold increase in AR expression. These results, together with recent clinical, experimental and pharmacological data, provide powerful new support for the rationale for research and development of aldose reductase inhibitors (ARIs) targeted at slowing the progression of diabetic complications. Although past clinical trials of ARIs have been disappointing, this has stemmed from overly optimistic expectations, inadequate trial designs and lack of pharmacological robustness and/or acceptable systemic toleration of the agents tested. However, a more realistic and encouraging perspective for therapeutic expectations for ARIs has arisen from recent data revealing that the seemingly modest short-term effects of intensified glycaemic control and of pancreatic transplantation are followed by substantial long-term benefits on diabetic complications. In addition, robust inhibition of AR in human nerve has recently yielded dose-dependent efficacy on nerve structure and function. Thus, the quest for well-tolerated, potent ARIs continues to be a worthy and more urgent objective than ever before.
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