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Hastie E, Cataldi M, Marriott I, Grdzelishvili VZ. Understanding and altering cell tropism of vesicular stomatitis virus. Virus Res 2013; 176:16-32. [PMID: 23796410 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2013.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2013] [Revised: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) is a prototypic nonsegmented negative-strand RNA virus. VSV's broad cell tropism makes it a popular model virus for many basic research applications. In addition, a lack of preexisting human immunity against VSV, inherent oncotropism and other features make VSV a widely used platform for vaccine and oncolytic vectors. However, VSV's neurotropism that can result in viral encephalitis in experimental animals needs to be addressed for the use of the virus as a safe vector. Therefore, it is very important to understand the determinants of VSV tropism and develop strategies to alter it. VSV glycoprotein (G) and matrix (M) protein play major roles in its cell tropism. VSV G protein is responsible for VSV broad cell tropism and is often used for pseudotyping other viruses. VSV M affects cell tropism via evasion of antiviral responses, and M mutants can be used to limit cell tropism to cell types defective in interferon signaling. In addition, other VSV proteins and host proteins may function as determinants of VSV cell tropism. Various approaches have been successfully used to alter VSV tropism to benefit basic research and clinically relevant applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Hastie
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Boulevard, Charlotte, NC 28223, United States
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Zhou L, Thakur CS, Molinaro RJ, Paranjape JM, Hoppes R, Jeang KT, Silverman RH, Torrence PF. Delivery of 2-5A cargo into living cells using the Tat cell penetrating peptide: 2-5A-tat. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 14:7862-74. [PMID: 16908165 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.07.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2006] [Accepted: 07/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
2',5'-Oligoadenylate tetramer (2-5A) has been chemically conjugated to short HIV-1 Tat peptides to provide 2-5A-tat chimeras. Two different convergent synthetic approaches have been employed to provide such 2-5A-tat bioconjugates. One involved generation of a bioconjugate through reaction of a cysteine terminated Tat peptide with a alpha-chloroacetyl derivative of 2-5A. The second synthetic strategy was based upon a cycloaddition reaction of an azide derivative of 2-5A with a Tat peptide bearing an alkyne function. Either bioconjugate of 2-5A-tat was able to activate human RNase L. The union of 2-5A and Tat peptide provided an RNase L-active chimeric nucleopeptide with the ability to be taken up by cells by virtue of the Tat peptide and to activate RNase L in intact cells. This strategy provides a valuable vehicle for the entry of the charged 2-5A molecule into cells and may provide a means for targeted destruction of HIV RNA in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longhu Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011-5698, USA
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4
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Van Aerschot A. Oligonucleotides as antivirals: dream or realistic perspective? Antiviral Res 2006; 71:307-16. [PMID: 16621039 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2006.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2006] [Revised: 03/10/2006] [Accepted: 03/13/2006] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Many reports have been published on antiviral activity of synthetic oligonucleotides, targeted to act either by a true antisense effect or via non-sequence specific interactions. This short review will try to evaluate the current status of the field by focusing on the effects as reported for inhibition of either HSV-1, HCMV or HIV-1. Following an introduction with a historical background and a brief discussion on the different types of constructs and mechanisms of action, the therapeutic potential of antisense oligonucleotides as antivirals, as well as possible pitfalls upon their evaluation will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Van Aerschot
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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Bastide L, Lebleu B, Robbins I. Modulation of nucleic acid information processing by PNAs: Potential use in anti-viral therapeutics. Int J Pept Res Ther 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-005-4923-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Virta P, Katajisto J, Niittymäki T, Lönnberg H. Solid-supported synthesis of oligomeric bioconjugates. Tetrahedron 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(03)00704-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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7
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Modulation of nucleic acid information processing by PNAs: potential use in anti-viral therapeutics. Int J Pept Res Ther 2003. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-004-4923-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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8
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PNAs as novel cancer therapeutics. Int J Pept Res Ther 2003. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-004-4909-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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9
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Münch U, Chen L, Bayly SF, Torrence PF. Probing the activation site of ribonuclease L with new N6-substituted 2',5'-adenylate trimers. Bioorg Med Chem 2003; 11:2041-9. [PMID: 12670655 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(03)00060-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
2-5A trimer [5'-monophosphoryladenylyl(2'-5')adenylyl(2'-5')adenosine] activates RNase L. While the 5'-terminal and 2'-terminal adenosine N(6)-amino groups play a key role in binding to and activation of RNase L, the exocyclic amino function of the second adenylate (from the 5'-terminus) plays a relatively minor role in 2-5A's biological activity. To probe the available space proximal to the amino function of the central adenylate of 2-5A trimer during binding to RNase L, a variety of substituents were placed at that position. To accomplish this, the convertible building block 5'-O-dimethoxytrityl-3'-O-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-6-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)thioinosine 2'-(2-cyanoethylN,N-diisopropylphosphoramidite) was prepared as a synthon to introduce 6-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)thioinosine into the middle position of the 2-5A trimer during automated synthesis. Post-synthetic treatment with aqueous amines transformed the (2,4-dinitrophenyl)thioinosine into N(6)-substituted adenosines. Assays of these modified trimers for their ability to bind and activate RNase L showed that activation activity could be retained, albeit with some sacrifice compared to unmodified p5'A2'p5'A2'p5'A. Thus, the spatial domain about this N(6)-amino function could be available for modifications to enhance the biological potency of 2-5A analogues and to ligate 2-5A to targeting vehicles such as antisense molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Münch
- Section on Biomedical Chemistry, Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-0805, USA
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Modulation of nucleic acid information processing by PNAs: potential use in anti-viral therapeutics. Int J Pept Res Ther 2003. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02484556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Torrence PF, Powell LD. The quest for an efficacious antiviral for respiratory syncytial virus. Antivir Chem Chemother 2002; 13:325-44. [PMID: 12718405 DOI: 10.1177/095632020201300601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) continues as an emerging infectious disease not only among infants and children, but also for the immune-suppressed, hospitalized and the elderly. To date, ribavirin (Virazole) remains the only therapeutic agent approved for the treatment of RSV. The prophylactic administration of palivizumab is problematic and costly. The quest for an efficacious RSV antiviral has produced a greater understanding of the viral fusion process, a new hypothesis for the mechanism of action of ribavirin, and a promising antisense strategy combining the 2'-5' oligoadenylate antisense (2-5A-antisense) approach and RSV genomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul F Torrence
- Department of Chemistry, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Ariz., USA.
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Torrence PF, Wang Z. Accelerating RNA decay through intervention of RNase L: alternative synthesis of composite 2',5'-oligoadenylate-antisense. Methods Enzymol 2002; 342:20-8. [PMID: 11586893 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(01)42532-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P F Torrence
- Department of Chemistry, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011, USA
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Leaman DW, Longano FJ, Okicki JR, Soike KF, Torrence PF, Silverman RH, Cramer H. Targeted therapy of respiratory syncytial virus in African green monkeys by intranasally administered 2-5A antisense. Virology 2002; 292:70-7. [PMID: 11878909 DOI: 10.1006/viro.2001.1213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of respiratory disease in infants, young children, immunocompromised patients, and the institutionalized elderly. Previous work had shown that RNase L, an antiviral enzyme of the interferon system, could be recruited to cleave RSV genomic RNA by attaching tetrameric 2prime prime or minute-5prime prime or minute-linked oligoadenylates (2-5A) to an oligonucleotide complementary to repetitive gene-start sequences within the RSV genome (2-5A antisense). A 2prime prime or minute-O-methyl RNA-modified analog of the lead 2-5A anti-RSV chimera is shown here to have enhanced antiviral activity in cell culture studies while also cleaving RSV genomic RNA in an RNase L- and sequence-specific manner. When administered intranasally to RSV-infected African green monkeys, this chimera reduced nasal RSV replication by up to four log(10) units in a dose- and time-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas W Leaman
- Ridgeway Biosystems Inc., 9500 Euclid Avenue, NE50, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA.
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Beletskii A, Hong YK, Pehrson J, Egholm M, Strauss WM. PNA interference mapping demonstrates functional domains in the noncoding RNA Xist. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98:9215-20. [PMID: 11481485 PMCID: PMC55400 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.161173098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The noncoding RNA Xist has been shown to be essential for X-chromosome inactivation and to coat the inactive X-chromosome (Xi). Thus, an important question in understanding the formation of Xi is whether the binding reaction of Xist is necessary for X-chromosome inactivation. In this article, we demonstrate the failure of X-chromosome silencing if the association of Xist with the X-chromosome is inhibited. The chromatin-binding region was functionally mapped and evaluated by using an approach for studying noncoding RNA function in living cells that we call peptide nucleic acid (PNA) interference mapping. In the reported experiments, a single 19-bp antisense cell-permeating PNA targeted against a particular region of Xist RNA caused the disruption of the Xi. The association of the Xi with macro-histone H2A is also disturbed by PNA interference mapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Beletskii
- Harvard Institute of Human Genetics, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 4 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Kuwahara M, Arimitsu M, Shigeyasu M, Saeki N, Sisido M. Hybridization between oxy-peptide nucleic acids and DNAs: dependence of hybrid stabilities on the chain-lengths, types of base pairs, and the chain directions. J Am Chem Soc 2001; 123:4653-8. [PMID: 11457273 DOI: 10.1021/ja003881i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Oxy-peptide nucleic acids (OPNAs) of [-NH-CH(CH2-CH2-Base)-CH2-O-CH2-CO-]-type main chain with four different types of nucleobases (Base = A, G, C, and U) or with an abasic side group (X) were synthesized. Melting curves of the 1:1 hybrids of o(A(n))-d(Tn)) pairs with n = 6, 9, 12, and 15 showed very sharp transitions at high Tm values, particularly for long chains, indicating that nearly optimum matching is attained in the structure of the o(A(n))-d(Tn) hybrids. Effect of different types of base pairs on the hybrid stabilities was examined for the o(A4NA4)-d(T4N'T4) 1:1 mixtures where N is A, G, C, U, or X and N' is A, G, C, or T. In all series of the hybrids the complementary pairs showed the highest Tm values. The Tm values of the complementary pairs were about 35 degrees C when purine bases were inserted as the N group in the OPNA, but they were 20-23 degrees C when pyrimidine bases were inserted. The melting curves of the hybrids with a single mismatch were similar to those with a single X-N' pair, suggesting that the mismatch base pairs have been ignored in the hybrids. All complementary OPNA-DNA hybrids showed higher Tm values and sharper transitions than the corresponding DNA-DNA hybrids. The OPNA-DNA hybrids favor a parallel direction i.e., the N-terminal of OPNA is directed to the 5'-terminal of DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kuwahara
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
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Verheijen JC, Chen L, Bayly SF, Torrence PF, van der Marel GA, van Boom JH. Synthesis and RNAse L binding and activation of a 2-5A-(5')-DNA-(3')-PNA chimera, a novel potential antisense molecule. NUCLEOSIDES, NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2000; 19:1821-30. [PMID: 11200276 DOI: 10.1080/15257770008045463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Fully automated solid-phase synthesis gave access to a hybrid in which 5'-phosphorylated-2'-5'-linked oligoadenylate (2-5A) is connected to the 5'-terminus of DNA which, in turn, is linked at the 3'-end to PNA [2-5A-(5')-DNA-(3')-PNA chimera]. This novel antisense molecule retains full RNase L activation potency while suffering only a slight reduction in binding affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Verheijen
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, The Netherlands
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Wang Z, Chen L, Bayly SF, Torrence PF. Convergent synthesis of ribonuclease L-active 2',5'-oligoadenylate-peptide nucleic acids. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2000; 10:1357-60. [PMID: 10890163 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(00)00240-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
2-5A was conjugated to N-(2-aminoethyl)-glycyl PNA by periodate oxidization, followed by coupling with amino-derivatized PNA and final cyanoborohydride reduction. An adduct of 2-5A pentamer with tetrameric thymine PNA activated RNase L with the same potency as earlier versions of 2-5A-PNA or 2-5A-DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Wang
- Section on Biomedical Chemistry, Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive antd Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-0805, USA
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Verheijen JC, Deiman BALM, Yeheskiely E, van der Marel GA, van Boom JH. Efficient Hydrolysis of RNA by a PNA – Diethylenetriamine Adduct. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-3757(20000117)112:2<377::aid-ange377>3.0.co;2-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Abstract
Over the last few years, antisense technology has emerged as an exciting and promising strategy in the fight against cancer. The antisense concept is to selectively bind short, modified DNA or RNA molecules to messenger RNA in cells and prevent the synthesis of the encoded protein. As anticancer agents, these molecules can be targeted against a myriad of genes involved in cell transformation, cell survival, metastasis, and angiogenesis. Indeed, the list of possible antisense targets increases as the knowledge of the genetic basis of oncogenesis expands. One aim of this review is to focus on those antisense cancer drugs that have entered human clinical trials. At least four of these compounds are currently in phase II trials, including those targeting protein kinase C-alpha, bcl-2, c-raf, and the R1-alpha subunit of protein kinase A. A new development in antisense chemistry (peptide nucleic acids) is discussed, along with alternative antisense-related strategies (ribozymes and 2-5A-antisense) designed to overcome some of the challenges of this already encouraging technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Kushner
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveeland OH 44195, USA
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The 3rd Annual NIH Symposium on Therapeutic Oligonucleotides. Bethesda, Maryland, USA. December 4, 1998. Abstracts. ANTISENSE & NUCLEIC ACID DRUG DEVELOPMENT 1999; 9:359-431. [PMID: 10498436 DOI: 10.1089/oli.1.1999.9.359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Player MR, Torrence PF. Phosphorothioate oligodeoxyribonucleotides inhibit ribonuclease L thereby disabling a mechanism of interferon action. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1999; 9:891-4. [PMID: 10206556 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(99)00099-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Phosphorothioate oligodeoxyribonucleotides were found to be inhibitors of the 2-5A-dependent RNase L. Inhibitory potency depended upon the chain length of the phosphorothioate oligonucleotide and was dependent on the phosphorothioate substitution pattern, but was not substantially base-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Player
- Section on Biomedical Chemistry, Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-0805, USA
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