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McCollum C, Courtney CM, O’Connor NJ, Aunins TR, Jordan TX, Rogers KL, Brindley S, Brown JM, Nagpal P, Chatterjee A. Safety and Biodistribution of Nanoligomers Targeting the SARS-CoV-2 Genome for the Treatment of COVID-19. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2023; 9:1656-1671. [PMID: 36853144 PMCID: PMC10000012 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.2c00669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
As the world braces to enter its fourth year of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the need for accessible and effective antiviral therapeutics continues to be felt globally. The recent surge of Omicron variant cases has demonstrated that vaccination and prevention alone cannot quell the spread of highly transmissible variants. A safe and nontoxic therapeutic with an adaptable design to respond to the emergence of new variants is critical for transitioning to the treatment of COVID-19 as an endemic disease. Here, we present a novel compound, called SBCoV202, that specifically and tightly binds the translation initiation site of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase within the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) genome, inhibiting viral replication. SBCoV202 is a Nanoligomer, a molecule that includes peptide nucleic acid sequences capable of binding viral RNA with single-base-pair specificity to accurately target the viral genome. The compound has been shown to be safe and nontoxic in mice, with favorable biodistribution, and has shown efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 in vitro. Safety and biodistribution were assessed using three separate administration methods, namely, intranasal, intravenous, and intraperitoneal. Safety studies showed the Nanoligomer caused no outward distress, immunogenicity, or organ tissue damage, measured through observation of behavior and body weight, serum levels of cytokines, and histopathology of fixed tissue, respectively. SBCoV202 was evenly biodistributed throughout the body, with most tissues measuring Nanoligomer concentrations well above the compound KD of 3.37 nM. In addition to favorable availability to organs such as the lungs, lymph nodes, liver, and spleen, the compound circulated through the blood and was rapidly cleared through the renal and urinary systems. The favorable biodistribution and lack of immunogenicity and toxicity set Nanoligomers apart from other antisense therapies, while the adaptability of the nucleic acid sequence of Nanoligomers provides a defense against future emergence of drug resistance, making these molecules an attractive potential treatment for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen
R. McCollum
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Colleen M. Courtney
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
- Sachi Bio, Colorado Technology Center, Louisville, Colorado 80027, United States
| | - Nolan J. O’Connor
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Thomas R. Aunins
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Tristan X. Jordan
- Department
of Microbiology, New York University Langone, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Keegan L. Rogers
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - Stephen Brindley
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - Jared M. Brown
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - Prashant Nagpal
- Sachi Bio, Colorado Technology Center, Louisville, Colorado 80027, United States
- Antimicrobial
Regeneration Consortium Labs, Louisville, Colorado 80027, United States
| | - Anushree Chatterjee
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
- Sachi Bio, Colorado Technology Center, Louisville, Colorado 80027, United States
- Antimicrobial
Regeneration Consortium Labs, Louisville, Colorado 80027, United States
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2
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Sarker D, Plummer R, Meyer T, Sodergren MH, Basu B, Chee CE, Huang KW, Palmer DH, Ma YT, Evans TRJ, Spalding DRC, Pai M, Sharma R, Pinato DJ, Spicer J, Hunter S, Kwatra V, Nicholls JP, Collin D, Nutbrown R, Glenny H, Fairbairn S, Reebye V, Voutila J, Dorman S, Andrikakou P, Lloyd P, Felstead S, Vasara J, Habib R, Wood C, Saetrom P, Huber HE, Blakey DC, Rossi JJ, Habib N. MTL-CEBPA, a Small Activating RNA Therapeutic Upregulating C/EBP-α, in Patients with Advanced Liver Cancer: A First-in-Human, Multicenter, Open-Label, Phase I Trial. Clin Cancer Res 2020; 26:3936-3946. [PMID: 32357963 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-20-0414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Transcription factor C/EBP-α (CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha) acts as a master regulator of hepatic and myeloid functions and multiple oncogenic processes. MTL-CEBPA is a first-in-class small activating RNA oligonucleotide drug that upregulates C/EBP-α. PATIENTS AND METHODS We conducted a phase I, open-label, dose-escalation trial of MTL-CEBPA in adults with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with cirrhosis, or resulting from nonalcoholic steatohepatitis or with liver metastases. Patients received intravenous MTL-CEBPA once a week for 3 weeks followed by a rest period of 1 week per treatment cycle in the dose-escalation phase (3+3 design). RESULTS Thirty-eight participants have been treated across six dose levels (28-160 mg/m2) and three dosing schedules. Thirty-four patients were evaluable for safety endpoints at 28 days. MTL-CEBPA treatment-related adverse events were not associated with dose, and no maximum dose was reached across the three schedules evaluated. Grade 3 treatment-related adverse events occurred in nine (24%) patients. In 24 patients with HCC evaluable for efficacy, an objective tumor response was achieved in one patient [4%; partial response (PR) for over 2 years] and stable disease (SD) in 12 (50%). After discontinuation of MTL-CEBPA, seven patients were treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs); three patients had a complete response with one further PR and two with SD. CONCLUSIONS MTL-CEBPA is the first saRNA in clinical trials and demonstrates an acceptable safety profile and potential synergistic efficacy with TKIs in HCC. These encouraging phase I data validate targeting of C/EBP-α and have prompted MTL-CEBPA + sorafenib combination studies in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ruth Plummer
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Tim Meyer
- University College London Cancer Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mikael H Sodergren
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Bristi Basu
- Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Cheng Ean Chee
- National University Cancer Institute Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Daniel H Palmer
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool and Clatterbridge Cancer Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Yuk Ting Ma
- University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - T R Jeff Evans
- University of Glasgow, Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Centre, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Duncan R C Spalding
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Madhava Pai
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rohini Sharma
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David J Pinato
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Joanna P Nicholls
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- MiNA Therapeutics Ltd., London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | - Vikash Reebye
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- MiNA Therapeutics Ltd., London, United Kingdom
| | - Jon Voutila
- MiNA Therapeutics Ltd., London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Pinelopi Andrikakou
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Lloyd
- King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Chris Wood
- MiNA Therapeutics Ltd., London, United Kingdom
| | - Pal Saetrom
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Department of Computer and Information Science, Bioinformatics Core Facility-BioCore, K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | | | - John J Rossi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Nagy Habib
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
- MiNA Therapeutics Ltd., London, United Kingdom
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3
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Liu N, Ding H, Vanderheyden JL, Zhu Z, Zhang Y. Radiolabeling small RNA with technetium-99m for visualizing cellular delivery and mouse biodistribution. Nucl Med Biol 2007; 34:399-404. [PMID: 17499729 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2007.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2007] [Revised: 02/01/2007] [Accepted: 02/15/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
To develop a noninvasive direct method for the in vivo tracking of small interfering RNA (siRNA) used in RNA interference, two 18-nucleotide oligoribonucleotides were radiolabeled with technetium-99m ((99m)Tc-RNA). The ability of (99m)Tc-RNA to track delivery was tested in cultured cells and living mice. The cellular delivery of (99m)Tc-RNAs could be quantified by gamma counting and could be visualized by microautoradiography. Radiolabeled RNAs can be efficiently delivered into cells by reaching up to 3x10(5) molecules of small RNAs per cell. Moreover, RNAs were internalized with homogeneous distribution throughout the cytoplasm and nucleus. In tumor-bearing mice, whole-body images and biodistribution studies showed that (99m)Tc-RNAs were delivered to almost all tissues after intravenous injection. The imaging of living animals allowed noninvasive and longitudinal monitoring of the in vivo delivery of these small RNAs. In conclusion, using (99m)Tc radiolabeling, the delivery of small RNAs could be measured quantitatively in cultured cells and could be noninvasively visualized in living animals using a gamma camera. The results of this study could open up a new approach for measuring the in vivo delivery of small RNAs that might further facilitate the development of siRNAs as targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Liu
- Department of Radiology/Nuclear Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
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4
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Kulkarni O, Pawar RD, Purschke W, Eulberg D, Selve N, Buchner K, Ninichuk V, Segerer S, Vielhauer V, Klussmann S, Anders HJ. Spiegelmer inhibition of CCL2/MCP-1 ameliorates lupus nephritis in MRL-(Fas)lpr mice. J Am Soc Nephrol 2007; 18:2350-8. [PMID: 17625118 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2006121348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The monocyte chemoattractant protein CCL2 is crucial for monocyte and T cell recruitment from the vascular to the extravascular compartment at sites of inflammation. CCL2 is expressed in human lupus nephritis and was shown to mediate experimental lupus; therefore, CCL2 antagonists may be beneficial for therapy. This study describes the l-enantiomeric RNA oligonucleotide mNOX-E36, a so-called Spiegelmer that binds murine CCL2 with high affinity and neutralizes its action in vitro and in vivo. The mirror image configuration of the Spiegelmer confers nuclease resistance and thus excellent biostability. mNOX-E36 does not induce type I IFN via Toll-like receptor-7 or cytosolic RNA receptors, as recently shown for certain synthetic D-RNA. Autoimmune-prone MRL(lpr/lpr) mice that were treated with a polyethylene glycol form of mNOX-E36 from weeks 14 to 24 of age showed prolonged survival associated with a robust improvement of lupus nephritis, peribronchial inflammation, and lupus-like inflammatory skin lesions. Thus, mNOX-E36-based inhibition of CCL2 represents a novel strategy for the treatment of autoimmune tissue injury, such as lupus nephritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onkar Kulkarni
- Nephrological Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 80336 Munich, Germany
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5
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Zhou L, Thakur CS, Molinaro RJ, Paranjape JM, Hoppes R, Jeang KT, Silverman RH, Torrence PF. Delivery of 2-5A cargo into living cells using the Tat cell penetrating peptide: 2-5A-tat. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 14:7862-74. [PMID: 16908165 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.07.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2006] [Accepted: 07/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
2',5'-Oligoadenylate tetramer (2-5A) has been chemically conjugated to short HIV-1 Tat peptides to provide 2-5A-tat chimeras. Two different convergent synthetic approaches have been employed to provide such 2-5A-tat bioconjugates. One involved generation of a bioconjugate through reaction of a cysteine terminated Tat peptide with a alpha-chloroacetyl derivative of 2-5A. The second synthetic strategy was based upon a cycloaddition reaction of an azide derivative of 2-5A with a Tat peptide bearing an alkyne function. Either bioconjugate of 2-5A-tat was able to activate human RNase L. The union of 2-5A and Tat peptide provided an RNase L-active chimeric nucleopeptide with the ability to be taken up by cells by virtue of the Tat peptide and to activate RNase L in intact cells. This strategy provides a valuable vehicle for the entry of the charged 2-5A molecule into cells and may provide a means for targeted destruction of HIV RNA in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longhu Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011-5698, USA
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6
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Geary RS, Bradley JD, Watanabe T, Kwon Y, Wedel M, van Lier JJ, VanVliet AA. Lack of pharmacokinetic interaction for ISIS 113715, a 2'-0-methoxyethyl modified antisense oligonucleotide targeting protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B messenger RNA, with oral antidiabetic compounds metformin, glipizide or rosiglitazone. Clin Pharmacokinet 2006; 45:789-801. [PMID: 16884318 DOI: 10.2165/00003088-200645080-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND ISIS 113715 is a 20-mer phosphorothioate antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) that is complementary to the protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP-1B) messenger RNA and subsequently reduces translation of the PTP-1B protein, a negative regulator of insulin receptor. ISIS 113715 is currently being studied in early phase II clinical studies to determine its ability to improve or restore insulin receptor sensitivity in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Future work will investigate the combination of ISIS 113715 with antidiabetic compounds. METHODS In vitro ultrafiltration human plasma protein binding displacement studies and a phase I clinical study were used to characterise the potential for pharmacokinetic interaction of ISIS 113715 and three marketed oral antidiabetic agents. ISIS 113715 was co-incubated with glipizide and rosiglitazone in whole human plasma and tested for increased free drug concentrations. In a phase I clinical study, 23 healthy volunteers received a single oral dose of an antidiabetic compound (either metformin, glipizide or rosiglitazone) both alone and together with subcutaneous ISIS 113715 200 mg in a sequential crossover design. A comparative pharmacokinetic analysis was performed to determine if there were any effects that resulted from coadministration of ISIS 113715 with these antidiabetic compounds. RESULTS In vitro human plasma protein binding displacement studies showed only minor effects on rosiglitazone and no effect on glipizide when co-incubated with ISIS 113715. The results of the phase I clinical study further indicate that there were no measurable changes in glipizide (5 mg), metformin (500 mg) or rosiglitazone (2 mg) exposure parameters, maximum plasma concentration and the area under the concentration-time curve, or pharmacokinetic parameter, elimination half-life when coadministered with ISIS 113715. Furthermore, there was no effect of ISIS 113715, administered in combination with metformin, on the urinary excretion of metformin. Conversely, there were no observed alterations in ISIS 113715 pharmacokinetics when administered in combination with any of the oral antidiabetic compounds. CONCLUSION These data provide evidence that ISIS 113715 exhibits no clinically relevant pharmacokinetic interactions on the disposition and clearance of the oral antidiabetic drugs. The results of these studies support further study of ISIS 113715 in combination with antidiabetic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard S Geary
- ISIS Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, California 92008, USA.
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7
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Liu G. Technology evaluation: ISIS-113715, Isis. Curr Opin Mol Ther 2004; 6:331-6. [PMID: 15264436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Isis is developing ISIS-113715, an antisense inhibitor of the PTP1B gene, for the potential treatment of type 2 diabetes and obesity. ISIS-113715 is undergoing phase II clinical trials.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Clinical Trials, Phase I as Topic
- Clinical Trials, Phase II as Topic
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/genetics
- Female
- Humans
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Oligoribonucleotides/chemical synthesis
- Oligoribonucleotides/genetics
- Oligoribonucleotides/pharmacokinetics
- Oligoribonucleotides/therapeutic use
- Oligoribonucleotides, Antisense/chemical synthesis
- Oligoribonucleotides, Antisense/genetics
- Oligoribonucleotides, Antisense/pharmacokinetics
- Oligoribonucleotides, Antisense/therapeutic use
- Patents as Topic
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 1
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases/deficiency
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Liu
- Abbott Laboratories, R4MC, AP10, 100 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, IL 6006-6098, USA.
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8
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Mukai S, Kondo Y, Koga S, Komata T, Barna BP, Kondo S. 2-5A antisense telomerase RNA therapy for intracranial malignant gliomas. Cancer Res 2000; 60:4461-7. [PMID: 10969793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Malignant gliomas are the most common intracranial tumors and are considered incurable. Therefore, exploration of novel therapeutic modalities is essential. Telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein enzyme that is detected in the vast majority of malignant gliomas but not in normal brain tissues. We, therefore, hypothesized that telomerase inhibition could be a very promising approach for the targeted therapy of malignant gliomas. Thus, 2-5A (5'-phosphorylated 2'-5'-linked oligoadenylate)-linked antisense against human telomerase RNA component (2-5A-anti-hTER) was investigated for its antitumor effect on an intracranial malignant glioma model. 2-5A is a mediator of one pathway of IFN actions by activating RNase L, resulting in RNA degradation. By linking 2-5A to antisense, RNase L degrades the targeted RNA specifically and effectively. Prior to the experiments using intracranial tumor models in nude mice, we modified the in vitro and in vivo treatment modality of 2-5A-anti-hTER using a cationic liposome to enhance the effect of 2-5A-anti-hTER. Here we demonstrate that 2-5A-anti-hTER complexed with a cationic liposome reduced the viability of five malignant glioma cell lines to 20-43% within 4 days but did not influence the viability of cultured astrocytes lacking telomerase. Furthermore, treatment of intracranial malignant gliomas in nude mice with 2-5A-anti-hTER was therapeutically effective compared with the control (P < 0.01). These findings clearly suggest the therapeutic potentiality of 2-5A-anti-hTER as a novel approach for the treatment of intracranial malignant gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mukai
- Center for Surgery Research, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Ohio 44195, USA
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9
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Takle GB, Thierry AR, Flynn SM, Peng B, White L, Devonish W, Galbraith RA, Goldberg AR, George ST. Delivery of oligoribonucleotides to human hepatoma cells using cationic lipid particles conjugated to ferric protoporphyrin IX (heme). Antisense Nucleic Acid Drug Dev 1997; 7:177-85. [PMID: 9212908 DOI: 10.1089/oli.1.1997.7.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The receptor-ligand interaction between hepatocyte heme receptors and heme was evaluated as a basis for developing a targeted cationic lipid delivery reagent for nucleic acids. Heme (ferric protoporphyrin IX) was conjugated to the aminolipid dioleoyl phosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE) and used to form cationic lipid particles with dioleoyl trimethylammonium propane (DOTAP). These lipids particles (DDH) protect oligoribonucleotides from degradation in human serum and increase oligoribonucleotide uptake into 2.2.15 human hepatoma cells (to a level of 50-60 ng oligo/10(4) cells) when compared with the same lipid particles (DD) prepared identically without heme. The DDH heme level that was optimal for oligoribonucleotide delivery was also optimal for maximum expression of plasmid-encoded luciferase. The enhancing effect of heme was evident only at net particle negative charge. Fluorescence microscopy showed that DDH delivered oligoribonucleotides into both the 2.2.15 cell cytoplasm and nucleus. DDH may thus be a potentially useful delivery vehicle for oligonucleotide-based therapeutics and transgenes, appropriate for use in such liver diseases as viral hepatitis, hepatoma, and hypercholesterolemia.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology
- Cations
- Cell Line
- Cell Nucleus/metabolism
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Cytoplasm/metabolism
- DNA, Recombinant/administration & dosage
- DNA, Recombinant/pharmacokinetics
- Drug Carriers
- Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated/administration & dosage
- Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated/chemistry
- Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated/pharmacokinetics
- Genes, Reporter
- Genetic Vectors/administration & dosage
- Genetic Vectors/pharmacokinetics
- Heme/administration & dosage
- Heme/chemistry
- Heme/pharmacokinetics
- Humans
- Kidney
- Liver Neoplasms/pathology
- Luciferases/biosynthesis
- Luciferases/genetics
- Mice
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Oligoribonucleotides/administration & dosage
- Oligoribonucleotides/chemistry
- Oligoribonucleotides/pharmacokinetics
- Organ Specificity
- Particle Size
- Phosphatidylethanolamines/administration & dosage
- Phosphatidylethanolamines/chemistry
- Phosphatidylethanolamines/pharmacokinetics
- Quaternary Ammonium Compounds/administration & dosage
- Quaternary Ammonium Compounds/chemistry
- Quaternary Ammonium Compounds/pharmacokinetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/biosynthesis
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Species Specificity
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Vero Cells
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Affiliation(s)
- G B Takle
- Innovir Laboratories, Inc., New York, NY 10021, USA
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