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Synthesis of Indoles via Intermolecular and Intramolecular Cyclization by Using Palladium-Based Catalysts. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11091018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
As part of natural products or biologically active compounds, the synthesis of nitrogen-containing heterocycles is becoming incredibly valuable. Palladium is a transition metal that is widely utilized as a catalyst to facilitate carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom coupling; it is used in the synthesis of various heterocycles. This review includes the twelve years of successful indole synthesis using various palladium catalysts to establish carbon-carbon or carbon-nitrogen coupling, as well as the conditions that have been optimized.
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Shaikh S, Pavale G, Dhavan P, Singh P, Uparkar J, Vaidya SP, Jadhav BL, Ramana MMV. Design, synthesis and evaluation of dihydropyranoindole derivatives as potential cholinesterase inhibitors against Alzheimer's disease. Bioorg Chem 2021; 110:104770. [PMID: 33667902 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.104770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A series of novel dihydropyranoindole derivatives containing sulphonamide group were designed, synthesized and evaluated for in-vitro anti-cholinesterase activity. The result showed that all the compounds exhibited potent acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity (IC50 = 0.41-8.79 µM) while demonstrated moderate to good activity for butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) (IC50 = 1.17-30.17 µM). The tested compounds exhibited selectivity towards AChE over BuChE. Compound 5o was most potent towards both AChE (IC50 = 0.41 µM) and BuChE (IC50 = 1.17 µM) when compared to standard galantamine and rivastigmine. Enzyme kinetics and molecular docking studies revealed that compound 5o shows mixed type inhibition and binds to peripheral anionic site (PAS) and the catalytic sites (CAS) of both the enzymes. Furthermore, cell viability studies were also performed against N2a cells along with neuroprotection studies against H2O2 in the same cell line. Antioxidant studies using DPPH radical and H2O2 were also performed which revealed that all compounds possessed some antioxidant activity. Also, DNA damage protection assay for compound 5o was performed implying that compound 5o was protective in nature. ADME studies were also performed which demonstrated good pharmacokinetics. These findings indicated that dihydropyranoindole derivatives could be possible drug lead in the search for new multifunctional AD drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarfaraz Shaikh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Mumbai, Santacruz (E), Mumbai 400 098, India
| | - Ganesh Pavale
- Department of Chemistry, University of Mumbai, Santacruz (E), Mumbai 400 098, India
| | - Pratik Dhavan
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Mumbai, Santacruz (E), Mumbai 400 098, India
| | - Pinky Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Haffkine Institute, Parel, Mumbai 400012, India
| | - Jasmin Uparkar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Mumbai, Santacruz (E), Mumbai 400 098, India
| | - S P Vaidya
- Department of Microbiology, Haffkine Institute, Parel, Mumbai 400012, India
| | - B L Jadhav
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Mumbai, Santacruz (E), Mumbai 400 098, India
| | - M M V Ramana
- Department of Chemistry, University of Mumbai, Santacruz (E), Mumbai 400 098, India.
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Fisyuk AS, Kostyuchenko AS, Goncharov DS. Camps Reaction and Related Cyclizations. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428020110019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Mohamed SF, Hosni HM, Amr AE, Abdalla MM. Synthesis of novel substituted pyridines from 1-(3-aminophenyl)-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)prop-2-en-1-one and their anticancer activity. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363216030269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Iwai A, Yoshimura T, Wada K, Watabe S, Sakamoto Y, Ito E, Miura T. Spectrophotometric method for the assay of steroid 5α-reductase activity of rat liver and prostate microsomes. ANAL SCI 2013; 29:455-9. [PMID: 23574674 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.29.455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A simple spectrophotometric method for the assay of steroid 5α-reductase (5α-SR) was developed in which 5α-dihydrotestosterone (5α-DHT) and 5α-androstane-3α,17β-diol (5α-diol), metabolites formed in the NADPH-dependent reduction of testosterone with enzyme sources of 5α-SR, were measured by enzymatic cycling using 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in the presence of excess thionicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (thio-NAD) and NADH. It was found that 5α-SR activity was proportional to the accumulated thio-NADH having an absorption maximum at 400 nm. Because of the high cycling rate (> 600 cycle per min) and no interference from testosterone, enzymatic cycling can determine the sum of 5α-DHT and 5α-diol at the picomole level without separation from excess testosterone. The present method was readily applicable to the assay of 5α-SR activity of rat liver and prostate microsomes as well as to the assay of inhibitory activity of finasteride, a synthetic inhibitor of 5α-SR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Iwai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Chang CS, Kan WM, Chen CL, Wang KC, Chern JW. De Sign and Synthesis of 1,2,4-Oxadiazole Derivatives as Non-Steroidal 5α-Reductase Inhibitors. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.200200014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Wan Y, Lin W, Xin HQ, Yuan R, Zhao LL, Shi JJ, Wang C, Zhang XX, Wu H. Silica Sulfuric Acid-Catalyzed One-Pot Synthesis, Mechanism, and Fluorescence Properties of 2-(2-arylquinolin-4-(1 H)-ylidene)malononitriles. J Heterocycl Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.1577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Sharma V, Kumar P, Pathak D. Biological importance of the indole nucleus in recent years: A comprehensive review. J Heterocycl Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Jones CP, Anderson KW, Buchwald SL. Sequential Cu-Catalyzed Amidation-Base-Mediated Camps Cyclization: A Two-Step Synthesis of 2-Aryl-4-quinolones from o-Halophenones. J Org Chem 2007; 72:7968-73. [PMID: 17850097 DOI: 10.1021/jo701384n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A direct two-step method for the preparation of 2-aryl- and 2-vinyl-4-quinolones that utilizes a copper-catalyzed amidation of o-halophenones followed by a base-promoted Camps cyclization of the resulting N-(2-ketoaryl)amides is described. With CuI, a diamine ligand, and base as the catalyst system, the amidation reactions proceed in good yields for a range of aryl, heteroaryl, and vinyl amides. The subsequent Camps cyclization efficiently provides the desired 4-quinolones with the conditions that are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie P Jones
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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Nechev J, Christie WW, Robaina R, de Diego F, Popov S, Stefanov K. Chemical composition of the sponge Hymeniacidon sanguinea from the Canary Islands. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2004; 137:365-74. [PMID: 15123209 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2003.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2003] [Revised: 10/19/2003] [Accepted: 10/20/2003] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The fatty acid composition of the lipids from the sponge Hymeniacidon sanguinea was investigated and 73 acids were identified. Three of them were new and their structures, elucidated by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, were identified as 13-methyl-icosanoic, 15-methyl-docosanoic and 3,13-dimethyl-tetradecanoic. Only 12 sterols were present, with cholestanol predominating in the volatile fraction; 22 compounds were identified, mainly hydrocarbons and fatty acids. In the n-butanol fraction, we found mainly nitrogen-containing compounds. The compositions of sterols and lipids in the sponge collected from two locations with different ecological conditions (Canary Islands and Black Sea) were compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Nechev
- Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulg. Acad. Sci., Sofia 1113, Bulgaria
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Picard F, Schulz T, Hartmann RW. 5-Phenyl substituted 1-methyl-2-pyridones and 4'-substituted biphenyl-4-carboxylic acids. synthesis and evaluation as inhibitors of steroid-5alpha-reductase type 1 and 2. Bioorg Med Chem 2002; 10:437-48. [PMID: 11741792 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(01)00293-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of a series of 5-phenyl substituted 1-methyl-2-pyridones (I) and 4'-substituted biphenyl-4-carboxylic acids (II) as novel A-C ring steroidomimetic inhibitors of 5alpha-reductase (5alphaR) is described. Compounds 1-4 (I) were synthesized by palladium catalyzed cross coupling (Ishikura) reaction between diethyl(3-pyridyl)borane and aryl halides (1b-4b) followed by alpha-oxidation with sodium ferrocyanate of the 1-methyl-pyridinium salt. Inhibitors II (5-18) were obtained either by two successive Friedel-Crafts acylations from biphenyl (5a-10a) followed by saponification to yield the corresponding carboxylic acids (5-10) or by Suzuki cross coupling reaction to give the 4'-substituted biphenyl-4-carbaldehydes 11a-18a. The latter compounds were subjected to a Lindgren oxidation to yield compounds 11-18. The compounds were tested for inhibitory activity toward human and rat 5alphaR1 and 2. The test compounds inhibited 5alphaR, showing a broad range of inhibitory potencies. The best compound in series I was the N-(dicyclohexyl)-4-(1,2-dihydro-1-methyl-2-oxopyrid-5-yl)benzamide 4 exhibiting an IC(50) value for the human type 2 enzyme of 10 microM. In series II, the most active compound toward human type 2 isozyme was the 4'-(dicyclohexyl)acetyl-4-biphenyl carboxylic acid (10; IC(50)=220nM). Both series showed only marginal activity toward the human type 1 isozyme. In conclusion, the biphenyl carboxylic acids (II) are more appropriate for 5alphaR inhibition than the 5-phenyl-1-methyl-2-pyridones (I). Especially the 4'-carbonyl compounds 5-10 represent new lead structures for the development of novel human type 2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franck Picard
- 8.5 Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, PO Box 15 11 50, D-66041, Saarbrücken, Germany
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Hartmann RW, Hector M, Haidar S, Ehmer PB, Reichert W, Jose J. Synthesis and evaluation of novel steroidal oxime inhibitors of P450 17 (17 alpha-hydroxylase/C17-20-lyase) and 5 alpha-reductase types 1 and 2. J Med Chem 2000; 43:4266-77. [PMID: 11063622 DOI: 10.1021/jm001008m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
17 alpha-Hydroxylase/C17-20-lyase (P450 17, CYP 17) and 5 alpha-reductase are the key enzymes in androgen biosynthesis and targets for the treatment of prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia. In the search of inhibitors for both enzymes, 23 pregnenolone- or progesterone-based steroids were synthesized bearing an oxime group connected directly or via a spacer to the steroidal D-ring. Tested for inhibition of human and rat P450 17, some pregnenolone (9, 11, 14) and a series of progesterone compounds (17-20) turned out to be highly active inhibitors of the human enzyme. The most active compound was Z-21-hydroxyiminopregna-5, 17(20)-dien-3 beta-ol (9) showing K(i) values of 44 and 3.4 nM for the human and rat enzymes, respectively, and a type II UV-difference spectrum indicating a coordinate bond between the oxime group and the heme iron. In contrast to the pregnenolones which showed no inhibition of 5 alpha-reductase isozymes 1 and 2, the progesterones 16, 17, 20, 21, and 23 showed marked inhibition, especially toward the type 2 enzyme. Compounds 17 and 20 were identified as potent dual inhibitors of both P450 17 and 5 alpha-reductase. Tested for selectivity, the most potent P450 17 inhibitors 9, 10, and 14 showed no or only marginal inhibition of P450 arom, P450 scc, and P450 TxA(2). Selected compounds were tested for inhibition of the target enzymes using whole-cell assays. Compounds 9-11 strongly inhibited P450 17 being coexpressed with NADPH-P450 reductase in E. coli cells, and 16, 20, and 23 markedly inhibited 5 alpha-reductase expressed in HEK 293 cells. Tested for in vivo activity, 9 (0.019 mmol/kg) decreased the plasma testosterone concentration in rats after 2 and 6 h by 57% and 44%.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W Hartmann
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of the Saarland, P.O. Box 151150, D-66041 Saarbrücken, Germany.
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Hartmann RW, Reichert M. New nonsteroidal steroid 5 alpha-reductase inhibitors. Syntheses and structure-activity studies on carboxamide phenylalkyl-substituted pyridones and piperidones. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2000; 333:145-53. [PMID: 10863799 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-4184(20005)333:5<145::aid-ardp145>3.0.co;2-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In the search for nonsteroidal inhibitors of 5 alpha-reductase for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), we synthesized diisopropyl (1a-8a) and tert-butyl (1b-8b) benzamides, as well as ethyl benzoates (1c, 3c), which were substituted in 4 position via variable alkyl spacer (n = 0: 1-4, n = 1: 5, 7 and n = 3: 6, 8) with a 1-methyl-2-pyridone (1, 2, 5, 6) or a 1-methyl-2-piperidone (3, 4, 7, 8) moiety mimicking steroidal ring A. The directly connected benzamides (1a-4a, 1b-4b) and benzoates (1c, 3c) were obtained by palladium-catalysed coupling reaction of diethyl(3-pyridyl)-borane with 4-bromobenzoic acid derivatives, followed by alpha-oxidation of the 1-methyl-pyridinium salt and subsequent separation of the regioisomers. Catalytic hydrogenation of the pyridones (1, 2) led to the piperidones (3, 4). The preparation of the benzamides with a methylene (5, 7) and a propylene spacer (6, 8), respectively, started with the reduction of the keto group of 5-benzoyl-1,2-dihydro-1-methyl-2(1H)-pyridone and catalytic hydrogenation of the alkene obtained by Wittig reaction of 5-formyl-1,2-dihydro-1-methyl-2(1H)-pyridone with (2-phenylethyl)triphenylphosphonium bromide, respectively. The phenyl ring was functionalized by Friedel-Crafts reaction, haloform cleavage to give the acid, formation of the acid chloride, and subsequent treatment with the appropriate amines. Again, catalytic hydrogenation of the pyridones (5, 6) led to the piperidones (7, 8). The 5 alpha-reductase inhibitory properties were determined using rat ventral prostate, as well as human BPH tissue as enzyme source, 1 beta-2 beta-[3H]testosterone as substrate and a HPLC procedure for the separation of dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Tested at a concentration of 100 microM, the inhibition values of 1-8 ranged from 0-79%. Significant differences were observed between rat and human enzyme. The most active compound was ethyl 4-(1-methyl-2-oxopiperid-5-yl)benzoate 3c (68%) for the human enzyme and N,N-bis(1-methylethyl)-4-[3-(1,2-dihydro-1-methyl-2-oxopyrid-5-yl) propyl] benzamide 6a (79%) for the rat enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W Hartmann
- Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Universität des Saarlandes, Saarbrücken, Germany
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