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Xu MY, Xiao B. Germatranes and carbagermatranes: (hetero)aryl and alkyl coupling partners in Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:11764-11775. [PMID: 34661207 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc04373k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In the past few decades, palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions have taken root in the construction of a complex synthetic community. The development of organometallics has been an important objective in this field. Our group has focused on exploiting new germanium-based reagents and the corresponding catalytic processes. In the past three years, we have established new methods for the synthesis of structure-modified (hetero)aryl germatranes and alkyl carbagermatranes. Particularly for alkyl carbagermatranes, the stability to be compatible with various derivatization reactions and the high activity for transmetallation (e.g. base/additive-free for primary alkyl carbagermatranes) distinguish them from many reported nucleophiles. In this article, we would introduce (1) the development process of organogermanium reagents in palladium-catalyzed cross-couplings; (2) the history of germatrane-type systems and the breakthrough we have made in the field; (3) the outlook for (carba)germatranes and alkyl-GeMe3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Yu Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - Bin Xiao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
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2
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Abstract
AbstractWe highlight our recent researches on an alkylation-terminated Catellani reaction using alkylcarbagermatranes. This strategy highlights the unique structure and property of alkylcarbagermatranes and also fills the gap in the Catellani reaction where alkylation termination was missing.
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3
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Jiang W, Xu M, Yang S, Xie X, Xiao B. Alkylation‐Terminated Catellani Reactions Using Alkyl Carbagermatranes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202008482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei‐Tao Jiang
- Department of Chemistry University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 China
| | - Meng‐Yu Xu
- Department of Chemistry University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 China
| | - Shuo Yang
- Department of Chemistry University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 China
| | - Xiu‐Ying Xie
- Department of Chemistry University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 China
| | - Bin Xiao
- Department of Chemistry University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 China
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4
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Jiang W, Xu M, Yang S, Xie X, Xiao B. Alkylation‐Terminated Catellani Reactions Using Alkyl Carbagermatranes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:20450-20454. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202008482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei‐Tao Jiang
- Department of Chemistry University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 China
| | - Meng‐Yu Xu
- Department of Chemistry University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 China
| | - Shuo Yang
- Department of Chemistry University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 China
| | - Xiu‐Ying Xie
- Department of Chemistry University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 China
| | - Bin Xiao
- Department of Chemistry University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 China
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5
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Zhang LL, Feng ZL, Su MX, Jiang XM, Chen X, Wang Y, Li A, Lin LG, Lu JJ. Downregulation of Cyclin B1 mediates nagilactone E-induced G2 phase cell cycle arrest in non-small cell lung cancer cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 830:17-25. [PMID: 29680228 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is one of the most common forms and leading causes of cancer-related mortality worldwide, and discovery of new effective drugs still remains imperative to improve the survival rate. Nagilactone E (NLE) is a natural product isolated from Podocarpus nagi seeds, which has been used as raw materials for edible oil and industrial oil extraction. This study aimed to investigate the anticancer potential of NLE against NSCLC A549 and NCI-H1975 cells. MTT assay revealed that NLE inhibited the proliferation of A549 and NCI-H1975 cells with IC50s of 5.18 ± 0.49 and 3.57 ± 0.29 μM, respectively. NLE treatment inhibited clone formation in both cancer cell lines. Cell cycle analysis indicated that NLE treatment effectively induced G2 phase cell cycle arrest in A549 and NCI-H1975 cells. NLE downregulated the phosphorylation of cdc2 (Tyr15) and cdc25C (Ser216) as well as the expression level of the protein kinase Wee1 in concentration- and time-dependent manners. In addition, NLE treatment decreased the protein level of Cyclin B1 as well as its nuclear localization, which might decrease the activity of the Cyclin B1/cdc2 complex and induce G2 phase arrest. Long-term NLE treatment also induced caspase-dependent cell apoptosis, as evidenced by increase in Annexin V positive cells and the cleavage of PARP. To sum, NLE inhibited proliferation, induced G2 phase arrest, and triggered caspase-dependent apoptosis in NSCLC cells, suggesting it to be a potential leading compound for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le-Le Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Zhe-Ling Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Min-Xia Su
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Xiuping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Yitao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Ao Li
- College of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing, China
| | - Li-Gen Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China.
| | - Jin-Jian Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China.
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6
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Yu X, Duan KT, Wang ZX, Chen HP, Gan XQ, Huang R, Li ZH, Feng T, Liu JK. Anemhupehins A-C, Podocarpane Diterpenoids from Anemone hupehensis. NATURAL PRODUCTS AND BIOPROSPECTING 2018; 8:31-35. [PMID: 29230718 PMCID: PMC5803142 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-017-0146-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Three new podocarpane diterpenoids, namely anemhupehins A-C (1-3), together with four known analogues (4-7), have been isolated from aerial parts of Anemone hupehensis. Their structures were characterized based on extensive spectroscopic data. Compounds 1 and 4 showed certain cytotoxicities against human cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Kai-Ting Duan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Zhen-Xiong Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - He-Ping Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Xiao-Qing Gan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Rong Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Zheng-Hui Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Tao Feng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| | - Ji-Kai Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, 430074, China.
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Abstract
Propolis is one of the complex, but valuable, bio-sources for discovering therapeutic compounds. Diterpenes are organic compounds composed of four isoprene units and are known for their biological and pharmacological characteristics, such as antibacterial, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory activities. Recently, advancements have been made in the development of antibacterial and anticancer leads from propolis-isolated diterpenes, and scrutiny of these compounds is being pursued. Thus, this review covers the progress in this arena, with a focus on the chemistry and biological activities of propolis diterpenes. It is anticipated that important information, in a comprehensive and concise manner, will be delivered here for better understanding of natural product drug discovery research.
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Yu G, Clive DLJ. Formation of meta-Substituted Phenols by Transition Metal-Free Aromatization: Use of 2-Bromocyclohex-2-en-1-ones. J Org Chem 2016; 81:8470-84. [PMID: 27563935 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b01653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Addition of Grignard or other organometallic reagents to 2-halocyclohex-2-en-1-ones bearing an alkyl or aryl group at C-5, followed by mild acid treatment and exposure to 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU) at room temperature, generates meta-substituted phenols in which the newly introduced meta substituent originates from the Grignard reagent. The range of effective organometallic reagents includes alkyl, allyl, alkynyl, aryl, and heteroaryl compounds including those with fluorine substituents. The initial halocyclohexenone can be deprotonated at C-6 and reacted with carbon, fluorine, or sulfur electrophiles before the Grignard addition so as to generate highly substituted phenols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guojun Yu
- Chemistry Department, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Derrick L J Clive
- Chemistry Department, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
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9
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Synthesis, In silico studies and In vitro evaluation for antioxidant and antibacterial properties of diarylmethylamines: A novel class of structurally simple and highly potent pharmacophore. Eur J Pharm Sci 2016; 88:202-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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10
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Montagut-Romans A, Boulven M, Lemaire M, Popowycz F. 3-Methylene-2,4-chromandione in situ trapping: introducing molecular diversity on 4-hydroxycoumarin. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra22440c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
3-Methylene-2,4-chromandione trapped in a solid-state stable Mannich adduct, is released in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Montagut-Romans
- Equipe Chimie Organique et Bioorganique
- Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires
- Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA Lyon)
- F-69621 Villeurbanne Cedex
- France
| | - Manon Boulven
- Equipe Chimie Organique et Bioorganique
- Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires
- Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA Lyon)
- F-69621 Villeurbanne Cedex
- France
| | - Marc Lemaire
- Equipe Chimie Organique et Bioorganique
- Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires
- Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA Lyon)
- F-69621 Villeurbanne Cedex
- France
| | - Florence Popowycz
- Equipe Chimie Organique et Bioorganique
- Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires
- Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA Lyon)
- F-69621 Villeurbanne Cedex
- France
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11
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Coulerie P, Poullain C. New Caledonia: A 'Hot Spot' for Valuable Chemodiversity. Part 1: Gymnosperms. Chem Biodivers 2015; 12:841-58. [PMID: 26080735 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201400024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The flora of New Caledonia encompasses more than 3,000 species and almost 80% of them are endemic. New Caledonia is considered as a 'hot spot' for biodiversity. With the current global loss of biodiversity, and the fact that several drugs and pesticides are becoming obsolete, there is an urgent need to increase sampling and research on new natural products. In this context, we review the chemical information available on New Caledonian native flora from economical perspectives. We expect that a better knowledge of the economic potential will encourage the plantation of native plants for the development of a sustainable economy which will participate in the conservation of biodiversity. In the first part of this review, we discuss the results reported in 18 scientific articles on the chemicals isolated from 23 endemic conifers of New Caledonia. Several bioactive and original products, such as neocallitropsene or libocedrins, have been isolated from these conifers. This review also highlights several groups, such as Podocarpus spp., that are unexplored in New Caledonia despite the fact that they have been described in other countries to contain a wide range of original bioactive compounds. Those plants are considered as priority for future chemical investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Coulerie
- Institut Agronomique néo-Calédonien, Connaissance et Amélioration des Agrosystèmes, BP A5, 98848 Noumea Cedex, New Caledonia, (phone: +687-260769; fax: +687-264326). ,
| | - Cyril Poullain
- Centre de Recherche de Gif, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, Labex LERMIT, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, F-91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex
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12
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Yu LG, Ni TF, Gao W, He Y, Wang YY, Cui HW, Yang CG, Qiu WW. The synthesis and antibacterial activity of pyrazole-fused tricyclic diterpene derivatives. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 90:10-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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13
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Shou Q, Banbury LK, Renshaw DE, Lambley EH, Mon H, Macfarlane GA, Griesser HJ, Heinrich MM, Wohlmuth H. Biologically active dibenzofurans from Pilidiostigma glabrum, an endemic Australian Myrtaceae. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2012; 75:1612-1617. [PMID: 22934671 DOI: 10.1021/np300433r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In an effort to identify new anti-inflammatory and antibacterial agents with potential application in wound healing, five new dibenzofurans, 1,3,7,9-tetrahydroxy-2,8-dimethyl-4,6-di(2-methylbutanoyl)dibenzofuran (1), 1,3,7,9-tetrahydroxy-2,8-dimethyl-4-(2-methylbutanoyl)-6-(2-methylpropionyl)dibenzofuran (2), 1,3,7,9-tetrahydroxy-2,8-dimethyl-4,6-di(2-methylpropionyl)dibenzofuran (3), 1,3,7,9-tetrahydroxy-4,6-dimethyl-2-(2-methylbutanoyl)-8-(2-methylpropionyl)dibenzofuran (4), and 1,3,7,9-tetrahydroxy-4,6-dimethyl-2,8-di(2-methylpropionyl)dibenzofuran (5), were isolated from the leaves of Pilidiostigma glabrum together with one previously described dibenzofuran. Structure elucidation was achieved by way of spectroscopic measurements including 2D-NMR spectroscopy. Compounds with 2,8-acyl substitutions had potent antibacterial activity against several Gram-positive strains (MIC in the low micromolar range), while compounds with 4,6-acyl substitutions were less active. All compounds except 3 inhibited the synthesis of nitric oxide in RAW264 macrophages with IC(50) values in the low micromolar range. Compounds with 2,8-acyl substitutions also inhibited the synthesis of PGE(2) in 3T3 cells, whereas 4,6-acyl-substituted compounds were inactive. None of the compounds inhibited the synthesis of TNF-α in RAW264 cells. The compounds showed variable but modest antioxidant activity in the oxygen radical absorbance capacity assay. These findings highlight that much of the Australian flora remains unexplored and may yet yield many new compounds of interest. Initial clues are provided on structure/activity relationships for this class of bioactives, which may enable the design and synthesis of compounds with higher activity and/or selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyao Shou
- Southern Cross Plant Science, Southern Cross University, PO Box 157, Lismore NSW 2480, Australia
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Kim M, O'Brien TE, Moore JT, Anderson DE, Foss MH, Weibel DB, Ames J, Shaw JT. The Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of Heterocyclic Derivatives of Totarol. ACS Med Chem Lett 2012; 3:818-822. [PMID: 23119123 PMCID: PMC3483140 DOI: 10.1021/ml3001775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis and antimicrobial activity heterocyclic analogs of the diterpenoid totarol are described. An advanced synthetic intermediate with a ketone on the A-ring is used to attach fused heterocycles and a carbon-to-nitrogen atom replacement is made on the B-ring by de novo synthesis. A-ring analogs with an indole attached exhibit, for the first time, enhanced antimicrobial activity relative to the parent natural product. Preliminary experiments demonstrate that the indole analogs do not target the bacterial cell division protein FtsZ as had been hypothesized for totarol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle
B. Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University
of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis,
California 95616, United States
| | - Terrence E. O'Brien
- Department of Chemistry, University
of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis,
California 95616, United States
| | - Jared T. Moore
- Department of Chemistry, University
of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis,
California 95616, United States
| | - David E. Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, University
of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis,
California 95616, United States
| | - Marie H. Foss
- Department
of Biochemistry and Department of Biomedical Engineering, University
of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Douglas B. Weibel
- Department
of Biochemistry and Department of Biomedical Engineering, University
of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - James
B. Ames
- Department of Chemistry, University
of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis,
California 95616, United States
| | - Jared T. Shaw
- Department of Chemistry, University
of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis,
California 95616, United States
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Abdillahi HS, Verschaeve L, Finnie JF, Van Staden J. Mutagenicity, antimutagenicity and cytotoxicity evaluation of South African Podocarpus species. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 139:728-738. [PMID: 22155396 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Revised: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 11/27/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Four species of Podocarpus are used in traditional medicine both in human and animal healthcare in South Africa. In vitro pharmacological screening of leaf and stem extracts of these species exhibited potent antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti-tyrosinase, anthelmintic, acetylcholinesterase inhibitory and antioxidant activities. AIM OF THE STUDY To investigate the mutagenicity, antimutagenicity and cytotoxicity effects of leaf and stem extract of South African Podocarpus species. MATERIAL AND METHODS The mutagenicity and cytotoxic effects of extracts from four species of Podocarpus were tested using the Salmonella/microsome assay with and without metabolic activation, based on the plate-incorporation method and neutral red uptake (NRU) assay respectively. Five Salmonella typhimurium tester strains; TA98, TA100, TA102, TA1535 and TA1537 were used for mutagenicity testing. The relative cytotoxicity of the extracts was assessed by determining their NI(50) values (50% inhibition of NRU). RESULTS The extracts did not show any mutagenic effects against all the tester strains with or without metabolic activation. All extracts demonstrated a strong antimutagenic effect on the mutations induced by 4NQO, decreasing its mutagenic effect in a dose-dependent manner. Strong cytotoxic effects were exhibited by petroleum ether extracts as compared to 80% ethanol extracts. When HepG2 cells were in contact with plant extracts in an increasing concentration, slopes of NRU decreased (highest-lowest %) following a concentration-dependent pattern. For 80% ethanol extracts, the most toxic extract in terms of percentage viability was leaves of Podocarpus falcatus whereby at 0.2 mg/ml, the viability of the cells was 38.9%. Stem extract of Podocarpus latifolius was the most toxic among PE extracts, giving a percentage viability of 46.4 at 0.1 mg/ml. CONCLUSION Absence of mutagenicity does not indicate lack of toxicity, as was observed from these extracts. These findings will help in assessing the safety measures to be considered in the use of these species and also the need to determine the cytotoxic potential of these species against various forms of human cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halima S Abdillahi
- Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Scottsville, South Africa
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Yunker MB, Lachmuth CL, Cretney WJ, Fowler BR, Dangerfield N, White L, Ross PS. Biota: sediment partitioning of aluminium smelter related PAHs and pulp mill related diterpenes by intertidal clams at Kitimat, British Columbia. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2011; 72:105-126. [PMID: 21788067 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2011.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2010] [Revised: 06/04/2011] [Accepted: 06/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The question of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) bioavailability and its relationship to specific PAH sources with different PAH binding characteristics is an important one, because bioavailability drives PAH accumulation in biota and ultimately the biochemical responses to the PAH contaminants. The industrial harbour at Kitimat (British Columbia, Canada) provides an ideal location to study the bioavailability and bioaccumulation of sediment hydrocarbons to low trophic level biota. Samples of soft shell clams (Mya arenaria) and intertidal sediment collected from multiple sites over six years at various distances from an aluminium smelter and a pulp and paper mill were analysed for 106 PAHs, plant diterpenes and other aromatic fraction hydrocarbons. Interpretation using PAH source ratios and multivariate data analysis reveals six principal hydrocarbon sources: PAHs in coke, pitch and emissions from anode combustion from the aluminium smelter, vascular plant terpenes and aromatised terpenes from the pulp and paper mill, petroleum PAHs from shipping and other anthropogenic activities and PAHs from natural plant detritus. Harbour sediments predominantly contain either pitch or pyrogenic PAHs from the smelter, while clams predominantly contain plant derived PAHs and diterpenes from the adjacent pulp mill. PAHs from the smelter have low bioavailability to clams (Biota-Sediment Accumulation Factors; BSAFs <1 for pitch and coke; <10 for anode combustion, decreasing to ∼0.1 for the mass 300 and 302 PAHs), possibly due to binding to pitch or soot carbon matrices. Decreases in PAH isomer ratios between sediments and clams likely reflect a combination of variation in uptake kinetics of petroleum PAHs and compound specific metabolism, with the importance of petroleum PAHs decreasing with increasing molecular weight. Plant derived compounds exhibit little natural bioaccumulation at reference sites, but unsaturated and aromatised diterpenes released from resins by industrial pulping processes are readily accumulated by the clams (BSAFs >500). Thus while most of the smelter associated PAHs in sediments may not be bioavailable to benthic organisms, the plant terpenes (including retene, totarol, ferruginol, manool, dehydroabietane and other plant terpenes that form the chemical defence mechanism of conifers) released by pulp mills are bioavailable and possess demonstrated toxic properties. The large scale release of plant terpenes by some of the many pulp mills located in British Columbia and elsewhere represents a largely undocumented risk to aquatic biota.
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Moujir LM, Seca AM, Araujo L, Silva AM, Barreto MC. A new natural spiro heterocyclic compound and the cytotoxic activity of the secondary metabolites from Juniperus brevifolia leaves. Fitoterapia 2011; 82:225-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2010.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2010] [Revised: 09/26/2010] [Accepted: 10/03/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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18
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Antimicrobial phenolic abietane diterpene from Lycopus europaeus L. (Lamiaceae). Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:4988-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.07.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2010] [Revised: 07/14/2010] [Accepted: 07/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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19
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Kim MB, Shaw JT. Synthesis of antimicrobial natural products targeting FtsZ: (+)-totarol and related totarane diterpenes. Org Lett 2010; 12:3324-7. [PMID: 20597470 PMCID: PMC2927847 DOI: 10.1021/ol100929z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An efficient, convergent synthesis of totarol by a diastereoselective epoxide/alkene/arene bicyclization is described. The reported synthesis enables the preparation of related diterpenes totaradiol and totarolone as well as previously unavailable derivatives that exhibit comparable inhibition of the bacterial cell division protein FtsZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle B. Kim
- Department of Chemistry, One Shields Ave, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Jared T. Shaw
- Department of Chemistry, One Shields Ave, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
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Matsushita YI, Sugamoto K, Iwakiri Y, Yoshida S, Chaen T, Matsui T. Aerobic oxidation of 8,11,13-abietatrienes catalyzed by N-hydroxyphthalimide combined with 2,2′-azobis(4-methoxy-2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile) and its application to synthesis of naturally occurring diterpenes. Tetrahedron Lett 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2010.05.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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21
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Watanabe K, Fukao T. Antibacterial Effects of Unripe Cephalotaxus harringtonia Fruit Extract on Gram-positive Bacteria. J JPN SOC FOOD SCI 2009. [DOI: 10.3136/nskkk.56.533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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22
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Li WH, Chang ST, Chang SC, Chang HT. Isolation of antibacterial diterpenoids fromCryptomeria japonicabark. Nat Prod Res 2008; 22:1085-93. [DOI: 10.1080/14786410802267510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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23
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Tada M, Kurabe J, Yasue H, Ikuta T. Synthesis of Totarane Diterpenes: Totarol, Maytenoquinone, 6-Deoxymaytenoquinone and 8,11,13-Totaratriene-12,13-diol. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2008; 56:287-91. [DOI: 10.1248/cpb.56.287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Tada
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
| | - Jun Kurabe
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
| | - Hiroaki Yasue
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
| | - Tomohisa Ikuta
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
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Chemoenzymatic synthesis of (+)-totarol, (+)-podototarin, (+)-sempervirol, and (+)-jolkinolides E and D. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2007.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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25
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Ncanana S, Baratto L, Roncaglia L, Riva S, Burton SG. Laccase-Mediated Oxidation of Totarol. Adv Synth Catal 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.200700005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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26
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Clarkson C, Staerk D, Hansen SH, Smith PJ, Jaroszewski JW. Discovering new natural products directly from crude extracts by HPLC-SPE-NMR: chinane diterpenes in Harpagophytum procumbens. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2006; 69:527-30. [PMID: 16643019 DOI: 10.1021/np050504g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
HPLC-SPE-NMR experiments with crude extracts of Harpagophytum procumbens allowed the rapid identification of novel, unstable chinane-type tricyclic diterpenes (1 and 2), along with numerous other constituents. Dramatic sensitivity gains achieved with this novel hyphenated technique establish a new paradigm in natural products research: rapid and rigorous structure determination of multiple extract components, including minor components, without preparative-scale isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cailean Clarkson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Department of Pharmaceutics and Analytical Chemistry, The Danish University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Ghioni C, Hiller JC, Kennedy CJ, Aliev AE, Odlyha M, Boulton M, Wess TJ. Evidence of a distinct lipid fraction in historical parchments: a potential role in degradation? J Lipid Res 2005; 46:2726-34. [PMID: 16150818 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m500331-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Parchment, a biologically based material obtained from the processed hides of animals such as cattle and sheep, has been used for millennia as a writing medium. Although numerous studies have concentrated on the structure and degradation of collagen within parchment, little attention has been paid to noncollagenous components, such as lipids. In this study, we present the results of biochemical and structural analyses of historical and newly manufactured parchment to examine the potential role that lipid plays in parchment stability. The lipid fraction extracted from the parchments displayed different fatty acid compositions between historical and reference materials. Gas chromatography, small-angle X-ray scattering, and solid-state NMR were used to identify and investigate the lipid fraction from parchment samples and to study its contribution to collagen structure and degradation. We hypothesize that the origin of this lipid fraction is either intrinsic, attributable to incomplete fat removal in the manufacturing process, or extrinsic, attributable to microbiological attack on the proteinaceous component of parchments. Furthermore, we consider that the possible formation of protein-lipid complexes in parchment over the course of oxidative degradation may be mediated by reactive oxygen species formed by lipid peroxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ghioni
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, United Kingdom
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31
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Clarkson C, Musonda CC, Chibale K, Campbell WE, Smith P. Synthesis of totarol amino alcohol derivatives and their antiplasmodial activity and cytotoxicity. Bioorg Med Chem 2003; 11:4417-22. [PMID: 13129578 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(03)00491-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The previously unknown antiplasmodial activity of the plant derived natural product totarol is reported. Novel beta-amino alcohol derivatives based on this natural product were designed, synthesised and evaluated for in vitro antiplasmodial activity and cytotoxicity. These derivatives showed antiplasmodial IC50 values in the range of 0.6-3.0 microM and were equally active against a chloroquine-sensitive and resistant strain of Plasmodium falciparum, while showing little cytotoxicity against a mammalian cell line (CHO). In terms of lead development, two of the compounds based on substituted phenylpiperazine warrant further investigation as potential antiplasmodial leads. In addition to their selective antiplasmodial activity and lack of chloroquine cross-resistance, these compounds are structurally different to any of the available antimalarial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cailean Clarkson
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, K-45 OMB, Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory 7925, South Africa
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32
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Bernabeu A, Shapiro S, Villalaín J. A MAS-NMR study of the location of (+)-totarol, a diterpenoid bioactive molecule, in phospholipid model membranes. Chem Phys Lipids 2002; 119:33-9. [PMID: 12270671 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-3084(02)00050-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
(+)-Totarol, a diterpenoid isolated from Podocarpus spp., is a potent antioxidant and antibacterial agent. Although the mechanism of action of this hydrophobic molecule is poorly understood, recent work from our laboratories suggests that it could be due to membranotropic interactions. The location of (+)-totarol in membranes and its interaction with membrane components is therefore of considerable interest. High resolution magic angle spinning (MAS) natural abundance 13C nuclear magnetic resonance studies were undertaken to assess the location of (+)-totarol in model membranes composed of egg yolk phosphatidylcholine (EYL). 13C spin-lattice relaxation times (T(1)) of both the phospholipid and (+)-totarol molecules in the presence of Gd(3+) were measured to obtain information on molecular distances. Our results indicate that (+)-totarol is situated in the upper region of the membrane, with its hydroxyl group located in the vicinity of the C-3/4 carbon atoms of the phospholipid acyl chain, and nearly perpendicular with respect to the phospholipid acyl chain axis. Such a location of (+)-totarol in the membrane would be expected to compromise the functional integrity of the membrane and account, at least in part, for its antibacterial effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Bernabeu
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández, E-03202 Elche-Alicante, Spain
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33
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Van De Water RW, Pettus TR. o-Quinone methides: intermediates underdeveloped and underutilized in organic synthesis. Tetrahedron 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(02)00496-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 420] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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34
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Yang Z, Kitano Y, Chiba K, Shibata N, Kurokawa H, Doi Y, Arakawa Y, Tada M. Synthesis of variously oxidized abietane diterpenes and their antibacterial activities against MRSA and VRE. Bioorg Med Chem 2001; 9:347-56. [PMID: 11249127 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(00)00253-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Variously oxidized 12 natural abietanes, 6,7-dehydroferruginol methyl ether (3), ferruginol (5), 11-hydroxy-12-oxo-7,9(11),13-abietatriene (7), royleanone (9), demethyl cryptojaponol (12), salvinolone (14), sugiol methyl ether (16), sugiol (17), 5,6-dehydrosugiol methyl ether (19), 5,6-dehydrosugiol (20), 6beta-hydroxyferruginol (23), and taxodione (25) were synthesized. Antimicrobial activities of synthesized phenolic diterpenes and their related compounds against MRSA and VRE were evaluated. Phenols (12-hydroxyabieta-8,11,13-trien-6-one 22 and 23), catechols (12 and 14) and taxodione 25 showed potent activity with 4-10 microg/mL of MIC against MRSA and 4-16 microg/mL of MIC against VRE. (-)-Ferruginol showed more potent activity than natural type (+)-ferruginol. Quinone methide 7 showed the most potent activity with 0.5-1 microg/mL of MIC against both MRSA and VRE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Yang
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Japan
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35
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Mateo CR, Prieto M, Micol V, Shapiro S, Villalaín J. A fluorescence study of the interaction and location of (+)-totarol, a diterpenoid bioactive molecule, in model membranes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2000; 1509:167-75. [PMID: 11118528 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2736(00)00291-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
(+)-Totarol, a diterpene extracted from Podocarpus totara, has been reported as a potent antioxidant and antibacterial agent. Although the molecular mechanism of action of this hydrophobic molecule remains unknown, recent work made in our laboratory strongly suggests that it could be lipid-mediated. Since (+)-totarol contains a phenolic ring, we have studied the intrinsic fluorescent properties of this molecule, i.e., quantum yield, lifetime, steady-state anisotropy and emission spectra, both in aqueous and in phospholipid phases, in order to obtain information on the interaction and location of (+)-totarol in biomembrane model systems. The phospholipid/water partition coefficient of (+)-totarol was found to be very high (K(p)=1.8x10(4)), suggesting that it incorporates very efficiently into membranes. In order to estimate the transverse location (degree of penetration) of the molecule in the fluid phase of DMPC model membranes, the spin labelled fatty acids 5-NS and 16-NS were used in differential quenching experiments. The results obtained show that (+)-totarol is located in the inner region of the membrane, far away from the phospholipid/water interface. Since (+)-totarol protects against oxidative stress, its interaction with an unsaturated fatty acid, trans-parinaric acid, was studied using fluorescence resonance energy transfer. No significant interactions were observed, molecules of trans-parinaric acid distributing themselves randomly amongst those of (+)-totarol in the phospholipid membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Mateo
- Centro de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Elche-Alicante, Spain
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36
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Evans GB, Furneaux RH. The synthesis and antibacterial activity of totarol derivatives. Part 2: Modifications at C-12 and O-13. Bioorg Med Chem 2000; 8:1653-62. [PMID: 10976513 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(00)00095-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Alterations of the C-12 and C-13 aromatic ring substituents of totarol (1) afforded the series of derivatives 2-14, and introduction of substituents at C-12 gave exclusively 2a-14a. The majority of these analogues were tested in vitro against the following organisms: beta-lactamase-positive and high level gentamycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis, penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and multiresistant Klebsiella pneumoniae. The results were evaluated in terms of structure-activity relationship which reveals that: (a) the phenolic moiety at C-13, in general, is essential for antibacterial activity at < 32 microg/mL against gram-positive species, and (b) derivatization at C-12 has an undesirable effect on the antibacterial activity of this class of compounds, while (c) all compounds tested are ineffective against the gram-negative Klebsiella pneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- G B Evans
- Industrial Research Limited, Lower Hutt, New Zealand.
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