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Zhang Y, Liu L, Jin L, Yi X, Dang E, Yang Y, Li C, Gao T. Oxidative stress-induced calreticulin expression and translocation: new insights into the destruction of melanocytes. J Invest Dermatol 2013; 134:183-191. [PMID: 23771121 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2013.268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Revised: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) contribute to melanocyte apoptosis and the development of cutaneous diseases or disorders via autoimmunity. However, the mechanisms and interrelationships between ROS and autoimmunity are unknown. This study aimed to investigate the role of calreticulin (CRT) in hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced apoptosis in melanocytes. Total CRT levels increased in a time-dependent manner in human immortalized normal and vitiligo melanocytes exposed to H2O2-induced oxidative stress, and surface levels of CRT were increased. Moreover, CRT overexpression increased H2O2-induced apoptosis, whereas knockdown showed the opposite results. Furthermore, CRT-treated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) or stressed melanocytes expressed higher levels of IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) than untreated cells (P<0.05); this effect was inhibited with CRT knockdown. In an in vivo model, CRT levels were positively correlated with lesion area (R=0.7582, P<0.0001) and duration of vitiligo in patients (P<0.001). ELISA analyses revealed that CRT expression was higher in vitiligo patients as compared with healthy subjects (P<0.05). These data demonstrate that CRT exposure via H2O2-induced oxidative stress plays a significant role in melanocyte apoptosis and suggest a relationship between apoptosis and immune reactions during melanocyte destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ling Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Liang Jin
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiuli Yi
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Erle Dang
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chunying Li
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Tianwen Gao
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
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Evans CJ, Mutamba QB. The use of associated particle timing based on the D + D reaction for imaging a solid object. Appl Radiat Isot 2002; 56:711-6. [PMID: 11993946 DOI: 10.1016/s0969-8043(01)00280-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Associated particle timing based on the D + D reaction has been applied for imaging a bulk sample, namely an aluminium box. The relatively low neutron energy, 2.8 MeV, allows a better spatial resolution from time-of-flight measurements. A combination of a Si detector for charged particles and an NaI(Tl) scintillator for inelastic-scatter gamma rays yielded an overall time resolution of 0.4 ns, giving a spatial resolution of better than 1 cm. A new reconstruction program was developed, yielding an image free from major artefacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Evans
- School of Health Science, University of Wales Swansea, UK.
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Evans CJ, Petö GC, al-Lehyani S, Darko JB. The elemental analysis of the human body using associated particle timing based on the D + D reaction. Appl Radiat Isot 1998; 49:549-51. [PMID: 9569539 DOI: 10.1016/s0969-8043(97)00072-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fast (approximately 2.8 MeV) neutrons are generated in the 2H(d,n)3He reaction, and are used for excitation of sample materials via inelastic scattering. Nanosecond timing identifies the spatial origin of the measured gamma radiation, making possible three-dimensional imaging and improved detection sensitivity. Several elements have been measured, and it is estimated that a clinical device, with equivalent dose of 10 mSv, will be capable of detecting the order of 10-100 mg.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Evans
- Department of Physics, University of Wales Swansea, Singleton Park, U.K
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Abstract
The optimum parameters and limits are predicted for the performance of an associated particle imaging system on the basis of recently completed projects studying the use of timing with neutrons for elemental analysis of bulk samples such as the human body or traveling trunks.
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