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Zaveri NT. Nociceptin Opioid Receptor (NOP) as a Therapeutic Target: Progress in Translation from Preclinical Research to Clinical Utility. J Med Chem 2016; 59:7011-28. [PMID: 26878436 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In the two decades since the discovery of the nociceptin opioid receptor (NOP) and its ligand, nociceptin/orphaninFQ (N/OFQ), steady progress has been achieved in understanding the pharmacology of this fourth opioid receptor/peptide system, aided by genetic and pharmacologic approaches. This research spawned an explosion of small-molecule NOP receptor ligands from discovery programs in major pharmaceutical companies. NOP agonists have been investigated for their efficacy in preclinical models of anxiety, cough, substance abuse, pain (spinal and peripheral), and urinary incontinence, whereas NOP antagonists have been investigated for treatment of pain, depression, and motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease. Translation of preclinical findings into the clinic is guided by PET and receptor occupancy studies, particularly for NOP antagonists. Recent progress in preclinical NOP research suggests that NOP agonists may have clinical utility for pain treatment and substance abuse pharmacotherapy. This review discusses the progress toward validating the NOP-N/OFQ system as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurulain T Zaveri
- Astraea Therapeutics , 320 Logue Avenue, Suite 142, Mountain View, California 94043, United States
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Dannals RF. Positron emission tomography radioligands for the opioid system. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2013; 56:187-95. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Revised: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 11/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert F. Dannals
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology; The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore; Maryland; USA; 21287
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Evaluation of [18F]MK-0911, a positron emission tomography (PET) tracer for opioid receptor-like 1 (ORL1), in rhesus monkey and human. Neuroimage 2013; 68:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.11.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Revised: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Pedregal C, Joshi EM, Toledo MA, Lafuente C, Diaz N, Martinez-Grau MA, Jiménez A, Benito A, Navarro A, Chen Z, Mudra DR, Kahl SD, Rash KS, Statnick MA, Barth VN. Development of LC-MS/MS-Based Receptor Occupancy Tracers and Positron Emission Tomography Radioligands for the Nociceptin/Orphanin FQ (NOP) Receptor. J Med Chem 2012; 55:4955-67. [DOI: 10.1021/jm201629q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Concepción Pedregal
- Centro de
Investigación Lilly, Avenida de la Industria 30, 28108-Alcobendas,
Madrid, Spain
| | - Elizabeth M. Joshi
- Eli Lilly & Co., Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Miguel A. Toledo
- Centro de
Investigación Lilly, Avenida de la Industria 30, 28108-Alcobendas,
Madrid, Spain
| | - Celia Lafuente
- Centro de
Investigación Lilly, Avenida de la Industria 30, 28108-Alcobendas,
Madrid, Spain
| | - Nuria Diaz
- Centro de
Investigación Lilly, Avenida de la Industria 30, 28108-Alcobendas,
Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria A. Martinez-Grau
- Centro de
Investigación Lilly, Avenida de la Industria 30, 28108-Alcobendas,
Madrid, Spain
| | - Alma Jiménez
- Centro de
Investigación Lilly, Avenida de la Industria 30, 28108-Alcobendas,
Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Benito
- Centro de
Investigación Lilly, Avenida de la Industria 30, 28108-Alcobendas,
Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Navarro
- Eli Lilly & Co., Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Zhaogen Chen
- Eli Lilly & Co., Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Daniel R. Mudra
- Eli Lilly & Co., Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Steven D. Kahl
- Eli Lilly & Co., Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Karen S. Rash
- Eli Lilly & Co., Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Michael A. Statnick
- Eli Lilly & Co., Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Vanessa N. Barth
- Eli Lilly & Co., Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
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Lohith TG, Zoghbi SS, Morse CL, Araneta MF, Barth VN, Goebl NA, Tauscher JT, Pike VW, Innis RB, Fujita M. Brain and whole-body imaging of nociceptin/orphanin FQ peptide receptor in humans using the PET ligand 11C-NOP-1A. J Nucl Med 2012; 53:385-92. [PMID: 22312136 PMCID: PMC3835399 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.111.097162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Nociceptin/orphanin FQ peptide (NOP) receptor is a new class of opioid receptor that may play a pathophysiologic role in anxiety and drug abuse and is a potential therapeutic target in these disorders. We previously developed a high-affinity PET ligand, (11)C-NOP-1A, which yielded promising results in monkey brain. Here, we assessed the ability of (11)C-NOP-1A to quantify NOP receptors in human brain and estimated its radiation safety profile. METHODS After intravenous injection of (11)C-NOP-1A, 7 healthy subjects underwent brain PET for 2 h and serial sampling of radial arterial blood to measure parent radioligand concentrations. Distribution volume (V(T); a measure of receptor density) was determined by compartmental (1- and 2-tissue) and noncompartmental (Logan analysis and Ichise's bilinear analysis [MA1]) methods. A separate group of 9 healthy subjects underwent whole-body PET to estimate whole-body radiation exposure (effective dose). RESULTS After (11)C-NOP-1A injection, the peak concentration of radioactivity in brain was high (∼5-7 standardized uptake values), occurred early (∼10 min), and then washed out quickly. The unconstrained 2-tissue-compartment model gave excellent V(T) identifiability (∼1.1% SE) and fitted the data better than a 1-tissue-compartment model. Regional V(T) values (mL·cm(-3)) ranged from 10.1 in temporal cortex to 5.6 in cerebellum. V(T) was well identified in the initial 70 min of imaging and remained stable for the remaining 50 min, suggesting that brain radioactivity was most likely parent radioligand, as supported by the fact that all plasma radiometabolites of (11)C-NOP-1A were less lipophilic than the parent radioligand. Voxel-based MA1 V(T) values correlated well with results from the 2-tissue-compartment model, showing that parametric methods can be used to compare populations. Whole-body scans showed radioactivity in brain and in peripheral organs expressing NOP receptors, such as heart, pancreas, and spleen. (11)C-NOP-1A was significantly metabolized and excreted via the hepatobiliary route. Gallbladder had the highest radiation exposure (21 μSv/MBq), and the effective dose was 4.3 μSv/MBq. CONCLUSION (11)C-NOP-1A is a promising radioligand that reliably quantifies NOP receptors in human brain. The effective dose in humans is low and similar to that of other (11)C-labeled radioligands, allowing multiple scans in 1 subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talakad G. Lohith
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Sami S. Zoghbi
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Cheryl L. Morse
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Maria F. Araneta
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | | | | | - Victor W. Pike
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Robert B. Innis
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Masahiro Fujita
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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Kimura Y, Fujita M, Hong J, Lohith TG, Gladding RL, Zoghbi SS, Tauscher JA, Goebl N, Rash KS, Chen Z, Pedregal C, Barth VN, Pike VW, Innis RB. Brain and whole-body imaging in rhesus monkeys of 11C-NOP-1A, a promising PET radioligand for nociceptin/orphanin FQ peptide receptors. J Nucl Med 2011; 52:1638-45. [PMID: 21880575 PMCID: PMC3216483 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.111.091181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Our laboratory developed (S)-3-(2'-fluoro-6',7'-dihydrospiro[piperidine-4,4'-thieno[3,2-c]pyran]-1-yl)-2-(2-fluorobenzyl)-N-methylpropanamide ((11)C-NOP-1A), a new radioligand for the nociceptin/orphanin FQ peptide (NOP) receptor, with high affinity (K(i), 0.15 nM) and appropriate lipophilicity (measured logD, 3.4) for PET brain imaging. Here, we assessed the utility of (11)C-NOP-1A for quantifying NOP receptors in the monkey brain and estimated the radiation safety profile of this radioligand based on its biodistribution in monkeys. METHODS Baseline and blocking PET scans were acquired from head to thigh for 3 rhesus monkeys for approximately 120 min after (11)C-NOP-1A injection. These 6 PET scans were used to quantify NOP receptors in the brain and to estimate radiation exposure to organs of the body. In the blocked scans, a selective nonradioactive NOP receptor antagonist (SB-612111; 1 mg/kg intravenously) was administered before (11)C-NOP-1A. In all scans, arterial blood was sampled to measure the parent radioligand (11)C-NOP-1A. Distribution volume (V(T); a measure of receptor density) was calculated with a compartment model using brain and arterial plasma data. Radiation-absorbed doses were calculated using the MIRD Committee scheme. RESULTS After (11)C-NOP-1A injection, peak uptake of radioactivity in the brain had a high concentration (∼5 standardized uptake value), occurred early (∼12 min), and thereafter washed out quickly. V(T) (mL · cm(-3)) was highest in the neocortex (∼20) and lowest in hypothalamus and cerebellum (∼13). SB-612111 blocked approximately 50%-70% of uptake and reduced V(T) in all brain regions to approximately 7 mL · cm(-3). Distribution was well identified within 60 min of injection and stable for the remaining 60 min, consistent with only parent radioligand and not radiometabolites entering the brain. Whole-body scans confirmed that the brain had specific (i.e., displaceable) binding but could not detect specific binding in peripheral organs. The effective dose for humans estimated from the baseline scans in monkeys was 5.0 μSv/MBq. CONCLUSION (11)C-NOP-1A is a useful radioligand for quantifying NOP receptors in the monkey brain, and its radiation dose is similar to that of other (11)C-labeled ligands for neuroreceptors. (11)C-NOP-1A appears to be a promising candidate for measuring NOP receptors in the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyuki Kimura
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
- Department of Molecular Neuroimaging, Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masahiro Fujita
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jinsoo Hong
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Talakad G. Lohith
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Robert L. Gladding
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Sami S. Zoghbi
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Victor W. Pike
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Robert B. Innis
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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Mustazza C, Bastanzio G. Development of nociceptin receptor (NOP) agonists and antagonists. Med Res Rev 2011; 31:605-48. [PMID: 20099319 DOI: 10.1002/med.20197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The nociceptin opioid (NOP) receptor is the most recently discovered member of the family of the opioid receptors; its endogenous agonist is the peptide nociceptin. Due to the subsequent elucidation of its physiological role in both central and peripheral nervous system and in some non-neural tissues, there is a rapidly growing interest in the pharmacological application of substances active on this receptor. Despite the current clinical use of a morphinane-based NOP/MOP mixed ligand (buprenorphine) as an analgesic and in the treatment of drug addictions, so far just a few clinical trials have been made with selective NOP ligands. However, the perspective of their utilization is rapidly growing. Agonists can find applications in the treatment of neuropathic pain, anxiety, cough, drug addition, urinary incontinence, anorexia, congestive heart failure, hypertension; and antagonists for pain, depression, Parkinson's disease, obesity, and as memory enhancers. Besides peptide ligands, which are still subjected to many pharmacological investigations, many different chemical classes of NOP ligands have been discovered: piperidines, nortropanes, spiropiperidines, 4-amino-quinolines and quinazolines, and others. The new advances in establishing structure-activity relationships, also with the help of modeling studies, can permit the development of more active and selective molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Mustazza
- Dipartimento del Farmaco, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, Roma, Italy.
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Abstract
In vivo functional imaging by means of positron emission tomography (PET) is the sole method for providing a quantitative measurement of mu-, kappa and delta-opioid receptor-mediated signalling in the central nervous system. During the last two decades, measurements of changes to the regional brain opioidergic neuronal activation--mediated by endogenously produced opioid peptides, or exogenously administered opioid drugs--have been conducted in numerous chronic pain conditions, in epilepsy, as well as by stimulant- and opioidergic drugs. Although several PET-tracers have been used clinically for depiction and quantification of the opioid receptors changes, the underlying mechanisms for regulation of changes to the availability of opioid receptors are still unclear. After a presentation of the general signalling mechanisms of the opioid receptor system relevant for PET, a critical survey of the pharmacological properties of some currently available PET-tracers is presented. Clinical studies performed with different PET ligands are also reviewed and the compound-dependent findings are summarized. An outlook is given concluding with the tailoring of tracer properties, in order to facilitate for a selective addressment of dynamic changes to the availability of a single subclass, in combination with an optimization of the quantification framework are essentials for further progress in the field of in vivo opioid receptor imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gjermund Henriksen
- Nuklearmedizinische Klinik und Poliklinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaningerstrasse 22, D-81675 München, Germany
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Obara I, Przewlocki R, Przewlocka B. Spinal and local peripheral antiallodynic activity of Ro64-6198 in neuropathic pain in the rat. Pain 2005; 116:17-25. [PMID: 15927383 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2005.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2004] [Revised: 03/02/2005] [Accepted: 03/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The nociceptin system seems to be involved in modulation of acute nociceptive stimulation and in chronic pain processes, e.g. inflammation and neuropathy. In the present study, we examined the analgesic effect of a new opioid receptor-like (ORL1) receptor agonist, Ro64-6198, and compared it with the effect of endogenous ORL1 receptor agonist, nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ), in a model of neuropathic pain in the rat. Ro64-6198 was injected intrathecaly (i.t.), intraplantarly (i.pl.) and subcutaneously (s.c.), and responses of neuropathic rats were measured in tactile (von Frey) and thermal (cold water) allodynia tests. Ro64-6198 did not change the pain threshold in naive animals, but exhibited antiallodynic activity in neuropathic rats. This effect was observed after i.t. and i.pl. but not after s.c. administration. Moreover, the observed antiallodynic potency of Ro64-6198 was weaker in comparison with N/OFQ after i.t. administration of either agonist, but almost equal after i.pl. injection. Selective antagonists of the ORL1 receptor, [Phe1Psi(CH2-NH)Gly2]NC(1-13)NH2 (PhePsi) and [N-Phe1]-NC(1-13)NH2 (NPhe), inhibited the antiallodynic actions of Ro64-6198 which indicated that the spinal and peripheral antinociceptive effects were mediated by ORL1 receptors. Therefore, besides spinal, also peripheral ORL1 receptors may be targeted by drugs designed for the long-term treatment of chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Obara
- Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna Street, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
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Ogawa M, Hatano K, Kawasumi Y, Ishiwata K, Kawamura K, Ozaki S, Ito K. Synthesis and evaluation of 1-[(3R,4R)-1-cyclooctylmethyl-3-hydroxymethyl-4-piperidyl]-3-[11C]ethyl-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one as a brain ORL1 receptor imaging agent for positron emission tomography. Nucl Med Biol 2003; 30:51-9. [PMID: 12493543 DOI: 10.1016/s0969-8051(02)00352-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
1-[(3R,4R)-1-cyclooctylmethyl-3-hydroxymethyl-4-piperidyl]-3-[(11)C]ethyl-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one ([(11)C]CPEB) was synthesized by [(11)C]N-ethylation and evaluated as a potential brain ORL1 receptor imaging agent by positron emission tomography. The uptake of [(11)C]CPEB in the mouse brain was 1.9% dose/g, 2 min post-injection, and gradually decreased with time. Receptor-specific binding was observed, however, the contribution of other receptors was observed and the non-specific binding of [(11)C]CPEB was too high for imaging receptors in vivo. Therefore, [(11)C]CPEB is not a suitable tracer for in vivo ORL1 receptor imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikako Ogawa
- Department of Biofunctional Research, National Institute for Longevity Sciences, Obu 474-8522, Japan
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