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Folate-based radiotracers for nuclear imaging and radionuclide therapy. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Firth G, Blower JE, Bartnicka JJ, Mishra A, Michaels AM, Rigby A, Darwesh A, Al-Salemee F, Blower PJ. Non-invasive radionuclide imaging of trace metal trafficking in health and disease: "PET metallomics". RSC Chem Biol 2022; 3:495-518. [PMID: 35656481 PMCID: PMC9092424 DOI: 10.1039/d2cb00033d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Several specific metallic elements must be present in the human body to maintain health and function. Maintaining the correct quantity (from trace to bulk) and location at the cell and tissue level is essential. The study of the biological role of metals has become known as metallomics. While quantities of metals in cells and tissues can be readily measured in biopsy and autopsy samples by destructive analytical techniques, their trafficking and its role in health and disease are poorly understood. Molecular imaging with radionuclides - positron emission tomography (PET) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) - is emerging as a means to non-invasively study the acute trafficking of essential metals between organs, non-invasively and in real time, in health and disease. PET scanners are increasingly widely available in hospitals, and methods for producing radionuclides of some of the key essential metals are developing fast. This review summarises recent developments in radionuclide imaging technology that permit such investigations, describes the radiological and physicochemical properties of key radioisotopes of essential trace metals and useful analogues, and introduces current and potential future applications in preclinical and clinical investigations to study the biology of essential trace metals in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Firth
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital London UK
| | - Julia E Blower
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital London UK
| | - Joanna J Bartnicka
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital London UK
| | - Aishwarya Mishra
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital London UK
| | - Aidan M Michaels
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital London UK
| | - Alex Rigby
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital London UK
| | - Afnan Darwesh
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital London UK
| | - Fahad Al-Salemee
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital London UK
| | - Philip J Blower
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital London UK
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Yields of Photo-Proton Reactions on Nuclei of Nickel and Separation of Cobalt Isotopes from Irradiated Targets. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27051524. [PMID: 35268626 PMCID: PMC8911929 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27051524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, cobalt isotopes 55Co, 57Co, and 58mCo are considered to be promising radionuclides in nuclear medicine, with 55Co receiving the most attention as an isotope for diagnostics by positron emission tomography. One of the current research directions is dedicated to its production using electron accelerators (via photonuclear method). In our work, the yields of nuclear reactions occurring during the irradiation of natNi and 60Ni by bremsstrahlung photons with energy up to 55 MeV were determined. A method of fast and simple cobalt isotopes separation from irradiated targets using extraction chromatography was developed.
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The utilization of positron emission tomography in the evaluation of renal health and disease. Clin Transl Imaging 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s40336-021-00469-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose
Positron emission tomography (PET) is a nuclear imaging technique that uses radiotracers to visualize metabolic processes of interest across different organs, to diagnose and manage diseases, and monitor therapeutic response. This systematic review aimed to characterize the value of PET for the assessment of renal metabolism and function in subjects with non-oncological metabolic disorders.
Methods
This review was conducted and reported in accordance with the PRISMA statement. Research articles reporting “kidney” or “renal” metabolism evaluated with PET imaging between 1980 and 2021 were systematically searched in Medline/PubMed, Science Direct, and the Cochrane Library. Search results were exported and stored in RefWorks, the duplicates were removed, and eligible studies were identified, evaluated, and summarized.
Results
Thirty reports met the inclusion criteria. The majority of the studies were prospective (73.33%, n = 22) in nature. The most utilized PET radiotracers were 15O-labeled radio water (H215O, n = 14) and 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG, n = 8). Other radiotracers used in at least one study were 14(R,S)-(18)F-fluoro-6-thia-heptadecanoic acid (18F-FTHA), 18F-Sodium Fluoride (18F-NaF), 11C-acetate, 68-Gallium (68Ga), 13N-ammonia (13N-NH3), Rubidium-82 (82Rb), radiolabeled cationic ferritin (RadioCF), 11C‐para-aminobenzoic acid (11C-PABA), Gallium-68 pentixafor (68Ga-Pentixafor), 2-deoxy-2-F-fluoro-d-sorbitol (F-FDS) and 55Co-ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (55Co-EDTA).
Conclusion
PET imaging provides an effective modality for evaluating a range of metabolic functions including glucose and fatty acid uptake, oxygen consumption and renal perfusion. Multiple positron emitting radiolabeled racers can be used for renal imaging in clinical settings. PET imaging thus holds the potential to improve the diagnosis of renal disorders, and to monitor disease progression and treatment response.
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George KJH, Borjian S, Cross MC, Hicks JW, Schaffer P, Kovacs MS. Expanding the PET radioisotope universe utilizing solid targets on small medical cyclotrons. RSC Adv 2021; 11:31098-31123. [PMID: 35498914 PMCID: PMC9041346 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra04480j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular imaging with medical radioisotopes enables the minimally-invasive monitoring of aberrant biochemical, cellular and tissue-level processes in living subjects. The approach requires the administration of radiotracers composed of radioisotopes attached to bioactive molecules, the pairing of which considers several aspects of the radioisotope in addition to the biological behavior of the targeting molecule to which it is attached. With the advent of modern cellular and biochemical techniques, there has been a virtual explosion in potential disease recognition antigens as well as targeting moieties, which has subsequently opened new applications for a host of emerging radioisotopes with well-matched properties. Additionally, the global radioisotope production landscape has changed rapidly, with reactor-based production and its long-defined, large-scale centralized manufacturing and distribution paradigm shifting to include the manufacture and distribution of many radioisotopes via a worldwide fleet of cyclotrons now in operation. Cyclotron-based radioisotope production has become more prevalent given the commercial availability of instruments, coupled with the introduction of new target hardware, process automation and target manufacturing methods. These advances enable sustained, higher-power irradiation of solid targets that allow hospital-based radiopharmacies to produce a suite of radioisotopes that drive research, clinical trials, and ultimately clinical care. Over the years, several different radioisotopes have been investigated and/or selected for radiolabeling due to favorable decay characteristics (i.e. a suitable half-life, high probability of positron decay, etc.), well-elucidated chemistry, and a feasible production framework. However, longer-lived radioisotopes have surged in popularity given recent regulatory approvals and incorporation of radiopharmaceuticals into patient management within the medical community. This review focuses on the applications, nuclear properties, and production and purification methods for some of the most frequently used/emerging positron-emitting, solid-target-produced radioisotopes that can be manufactured using small-to-medium size cyclotrons (≤24 MeV).
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Affiliation(s)
- K J H George
- Lawson Health Research Institute 268 Grosvenor Street London ON N6A 4V2 Canada
- Medical Biophysics, Western University 1151 Richmond Street N. London ON N6A 5C1 Canada
| | - S Borjian
- ARTMS 301-4475 Wayburn Drive Burnaby BC V5G 4X4 Canada
| | - M C Cross
- ARTMS 301-4475 Wayburn Drive Burnaby BC V5G 4X4 Canada
| | - J W Hicks
- Lawson Health Research Institute 268 Grosvenor Street London ON N6A 4V2 Canada
- Medical Biophysics, Western University 1151 Richmond Street N. London ON N6A 5C1 Canada
| | - P Schaffer
- Life Sciences, TRIUMF 4004 Wesbrook Mall Vancouver BC V6T 2A3 Canada
- ARTMS 301-4475 Wayburn Drive Burnaby BC V5G 4X4 Canada
- Radiology, University of British Columbia 2775 Laurel St Vancouver BC V5Z 1M9 Canada
- Chemistry, Simon Fraser University 8888 University Dr Burnaby BC V5A 1S6 Canada
| | - M S Kovacs
- Lawson Health Research Institute 268 Grosvenor Street London ON N6A 4V2 Canada
- Medical Biophysics, Western University 1151 Richmond Street N. London ON N6A 5C1 Canada
- Medical Imaging, Western University 1151 Richmond Street N. London ON N6A 5C1 Canada
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GALI HARIPRASAD. Development of radiopharmaceuticals for PET renography. J CHEM SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12039-021-01924-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Wang H, Dong W, Zhao Q, Lu K, Guo X, Liu H, Wu Z, Li S. Synthesis of N-(6-[ 18F]Fluoropyridin-3-yl)glycine as a potential renal PET agent. Nucl Med Biol 2019; 76-77:21-27. [PMID: 31648134 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2019.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Given the requirements of high sensitivity and spatial resolution, the development of new positron emission tomography (PET) agents is required for PET renography. The objective of this study was to investigate a new fluorine-18 labeled hippurate analogue of picolinamide, N-(6-[18F]Fluoropyridin-3-yl)glycine, as a new renal PET agent for evaluating renal function. METHODS N-(6-[18F]Fluoropyridin-3-yl)glycine was prepared via a two-step reaction, including the nucleophilic substitution reaction of Br with 18F using methyl 2-(6-bromonicotinamido)acetate as a precursor followed the hydrolysis with sodium hydroxide and purification by preparative-HPLC. The in vitro and in vivo stability were determined using HPLC, and the plasma protein binding (PPB) and erythrocyte uptake of N-(6-[18F]Fluoropyridin-3-yl)glycine were determined using blood collected from healthy rats at 5 min post-injection. Biodistribution and dynamic micro-PET/CT imaging studies were conducted in healthy rats. RESULTS N-(6-[18F]Fluoropyridin-3-yl)glycine was prepared within 45 min with an uncorrected radiochemical yield of 24.5 ± 6.7% (n = 6, based on [18F]F-) and a radiochemical purity of >98%. N-(6-[18F]Fluoropyridin-3-yl)glycine demonstrated good stability both in vitro and in vivo. The results of the biodistribution and dynamic micro-PET/CT imaging studies in normal rats indicated that N-(6-[18F]Fluoropyridin-3-yl)glycine was rapidly and exclusively excreted via the renal-urinary pathway. CONCLUSION N-(6-[18F]Fluoropyridin-3-yl)glycine is has been shown to be a promising renal PET agent and warrants further evaluation of renal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongliang Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, People's Republic of China; Shanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, People's Republic of China; Molecular Imaging Precision Medicine Collaborative Innovation Center of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Weixuan Dong
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinan Zhao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, People's Republic of China
| | - Keyi Lu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, People's Republic of China; Shanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, People's Republic of China; Molecular Imaging Precision Medicine Collaborative Innovation Center of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoshan Guo
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, People's Republic of China; Shanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, People's Republic of China; Molecular Imaging Precision Medicine Collaborative Innovation Center of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyan Liu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, People's Republic of China; Shanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, People's Republic of China; Molecular Imaging Precision Medicine Collaborative Innovation Center of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhifang Wu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, People's Republic of China; Shanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, People's Republic of China; Molecular Imaging Precision Medicine Collaborative Innovation Center of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Sijin Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, People's Republic of China; Shanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, People's Republic of China; Molecular Imaging Precision Medicine Collaborative Innovation Center of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, People's Republic of China.
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Gündel D, Pohle U, Prell E, Odparlik A, Thews O. Assessing Glomerular Filtration in Small Animals Using [ 68Ga]DTPA and [ 68Ga]EDTA with PET Imaging. Mol Imaging Biol 2019; 20:457-464. [PMID: 29063303 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-017-1135-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Determining the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is essential for clinical medicine but also for pre-clinical animal studies. Functional imaging using positron emission tomography (PET) allows repetitive almost non-invasive measurements. The aim of the study was the development and evaluation of easily synthesizable PET tracers for GFR measurements in small animals. PROCEDURES Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) were labeled with Ga-68. The binding to blood cells and plasma proteins was tested in vitro. The distribution of the tracers in rats was analyzed by PET imaging and ex vivo measurements. From the time-activity-curve of the blood compartment (heart) and the total tracer mass excreted by the kidney, the GFR was calculated. These values were compared directly with the inulin clearance in the same animals. RESULTS Both tracers did not bind to blood cells. [68Ga]DPTA but not [68Ga]EDTA showed strong binding to plasma proteins. For this reason, [68Ga]DPTA stayed much longer in the blood and only 30 % of the injected dose was eliminated by the kidney within 60 min whereas the excretion of [68Ga]EDTA was 89 ± 1 %. The calculated GFR using [68Ga]EDTA was comparable to the measured inulin clearance in the same animal. Using [68Ga]-DPTA, the measurements led to values which were 80 % below the normal GFR. The results also revealed that definition of the volume of interest for the blood compartment affects the calculation and may lead to a slight overestimation of the GFR. CONCLUSIONS [68Ga]EDTA is a suitable tracer for GFR calculation from PET imaging in small animals. It is easy to be labeled, and the results are in good accordance with the inulin clearance. [68Ga]DTPA led to a marked underestimation of GFR due to its strong binding to plasma proteins and is therefore not an appropriate tracer for GFR measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Gündel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Ulrike Pohle
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Erik Prell
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Andreas Odparlik
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Oliver Thews
- Institute of Physiology, University Halle, Halle (Saale), Germany
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Abstract
Nuclear medicine is composed of two complementary areas, imaging and therapy. Positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon imaging, including single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), comprise the imaging component of nuclear medicine. These areas are distinct in that they exploit different nuclear decay processes and also different imaging technologies. In PET, images are created from the 511 keV photons produced when the positron emitted by a radionuclide encounters an electron and is annihilated. In contrast, in single-photon imaging, images are created from the γ rays (and occasionally X-rays) directly emitted by the nucleus. Therapeutic nuclear medicine uses particulate radiation such as Auger or conversion electrons or β- or α particles. All three of these technologies are linked by the requirement that the radionuclide must be attached to a suitable vector that can deliver it to its target. It is imperative that the radionuclide remain attached to the vector before it is delivered to its target as well as after it reaches its target or else the resulting image (or therapeutic outcome) will not reflect the biological process of interest. Radiochemistry is at the core of this process, and radiometals offer radiopharmaceutical chemists a tremendous range of options with which to accomplish these goals. They also offer a wide range of options in terms of radionuclide half-lives and emission properties, providing the ability to carefully match the decay properties with the desired outcome. This Review provides an overview of some of the ways this can be accomplished as well as several historical examples of some of the limitations of earlier metalloradiopharmaceuticals and the ways that new technologies, primarily related to radionuclide production, have provided solutions to these problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Boros
- Department of Chemistry , Stony Brook University , Stony Brook , New York 11794 , United States
| | - Alan B Packard
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology , Boston Children's Hospital , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States.,Harvard Medical School , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
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Aluicio-Sarduy E, Ellison PA, Barnhart TE, Cai W, Nickles RJ, Engle JW. PET radiometals for antibody labeling. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2018; 61:636-651. [PMID: 29341227 PMCID: PMC6050152 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in molecular characterization of tumors have made possible the emergence of new types of cancer therapies where traditional cytotoxic drugs and nonspecific chemotherapy can be complemented with targeted molecular therapies. One of the main revolutionary treatments is the use of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that selectively target the disseminated tumor cells while sparing normal tissues. mAbs and related therapeutics can be efficiently radiolabeled with a wide range of radionuclides to facilitate preclinical and clinical studies. Non-invasive molecular imaging techniques, such as Positron Emission Tomography (PET), using radiolabeled mAbs provide useful information on the whole-body distribution of the biomolecules, which may enable patient stratification, diagnosis, selection of targeted therapies, evaluation of treatment response, and prediction of dose limiting tissue and adverse effects. In addition, when mAbs are labeled with therapeutic radionuclides, the combination of immunological and radiobiological cytotoxicity may result in enhanced treatment efficacy. The pharmacokinetic profile of antibodies demands the use of long half-life isotopes for longitudinal scrutiny of mAb biodistribution and precludes the use of well-stablished short half-life isotopes. Herein, we review the most promising PET radiometals with chemical and physical characteristics that make the appealing for mAb labeling, highlighting those with theranostic radioisotopes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul A. Ellison
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Medical Physics, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Todd E. Barnhart
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Medical Physics, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Weibo Cai
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Medical Physics, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Radiology, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- University of Wisconsin-Madison Carbone Cancer Center, Carbon Cancer Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Robert Jerry Nickles
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Medical Physics, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jonathan W. Engle
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Medical Physics, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Radiology, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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Khandaker MU, Ali SK, Kassim HA, Yusof N. Evaluated cross-sections of 55 Co radionuclide, a non-standard positron emitter for clinical applications. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2017.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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12
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Valdovinos HF, Hernandez R, Graves S, Ellison PA, Barnhart TE, Theuer CP, Engle JW, Cai W, Nickles RJ. Cyclotron production and radiochemical separation of 55Co and 58mCo from 54Fe, 58Ni and 57Fe targets. Appl Radiat Isot 2017; 130:90-101. [PMID: 28946101 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This work presents the production with a cyclotron of the positron emitter 55Co via the 54Fe(d,n) and 58Ni(p,α) reactions and the Auger electron emitter 58mCo via the 57Fe(d,n) reaction after high current (40μA p and 60μA d) irradiation on electroplated targets. High specific activity radionuclides (up to 55.6 GBq/μmol 55Co and 31.8GBq/μmol 58mCo) with high radionuclidic purity (99.995% 55Co from 54Fe, 98.8% 55Co from 58Ni, and 98.7% 58mCo from 57Fe at end of bombardment, EoB), in high activity concentration (final separated radionuclide in < 0.6mL) and with almost quantitative overall activity separation yield (> 92%) were obtained after processing of the irradiated targets with novel radiochemical separation methods based on HCl dissolution and the resin N,N,N',N'-tetrakis-2-ethylhexyldiglycolamide (DGA, branched). One hour long irradiations using 38-65, 110-214 and 59-78mg of enriched 54Fe (99.93%), 58Ni (99.48%) and 57Fe (95.06%), respectively, electroplated over a 1.0cm2 surface, yielded 582 ± 66MBq 55Co, 372 ± 14MBq 55Co and 810 ± 186MBq 58mCo, respectively, decay corrected to EoB. The separation methods allow for the recovery of the costly enriched target materials, which were reconstituted into metallic targets after novel electroplating methods, with an overall recycling efficiency of 93 ± 4% for iron. The produced radionuclides were used to radiolabel the angiogenesis marker antibody TRC105 conjugated to the chelator NOTA as a demonstration of their quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- H F Valdovinos
- Medical Physics Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - R Hernandez
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - S Graves
- Medical Physics Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - P A Ellison
- Medical Physics Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - T E Barnhart
- Medical Physics Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - C P Theuer
- TRACON Pharmaceuticals, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA
| | - J W Engle
- Medical Physics Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - W Cai
- Medical Physics Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA; University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI, USA
| | - R J Nickles
- Medical Physics Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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High Contrast PET Imaging of GRPR Expression in Prostate Cancer Using Cobalt-Labeled Bombesin Antagonist RM26. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2017; 2017:6873684. [PMID: 29097932 PMCID: PMC5612608 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6873684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
High gastrin releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) expression is associated with numerous cancers including prostate and breast cancer. The aim of the current study was to develop a 55Co-labeled PET agent based on GRPR antagonist RM26 for visualization of GRPR-expressing tumors. Labeling with 57Co and 55Co, stability, binding specificity, and in vitro and in vivo characteristics of 57Co-NOTA-PEG2-RM26 were studied. NOTA-PEG2-RM26 was successfully radiolabeled with 57Co and 55Co with high yields and demonstrated high stability. The radiopeptide showed retained binding specificity to GRPR in vitro and in vivo. 57Co-NOTA-PEG2-RM26 biodistribution in mice was characterized by rapid clearance of radioactivity from blood and normal non-GRPR-expressing organs and low hepatic uptake. The clearance was predominantly renal with a low degree of radioactivity reabsorption. Tumor-to-blood ratios were approximately 200 (3 h pi) and 1000 (24 h pi). The favorable biodistribution of cobalt-labeled NOTA-PEG2-RM26 translated into high contrast preclinical PET/CT (using 55Co) and SPECT/CT (using 57Co) images of PC-3 xenografts. The initial biological results suggest that 55Co-NOTA-PEG2-RM26 is a promising tracer for PET visualization of GRPR-expressing tumors.
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Abstract
Theranostics labeled with Y-90 or Lu-177 are highly efficient therapeutic approaches for the systemic treatment of various cancers including neuroendocrine tumors and prostate cancer. Peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) has been used for many years for metastatic or inoperable neuroendocrine tumors. However, renal and hematopoietic toxicities are the major limitations for this therapeutic approach. Kidneys have been considered as the "critical organ" because of the predominant glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption by the proximal tubules, and interstitial retention of the tracers. Severe nephrotoxity, which has been classified as grade 4-5 based on the "Common Terminology Criteria on Adverse Events," was reported in the range from 0%-14%. There are several risk factors for renal toxicity; patient-related risk factors include older age, preexisting renal disease, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, previous nephrotoxic chemotherapy, metastatic lesions close to renal parenchyma, and single kidney. There are also treatment-related issues, such as choice of radionuclide, cumulative radiation dose to kidneys, renal radiation dose per cycle, activity administered, number of cycles, and time interval between cycles. In the literature, nephrotoxicity caused by PRRT was documented using different criteria and renal function tests, from serum creatinine level to more accurate and sophisticated methods. Generally, serum creatinine level was used as a measure of kidney function. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) estimation based on serum creatinine was preferred by several authors. Most commonly used formulas for estimation of GFR are "Modifications of Diet in Renal Disease" (MDRD) equation and "Cockcroft-Gault" formulas. However, more precise methods than creatinine or creatinine clearance are recommended to assess renal function, such as GFR measurements using Tc-99m-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA), Cr-51-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), or measurement of Tc-99m-MAG3 clearance, particularly in patients with preexisting risk factors for long-term nephrotoxicity. Proximal tubular reabsorption and interstitial retention of tracers result in excessive renal irradiation. Coinfusion of positively charged amino acids, such as l-lysine and l-arginine, is recommended to decrease the renal retention of the tracers by inhibiting the proximal tubular reabsorption. Furthermore, nephrotoxicity may be reduced by dose fractionation. Patient-specific dosimetric studies showed that renal biological effective dose of <0Gy was safe for patients without any risk factors. A renal threshold value <28Gy was recommended for patients with risk factors. Despite kidney protection, renal function impairment can occur after PRRT, especially in patients with risk factors and high single or cumulative renal absorbed dose. Therefore, patient-specific dosimetry may be helpful in minimizing the renal absorbed dose while maximizing the tumor dose. In addition, close and accurate renal function monitoring using more precise methods, rather than plasma creatinine levels, is essential to diagnose the early renal functional changes and to follow-up the renal function during the treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belkis Erbas
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hacettepe University, Medical School, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Murat Tuncel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hacettepe University, Medical School, Ankara, Turkey
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15
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Abstract
Nuclear medicine renal imaging provides important functional data to assist in the diagnosis and management of patients with a variety of renal disorders. Physiologically stable metal chelates like ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and diethylenetriamine penta-acetate (DTPA) are excreted by glomerular filtration and have been radiolabelled with a variety of isotopes for imaging glomerular filtration and quantitative assessment of glomerular filtration rate. Gallium-68 ((68)Ga) EDTA PET usage predates Technetium-99m ((99m)Tc) renal imaging, but virtually disappeared with the widespread adoption of gamma camera technology that was not optimal for imaging positron decay. There is now a reemergence of interest in (68)Ga owing to the greater availability of PET technology and use of (68)Ga to label other radiotracers. (68)Ga EDTA can be used a substitute for (99m)Tc DTPA for wide variety of clinical indications. A key advantage of PET for renal imaging over conventional scintigraphy is 3-dimensional dynamic imaging, which is particularly helpful in patients with complex anatomy in whom planar imaging may be nondiagnostic or difficult to interpret owing to overlying structures containing radioactive urine that cannot be differentiated. Other advantages include accurate and absolute (rather than relative) camera-based quantification, superior spatial and temporal resolution and integrated multislice CT providing anatomical correlation. Furthermore, the (68)Ga generator enables on-demand production at low cost, with no additional patient radiation exposure compared with conventional scintigraphy. Over the past decade, we have employed (68)Ga EDTA PET/CT primarily to answer difficult clinical questions in patients in whom other modalities have failed, particularly when it was envisaged that dynamic 3D imaging would be of assistance. We have also used it as a substitute for (99m)Tc DTPA if unavailable owing to supply issues, and have additionally examined the role of (68)Ga EDTA PET/CT for measuring glomerular filtration rate and split renal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Hofman
- Centre for Molecular Imaging, Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Rodney J Hicks
- Centre for Molecular Imaging, Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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16
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Mastren T, Marquez BV, Sultan DE, Bollinger E, Eisenbeis P, Voller T, Lapi SE. Cyclotron Production of High-Specific Activity 55Co and In Vivo Evaluation of the Stability of 55Co Metal-Chelate-Peptide Complexes. Mol Imaging 2016; 14:526-33. [PMID: 26505224 DOI: 10.2310/7290.2015.00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This work describes the production of high-specific activity 55Co and the evaluation of the stability of 55Co-metal-chelate-peptide complexes in vivo. 55Co was produced via the 58Ni(p,α)55Co reaction and purified using anion exchange chromatography with an average recovery of 92% and an average specific activity of 1.96 GBq/μmol. 55Co-DO3A and 55Co-NO2A peptide complexes were radiolabeled at 3.7 MBq/μg and injected into HCT-116 tumor xenografted mice. Positron emission tomography (PET) and biodistribution studies were performed at 24 and 48 hours postinjection and compared to those of 55CoCl2. Both 55Co-metal-chelate complexes demonstrated good in vivo stability by reducing the radiotracers' uptake in the liver by sixfold at 24 hours with ~ 1% ID/g and at 48 hours with ~ 0.5% ID/g and reducing uptake in the heart by fourfold at 24 hours with ~ 0.7% ID/g and sevenfold at 48 hours with ~ 0.35% ID/g. These results support the use of 55Co as a promising new radiotracer for PET imaging of cancer and other diseases.
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17
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Pathuri G, Hedrick AF, Awasthi V, Cowley BD, Gali H. Synthesis and in vivo evaluation of ortho-[(124)I]iodohippurate for PET renography in healthy rats. Appl Radiat Isot 2016; 115:251-255. [PMID: 27434486 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Ortho-[(131)I]iodohippurate [(131)I]OIH (marketed as Hippuran I 131), a gold standard for radionuclide renography, and [(123)I]OIH were in clinical use for decades. Here we radiolabeled OIH with (124)I (a positron emitter) to combine the desirable biological properties of OIH and to enable the use of positron emission tomography (PET) for renography. [(124)I]OIH was synthesized with a slight modification to a previously reported method for the kit preparation of [(123)I]OIH based on the Cu(II) catalyzed isotope-exchange reaction. Our method utilized heating at 120°C under sealed condition in a heating block instead of autoclaving. [(124)I]OIH was obtained with a radiochemical purity of >99.3%, radiochemical yield of 94.5%, and specific activity of ~17 MBq/mg. Biodistribution studies in healthy Sprague Dawley rats revealed results comparable to that of [(131)I]OIH as reported in the literature. The PET-derived [(124)I]OIH renograms revealed an average time-to-peak of 2.8±0.4min and the average time-to-half-maximal activity of 11.4±1.5min, which are also comparable to that of [(131)I]OIH as reported in the literature. Results from this study indicate that the synthesis of [(124)I]OIH without using an autoclave and [(124)I]OIH PET renography are feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopal Pathuri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Andria F Hedrick
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Vibhudutta Awasthi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Benjamin D Cowley
- Nephrology Section, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Hariprasad Gali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
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18
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Amjed N, Hussain M, Aslam MN, Tárkányi F, Qaim SM. Evaluation of nuclear reaction cross sections for optimization of production of the emerging diagnostic radionuclide ⁵⁵Co. Appl Radiat Isot 2015; 108:38-48. [PMID: 26686974 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2015.11.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The excitation functions of the (54)Fe(d,n)(55)Co, (56)Fe(p,2n)(55)Co and (58)Ni(p,α)(55)Co reactions were analyzed with relevance to the production of the β(+)-emitter (55)Co (T½=17.53 h), a promising cobalt radionuclide for PET imaging. The nuclear model codes ALICE-IPPE, EMPIRE and TALYS were used to check the consistency of the experimental data. The statistically fitted excitation function was employed to calculate the integral yield of the product. The amounts of the radioactive impurities (56)Co and (57)Co were assessed. A comparison of the three investigated production routes is given.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Amjed
- Department of Physics, Government College University Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan.
| | - M Hussain
- Department of Physics, Government College University Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - M N Aslam
- Department of Physics, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Defence Road Off Raiwind Road, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - F Tárkányi
- Institute for Nuclear Research of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (ATOMKI), 4026 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - S M Qaim
- Institut für Neurowissenschaften und Medizin, INM-5: Nuklearchemie, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
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19
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Hofman M, Binns D, Johnston V, Siva S, Thompson M, Eu P, Collins M, Hicks RJ. 68Ga-EDTA PET/CT imaging and plasma clearance for glomerular filtration rate quantification: comparison to conventional 51Cr-EDTA. J Nucl Med 2015; 56:405-9. [PMID: 25678493 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.114.147843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) can accurately be determined using (51)Cr-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) plasma clearance counting but is time-consuming and requires technical skills and equipment not always available in imaging departments. (68)Ga-EDTA can be readily available using an onsite generator, and PET/CT enables both imaging of renal function and accurate camera-based quantitation of clearance of activity from blood and its appearance in the urine. This study aimed to assess agreement between (68)Ga-EDTA GFR ((68)Ga-GFR) and (51)Cr-EDTA GFR ((51)Cr-GFR), using serial plasma sampling and PET imaging. METHODS (68)Ga-EDTA and (51)Cr-EDTA were injected concurrently in 31 patients. Dynamic PET/CT encompassing the kidneys was acquired for 10 min followed by 3 sequential 3-min multibed step acquisitions from kidneys to bladder. PET quantification was performed using renal activity at 1-2 min (PETinitial), renal excretion at 2-10 min (PETearly), and, subsequently, urinary excretion into the collecting system and bladder (PETlate). Plasma sampling at 2, 3, and 4 h was performed, with (68)Ga followed by (51)Cr counting after positron decay. The level of agreement for GFR determination was calculated using a Bland-Altman plot and Pearson correlation coefficient (PCC). RESULTS (51)Cr-GFR ranged from 10 to 220 mL/min (mean, 85 mL/min). There was good agreement between (68)Ga-GFR and (51)Cr-GFR using serial plasma sampling, with a Bland-Altman bias of -14 ± 20 mL/min and a PCC of 0.94 (95% confidence interval, 0.88-0.97). Of the 3 methods used for camera-based quantification, the strongest correlation was for plasma sampling-derived GFR with PETlate (PCC of 0.90; 95% confidence interval, 0.80-0.95). CONCLUSION (68)Ga-GFR agreed well with (51)Cr-GFR for estimation of GFR using serial plasma counting. PET dynamic imaging provides a method to estimate GFR without plasma sampling, with the additional advantage of enabling renal imaging in a single study. Additional validation in a larger cohort is warranted to further assess utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hofman
- Centre for Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David Binns
- Centre for Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Val Johnston
- Centre for Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Shankar Siva
- Radiation Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; and
| | - Mick Thompson
- Centre for Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Peter Eu
- Centre for Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Marnie Collins
- Department of Biostatistics and Clinical Trials, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Rodney J Hicks
- Centre for Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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20
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Mills BJ, Mu Q, Krause ME, Laurence JS. claMP Tag: a versatile inline metal-binding platform based on the metal abstraction peptide. Bioconjug Chem 2014; 25:1103-11. [PMID: 24807049 PMCID: PMC4215913 DOI: 10.1021/bc500115h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Molecularly
targeted research and diagnostic tools are essential
to advancing understanding and detection of many diseases. Metals
often impart the desired functionality to these tools, and conjugation
of high-affinity chelators to proteins is carried out to enable targeted
delivery of the metal. This approach has been much more effective
with large lanthanide series metals than smaller transition metals.
Because chemical conjugation requires additional processing and purification
steps and yields a heterogeneous mixture of products, inline incorporation
of a peptide tag capable of metal binding is a highly preferable alternative.
Development of a transition metal binding tag would provide opportunity
to greatly expand metal-based analyses. The metal abstraction peptide
(MAP) sequence was genetically engineered into recombinant protein
to generate the claMP Tag. The effects of this tag
on recombinant epidermal growth factor (EGF) protein expression, disulfide
bond formation, tertiary structural integrity, and transition metal
incorporation using nickel were examined to confirm the viability
of utilizing the MAP sequence to generate linker-less metal conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittney J Mills
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas , Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
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21
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Akca S, Tel E, Kara A. Calculation of excitation functions for the production of Cu and Co medical isotopes. KERNTECHNIK 2014. [DOI: 10.3139/124.110390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Copper and cobalt radioisotopes have been used for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes in the field of nuclear medicine. There is considerable interest in 60
,61,64,67Cu and 55,57Co radioisotopes for some applications like PET, SPECT imaging and targeted radiotherapy of tumors. In present study, the production of 60,61,64,67Cu and 55,57Co via 64Zn(p,α)61Cu, 67Zn(p,α)64Cu, 70Zn(p,α)67Cu, 58Ni(p,α)55Co, 60Ni(p,α)57Co, 64Zn(p,nα)6°Cu and 68Zn(p,nα)64Cu reactions have been investigated in the range of 5–40 MeV proton incident energy. The new version of the code ALICE-2011 is used to determine the excitation functions of these nuclear reactions. The calculated excitation functions were compared with experimental results and semi-empirical cross section values of a previously developed model.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Akca
- Cukurova University, Faculty of Arts and Science, Department of Physics, Adana-TURKEY
| | - E. Tel
- Osmaniye Korkut Ata University, Faculty of Arts and Science, Department of Physics, Osmaniye-TURKEY
| | - A. Kara
- Osmaniye Korkut Ata University, Faculty of Arts and Science, Department of Physics, Osmaniye-TURKEY
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22
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Zhou Y, Baidoo KE, Brechbiel MW. Mapping biological behaviors by application of longer-lived positron emitting radionuclides. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2013; 65:1098-111. [PMID: 23123291 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2012.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Revised: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
With the technological development of positron emission tomography (PET) and the advent of novel antibody-directed drug delivery systems, longer-lived positron-emitting radionuclides are moving to the forefront to take important roles in tracking the distribution of biotherapeutics such as antibodies, and for monitoring biological processes and responses. Longer half-life radionuclides possess advantages of convenient on-site preparation procedures for both clinical and non-clinical applications. The suitability of the long half-life radionuclides for imaging intact monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and their respective fragments, which have inherently long biological half-lives, has attracted increased interest in recent years. In this review, we provide a survey of the recent literature as it applies to the development of nine-selected longer-lived positron emitters with half-lives of 9-140h (e.g., (124)I, (64)Cu, (86)Y and (89)Zr), and describe the biological behaviors of radionuclide-labeled mAbs with respect to distribution and targeting characteristics, potential toxicities, biological applications, and clinical translation potentials.
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Key Words
- (124)I
- (64)Cu
- (86)Y
- (89)Zr
- 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-N,N′,N″,N″′-tetraacetic acid
- 1,4,7-triazacyclononane-N,N′,N″-1,4,7-triacetic acid
- 1-N-(4-aminobenzyl)-3,6,10,13,16,19-hexaazabicyclo[6.6.6]eicosane-1,8-diamine
- 1-oxa-4,7,1-tetraazacyclododecane-5-S-(4-isothiocyanatobenzyl)-4,7,10-triacetic acid
- 3,6,9,15-tetraazabicyclo[9.3.1]-pentadeca-1(15),11,13-triene-4-S-(4-isothiocyanatobenzyl)-3,6,9-triacetic acid
- CHX-A″-DTPA
- DOTA
- DOTA-DPhe1-Tyr3-octreotide
- DOTATOC
- DTPA
- HPMA
- Immuno-PET
- Monoclonal antibodies
- N-(2-hydroxypropyl)-methacrylamide
- N-[R-2-amino-3-(p-isothiocyanato-phenyl)propyl]-trans-(S,S)-cyclohexane-1,2-diamine-N,N,N′,N″,N″-pentaacetic acid
- NOTA
- Oncology
- PIB
- PIP
- Radioimmunoimaging
- SATA
- SarAr
- bispecific monoclonal antibody
- bsMAb
- diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid
- p-SCN-Bn-PCTA
- p-SCN-Bn-oxo-DO3A
- p-iodobenzoate
- para-iodophenyl
- succinimidyl acetylthioacetate
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Boros E, Lin YHS, Ferreira CL, Patrick BO, Häfeli UO, Adam MJ, Orvig C. One to chelate them all: investigation of a versatile, bifunctional chelator for 64Cu, 99mTc, Re and Co. Dalton Trans 2011; 40:6253-9. [PMID: 21308135 DOI: 10.1039/c0dt01458c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We describe the synthesis of the dip (di-picolyl-carboxylate) bifunctional chelator system, capable of fast coordination of Cu(2+), (64)Cu(2+) and Co(2+), as well as the [M(CO)(3)](+)-core (M = (99m)Tc, Re); it displays a variety of binding modes--tridentate when protected, tetradentate when deprotected. Syntheses of both the benzyl-nitro derivative and the benzyl-amino derivatives are described. The latter was coupled to biotin to show the viability of the system for functionalization with biomolecules. Besides coordination chemistry with stable isotopes, we also present labelling data with (64)Cu and (99m)Tc, as well as in vitro stability studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Boros
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
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Awasthi V, Pathuri G, Agashe HB, Gali H. Synthesis and In Vivo Evaluation of p-18F-Fluorohippurate as a New Radiopharmaceutical for Assessment of Renal Function by PET. J Nucl Med 2010; 52:147-53. [DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.110.075895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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25
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason P. Holland
- Radiochemistry Service, Department of Radiology, and Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Matthew J. Williamson
- Radiochemistry Service, Department of Radiology, and Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Jason S. Lewis
- Radiochemistry Service, Department of Radiology, and Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
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Evaluation of the Radiocobalt-Labeled [MMA-DOTA-Cys61]-ZHER2:2395-Cys Affibody Molecule for Targeting of HER2-Expressing Tumors. Mol Imaging Biol 2009; 12:54-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s11307-009-0238-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2008] [Revised: 01/14/2009] [Accepted: 03/03/2009] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Nayak TK, Brechbiel MW. Radioimmunoimaging with longer-lived positron-emitting radionuclides: potentials and challenges. Bioconjug Chem 2009; 20:825-41. [PMID: 19125647 PMCID: PMC3397469 DOI: 10.1021/bc800299f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Radioimmunoimaging and therapy has been an area of interest for several decades. Steady progress has been made toward clinical translation of radiolabeled monoclonal antibodies for diagnosis and treatment of diseases. Tremendous advances have been made in imaging technologies such as positron emission tomography (PET). However, these advances have so far eluded routine translation into clinical radioimmunoimaging applications due to the mismatch between the short half-lives of routinely used positron-emitting radionuclides such as (18)F versus the pharmacokinetics of most intact monoclonal antibodies of interest. The lack of suitable positron-emitting radionuclides that match the pharmacokinetics of intact antibodies has generated interest in exploring the use of longer-lived positron emitters that are more suitable for radioimmunoimaging and dosimetry applications with intact monoclonal antibodies. In this review, we examine the opportunities and challenges of radioimmunoimaging with select longer-lived positron-emitting radionuclides such as (124)I, (89)Zr, and (86)Y with respect to radionuclide production, ease of radiolabeling intact antibodies, imaging characteristics, radiation dosimetry, and clinical translation potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapan K. Nayak
- Radioimmune & Inorganic Chemistry Section, Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD-20892, USA
| | - Martin W. Brechbiel
- Radioimmune & Inorganic Chemistry Section, Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD-20892, USA
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28
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Szabo Z, Xia J, Mathews WB. Radiopharmaceuticals for renal positron emission tomography imaging. Semin Nucl Med 2008; 38:20-31. [PMID: 18096461 DOI: 10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2007.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Radiopharmaceuticals for functional renal imaging, including renal blood flow, renal blood volume, glomerular excretion, and metabolism have been available for some time. This review outlines radiopharmaceuticals for functional renal imaging as well as those that target pertinent molecular constituents of renal injury and repair. The angiotensin and endothelin receptors are particularly appealing molecular targets for renal imaging because of their association with renal physiology and pathology. Other targets such as the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor, integrin, or phosphatidylserine have been investigated at length for cancer imaging, but they are just as important constituents of the renal injury/repair process. Various diseases can involve identical mechanisms, such as angiogenesis and apoptosis, and radiopharmaceuticals developed for these processes in other organs can also be used for renal imaging. The sensitivity and spatial resolution of positron emission tomography makes it an ideal tool for molecular and functional kidney imaging. Radiopharmaceutical development for the kidneys must focus on achieving high target selectivity and binding affinity, stability and slow metabolism in vivo, and minimal nonspecific accumulation and urinary excretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Szabo
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
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29
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Ferreira CL, Lapi S, Steele J, Green DE, Ruth TJ, Adam MJ, Orvig C. 55Cobalt complexes with pendant carbohydrates as potential PET imaging agents. Appl Radiat Isot 2007; 65:1303-8. [PMID: 17666190 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2007.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2007] [Revised: 05/25/2007] [Accepted: 06/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Bis-ligand cobalt(II) complexes of four 3-hydroxy-4-pyridinone ligands with pendant carbohydrates were synthesized and examined for their potential as radiopharmaceuticals. Non-radioactive complexes were prepared on the macroscopic scale and characterized by elemental analysis, mass spectrometry, IR and UV/visible spectroscopy. Facile radiolabeling produced the 55Co complexes in high radiochemical yields (>95%). Identification of the radiolabeled compounds was accomplished by HPLC comparison with the corresponding non-radioactive complexes.
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30
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Haufe SE, Riedmüller K, Haberkorn U. Nuclear medicine procedures for the diagnosis of acute and chronic renal failure. Nephron Clin Pract 2006; 103:c77-84. [PMID: 16543760 DOI: 10.1159/000091576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The focus of this review is on the current role of nuclear imaging studies in the clinical evaluation of patients with acute and chronic renal failure. In this setting nuclear imaging has two roles: diagnostic and prognostic, indicating that these methods are an essential component in the evaluation of renal diseases. The functional assessment of the kidney by nuclear medicine procedures is based on the use of radioisotopes bound to non-metabolized molecules with known pharmacokinetics. Renal scintigraphy is usually applied for the assessment of renal function expressed as glomerular filtration rate, effective renal plasma flow or more generally kidney perfusion. Newer methods rely on positron emission tomography, which allows the generation of images with higher resolution and absolute quantitation of biological processes such as transport activities, enzyme activities or angiotensin receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine E Haufe
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) is perfectly suited for quantitative imaging of the kidneys, and the recent improvements in detector technology, computer hardware, and image processing software add to its appeal. Multiple positron emitting radioisotopes can be used for renal imaging. Some, including carbon-11, nitrogen-13, and oxygen-15, can be used at institutions with an on-site cyclotron. Other radioisotopes that may be even more useful in a clinical setting are those that either can be obtained from radionuclide generators (rubidium-82, copper-62) or have a sufficiently long half-life for transportation (fluorine-18). The clinical use of functional renal PET studies (blood flow, glomerular filtration rate) has been slow, in part because of the success of concurrent technologies, including single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and planar gamma camera imaging. Renal blood flow studies can be performed with O-15-labeled water, N-13-labeled ammonia, rubidium-82, and copper-labeled PTSM. With these tracers, renal blood flow can be quantified using a modified microsphere kinetic model. Glomerular filtration can be imaged and quantified with gallium-68 EDTA or cobalt-55 EDTA. Measurements of renal blood flow with PET have potential applications in renovascular disease, in transplant rejection or acute tubular necrosis, in drug-induced nephropathies, ureteral obstruction, before and after revascularization, and before and after the placement of ureteral stents. The most important clinical application for imaging glomerular function with PET would be renovascular hypertension. Molecular imaging of the kidneys with PET is rather limited. At present, research is focused on the investigation of metabolism (acetate), membrane transporters (organic cation and anion transporters, pepT1 and pepT2, GLUT, SGLT), enzymes (ACE), and receptors (AT1R). Because many nephrological and urological disorders are initiated at the molecular and organelle levels and may remain localized at their origin for an extended period of time, new disease-specific molecular probes for PET studies of the kidneys need to be developed. Future applications of molecular renal imaging are likely to involve studies of tissue hypoxia and apoptosis in renovascular renal disease, renal cancer, and obstructive nephropathy, monitoring the molecular signatures of atherosclerotic plaques, measuring endothelial dysfunction and response to balloon revascularization and restenosis, molecular assessment of the nephrotoxic effects of cyclosporine, anticancer drugs, and radiation therapy. New radioligands will enhance the staging and follow-up of renal and prostate cancer. Methods will be developed for investigation of the kinetics of drug-delivery systems and delivery and deposition of prodrugs, reporter gene technology, delivery of gene therapy (nuclear and mitochondrial), assessment of the delivery of cellular, viral, and nonviral vectors (liposomes, polycations, fusion proteins, electroporation, hematopoietic stems cells). Of particular importance will be investigations of stem cell kinetics, including local presence, bloodborne migration, activation, seeding, and its role in renal remodeling (psychological, pathological, and therapy induced). Methods also could be established for investigating the role of receptors and oncoproteins in cellular proliferation, apoptosis, tubular atrophy, and interstitial fibrosis; monitoring ras gene targeting in kidney diseases, assessing cell therapy devices (bioartificial filters, renal tubule assist devices, and bioarticial kidneys), and targeting of signal transduction moleculas with growth factors and cytokines. These potential new approaches are, at best, in an experimental stage, and more research will be needed for their implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Szabo
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
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Bergmann R, Pietzsch J. Small animal positron emission tomography in food sciences. Amino Acids 2005; 29:355-76. [PMID: 16142524 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-005-0237-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2005] [Accepted: 07/13/2005] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) is a 3-dimensional imaging technique that has undergone tremendous developments during the last decade. Non-invasive tracing of molecular pathways in vivo is the key capability of PET. It has become an important tool in the diagnosis of human diseases as well as in biomedical and pharmaceutical research. In contrast to other imaging modalities, radiotracer concentrations can be determined quantitatively. By application of appropriate tracer kinetic models, the rate constants of numerous different biological processes can be determined. Rapid progress in PET radiochemistry has significantly increased the number of biologically important molecules labelled with PET nuclides to target a broader range of physiologic, metabolic, and molecular pathways. Progress in PET physics and technology strongly contributed to better scanners and image processing. In this context, dedicated high resolution scanners for dynamic PET studies in small laboratory animals are now available. These developments represent the driving force for the expansion of PET methodology into new areas of life sciences including food sciences. Small animal PET has a high potential to depict physiologic processes like absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination and interactions of biologically significant substances, including nutrients, 'nutriceuticals', functional food ingredients, and foodborne toxicants. Based on present data, potential applications of small animal PET in food sciences are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bergmann
- Positron Emission Tomography Center, Institute of Bioinorganic and Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, Research Center Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany.
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