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Zlitni A, Gowrishankar G, Steinberg I, Haywood T, Sam Gambhir S. Maltotriose-based probes for fluorescence and photoacoustic imaging of bacterial infections. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1250. [PMID: 32144257 PMCID: PMC7060353 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14985-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, there are no non-invasive tools to accurately diagnose wound and surgical site infections before they become systemic or cause significant anatomical damage. Fluorescence and photoacoustic imaging are cost-effective imaging modalities that can be used to noninvasively diagnose bacterial infections when paired with a molecularly targeted infection imaging agent. Here, we develop a fluorescent derivative of maltotriose (Cy7-1-maltotriose), which is shown to be taken up in a variety of gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial strains in vitro. In vivo fluorescence and photoacoustic imaging studies highlight the ability of this probe to detect infection, assess infection burden, and visualize the effectiveness of antibiotic treatment in E. coli-induced myositis and a clinically relevant S. aureus wound infection murine model. In addition, we show that maltotriose is an ideal scaffold for infection imaging agents encompassing better pharmacokinetic properties and in vivo stability than other maltodextrins (e.g. maltohexose).
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimen Zlitni
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Gayatri Gowrishankar
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Idan Steinberg
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Tom Haywood
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Sanjiv Sam Gambhir
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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Müller NCJ, Konrad BN, Kohn N, Muñoz-López M, Czisch M, Fernández G, Dresler M. Hippocampal-caudate nucleus interactions support exceptional memory performance. Brain Struct Funct 2018; 223:1379-1389. [PMID: 29138923 PMCID: PMC5869896 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-017-1556-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Participants of the annual World Memory Championships regularly demonstrate extraordinary memory feats, such as memorising the order of 52 playing cards in 20 s or 1000 binary digits in 5 min. On a cognitive level, memory athletes use well-known mnemonic strategies, such as the method of loci. However, whether these feats are enabled solely through the use of mnemonic strategies or whether they benefit additionally from optimised neural circuits is still not fully clarified. Investigating 23 leading memory athletes, we found volumes of their right hippocampus and caudate nucleus were stronger correlated with each other compared to matched controls; both these volumes positively correlated with their position in the memory sports world ranking. Furthermore, we observed larger volumes of the right anterior hippocampus in athletes. Complementing these structural findings, on a functional level, fMRI resting state connectivity of the anterior hippocampus to both the posterior hippocampus and caudate nucleus predicted the athletes rank. While a competitive interaction between hippocampus and caudate nucleus is often observed in normal memory function, our findings suggest that a hippocampal-caudate nucleus cooperation may enable exceptional memory performance. We speculate that this cooperation reflects an integration of the two memory systems at issue-enabling optimal combination of stimulus-response learning and map-based learning when using mnemonic strategies as for example the method of loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils C J Müller
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Boris N Konrad
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Nils Kohn
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Monica Muñoz-López
- Human Neuroanatomy Laboratory, School of Medicine and Regional Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | | | - Guillén Fernández
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Dresler
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.
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Baudonnat M, Guillou JL, Husson M, Bohbot VD, Schwabe L, David V. Morphine Reward Promotes Cue-Sensitive Learning: Implication of Dorsal Striatal CREB Activity. Front Psychiatry 2017; 8:87. [PMID: 28611691 PMCID: PMC5447690 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Different parallel neural circuits interact and may even compete to process and store information: whereas stimulus-response (S-R) learning critically depends on the dorsal striatum (DS), spatial memory relies on the hippocampus (HPC). Strikingly, despite its potential importance for our understanding of addictive behaviors, the impact of drug rewards on memory systems dynamics has not been extensively studied. Here, we assessed long-term effects of drug- vs food reinforcement on the subsequent use of S-R vs spatial learning strategies and their neural substrates. Mice were trained in a Y-maze cue-guided task, during which either food or morphine injections into the ventral tegmental area (VTA) were used as rewards. Although drug- and food-reinforced mice learned the Y-maze task equally well, drug-reinforced mice exhibited a preferential use of an S-R learning strategy when tested in a water-maze competition task designed to dissociate cue-based and spatial learning. This cognitive bias was associated with a persistent increase in the phosphorylated form of cAMP response element-binding protein phosphorylation (pCREB) within the DS, and a decrease of pCREB expression in the HPC. Pharmacological inhibition of striatal PKA pathway in drug-rewarded mice limited the morphine-induced increase in levels of pCREB in DS and restored a balanced use of spatial vs cue-based learning. Our findings suggest that drug (opiate) reward biases the engagement of separate memory systems toward a predominant use of the cue-dependent system via an increase in learning-related striatal pCREB activity. Persistent functional imbalance between striatal and hippocampal activity could contribute to the persistence of addictive behaviors, or counteract the efficiency of pharmacological or psychotherapeutic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Baudonnat
- CNRS UMR 5287, Institut de Neurosciences Cognitives et Intégratives d'Aquitaine, Pessac, France.,Département des Sciences de la Vie et de la Santé, Nouvelle Université de Bordeaux, Pessac, France
| | - Jean-Louis Guillou
- CNRS UMR 5287, Institut de Neurosciences Cognitives et Intégratives d'Aquitaine, Pessac, France.,Département des Sciences de la Vie et de la Santé, Nouvelle Université de Bordeaux, Pessac, France
| | - Marianne Husson
- CNRS UMR 5287, Institut de Neurosciences Cognitives et Intégratives d'Aquitaine, Pessac, France.,Département des Sciences de la Vie et de la Santé, Nouvelle Université de Bordeaux, Pessac, France
| | - Veronique D Bohbot
- Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Lars Schwabe
- Department of Cognitive Psychology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Vincent David
- CNRS UMR 5287, Institut de Neurosciences Cognitives et Intégratives d'Aquitaine, Pessac, France.,Département des Sciences de la Vie et de la Santé, Nouvelle Université de Bordeaux, Pessac, France
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Sabatino M, Cromwell HC, Cepeda C, Levine MS, La Grutta V. Acetylcholine receptor activation enhances NMDA-mediated responses in the rat neostriatum. Neurophysiol Clin 1999; 29:482-9. [PMID: 10674223 DOI: 10.1016/s0987-7053(99)00052-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of acetylcholine (ACh) upon N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor activation of neostriatal neurons is unknown. In the present study, we used both in vitro intracellular and in vivo electroencephalographic recordings in rats to examine this question. In vitro, iontophoretic application of carbachol, a cholinergic receptor agonist, significantly increased the NMDA-mediated response of neostriatal projection neurons. Carbachol alone had mild excitatory effects. In vivo, intrastriatal NMDA produced focal epileptiform activity restricted to the neostriatum. NMDA applied in conjunction with carbachol produced significantly greater epileptiform activity which propagated to the neocortex. These results suggest that ACh and NMDA receptor co-activation leads to potentiation of the neuronal responses both at the site of the interaction and at the endpoint of the cortico-striato-cortical circuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sabatino
- Institute of Human Physiology, Palermo University, Italy
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Sabatino M, Di Nuovo S, Sardo P, Abbate CS, La Grutta V. Neuropsychology of selective attention and magnetic cortical stimulation. Int J Psychophysiol 1996; 21:83-9. [PMID: 8792197 DOI: 10.1016/0167-8760(96)00008-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Informed volunteers were asked to perform different neuropsychological tests involving selective attention under control conditions and during transcranial magnetic cortical stimulation. The tests chosen involved the recognition of a specific letter among different letters (verbal test) and the search for three different spatial orientations of an appendage to a square (visuo-spatial test). For each test the total time taken and the error rate were calculated. Results showed that cortical stimulation did not cause a worsening in performance. Moreover, magnetic stimulation of the temporal lobe neither modified completion time in both verbal and visuo-spatial tests nor changed error rate. In contrast, magnetic stimulation of the pre-frontal area induced a significant reduction in the performance time of both the verbal and visuo-spatial tests always without an increase in the number of errors. The experimental findings underline the importance of the pre-frontal area in performing tasks requiring a high level of controlled attention and suggest the need to adopt an interdisciplinary approach towards the study of neurone/mind interface mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sabatino
- Istituto di Fisiologia umana, Università di Palermo, Italy
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Sabatino M, Cannizzaro C, Flugy A, Gagliand M, Mineo A, Cannizzaro G. NMDA-GABA interactions in an animal model of behaviour: a gating mechanism from motivation toward psychotic-like symptoms. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 1994; 4:103-9. [PMID: 7919939 DOI: 10.1016/0924-977x(94)90003-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
We studied the effects of desipramine, alprazolam, muscimol and dizocilpine (MK-801) (alone or associated with desipramine) in the forced swimming test in rats after long-lasting termination of chronic exposure to vehicle and pentylenetetrazol. Sensitisation with pentylenetetrazol was ineffective in changing immobility time in the forced swimming test compared to vehicle treatment; pentylenetetrazol enhanced the anti-immobility effect of desipramine, abolished the anti-immobility effect of alprazolam and did not affect the anti-immobility effect of muscimol. MK-801 at the dose that did not modify immobility time in vehicle-treated rats and in pentylenetetrazol-treated animals strongly potentiated the anti-immobility effect of desipramine in pentylenetetrazol-treated rats. MK-801 in association with desipramine induced a marked hyperlocomotion and hyperexcitability, with swaying movements and oral stereotypies in pentylenetetrazol-sensitised rats. Results are considered the experimental representation of a 'gating mechanism' toward psychotic-like symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sabatino
- Institute of Human Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Policlinico P. Giaccone, University of Palermo, Italy
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