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Yu R, Zhou Y, Xu S, Jing J, Zhang H, Huang Y. Distribution, Transfer, and Health Risk of Organochlorine Pesticides in Soil and Water of the Huangshui River Basin. TOXICS 2023; 11:1024. [PMID: 38133425 PMCID: PMC10747045 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11121024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The potential negative impacts of organochlorine pesticides on the environment and human health continue to receive attention. In order to study the spatial distribution characteristics of organochlorine pesticides in the inland alpine region, researchers collected soil and water samples in the Huangshui River Basin of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and tested them for organochlorine pesticide residues represented by dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and hexachlorohexane (HCH). The study identified the sources of OCPs by component analysis. We also constructed the LEVEL III model, applicable to the Huangshui River Basin, and used it to study the migration patterns of OCPs in various environmental media. OCPs were detected at low levels in the study area environment. The results of the OCPs source analysis show that there are both historical residuals and new sources in the region. Residual DDTs may originate from the mixture of technical DDTs and dicofol, and HCHs may originate from lindane or technical HCH. DDTs are mainly stored in soil, the input and output pathways are mainly atmospheric advection input and output, and its transport behavior in the environment is mainly air-soil exchange. Carcinogens in the study area pose little threat to people exposed to contaminated soil and contaminated water, but the cancer risk to children is greater than to adults. This study is helpful to managers of regional pesticide management and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruyue Yu
- College of Land Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (R.Y.)
| | - Yang Zhou
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shengxian Xu
- College of Land Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (R.Y.)
| | - Jing Jing
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hongyan Zhang
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yuanfang Huang
- College of Land Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (R.Y.)
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Assessment of Health Risk due to Pesticide Residues in Fruits, Vegetables, Soil, and Water. J CHEM-NY 2020. [DOI: 10.1155/2020/5497952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was conducted to assess the contamination and health risk due to the presence of pesticides in fruits and vegetables. A total of six vegetable samples, 3 fruit samples, 7 soil samples, and 6 water samples were collected from three different sampling points. High-performance liquid chromatography using acetonitrile and water solvent system was employed for the quantitative and qualitative analysis. The pesticides having the highest health risk in vegetables were Bifenthrin and Difenoconazole as their health risk index was found to be exceeding the cut off value of 1. Imidacloprid was found in all vegetable samples but had no associated health risk, as all the health risk indices for imidacloprid were below the cut off value of 1. The pesticide Glyphosate detected in only one sample had no health risk associated with it. Health risks in fruits were the highest for Amamectin, Bifenthrin, and Difenoconazole and were crossing the threshold limit of 1. The results reveal the health risk indices of Bifenthrin and Difenoconazole range from 7.8 to 12.46 in vegetables and from 2.704 to 30.454 in fruits, hence, posing a serious threat to human health. Amamectin, although detected in only fruit and water samples, had the highest health risk of 30.454. Imidacloprid and Glyphosate found in every fruit sample had no associated health risk. The results revealed the presence of pesticides in water, soil, fruit, and vegetable samples. Consumers utilizing these vegetables and fruits are under potential health risks due to the presence of pesticides in soil and water. Practical Applications. In this study, an analytical method for detecting pesticides in a variety of environmental matrices including fruits, vegetables, water, and the soil is presented and the health risk associated with the presence of pesticides in a wide range of fruits and vegetables is assessed. It is highly significant because in developing countries agricultural activities contribute majorly toward the total gross domestic product and pesticides are extensively used to control, prevent, devastate, and diminish any harmful pest that destroys crops.
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Omwoma S, Mbithi BM, Pandelova M, Ssebugere P, Lalah JO, Wang Y, Bi Y, Henkelmann B, Schramm KW. Comparative exposomics of persistent organic pollutants (PCBs, OCPs, MCCPs and SCCPs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Lake Victoria (Africa) and Three Gorges Reservoir (China). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 695:133789. [PMID: 31419683 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Exposomics is assessment of organism exposure to high priority environmental pollutants in an ecosystem using OMIC technologies. A virtual organism (VO) is an artificial property-tool (OMIC) reflecting exposomic process in compartments of real organisms. The exposomics of aquatic organisms inhabiting Lake Victoria (L.V.) and Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) were compared using VOs. The two reservoirs are heavily depended on for food and water both in Africa and China. The target priority pollutants in the reservoirs were polyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and persistent organic pollutants such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), medium chain chlorinated paraffins (MCCPs) and short chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs). The VOs showed that in a period of 28 days, aquatic organisms in TGR were exposed to total (∑) PAHs of 8.71 × 10-6 mg/L, PCBs of 2.81 × 10-6 mg/L, OCPs of 2.80 × 10-6 mg/L, MCCPs of 8.9 × 10-10 mg/L and SCCPs of 1.13 × 10-7 mg/L. While in a period of 48 days, organisms in L. V. were exposed to total (∑) PAHs of 7.45 × 10-6 mg/L, PCBs of 4.70 × 10-6 mg/L, OCPs of 3.39 × 10-8 mg/L, MCCPs of 4.6 × 10-10 mg/L and SCCPs of 3.6 × 10-9 mg/L. The exposomic levels in TGR after 28 days were higher than those in Lake Victoria after 48 days. In both reservoirs, bioaccumulation levels are above set standards for aquatic organisms. The sources of the pollutants into the reservoirs were diagnostically determined to originate from anthropogenic processes such as petrogenic, diesel emissions, biomass burning, coal combustion, electronic wastes, traffic emissions and historic uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solomon Omwoma
- Department of Physical Sciences, Jaramogi Oginga Odinga University of Science and Technology, P. O. Box 210-40601, Bondo, Kenya.
| | | | - Marchela Pandelova
- Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German National Research Centre for Environmental Health (GmbH), Molecular EXposomics (MEX), Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, Neuherberg, Munich, Germany
| | - Patrick Ssebugere
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, P.O Box 7062, Kampala. Uganda
| | - Joseph O Lalah
- Department of Chemical Science and Technology, Technical University of Kenya, P.O.Box 52428-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Yawei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P. O. Box 2871, 18 Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, People's Republic of China
| | - Yonghong Bi
- The State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, CAS, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Bernhard Henkelmann
- Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German National Research Centre for Environmental Health (GmbH), Molecular EXposomics (MEX), Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, Neuherberg, Munich, Germany
| | - Karl-Werner Schramm
- Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German National Research Centre for Environmental Health (GmbH), Molecular EXposomics (MEX), Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, Neuherberg, Munich, Germany; TUM, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan für Ernährung, Landnutzung und Umwelt, Department für Biowissenschaftliche Grundlagen, Weihenstephaner Steig 23, 85350 Freising, Germany
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Ndungu AW, Yan X, Makokha VA, Githaiga KB, Wang J. Occurrence and risk assessment of heavy metals and organochlorine pesticides in surface soils, Central Kenya. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2019; 17:63-73. [PMID: 31321038 PMCID: PMC6582105 DOI: 10.1007/s40201-018-00326-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study investigated pollution in surface soils of five dominant land use types in central Kenya. The mean concentration of heavy metals (Zn, Hg, Cd, Cu, Cr, As and Ni) in (mg/kg) and two organochlorine pesticides (DDTs and HCHs) (μg/kg) were determined. METHOD Heavy metal contamination and potential ecological risk using the Nemerow pollution index and Hakanson ecological risk index respectively were used in examining pollution level. With the help of multivariate analysis sources of heavy metal pollution were identified which were mainly from anthropogenic activities. Notably, heavy metal concentration in our study was compared to other regions within the country, results showed regional variation. Total levels of DDTs, HCHs pesticide and their constituent isomers in the surface soil were determined by a gas chromatography (GC-μECD). RESULTS Pollution level in all land use areas according to Nemerow pollution index indicated low pollution status. Notably, in all land use areas the pollution level decreased in the following order Industrial land>Peri-urban>Agriculture land>Forest>River. In addition, heavy metals had low risks values according to Hakanson ecological risk index ranging from 0.01 to 0.58, with Hg having the highest mean value of 0.58. As expected, organochlorine pesticide were higher in agricultural land use, DDTs levels were comparatively higher than HCHs levels. Results on DDTs ratio (p, p'-DDT/p, p'-DDD + p, p'-DDE) were < 1 in all land use types which showed that their residues originated from historical sources. Lower α/ γ HCH ratio in forest and peri-urban land uses however indicated current input of lindane. Correlation analysis showed significant relationship between TOC and HCHs only. CONCLUSION When compared to recent study done in agricultural soil (Nairobi surroundings), present study of OCPs (DDTs and HCHs) concentration in central Kenya was relatively high. The quality of soil in Central Kenya was classified as considerably polluted by OCPs but low polluted by heavy metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Wairimu Ndungu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074 China
- Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Xue Yan
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074 China
- Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074 China
| | - Victorine Anyango Makokha
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074 China
- Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Kelvin Babu Githaiga
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074 China
- Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074 China
- Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074 China
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Clostre F, Letourmy P, Lesueur-Jannoyer M. Soil thresholds and a decision tool to manage food safety of crops grown in chlordecone polluted soil in the French West Indies. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 223:357-366. [PMID: 28161271 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Due to the persistent pollution of soils by an organochlorine, chlordecone (CLD also known as Kepone ©) in the French West Indies, some crops may be contaminated beyond the European regulatory threshold, the maximum residue limit (MRL). Farmers need to be able to foresee the risk of not complying with the regulatory threshold in each field and for each crop, if not, farmers whose fields are contaminated would have to stop cultivating certain crops in the fields concerned. To help farmers make the right choices, we studied the relationship between contamination of the soil and contamination of crops. We showed that contamination of a crop by CLD depended on the crop concerned, the soil CLD content and the type of soil. We grouped crop products in three categories: (i) non-uptakers and low-uptakers, (ii) medium-uptakers, and (iii) high-uptakers, according to their level of contamination and the resulting risk of exceeding MRL. Using a simulation model, we computed the soil threshold required to ensure the risk of not complying with MRL was sufficiently low for each crop product and soil type. Threshold values ranged from 0.02 μgkg-1 for dasheen grown in nitisol to 1.7 μgkg-1 for yam grown in andosol in the high-uptake category, and from 1 μgkg-1 for lettuce grown in nitisol to 45 μgkg-1 for the leaves of spring onions grown in andosol in the medium-uptake category. Contamination of non-uptakers and low-uptakers did not depend on soil contamination. With these results, we built an easy-to-use decision support tool based on two soil thresholds (0.1 and 1 μgkg-1) to enable growers to adapt their cropping system and hence to be able to continue farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Clostre
- Cirad, UPR fonctionnement agroécologique et performances des systèmes de culture horticoles (HortSys), F-97285, Le Lamentin, Martinique, France.
| | - Philippe Letourmy
- Cirad, UPR Agroécologie et intensification durable des cultures annuelles (Aida), F-34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Magalie Lesueur-Jannoyer
- Cirad, UPR fonctionnement agroécologique et performances des systèmes de culture horticoles (HortSys), F-97285, Le Lamentin, Martinique, France; Cirad UR HortSys, F-34398 Montpellier, France
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Zhang H, Lu X, Zhang Y, Ma X, Wang S, Ni Y, Chen J. Bioaccumulation of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls by loaches living in rice paddy fields of Northeast China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 216:893-901. [PMID: 27396615 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.06.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations of 21 organochlorine pesticide (OCP) residues and 18 polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners were measured in two loach species (Misgurnus mohoity and Paramisgurnus dabryanus) and the soils of their inhabiting rice paddies from three typical rice production bases of Northeast China to explore the main factors influencing the bioaccumulation. The concentrations of ∑18PCBs and ∑21OCPs in loaches were determined to be in the ranges of 0.14-0.76 ng g(-1) wet weight (ww) and 1.19-78.53 ng g(-1) ww, respectively. Most of loaches showed the considerably high contamination levels of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), which accounted for over 97% of the total OCPs. The much lower maximum allowable loach consumption rates (<15 g d(-1)) indicated a high carcinogenic risk that results from the consumption of rice-field loaches. The field biota-soil accumulation factor (BSAF) was calculated as a main measure of bioaccumulation potential. The comparisons of BSAF values and the results of multivariate analysis indicated that habitat-specific environmental conditions, mainly the paddy soil contamination levels and average temperature, decisively affected the bioaccumulation of organochlorine contaminants. When the influence of lipid contents was offset, M. mohoity loaches were found to have a higher potential to accumulation PCBs and OCPs than P. dabryanus loaches, while the bioaccumulation potentials did not exhibit significant differences between juvenile and adult loaches and between male and female loaches. The octanol-water partition coefficient (KOW) was the main chemical factor influencing bioaccumulation potentials. The BSAF values presented an increasing tendency with increasing log KOW values from 6.0 to approximately 7.0, followed by a decreasing tendency with a continuous increase in log KOW values. Moreover, loaches exhibited an isomeric-selective bioaccumulation for p,p'-chlorinated DDTs, α-HCH, β-HCH, δ-HCH and cis-chlordane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijun Zhang
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China.
| | - Xianbo Lu
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Yichi Zhang
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Xindong Ma
- State Oceanic Administration Key Laboratory for Ecological Environment in Coastal Areas, National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Shuqiu Wang
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Yuwen Ni
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Jiping Chen
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
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Zhu N, Schramm KW, Wang T, Henkelmann B, Fu J, Gao Y, Wang Y, Jiang G. Lichen, moss and soil in resolving the occurrence of semi-volatile organic compounds on the southeastern Tibetan Plateau, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 518-519:328-336. [PMID: 25770945 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated a wide range of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs), including 28 persistent organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), 18 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 13 polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and 3 hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) congeners in lichen, moss and soil collected from the southeastern Tibetan Plateau, China. This allows research provides insight into elevation gradient distributions and possible cold trapping effects of SVOCs in this high mountain area, and compares lichens and mosses as air passive samplers for indicating SVOC occurrences. DDTs, endosulfans, HCHs and hexachlorobenzene predominated in all of the samples. Source analysis indicted that there were fresh inputs of DDTs and HCHs in the sampling region. Lichens and mosses shared commonalities in revealing the profiles and levels of SVOCs based on their lipid-content-normalized concentrations. The concentrations of 12 OCPs and 14 PCBs in lichens were significantly linearly correlated with altitudes, whereas the correlations for mosses and soil with altitudes were insignificant. Both a frequency distribution diagram and the Mountain Contamination Potential Model indicated that SVOCs with specific values of log KOA (8-11) and log KWA (2-4) had relative high mountain contamination potential on the Tibetan Plateau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nali Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Karl-Werner Schramm
- Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Molecular EXposomics (MEX), Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, D-85764, Germany; TUM, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan für Ernährung, Landnutzung und Umwelt, Department für Biowissenschaften, Weihenstephaner Steig 23, 85350 Freising, Germany
| | - Thanh Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Bernhard Henkelmann
- Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Molecular EXposomics (MEX), Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, D-85764, Germany
| | - Jianjie Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yawei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Molecular EXposomics (MEX), Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, D-85764, Germany.
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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Lu H, Liu W. Vertical distributions of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in an agricultural soil core from the Guanzhong Basin, China. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2015; 187:4159. [PMID: 25421859 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-014-4159-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations and distributions of hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in an agricultural soil core in the Guanzhong Basin, China were determined. Overall, p,p'-DDT and p,p'-DDE were dominant contaminants and accounted for approximately 48.4 and 23.3% of the total detected DDTs. Low chlorinated PCBs (PCB 28 and PCB 52) were generally detected at higher concentrations and more frequently than high chlorinated PCBs. The peak values of ∑DDT (12.92 ng/g), ∑HCH (2.25 ng/g), and ∑PCB (3.44 ng/g) occurred in the 10-15, 15-20, and 5-10 cm sections, respectively. The negative correlation between the organochlorine pesticide (OCP) concentrations and the soil depths and the relatively high p,p'-DDT/p,p'-DDE ratios in the surface soils indicated that these chemicals were recently used illegally, despite their official ban in 1983. The increase in the ratio of α-/γ-HCH with increasing soil depth indicated that the use of lindane decreased relative to the use of technical HCHs in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxuan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710075, China,
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Lu H, Liu W. Occurrence of organochlorine pesticides in surface soils from college school yards of Xi'an, China. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2013; 91:386-390. [PMID: 23963440 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-013-1081-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In this study, surface soil samples from 14 representative college school yards in Xi'an, the capital city of Shaanxi province, China, were collected and analyzed for 21 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs). The total concentrations were in the ranges of 0.2-67.0 ng/g. HCHs and DDTs were the most dominant compounds among the 21 OCPs, and their concentrations ranged from 0.1-8.5 to 0.1-56.3 ng/g, respectively. Source identification analysis indicated that the residues of HCHs and DDTs were mostly due to historical use of these chemicals or from other source regions. The quality of all the Xi'an college school yard soils except sample XAUAT was classified as low pollution by OCPs according to the National Environmental Quality Standards for Soils of China (GB15618-1995).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxuan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, IEE, CAS, Xi'an, 710075, China,
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10
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Zhou Q, Wang J, Meng B, Cheng J, Lin G, Chen J, Zheng D, Yu Y. Distribution and sources of organochlorine pesticides in agricultural soils from central China. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2013; 93:163-170. [PMID: 23680394 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Revised: 03/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
There is little information on the organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) residues in agricultural soils of Wuhan, the largest city in central China. Surface soil samples were collected from agricultural soils in Wuhan and analyzed to determine twenty-one OCPs. According to the measured concentrations and detection frequencies, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs), hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), heptachlor (HEPT), hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and aldrin were the predominant compounds in soil. DDTs accounted for 77.10% of total OCPs, followed by HCHs (7.83%), aldrin (4.21%), HEPTs (2.82%) and HCB (1.53%). The total DDT concentrations ranged from nd to 1198.0ngg(-1) and the main contaminated areas were distributed in Hannan and Xinzhou districts of Wuhan. The total HCH concentrations ranged from nd to 100.58ngg(-1) in soil and relatively higher levels were observed in soil samples from Huangpi and Hannan districts. Source analysis showed that OCPs residues except heptachlor originated mainly from historical application, besides slight recent introduction at some sites. Based on the China National Soil Quality Standard, DDT pollution in most samples of Wuhan agricultural soils could be considered as no and low contamination, while the level of HCHs was classified as no pollution. Our study indicated that there existed potential exposure risk of OCPs in Wuhan agricultural soils although the use of OCPs has been banned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Zhou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
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Shi Y, Lu Y, Meng F, Guo F, Zheng X. Occurrence of organic chlorinated pesticides and their ecological effects on soil protozoa in the agricultural soils of North Western Beijing, China. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2013; 92:123-128. [PMID: 23582133 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2012] [Revised: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of ∑HCHs, ∑DDTs, protozoa abundance and their community structure in surface soils of orchards, vegetable lands, and barren lands in northern west outskirts of Beijing were detected in order to investigate the protozoa responses to low dose organic chlorinated Pesticides (OCPs) after long-term field-based exposure. Significant differences in total concentrations of HCHs and DDTs were found among the three general groups ranking in decreasing order of concentration from orchard>vegetable lands >barren lands. Ciliate was the rare group in surface soils of all the sampling groups. The abundance of flagellate, ciliate, and amoebae in vegetable soils were significantly higher than those in orchard soils. The abundance of all the taxa of protozoa was strongly negative correlated with the residue level of ∑HCHs and ∑DDTs (P<0.05) in agricultural soils. However, no negative correlation between the residue levels of OCPs and protozoa abundance was shown in both the orchard and the barren soils. This field study demonstrated a considerable long-term impact of the OCPs residue on the abundance of protozoa in soils, and that the abundance of soil protozoa was much more influenced by land use type in association with different soil properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajuan Shi
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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Saadati N, Abdullah MP, Zakaria Z, Sany SBT, Rezayi M, Hassonizadeh H. Limit of detection and limit of quantification development procedures for organochlorine pesticides analysis in water and sediment matrices. Chem Cent J 2013; 7:63. [PMID: 23561579 PMCID: PMC3630005 DOI: 10.1186/1752-153x-7-63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Reliable values for method validity of organochlorine pesticides determination were investigated, in water by solid phase extraction and in sediment by Soxhlet extraction, followed by gas chromatography equipped with an electron capture detector. Organochlorine pesticides are categorized as Persistent Organic Pollutants. Hence, critical decisions to control exposure to these chemicals in the environment are based on their levels in different media; it is important to find valid qualitative and quantitative results for these components. In analytical chemistry, internal quality procedures are applied to produce valid logical results. Result In this study, 18 organochlorine pesticides were targeted for analysis and determination in water and river sediment. Experiments based on signal-to-noise ratio, calibration curve slope and laboratory fortified blank methods were conducted to determine the limits of qualification and quantification. The data were compared with each other. The limitation values, following Laboratory Fortified Blank, showed significant differences in the signal-to-noise ratio and calibration curve slope methods, which are assumed in the results for the sample concentration factor to be 1,000 times in water and 10 times in sediment matrices. The method detection limit values were found to be between 0.001 and 0.005 μg/L (mean of 0.002 ± 0.001) and 0.001 and 0.005 μg/g (mean of 0.001 ± 0.001). The quantification limits were found to be between 0.002 and 0.016 μg/L (mean of 0.006 ± 0.004) and 0.003 and 0.017 μg/g (mean of 0.005 ± 0.003 μg/L) for water and sediment, respectively, based on the laboratory fortified blank method. Because of different slopes in the calibration methods, it was also found that the limitation values for some components from the internal standard were higher than from external standard calibration, because in the latter a factor for injection efficiency is applied for calibration. Conclusion Technically, there are differentiations between detection limits for quality and quantity from component to component, resulting from noise, response factors of instruments and matrix interference. However, the calculation method is the cause of differentiation for each component of the different methods. The results show that for no matter what component, the relationship between these levels in different methods is approximately: Signal to Noise : Calibration Slope = 1:10. Therefore, due to different methods to determine LOD and LOQ, the values will be different. In the current study, laboratory fortified blank is the best method, with lower limitation values for Soxhlet and solid phase extraction of OCPs from sediment and water, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naghmeh Saadati
- School of Chemical Sciences and Food Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan of Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia.
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Chen W, Jing M, Bu J, Ellis Burnet J, Qi S, Song Q, Ke Y, Miao J, Liu M, Yang C. Organochlorine pesticides in the surface water and sediments from the Peacock River Drainage Basin in Xinjiang, China: a study of an arid zone in Central Asia. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2011; 177:1-21. [PMID: 20694511 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-010-1613-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2009] [Accepted: 07/09/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Fourteen surface water and nine surface sediment samples were collected from the Peacock River and analyzed for organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) by gas chromatograph-electron capture detector (GC-ECD). All the analyzed organochlorine pesticides, except o,p'-DDT, were detected in sediments from the Peacock River; but in the water samples, only β-HCH, HCB, p,p'-DDD, and p,p'-DDT were detected at some sites. The ranges for total OCPs in the water and sediments were from N.D. to 195 ng l( - 1) and from 1.36 to 24.60 ng g( - 1), respectively. The only existing HCH isomer in the water, β-HCH, suggested that the contamination by HCHs could be attributed to erosion of the weathered agricultural soils containing HCHs compounds. Composition analyses showed that no technical HCH, technical DDT, technical chlordanes, endosulfans, and HCB had been recently used in this region. However, there was new input of γ-HCH (lindane) into the Peacock River. The most probable source was water flowing from Bosten Lake and/or agricultural tailing water that was returned directly into the Peacock River. DDT compounds in the sediments may be derived mainly from DDT-treated aged and weathered agricultural soils, the degradation condition was aerobic and the main product was DDE. HCB in the sediment might be due to the input from Bosten Lake and the lake may act as an atmospheric deposition zone. There was no significant correlation between the concentrations of OCPs (including ∑HCH, ∑DDT, chlordanes, endosulfans, HCB and total OCPs) and the content of fine particles (<63 μm). The concentrations of OCPs were affected by salinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology of the Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
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Hu W, Lu Y, Wang T, Luo W, Shi Y, Giesy JP, Geng J, Jiao W, Wang G, Chen C. Spatial variability and temporal trends of HCH and DDT in soils around Beijing Guanting Reservoir, China. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2010; 32:441-449. [PMID: 20155304 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-010-9287-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2009] [Accepted: 01/29/2010] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Spatial variability and temporal trends in concentrations of the organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), in surface soils around Beijing Guanting Reservoir (GTR) were studied in 2003 and 2007. Concentrations of the two OCPs in soils around GTR were generally less than reference values set by the Chinese government for the protection of agricultural production and human health. Among the OCPs, β-HCH and p, p'-DDE were the two predominant compounds. This result indicates that the HCH and DDT residues in soils were primarily from historical use. Based on kriging, a spatial distribution of HCH and DDT around the GTR was observed. Spatial variability indicated how HCH and DDT had been applied and been distributed in the past. Between 2003 and 2007, concentrations of HCH and DDT decreased more rapidly in orchard soils than those in fallow soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyou Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100085 Beijing, China
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Wang X, Ren N, Qi H, Ma W, Li Y. Levels, distributions, and source identification of organochlorine pesticides in the topsoils in Northeastern China. J Environ Sci (China) 2009; 21:1386-1392. [PMID: 19999993 DOI: 10.1016/s1001-0742(08)62430-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Seventeen topsoil samples (9 urban, 4 suburban, 3 rural and 1 background) were collected in/around Harbin, a typical city in northeast of China, to measure concentration levels of organocholrine pesticides (OCPs) in topsoil of Northeastern China in 2006. Hexachlorohexanes (HCH), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) were detected in soil samples with mean concentrations (in pg/g dry weight (dw)) of 7120, 5425, and 1039, respectively. The mean concentrations for other OCPs were very low, 4.8 pg/g dw for chlordane and 3.3 pg/g dw for endosulfan. Source identification analysis reveals that all OCPs found in soil samples were due to historical use of these chemicals or from other source regions through long- and short-range atmospheric transport. DDT was mainly used in the rural sites, whereas the sources of HCB, chlordane and endosulfan were mainly in the urban area. HCH was found almost equally in both urban and rural area. Soil concentrations of all detected OCPs, except HCHs, in and around Harbin were much lower than those in the southeast of China, which is expected since the use of these OCPs in the former was much lower than that in the latter, however higher HCH concentrations in and around Harbin than those found in most places of the Southeast China is not expected. It is suggested that high HCH concentration in soil of Northeast China was most likely due to long-range atmospheric transport (LRAT) from Southeast China and the cold condensation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Wang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances, State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
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Hao H, Sun B, Zhao Z. Effect of land use change from paddy to vegetable field on the residues of organochlorine pesticides in soils. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2008; 156:1046-1052. [PMID: 18554761 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2008.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2007] [Revised: 01/26/2008] [Accepted: 04/27/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The effect of land use change from paddy to vegetable field on the residues of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) was investigated. Soil residues of OCPs were analyzed in vegetable fields which had been converted from paddy fields for 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 50 year in Yixing, China in 2003. The mean concentrations of OCPs followed a sequence of: SigmaDDTs (13.7 microg kg(-1))> SigmaHCHs (8.6 microg kg(-1)) >>HCB (2.09 microg kg(-1))>alpha-endosulfan (1.30 microg kg(-1))>endrin (1.08 microg kg(-1))>PCNB (0.76 microg kg(-1))>dieldrin (0.58 microg kg(-1)). The mean residues of OCPs especially DDTs increased significantly with vegetable planting time after land use change in the first 15 years, then decreased from 20 to 30 years and increased a little afterward. The time under anaerobic and aerobic conditions was suggested to control mainly the change of the residues of OCPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongtao Hao
- Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 71 East Beijing Road, P. O. Box 821, Nanjing 210008, China
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