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Das S, Das A, Das N, Nath T, Langthasa M, Pandey P, Kumar V, Choure K, Kumar S, Pandey P. Harnessing the potential of microbial keratinases for bioconversion of keratin waste. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024:10.1007/s11356-024-34233-6. [PMID: 38985428 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-34233-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
The increasing global consumption of poultry meat has led to the generation of a vast quantity of feather keratin waste daily, posing significant environmental challenges due to improper disposal methods. A growing focus is on utilizing keratinous polymeric waste, amounting to millions of tons annually. Keratins are biochemically rigid, fibrous, recalcitrant, physiologically insoluble, and resistant to most common proteolytic enzymes. Microbial biodegradation of feather keratin provides a viable solution for augmenting feather waste's nutritional value while mitigating environmental contamination. This approach offers an alternative to traditional physical and chemical treatments. This review focuses on the recent findings and work trends in the field of keratin degradation by microorganisms (bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi) via keratinolytic and proteolytic enzymes, as well as the limitations and challenges encountered due to the low thermal stability of keratinase, and degradation in the complex environmental conditions. Therefore, recent biotechnological interventions such as designing novel keratinase with high keratinolytic activity, thermostability, and binding affinity have been elaborated here. Enhancing protein structural rigidity through critical engineering approaches, such as rational design, has shown promise in improving the thermal stability of proteins. Concurrently, metagenomic annotation offers insights into the genetic foundations of keratin breakdown, primarily predicting metabolic potential and identifying probable keratinases. This may extend the understanding of microbial keratinolytic mechanisms in a complex community, recognizing the significance of synergistic interactions, which could be further utilized in optimizing industrial keratin degradation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Das
- Department of Microbiology, Assam University, Silchar, 788011, Assam, India
| | - Ankita Das
- Department of Microbiology, Assam University, Silchar, 788011, Assam, India
| | - Nandita Das
- Department of Microbiology, Assam University, Silchar, 788011, Assam, India
| | - Tamanna Nath
- Department of Microbiology, Assam University, Silchar, 788011, Assam, India
| | | | - Prisha Pandey
- Department of Biotechnology, Royal Global University, Guwahati, 781035, Assam, India
| | - Vijay Kumar
- Himalayan School of Biosciences, Swami Rama Himalayan University, Dehradun, India, 248016
| | - Kamlesh Choure
- Department of Biotechnology, AKS University, Satna, 485001, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Sanjeev Kumar
- Department of Life Sciences and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, 788011, Assam, India
| | - Piyush Pandey
- Department of Microbiology, Assam University, Silchar, 788011, Assam, India.
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Możejko M, Bohacz J. Optimization of Conditions for Feather Waste Biodegradation by Geophilic Trichophyton ajelloi Fungal Strains towards Further Agricultural Use. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:10858. [PMID: 36078583 PMCID: PMC9518355 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191710858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to optimize culture conditions and medium composition to accelerate the biodegradation of chicken feather waste by keratinolytic soil strains of Trichophyton ajelloi, which are poorly known in this respect, as well as to propose hitherto unconsidered culture conditions for these fungi in order to obtain a biopreparation with a high fertilization value. Different pH of the medium, incubation temperatures, amounts of chicken feathers, additional carbon sources, and culture methods were tested. The process of optimizing keratin biodegradation was evaluated in terms of measuring the activity of keratinase, protease, disulfide reductase, concentration of released soluble proteins and peptides, total pool of amino acids, ammonium and sulfate ions, changes in medium pH, and feather weight loss. It was found that the studied fungal strains were capable of decomposing and mineralizing keratin from feather waste. Regarding the fertilizer value of the obtained hydrolysates, it was shown that the release of sulfate and ammonium ions was highest in a stationary culture containing 2% feathers with an initial pH of 4.5 and a temperature of 28 °C. Days 14-21 of the culture were indicated as the optimal culture time for these fungi to obtain biopreparations of high fertilizing value.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Justyna Bohacz
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-815248105; Fax: +48-815248106
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Industrially Important Fungal Enzymes: Productions and Applications. Fungal Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-68260-6_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Abdel-Azeem AM, Abo Nahas HH, Abdel-Azeem MA, Tariq FJ, Yadav AN. Biodiversity and Ecological Perspective of Industrially Important Fungi An Introduction. Fungal Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-67561-5_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Adelere IA, Lateef A. Degradation of Keratin Biomass by Different Microorganisms. KERATIN AS A PROTEIN BIOPOLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-02901-2_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Verma A, Singh H, Anwar S, Chattopadhyay A, Tiwari KK, Kaur S, Dhilon GS. Microbial keratinases: industrial enzymes with waste management potential. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2016; 37:476-491. [PMID: 27291252 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2016.1185388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Proteases are ubiquitous enzymes that occur in various biological systems ranging from microorganisms to higher organisms. Microbial proteases are largely utilized in various established industrial processes. Despite their numerous industrial applications, they are not efficient in hydrolysis of recalcitrant, protein-rich keratinous wastes which result in environmental pollution and health hazards. This paved the way for the search of keratinolytic microorganisms having the ability to hydrolyze "hard to degrade" keratinous wastes. This new class of proteases is known as "keratinases". Due to their specificity, keratinases have an advantage over normal proteases and have replaced them in many industrial applications, such as nematicidal agents, nitrogenous fertilizer production from keratinous waste, animal feed and biofuel production. Keratinases have also replaced the normal proteases in the leather industry and detergent additive application due to their better performance. They have also been proved efficient in prion protein degradation. Above all, one of the major hurdles of enzyme industrial applications (cost effective production) can be achieved by using keratinous waste biomass, such as chicken feathers and hairs as fermentation substrate. Use of these low cost waste materials serves dual purposes: to reduce the fermentation cost for enzyme production as well as reducing the environmental waste load. The advent of keratinases has given new direction for waste management with industrial applications giving rise to green technology for sustainable development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Verma
- a CBSH, SD Agricultural University , Gujarat , India
| | - Hukum Singh
- b Climate Change and Forest Influences Division , Forest Research Institute, ICFRE , Dehradun , India
| | - Shahbaz Anwar
- c Department of Microbiology , GBPUAT , Pantnagar , India
| | | | | | - Surinder Kaur
- e Department of Biological Sciences , University of Lethbridge , Lethbridge , AB , Canada.,f Lethbridge Research Centre, Agriculture and Agrifood Canada , Lethbridge , AB , Canada
| | - Gurpreet Singh Dhilon
- g Department of Food, Agricultural, and Nutritional Sciences , University of Alberta , Edmonton , AB , Canada
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Jain R, Jain A, Rawat N, Nair M, Gumashta R. Feather hydrolysate from Streptomyces sampsonii GS 1322: A potential low cost soil amendment. J Biosci Bioeng 2016; 121:672-677. [PMID: 26906933 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Process parameters for obtaining hydrolysate from hen feathers, i.e., initial pH (5.0-9.0) and incubation period (1-6 day), were set and studied, using Streptomyces sampsonii GS 1322 in submerged and solid state conditions. Under submerged conditions, complete hydrolysis of feathers was observed on fifth day [initial pH 8.0, 28 ± 2°C, shaking (150 rpm)] with release of soluble protein (2985 μg ml(-1)) and amino acids (2407 μg ml(-1)). Cell free hydrolysate showed hydrolysis of casein (18 mm), gelatin (26 mm), collagen (31 mm), hemoglobin (23 mm) and Tween 80 (35 mm) while 445 U keratinase activity. Total soluble protein reached 5 mg ml(-1) in solid state conditions. During Pot experimentation using barren agriculture soil the effect of feather hydrolysate on wheat crop were recorded. Significant increase (p<0.01) in wheat seed germination was observed in treated soils as compared to untreated. Treatment significantly increased plant height from 30 to 60 days and 30-90 days (p<0.001). Treated soil showed an increase in total microbial count, proteolytic activity, phosphate solubilizing bacteria and ammonifying bacteria, whereas pathogenic fungi load was reduced. S. sampsonii GS 1322 can be used for bio-processing of poultry wastes yielding feather hydrolysate rich in proteins and amino acids for development of low-cost organic amendment to accelerate wheat crop growth in barren agricultural land.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richa Jain
- Molecular Biotechnology Laboratory, C.S.R.D., People's University, Bhopal, M.P., 462037, India.
| | - Aakanchha Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Hari Singh Gour University, Sagar, M.P., India
| | - Neha Rawat
- Molecular Biotechnology Laboratory, C.S.R.D., People's University, Bhopal, M.P., 462037, India
| | - Meera Nair
- Stem Cell Technology Laboratory, C.S.R.D., People's University, Bhopal, M.P., 462037, India
| | - Raghvendra Gumashta
- Department of Community Medicine, P.C.M.S. & R.C., People's University, Bhopal, M.P., 462037, India
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de Souza PM, Bittencourt MLDA, Caprara CC, de Freitas M, de Almeida RPC, Silveira D, Fonseca YM, Ferreira EX, Pessoa A, Magalhães PO. A biotechnology perspective of fungal proteases. Braz J Microbiol 2015; 46:337-46. [PMID: 26273247 PMCID: PMC4507524 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-838246220140359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteases hydrolyze the peptide bonds of proteins into peptides and amino acids, being found in all living organisms, and are essential for cell growth and differentiation. Proteolytic enzymes have potential application in a wide number of industrial processes such as food, laundry detergent and pharmaceutical. Proteases from microbial sources have dominated applications in industrial sectors. Fungal proteases are used for hydrolyzing protein and other components of soy beans and wheat in soy sauce production. Proteases can be produced in large quantities in a short time by established methods of fermentation. The parameters such as variation in C/N ratio, presence of some sugars, besides several other physical factors are important in the development of fermentation process. Proteases of fungal origin can be produced cost effectively, have an advantage faster production, the ease with which the enzymes can be modified and mycelium can be easily removed by filtration. The production of proteases has been carried out using submerged fermentation, but conditions in solid state fermentation lead to several potential advantages for the production of fungal enzymes. This review focuses on the production of fungal proteases, their distribution, structural-functional aspects, physical and chemical parameters, and the use of these enzymes in industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Monteiro de Souza
- Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento de Tecnologia
Bioquimico-Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Ciências
Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil, Departamento de Tecnologia
Bioquimico-Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de
São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Mona Lisa de Assis Bittencourt
- Universidade de Brasília, Departamento de Farmácia, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brasil, Departamento de Farmácia, Faculdade de Ciências
da Saúde, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Carolina Canielles Caprara
- Universidade de Brasília, Departamento de Farmácia, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brasil, Departamento de Farmácia, Faculdade de Ciências
da Saúde, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Marcela de Freitas
- Universidade de Brasília, Departamento de Farmácia, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brasil, Departamento de Farmácia, Faculdade de Ciências
da Saúde, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Renata Paula Coppini de Almeida
- Universidade de Brasília, Departamento de Farmácia, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brasil, Departamento de Farmácia, Faculdade de Ciências
da Saúde, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Dâmaris Silveira
- Universidade de Brasília, Departamento de Farmácia, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brasil, Departamento de Farmácia, Faculdade de Ciências
da Saúde, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Yris Maria Fonseca
- Universidade de Brasília, Departamento de Farmácia, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brasil, Departamento de Farmácia, Faculdade de Ciências
da Saúde, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Edivaldo Ximenes Ferreira
- Universidade de Brasília, Laboratório de Enzimologia, Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brasil, Laboratório de Enzimologia, Departamento de
Biologia Celular, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Adalberto Pessoa
- Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento de Tecnologia
Bioquimico-Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Ciências
Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil, Departamento de Tecnologia
Bioquimico-Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de
São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Pérola Oliveira Magalhães
- Universidade de Brasília, Departamento de Farmácia, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brasil, Departamento de Farmácia, Faculdade de Ciências
da Saúde, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
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Xia Y, Wang DK, Kong Y, Ungerfeld EM, Seviour R, Massé DI. Anaerobic digestibility of beef hooves with swine manure or slaughterhouse sludge. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2015; 38:443-448. [PMID: 25595391 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2014.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2014] [Revised: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Anaerobic digestion is an effective method for treating animal by-products, generating at the same time green energy as methane (CH4). However, the methods and mechanisms involved in anaerobic digestion of α-keratin wastes like hair, nails, horns and hooves are still not clear. In this study we investigated the feasibility of anaerobically co-digesting ground beef hooves in the presence of swine manure or slaughterhouse sludge at 25 °C using eight 42-L Plexiglas lab-scale digesters. Our results showed addition of beef hooves statistically significantly increased the rate of CH4 production with swine manure, but only increased it slightly with slaughterhouse sludge. After 90-day digestion, 73% of beef hoof material added to the swine manure-inoculated digesters had been converted into CH4, which was significantly higher than the 45% level achieved in the slaughterhouse sludge inoculated digesters. BODIPY-Fluorescent casein staining detected proteolytic bacteria in all digesters with and without added beef hooves, and their relative abundances corresponded to the rate of methanogenesis of the digesters with the different inocula. Fluorescence in situ hybridization in combination with BODIPY-Fluorescent casein staining identified most proteolytic bacteria as members of genus Alkaliphilus in the subfamily Clostridiaceae 2 of family Clostridiaceae. They thus appear to be the bacteria mainly responsible for digestion of beef hooves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Xia
- Key Laboratory of Special Biological Resource Development and Utilization of Universities of Yunnan Province, Kunming University, Kunming, China; Dairy and Swine Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ding-Kang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Special Biological Resource Development and Utilization of Universities of Yunnan Province, Kunming University, Kunming, China
| | - Yunhong Kong
- Key Laboratory of Special Biological Resource Development and Utilization of Universities of Yunnan Province, Kunming University, Kunming, China
| | - Emilio M Ungerfeld
- Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, INIA Carillanca, km 10 Camino Cajón, Vilcún, Región de la Araucanía, Chile
| | - Robert Seviour
- Microbiology Dept., La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Daniel I Massé
- Dairy and Swine Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada.
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Laba W, Rodziewicz A. Biodegradation of hard keratins by two bacillus strains. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2014; 7:e8896. [PMID: 25147672 PMCID: PMC4138685 DOI: 10.5812/jjm.8896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Revised: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Extensive quantities of keratinic by-products are disposed annually by animal-processing industry, causing a mounting ecological problem due to extreme resilience of these materials to enzymatic breakdown. There is a growing trend to apply cheap and environment-friendly methods to recycle keratinic wastes. Soil bacteria of profound keratinolytic potential, especially spore-forming rods from the genus Bacillus, play a significant role in keratinase-mediated biodegradation of keratins, therefore could be effective in hastening their biodegradation. Keratin hydrolysis in microbial cultures is one of the most promising techniques not only to utilize this protein but also to obtain valuable by products. Objectives: The study was undertaken to investigate the biodegradation process of various keratinic materials by two Bacillus strains. Materials and Methods: Two keratinolytic strains, Bacillus cereus and B. polymyxa, were subject to cultures in the presence of several keratinic appendages, like chicken feathers, barbs and rachea of ostrich feathers, pig bristle, lamb wool, human hair and stratum corneum of epidermis, as main nutrient sources. Bacterial ability to decompose these waste materials was evaluated, at the background of keratinase and protease biosynthesis, in brief four-day cultures. Keratinolytic activity was measured on soluble keratin preparation and proteases were assayed on casein. Additionally, amounts of liberated proteins, amino acids and thiols were evaluated. Residual keratin weight was tested afterwards. Results: Both tested strains proved to be more adapted for fast biodegradation of feather β-keratins than hair-type α-keratins. B. cereus revealed its significant proteolytic potential, especially on whole chicken feathers (230 PU) and stratum corneum (180 PU), but also on separated barbs and rachea, which appeared to be moderate protease inducers. Keratinolytic activity of B. cereus was comparable on most substrates and maximum level obtained was 11 KU. B. polymyxa was found to be a better producer of keratinases, up to 32 KU on chicken feathers and 14 KU on both fractions of ostrich feathers. Its proteolytic activity was mostly revealed on stratum corneum and human hair. Stratum corneum was extensively degraded by both bacterial strains up to 99% - 87%, chicken feathers 47-56%, ostrich barbs and rachea, 28% and 35% at maximum, respectively. Keratin fibres of structures like human hair, lamb wool and pig bristle remained highly resilient to this short microbiological treatment, however certain extent of keratinase induction was also observed. Conclusions: The obtained results prove that keratinolytic potential of both tested bacterial strains could be applied mainly in biodegradation of feathers, however, B. cereus and B. polymyxa differed in terms of keratinase and protease production on each of the substrates. Biodegradation of highly resilient structures like hair or pig bristle requires further analysis of process conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Laba
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
- Corresponding author: Wojciech Laba, Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, J. Chelmonskiego 37/41, 51-630, Wroclaw, Poland. Tel: +48-713207723, Fax: +48-713207794, E-mail:
| | - Anna Rodziewicz
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
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Daroit DJ, Brandelli A. A current assessment on the production of bacterial keratinases. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2013; 34:372-84. [DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2013.794768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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RETRACTED: Marine actinobacterial metabolites: current status and future perspectives. Microbiol Res 2013; 168:311-332. [PMID: 23480961 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2013.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Revised: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (https://www.elsevier.com/about/our-business/policies/article-withdrawal).
This article has been retracted at the request of the Editor. Authors and Editor agreed to retract this article because substantial parts of the text were copied from the following sources without proper attribution: Lam, K.S. (2006), Discovery of novel metabolites from marine actinomycetes. Current Opinion in Microbiology 9(3), pp. 245–251; Subramani, R., Aalbersberg, W. (2012), Marine actinomycetes: An ongoing source of novel bioactive metabolites. Microbiological Research 167(10), pp. 571–580; Dharmaraj, S. (2010), Marine Streptomyces as a novel source of bioactive substances. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 26(12), pp. 2123–2139. The authors apologize for this oversight and any inconvenience caused.
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Gupta R, Sharma R, Beg QK. Revisiting microbial keratinases: next generation proteases for sustainable biotechnology. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2012; 33:216-28. [PMID: 22642703 DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2012.685051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Keratinases are special proteases which attack the highly recalcitrant keratin substrates. They stand apart from the conventional proteases due to their broad substrate specificity towards a variety of insoluble keratin rich substrates like feather, wool, nail, hair. Owing to this ability, keratinases find immense applications in various environmental and biotechnological sectors. The current boost in keratinase research has come up with the discovery of the ability of keratinases to address the challenging issue of prion decontamination. Here we present a comprehensive review on microbial keratinases giving an account of chronological progress of research along with the major milestones. Major focus has been on the key characteristics of keratinases, such as substrate specificity, keratin degradation mechanisms, molecular properties, and their role in prion decontamination along with other pharmaceutical applications. We conclude by critically evaluating the present state of the keratinases discussing their commercial status along with future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rani Gupta
- Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi, South Campus, New Delhi, India.
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Gurav RG, Jadhav JP. Biodegradation of keratinous waste by Chryseobacterium sp. RBT isolated from soil contaminated with poultry waste. J Basic Microbiol 2012; 53:128-35. [PMID: 22581742 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201100371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Accepted: 10/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, a feather degrading bacterial strain was isolated from poultry waste disposal site, Kolhapur, India. The bacterium was identified as Chryseobacterium sp. RBT using 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. Chryseobacterium sp. RBT showed rapid hydrolysis of native feathers within 30 h and produced the highest level of keratinase activity (98.3 U/ml). Keratin containing wastes viz. silk, human hair, wool and chicken feathers were tested for keratin degrading ability of the bacterium. Amongst the tested substrates, the Chryseobacterium sp. RBT showed more specificity towards chicken feathers (98.6% degradation) with maximum keratinase activity (98.3 U/ml) and solubilized protein concentration (3.84 mg/ml). Effect of various physico-chemical parameters (temperature, pH, carbon and nitrogen sources) on keratinase production was monitored. The maximum keratinase activity was observed at pH (8.6) and temperature (50 °C). Molasses (1.0% w/v) acted as an inducer and enhanced the keratinolytic activity by two fold, while starch worked as an inhibitor. The goat skin when treated with crude keratinase enzyme (2% v/v), showed complete dehairing within 12 h. Hence, Chryseobacterium sp. RBT shows potential as a candidate for treating the keratinous waste in an ecofriendly manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjit G Gurav
- Department of Biotechnology, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, India
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Dettmer A, Coelho Cavalheiro J, Cavalli É, Misturini Rossi D, de Souza Gusatti C, Záchia Ayub MA, Gutterres M. Optimization of the Biotechnological Process for Hide Unhairing in Substitution of Toxic Sulfides. Chem Eng Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.201100350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Ramakrishnan J, Balakrishnan H, Raja STK, Sundararamakrishnan N, Renganathan S, Radha VN. Formulation of economical microbial feed using degraded chicken feathers by a novel Streptomyces sp: mitigation of environmental pollution. Braz J Microbiol 2011; 42:825-34. [PMID: 24031698 PMCID: PMC3768762 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-83822011000300001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A new Streptomyces sp. IF 5 was isolated from the feather dumped soil and found to have a tremendous keratinase activity. The strain enabled the degradation of the chicken feathers very effectively in 60 h. The 16S rRNA sequence of 1474 bp long was submitted to the National centre for Biotechnological information. The keratinolytic activity in the culture medium was 1181 U/ml. The release and analyses of sulphydryl groups in the culture medium evident the degradation activity by the Streptomyces sp. IF 5. The idea of the present study was to use the degraded chicken feathers as the substrate for the growth and cultivation of microorganisms. We have designed a very economical culture medium that includes the usage of some basal salts alone and degraded chicken feathers (10 g/l). The results of the specific growth rate of the tested microbes confirm the usage of the new designed medium for microbial culturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayapradha Ramakrishnan
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Biotechnology , SASTRA University , Thanjavur-613 401
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Nagal S, Jain PC. Production of feather hydrolysate by Elizabethkingia meningoseptica KB042 (MTCC 8360) in submerged fermentation. Indian J Microbiol 2010; 50:41-5. [PMID: 22815570 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-010-0014-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2008] [Accepted: 12/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A keratinolytic bacterium Elizabethkingia meningoseptica KB042 was isolated from dropped off feathers. The bacterium showed 82.50 ± 0.3% feather degradation when grown on medium containing 10 g/l chicken feathers with initial pH 7.0 at 37°C, 150 rpm in 6 days. The pH of the medium was increased up to 10.02 ± 0.10 during 6 days of incubation. Soluble protein and amino acids concentration in the culture fluid was also found increased until the end of incubation. During the cultivation of strain KB042 on feather as sole source of carbon and nitrogen, the maximum cysteine release was noted on the 3rd day. Varying feather concentration 1.0-2.0% in basal medium resulted in soluble protein release between 1814.42 and 1954.61 μg/ml. The amino acid concentration was found to be maximum, i.e. 937.85 ± 11.9 μg/ml in the cultures grown with 2% feather. The hydrolysate was also found rich in essential amino acids valine, tryptophan, threonine, leucine and cysteine and contains minor amount of methionine and arginine. These data indicate a potential biotechnology for biotransformation and utilization of feather keratin as a source of protein which can be used as animal feed after successful animal trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swetlana Nagal
- Department of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Dr. H. S. Gour University, Sagar, 470003 MP India
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Biochemical features of microbial keratinases and their production and applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2009; 85:1735-50. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-009-2398-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 304] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2009] [Revised: 12/02/2009] [Accepted: 12/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Veselá M, Friedrich J. Amino acid and soluble protein cocktail from waste keratin hydrolysed by a fungal keratinase of Paecilomyces marquandii. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-008-0083-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Zhang B, Jiang D, Zhou W, Hao H, Niu T. Isolation and characterization of a new Bacillus sp. 50-3 with highly alkaline keratinase activity from Calotes versicolor faeces. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-008-9926-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Macedo AJ, Beys da Silva WO, Termignoni C. Properties of a non collagen-degrading Bacillus subtilis keratinase. Can J Microbiol 2008; 54:180-8. [PMID: 18388989 DOI: 10.1139/w07-124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus subtilis S14 produces a keratinase (KerS14) with non collagen-degrading activity. Indeed, this is the first keratinase described so far that does not have any detectable effect on collagen, which is a crucial property for an enzyme intended to be used in skin dehairing. Because of its importance as an industrial tanning enzyme, we report the biochemical characterization of KerS14. This protein exhibited an apparent molecular mass of 27 kDa, a pI of 6.5, and an optimum pH in the range of 8.0-9.0. The enzyme's activity was stimulated by Mn2+ (7.7-fold), Ca2+ (6.1-fold), Mg2+ (4.9-fold), and Co2+ (4.0-fold) but was inhibited by Cu2+ and Zn2+. Using p-nitroanilide and methylcoumarine derivatized peptides, we observed that KerS14 prefered Arg at subsite P1, small amino acid residues at subsite P2, and Gln or Glu at subsite P3. KerS14 presented higher keratin degradation specificity than other commercial proteases. Its high keratinolytic activity and the absence of virtually any activity against collagen remark the biotechnological potential of this enzyme to be used at larger scales in tannery dehairing processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre José Macedo
- Centro de Biotecnologia do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, and Faculdade de Farmacia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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