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Mikucka W, Zielińska M. Distillery Stillage: Characteristics, Treatment, and Valorization. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2020; 192:770-793. [PMID: 32557233 PMCID: PMC7578141 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-020-03343-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Distilleries are among the most polluting industries because ethanol fermentation results in the discharge of large quantities of high-strength liquid effluents with high concentrations of organic matter and nitrogen compounds, low pH, high temperature, dark brown color, and high salinity. The most common method of managing this wastewater (distillery stillage) is to use it for soil conditioning, but this requires thickening the wastewater and may cause soil pollution due to its high nitrogen content. Therefore, treatment of distillery stillage is preferable. This review discusses individual biological and physico-chemical treatment methods and combined technologies. In addition, special attention is paid to valorization of distillery stillage, which is a valuable source of polysaccharides and volatile fatty acids (VFAs), as well as natural antioxidants, including polyphenols and other bioactive compounds of interest to the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries. New directions in improvement of valorization technologies are highlighted, including the search for new eutectic solvents for extracting these compounds. Such technologies are essential for sustainable development, which requires the use of management and valorization strategies for recovery of valuable compounds with minimal disposal of waste streams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wioleta Mikucka
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Słoneczna St. 45G, 10-709, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Magdalena Zielińska
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Słoneczna St. 45G, 10-709, Olsztyn, Poland.
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Wilk M, Krzywonos M, Seruga P, Walaszczyk E. Effect of pH and temperature on vinasse decolorization by lactic acid bacteria in batch processes. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2019; 91:573-580. [PMID: 30695123 DOI: 10.1002/wer.1065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The waste-free policy is part of the process of sugar production from beets in which the resulting molasses are used for ethanol production. However, during this process another byproduct, namely vinasse, is created. Therefore, there is a problem with the utilization of wastewater, which cannot be disposed to the environment without being treated. Melanoidins, caramels, and hexoses alkaline degradation products contained in the vinasse give it a dark brown color. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of the pH and the temperature on the decolorization of vinasse by lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus plantarum, L. casei, and Pediococcus parvulus). Experiments were performed in batch mode in a BioStatB bioreactor for 72 hrs. The medium consisted of 25% v/v sugar beet molasses vinasse, 77.34 gdm-3 of glucose, and 2.24 gdm-3 of yeast extract. The maximum decolorization was 25.14% and was achieved at noncontrolled pH 6.5 and at 30°C. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Lactobacillus plantarum, L. casei and Pediococcus parvulus showed potential for decolorization of sugar beet molasses vinasse. Controlled pH has a negative effect on sugar beet molasses vinasse decolorization. Toxic substances, i.e. acrylamide, 4-methylimidazole , 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and furfural after decolorization was not detected. Bacteria showed high degradation potential of 2-acetyl-4-(1,2,3,4)-tetrahydroxy-butylimidazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Wilk
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Wroclaw University of Economics, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Krzywonos
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Wroclaw University of Economics, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Przemysław Seruga
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Wroclaw University of Economics, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Ewa Walaszczyk
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Analysis, Wroclaw University of Economics, Wrocław, Poland
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Velásquez-Riaño M, Carvajal-Arias CE, Rojas-Prieto NL, Ausecha-García SA, Vera-Díaz MÁ, Meneses-Sánchez JS, Villa-Restrepo AF. Evaluation of a mixed simultaneous vinasse degradation treatment using Komagataeibacter kakiaceti GM5 and Trametes versicolor DSM 3086. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 164:425-433. [PMID: 30144702 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In the bioethanol industry and its derivative processes, 9-14 l of vinasse per liter of ethanol are obtained as residue, depending on whether or not a recirculation process is used. If the vinasse is discharged directly into water bodies without proper treatment it can produce negative effects on existing biota and on human health. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the capacity of a mixed treatment with Komagataeibacter kakiaceti GM5 and Trametes versicolor DSM 3086 to degrade and reduce the toxicity of this by-product. In order to carry out the tests, an experimental culture media of vinasse at 60% (v/v) was used. This culture was compared to a standard medium of glucose at 2% and, simultaneously, a mixed culture (bacterium-fungus) was used through a batch process in an orbital shaker. When compared to the treatments evaluated with individually grown microorganisms, the mixed treatment proposed produced the best COD results in vinasse degradation. However, better results were obtained when using the treatment with T. versicolor DSM 3086 for color removal and treatment with K. kakiaceti GM5 produced better results in terms of turbidity and toxicity. Although the simultaneous mixed treatment did not improve all the variables studied, it never showed the lowest performance. Therefore, this proposal can be considered as an innovative biological alternative in degradation processes of great organic pollutants such as vinasse.
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Ryznar-Luty A, Cibis E, Lutosławski K. Biodegradation of main carbon sources in vinasse stillage by a mixed culture of bacteria: influence of temperature and pH of the medium. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2018; 78:764-775. [PMID: 30252654 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2018.342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to examine how temperature and the pH influence the progress and efficiency of an aerobic biodegradation process, where major organic pollutants are removed from beet molasses vinasse by a mixed culture of Bacillus bacteria. It was conducted in an aerated bioreactor with a stirring system in four experimental series, each composed of five processes run at temperatures of 27, 36, 45, 54 and 63 °C. In the first and second series, medium pH was not controlled, the initial pH amounted to 6.5 and 8.0, respectively. In the third and fourth series, medium pH was controlled at 6.5 and 8.0, respectively. Under optimal conditions, the pollution load of the vinasse stillage expressed as soluble chemical oxygen demand was removed with an 88.73% efficiency. The bacterial culture assimilated all organic pollutants simultaneously, but the rate of assimilation was different. An exception was the process of betaine assimilation, which intensified only when readily available carbon sources were depleted in the medium. Synthesis and assimilation of organic acids were observed in all experiments. Advantages of the proposed method include: possibility of its use at high temperatures, and no necessity for medium pH adjustment during the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Ryznar-Luty
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Wrocław University of Economics,Komandorska 118/120, 53-345 Wrocław, Poland E-mail:
| | - Edmund Cibis
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Wrocław University of Economics,Komandorska 118/120, 53-345 Wrocław, Poland E-mail:
| | - Krzysztof Lutosławski
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Wrocław University of Economics,Komandorska 118/120, 53-345 Wrocław, Poland E-mail:
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Fuess LT, Rodrigues IJ, Garcia ML. Fertirrigation with sugarcane vinasse: Foreseeing potential impacts on soil and water resources through vinasse characterization. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2017; 52:1063-1072. [PMID: 28737443 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2017.1338892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports the characterization of the polluting potential of sugarcane vinasse, the main wastewater from ethanol production. Compositional data from vinasse samples collected from sugarcane biorefineries were used to predict negative effects on the soil, water resources and crops potentially associated with fertirrigation, the primary final destination of vinasse in Brazil. High risks of soil salinization were associated with the land disposal of vinasse, as evidenced by the high levels of total dissolved solids (TDS; >4,000 mg L-1) and electrical conductivity (>6.7 dS m-1). The high TDS levels coupled with the high biodegradable organic content of vinasse (>14 g L-1) also favor organic overloading events, leading to local anaerobiosis conditions. Conversely, soil sodification should not be observed in areas fertirrigated with sugarcane vinasse, given the low Na concentrations (<66 mg L-1) relative to Mg (>145.1 mg L-1) and Ca (>458.4 mg L-1) levels. Priority pollutants (Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb and Zn) and phytotoxic elements (Al and Fe) were also found in the analyzed samples; however, relevant environmental impacts should not be associated with these particular constituents. Overall, the relatively simple methodology used herein could efficiently replace massive field data collection to provide a basic understanding of the fate of vinasse in the environment in order to highlight the priority points to be considered in the management of this effluent. In summary, the prompt implementation of treatment plants in distilleries, in addition to a continuous and broad compositional characterization of vinasse, is essential to guarantee its adequate reuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas T Fuess
- a Biological Processes Laboratory (LPB) , São Carlos School of Engineering (EESC), University of São Paulo (USP) , São Carlos, São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Isabella J Rodrigues
- b São Paulo State University (UNESP) , Institute of Geosciences and Exact Sciences (IGCE) , Rio Claro, São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Marcelo L Garcia
- b São Paulo State University (UNESP) , Institute of Geosciences and Exact Sciences (IGCE) , Rio Claro, São Paulo , Brazil
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Pires JF, Ferreira GMR, Reis KC, Schwan RF, Silva CF. Mixed yeasts inocula for simultaneous production of SCP and treatment of vinasse to reduce soil and fresh water pollution. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2016; 182:455-463. [PMID: 27526083 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the use of vinasse as a substrate for microbial biomass production and its disposal impact on the environment. After grown in vinasse, the microbial biomass (SCP) of two Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains, CCMA 0137 and CCMA 0188, showed high levels of essential amino acids (3.78%), varying levels of chemical elements, and low nucleic acid content (2.38%), i. e, good characteristics to food supplemements. Following biological treatment, spent vinasse biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) decreased to 51.56 and 29.29%, respectively. Cultivation with S. cerevisiae significantly reduced short term phytotoxicity and toxicity on soil microbiota of spent vinasse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josiane F Pires
- Department of Biology, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Kelly C Reis
- Department of Biology, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, MG, Brazil
| | - Rosane F Schwan
- Department of Biology, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, MG, Brazil
| | - Cristina F Silva
- Department of Biology, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, MG, Brazil.
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Ma H, Chen X, Liu H, Liu H, Fu B. Improved volatile fatty acids anaerobic production from waste activated sludge by pH regulation: Alkaline or neutral pH? WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2016; 48:397-403. [PMID: 26652215 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2015.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 10/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/14/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the anaerobic fermentation was carried out for volatile fatty acids (VFAs) production at different pH (between 7.0 and 10.0) conditions with untreated sludge and heat-alkaline pretreated waste activated sludge. In the fermentation with untreated sludge, the extent of hydrolysis of organic matters and extent of acidification at alkaline pH are 54.37% and 30.37%, respectively, resulting in the highest VFAs yield at 235.46mg COD/gVS of three pH conditions. In the fermentation with heat-alkaline pretreated sludge, the acidification rate and VFAs yield at neutral pH are 30.98% and 240.14mg COD/gVS, respectively, which are higher than that at other pH conditions. With the glucose or bovine serum albumin as substrate for VFAs production, the neutral pH showed a higher VFAs concentration than the alkaline pH condition. The results of terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis indicated that the alkaline pH caused low microbial richness. Based on the results in this study, we demonstrated that the alkaline pH is favor of hydrolysis of organic matter in sludge while neutral pH improved the acidogenesis for the VFAs production from sludge. Our finding is obvious different to the previous research and helpful for the understanding of how heat-alkaline pretreatment and alkaline fermentation influence the VFAs production, and beneficial to the development of VFAs production process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijun Ma
- School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China
| | - Xingchun Chen
- School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China
| | - He Liu
- School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, 214122 Wuxi, China.
| | - Hongbo Liu
- School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, 214122 Wuxi, China
| | - Bo Fu
- School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, 214122 Wuxi, China
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Arimi MM, Zhang Y, Götz G, Geißen SU. Treatment of melanoidin wastewater by anaerobic digestion and coagulation. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2015; 36:2410-2418. [PMID: 25799161 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2015.1032366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Melanoidins are dark-coloured recalcitrant pollutants found in many industrial wastewaters including coffee-manufacturing effluent, molasses distillery wastewater (MDWW) and other wastewater with molasses as the raw material. The wastewaters are mostly treated with anaerobic digestion after some dilution to minimize the inhibition effect. However, the dark colour and recalcitrant dissolved organic carbon (DOC) mainly caused by melanoidin are not effectively removed. The aim of this study was to investigate the removal of colour and remnant DOC by different coagulants from anaerobically digested MDWW. From the six coagulants tested, ferric chloride had the highest melanoidin (48%), colour (92.7%) and DOC (63.3%) removal at pH 5 and a dosage of 1.6 g/l. Both polymer and inorganic salt coagulants tested had optimal colour, melanoidin and DOC removal at acidic pH. The molecular size distribution of synthetic melanoidins by liquid chromatography-organic carbon detection indicated a preferential removal of high-molecular-weight melanoidins over low weight melanoidins by the coagulation. Further studies should focus on how to improve biodegradability of the treated effluent for it to be reused as dilution water for anaerobic digestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milton M Arimi
- a Department of Environmental Technology , Technische Universität Berlin , Secr. KF 2, Straße des 17. Juni 135, Berlin D-10623 , Germany
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Fuess LT, Garcia ML. Implications of stillage land disposal: a critical review on the impacts of fertigation. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2014; 145:210-29. [PMID: 25058869 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Stillage is the main wastewater from ethanol production, generated specifically in the step of distillation. Regardless the feedstock, stillage contains high concentrations of organic matter, potassium and sulfates, as well as acidic and corrosive characteristics. Currently almost the entire volume of stillage generated in Brazilian distilleries is directed to the fertigation of sugarcane fields, due to its fertilizer character. However, the polluting potential of stillage characterizes its land disposal as problematic, considering probable negative impacts on the soil structure and water resources in case of excessive dosages. Since the literature lacks critical content describing clearly the cons related to the reuse of stillage in agriculture in the long-term, this review aimed to assess the real polluting potential of stillage, and the implications of its land disposal and/or discharge into water bodies. Evidence from the literature indicate that the main obstacles to reuse stillage in natura include risks of soil salinization; clogging of pores, reduction in the microbial activity and the significant depletion of dissolved oxygen concentrations in water bodies; contamination per nitrates and eutrophication; soil structure destabilization due to high concentrations of potassium and sodium; and, possible acidification of soil and water resources, considering the low pH of stillage (∼4,5). Toxic metals, such as cadmium, lead, copper, chromium and nickel, were also identified in concentrations above the recommended limits in stillage samples, increasing risks to human health (e.g. carcinogenic potential) and to crops (e.g. productivity loss). In short, although some studies report benefits from the land application of stillage, its treatment prior to disposal is essential to make fertigation an environmentally suitable practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Tadeu Fuess
- Laboratory of Biological Processes, São Carlos School of Engineering (EESC), University of São Paulo (USP), 1100 João Dagnone Avenue, 13563-120 São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Marcelo Loureiro Garcia
- Institute of Geosciences and Exact Sciences, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, 1515 24-A Avenue, 13506-900 Rio Claro, SP, Brazil.
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Syaichurrozi I, Sumardiono S. Predicting kinetic model of biogas production and biodegradability organic materials: biogas production from vinasse at variation of COD/N ratio. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013; 149:390-397. [PMID: 24128402 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.09.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Revised: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The biogas fermentation of vinasse (TS 7.015 ± 0.007%) was investigated within a wide range of COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand)/N (Total Nitrogen) ratio. Urea (46% nitrogen content) was added into substrate to adjust COD/N ratio of 400/7-700/7. This study used batch anaerobic digesters in laboratory-scale that were operated at room temperature in 60 days. The results showed that control variable, 400/7, 500/7, 600/7, 700/7 generated total biogas of 107.45, 123.87, 133.82, 139.17, 113.27 mL/g COD and had the value of COD removal of 31.274 ± 0.887, 33.483 ± 0.266, 36.573 ± 1.689, 38.088 ± 0.872, 32.714 ± 0.881%, respectively. Variable with COD/N ratio of 600/7 was the best variable. In the kinetic model of biogas production, variable with COD/N of 600/7 had kinetic constant of A (mL/g COD), μ (mL/g COD.day), λ (days) of 132.580, 15.200, 0.213, respectively. The model equation of kinetic of biodegradability organic materials obtained was [formula in text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Iqbal Syaichurrozi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Diponegoro, Postal Code 50275, Semarang, Indonesia.
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