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Deng H, Liang X, Liu J, Zheng X, Fan TP, Cai Y. Advances and perspectives on perylenequinone biosynthesis. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1070110. [PMID: 36605511 PMCID: PMC9808054 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1070110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Under illumination, the fungal secondary metabolites, perylenequinones (PQs) react with molecular oxygen to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), which, in excess can damage cellular macromolecules and trigger apoptosis. Based on this property, PQs have been widely used as photosensitizers and applied in pharmaceuticals, which has stimulated research into the discovery of new PQs and the elucidation of their biosynthetic pathways. The PQs-associated literature covering from April 1967 to September 2022 is reviewed in three sections: (1) the sources, structural diversity, and biological activities of microbial PQs; (2) elucidation of PQ biosynthetic pathways, associated genes, and mechanisms of regulation; and (3) advances in pathway engineering and future potential strategies to modify cellular metabolism and improve PQ production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaxiang Deng
- Center for Synthetic Biochemistry, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China,The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China,*Correspondence: Huaxiang Deng,
| | - Xinxin Liang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jinbin Liu
- School of Marine and Bioengineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaohui Zheng
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, Shanxi, China
| | - Tai-Ping Fan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Yujie Cai
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China,Yujie Cai,
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Liu Y, Dong W, Shen S, Meng F, Wang J, Yang K, Lin D. Enhancement of E. coli inactivation by photosensitized erythrosine-based solar disinfection under weakly acidic conditions. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 212:118125. [PMID: 35123381 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cost-effective disinfection technology is urgently needed in poor rural areas. Erythrosine (ERY)-based solar disinfection (SODIS) provides a promising solution because of its effective inactivation of viruses and gram-positive bacteria at low cost. However, the poor gram-negative bacteria (G-, e.g., Escherichia coli) inactivation of photosensitized ERY inhibits its application. Herein, for the first time, the protonation of ERY was found to greatly enhance its G- inactivation, and 99.99999% (7.0 log) of E. coli were completely inactivated within only 30 s using 2.5 mg/L ERY under 200 mW/cm2 visible light irradiation. The inactivation rate constant (k) reached 17.5 min-1 at pH 4.0, which was 4730 times higher than that at pH 7.0. At a lower pH, more severe cell wall and genomic DNA damage was observed. A linear correlation between k and monoanionic ERY (HE-) content was obtained, indicating that HE- rather than dianionic ERY (E2-) participated in the inactivation at pH 5.0-7.0, which was further explained by the higher production of reactive oxygen species and bacterial adsorption of HE- than E2-. Both 1O2 and O2-• dominated bacterial inactivation, contributing 56.8% and 43.2%, respectively. O2-• but not 1O2 caused ERY photobleaching. OH• was not involved in either inactivation or photobleaching. Humic acid and salts (NaCl, Na2SO4, CaCl2, and MgCl2) slightly inhibited inactivation, while NaHCO3 accelerated inactivation. Complete inactivation (99.9999%) of E. coli was achieved within ∼30 min at pH 5.0 in ERY-based SODIS with good adaptation to various water matrices and weather (sunny or partly cloudy). This work will help to promote the application of ERY-based disinfection especially for SODIS in poor rural areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wenhua Dong
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shuyi Shen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Fanxu Meng
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jiajia Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Kun Yang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Daohui Lin
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Ecological Civilization Academy, Anji 313300, China.
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3
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de Morais FAP, Enumo A, Gonçalves RS, Cesar GB, Miranda N, Vilsinski BH, da Silva Junior RC, Nakamura CV, Hioka N, Caetano W. Hypericin photodynamic activity. Part III: in vitro evaluation in different nanocarriers against trypomastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2019; 18:487-494. [PMID: 30534717 DOI: 10.1039/c8pp00444g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Chagas is a parasitic endemic disease caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi. It represents a strong threat to public health due to its strong resistance against commonly available drugs. We studied the in vitro ability to inactivate the trypomastigote form of this parasite using photodynamic inactivation of microorganisms (or antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy, aPDT). For this, we chose to use the photosensitizer hypericin (Hyp) formulated in ethanol/water (1% v/v) and Hyp loaded in the dispersion of different aqueous nanocarrier systems. These included polymeric micelles of F-127 and P-123 (both Pluronic™ surfactants), and liposomal vesicles of phospholipid 2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC). These systems with Hyp had their activity compared against trypomastigote forms under light and in the dark. Hyp revealed a high level of effectiveness to eradicate protozoa in vitro. Samples at concentrations higher than 0.8 μmol L-1 of Hyp in Pluronic micelles showed efficacy even in the dark, with the EC50 around (6-8) μmol L-1. Therefore, Hyp/Pluronics can be used also as a chemotherapeutic agent. The best result for EC50 is at approximately 0.31 μmol L-1 for illuminated systems of Hyp in F-127 micelles. For Hyp in P-123 micelles under light, the results also led to a low EC50 value of 0.36 μmol L-1. The highest value of EC50 was 2.22 μmol L-1, which was found for Hyp/DPPC liposomes under light. For the Hyp-free (ethanol/water, 1% v/v)/illuminated group, the EC50 value was 0.37 μmol L-1, which also is a value that shows effectiveness. However, in free-form, Hyp is not protected against blood components, unlike when Hyp is loaded into the nanocarriers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adalberto Enumo
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, 87020-900, Brazil
| | | | - Gabriel Batista Cesar
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Nathielle Miranda
- Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, 87020-900, Brazil
| | | | | | - Celso Vataru Nakamura
- Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Noboru Hioka
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Wilker Caetano
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, 87020-900, Brazil
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Babu B, Prinsloo E, Mack J, Nyokong T. Synthesis, characterization and photodynamic activity of Sn(iv) triarylcorroles with red-shifted Q bands. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj03391b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A tin(iv)corrole with meso-thien-2-yl rings has significantly red-shifted Q bands and is found to have favourable photodynamic therapy activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balaji Babu
- Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation
- Department of Chemistry
- Rhodes University
- Makhanda 6140
- South Africa
| | - Earl Prinsloo
- Biotechnology Innovation Centre
- Rhodes University
- Makhanda 6140
- South Africa
| | - John Mack
- Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation
- Department of Chemistry
- Rhodes University
- Makhanda 6140
- South Africa
| | - Tebello Nyokong
- Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation
- Department of Chemistry
- Rhodes University
- Makhanda 6140
- South Africa
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Keša P, Jancura D, Kudláčová J, Valušová E, Antalík M. Excitation of triplet states of hypericin in water mediated by hydrotropic cromolyn sodium salt. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2018; 193:185-191. [PMID: 29241053 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Hypericin (Hyp) is a hydrophobic pigment found in plants of the genus Hypericum which exhibits low levels of solubility in water. This work shows that the solubility of Hyp can be significantly increased through the addition of cromolyn disodium salt (DSCG). Performed studies using UV-VIS absorption and fluorescence spectroscopies demonstrate that Hyp remains in a predominantly biologically photodynamic active monomeric form in the presence of DSCG at concentrations ranging from 4.6×10-3 to 1.2×10-1mol·L-1. The low association constant between Hyp and DSCG (Ka=71.7±2M-1), and the polarity value of 0.3 determined for Hyp in a DSCG-water solution, lead to a suggestion that the monomerization of Hyp in aqueous solution can be explained as a result of the hydrotropic effect of DSCG. This hydrotropic effect is most likely a result of interactions between two relative rigid aromatic rings of DSCG and a delocalized charge on the surface of the Hyp molecule. The triplet-triplet (T-T) electronic transition observed in is Hyp in the presence of DSCG suggests a possible production of reactive oxygen species once Hyp is irradiated with visible light in a DSCG aqueous solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Keša
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Watsonova 47, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia.
| | - Daniel Jancura
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, P.J. Šafárik University, Jesenná 5, 041 54 Košice, Slovakia; Center for Interdisciplinary Biosciences, Faculty of Science, P.J. Šafárik University, Jesenná 5, 041 54 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Júlia Kudláčová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, P.J. Šafárik University, Šrobárova 2, 041 80 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Eva Valušová
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Watsonova 47, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Marián Antalík
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, P.J. Šafárik University, Šrobárova 2, 041 80 Košice, Slovakia; Department of Biophysics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Watsonova 47, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia
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6
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Joniova J, Rebič M, Strejčková A, Huntosova V, Staničová J, Jancura D, Miskovsky P, Bánó G. Formation of Large Hypericin Aggregates in Giant Unilamellar Vesicles-Experiments and Modeling. Biophys J 2017; 112:966-975. [PMID: 28297655 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2017.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The incorporation of hypericin (Hyp) from aqueous solutions into giant unilamellar vesicle (GUV) membranes has been studied experimentally and by means of kinetic Monte Carlo modeling. The time evolution of Hyp fluorescence originating from Hyp monomers dissolved in the GUV membrane has been recorded by confocal microscopy and while trapping individual GUVs in optical tweezers. It was shown that after reaching a maximum, the fluorescence intensity gradually decreased toward longer times. Formation of oversized Hyp clusters has been observed on the GUV surface at prolonged time. A simplified kinetic Monte Carlo model is presented to follow the aggregation/dissociation processes of Hyp molecules in the membrane. The simulation results reproduced the basic experimental observations: the scaling of the characteristic fluorescence decay time with the vesicle diameter and the buildup of large Hyp clusters in the GUV membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslava Joniova
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Physics, Faculty of Science, P.J. Šafárik University, Košice, Slovakia; Laboratory of Organometallic and Medicinal Chemistry, ISIC, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Matúš Rebič
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Physics, Faculty of Science, P.J. Šafárik University, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Alena Strejčková
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute of Biophysics, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Veronika Huntosova
- Center for Interdisciplinary Biosciences, Faculty of Science, P.J. Šafárik University, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Jana Staničová
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute of Biophysics, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Daniel Jancura
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Physics, Faculty of Science, P.J. Šafárik University, Košice, Slovakia; Center for Interdisciplinary Biosciences, Faculty of Science, P.J. Šafárik University, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Pavol Miskovsky
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Physics, Faculty of Science, P.J. Šafárik University, Košice, Slovakia; Center for Interdisciplinary Biosciences, Faculty of Science, P.J. Šafárik University, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Gregor Bánó
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Physics, Faculty of Science, P.J. Šafárik University, Košice, Slovakia; Center for Interdisciplinary Biosciences, Faculty of Science, P.J. Šafárik University, Košice, Slovakia.
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7
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Pietrzak M, Szabelski M, Kasparek A, Wieczorek Z. Interactions of hypericin with a model mutagen – Acridine orange analyzed by light absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy. Chem Phys Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2016.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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8
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Pena Luengas SL, Marin GH, Aviles K, Cruz Acuña R, Roque G, Rodríguez Nieto F, Sanchez F, Tarditi A, Rivera L, Mansilla E. Enhanced singlet oxygen production by photodynamic therapy and a novel method for its intracellular measurement. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2015; 29:435-43. [PMID: 25490599 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2014.1718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The generation of singlet oxygen (SO) in the presence of specific photosensitizers (PSs) or semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) and its application in photodynamic therapy (PDT) is of great interest to develop cancer therapies with no need of surgery, chemotherapy, and/or radiotherapy. This work was focused on the identification of the main factors leading to the enhancement of SO production using Rose Bengal (RB), and Methylene Blue (MB) as PS species in organic and aqueous mediums. Subsequently, the capacity of zinc oxide (ZnO), zinc sulfide (ZnS), and ZnO/ZnS core-shell QDs as well as manganese (Mn(+2)) doped ZnO and ZnS nanoparticles (NPs) as potential PS was also investigated. Many variable parameters such as type of quencher, PSs, NPs, as well as its different concentrations, light source, excitation wavelength, reaction time, distance from light source, and nature of solvent were used. The degradation kinetics of the quenchers generated by SO species and the corresponding quantum yields were determined by monitoring the photo-oxidation of the chemical quencher and measuring its disappearance by fluorometry and spectrophotometry in the presence of NPs. Small intracellular changes of SO induced by these metal Zn (zinc) NPs and PDT could execute and accelerate deadly programs in these leukemic cells, providing in this way an innovative modality of treatment. In order to perform further more specific in vitro cytotoxic studies on B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells exposed to Zn NPs and PDT, we needed first to measure and ascertain those possible intracellular SO variations generated by this type of treatment; for this purpose, we have also developed and tested a novel method first described by us.
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Benković ET, Kreft S. Fagopyrins and Protofagopyrins: Detection, Analysis, and Potential Phototoxicity in Buckwheat. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:5715-5724. [PMID: 26024291 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b01163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Buckwheat contains many healthy nutrients, and its consumption is therefore increasing. Buckwheat also contains fluorescent phototoxic fagopyrins. A systematic review of fagopyrins and the phototoxicity of buckwheat found that reliable quantitative data on fagopyrin toxicity are not yet available. Generally, buckwheat seeds, flour, and teas are safe in normal amounts. Diets extensively composed of buckwheat sprouts, herbs, and particularly flowers or of fagopyrin-rich buckwheat extracts may cause fagopyrism. A reference standard is needed, as it would enable the accurate evaluation of fagopyrin content in buckwheat products and would allow proper testing of their as yet unknown physical, chemical, and biological characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Tavčar Benković
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Samo Kreft
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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10
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Deng H, Liu X, Xie J, Yin R, Huang N, Gu Y, Zhao J. Quantitative and Site-Directed Chemical Modification of Hypocrellins toward Direct Drug Delivery and Effective Photodynamic Activity. J Med Chem 2012; 55:1910-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jm2017368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Deng
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Photochemistry,
Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Photochemistry,
Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Xie
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Photochemistry,
Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rong Yin
- Department of Laser Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Naiyan Huang
- Department of Laser Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Ying Gu
- Department of Laser Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Jingquan Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Photochemistry,
Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, People’s Republic of China
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11
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Li Z, Wang J, Chen J, Lei W, Wang X, Zhang B. Hypocrellin B doped and pH-responsive silica nanoparticles for photodynamic therapy. Sci China Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-010-3201-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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12
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Miadokova E, Chalupa I, Vlckova V, Sevcovicova A, Nadova S, Kopaskova M, Hercegova A, Gasperova P, Alfoldiova L, Komjatiova M, Csanyiova Z, Galova E, Cellarova E, Vlcek D. Genotoxicity and antigenotoxicity evaluation of non-photoactivated hypericin. Phytother Res 2009; 24:90-5. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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13
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Gbur P, Dedic R, Chorvat Jr D, Miskovsky P, Hala J, Jancura D. Time-resolved Luminescence and Singlet Oxygen Formation After Illumination of the Hypericin-Low-density Lipoprotein Complex. Photochem Photobiol 2009; 85:816-23. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2008.00483.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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14
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Shen L. Deactivation mechanisms of triplet excited state hypericin by β-carotene. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/08927020802454851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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15
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Arnbjerg J, Johnsen M, Nielsen CB, Jørgensen M, Ogilby PR. Effect of Sensitizer Protonation on Singlet Oxygen Production in Aqueous and Nonaqueous Media. J Phys Chem A 2007; 111:4573-83. [PMID: 17480060 DOI: 10.1021/jp066843f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The yield of singlet molecular oxygen, O2(a(1)Delta(g)), produced in a photosensitized process can be very susceptible to environmental perturbations. In the present study, protonation of photosensitizers whose chromophores contain amine functional groups is shown to adversely affect the singlet oxygen yield. Specifically, for bis(amino) phenylene vinylenes dissolved both in water and in toluene, addition of a protic acid to the solution alters properties of the system that, in turn, result in a decrease in the efficiency of singlet oxygen production. In light of previous studies on other molecules where protonation-dependent changes in the yield of photosensitized singlet oxygen production have been ascribed to changes in the quantum yield of the sensitizer triplet state, Phi(T), and to possible changes in the triplet state energy, E(T), our results demonstrate that this photosystem can respond to protonation in other ways. Although protonation-dependent changes in the amount of charge-transfer character in the sensitizer-oxygen complex may influence the singlet oxygen yield, it is likely that other processes also play a role. These include (a) protonation-dependent changes in sensitizer aggregation and (b) nonradiative channels for sensitizer deactivation that are enhanced as a consequence of the reversible protonation/deprotonation of the chromophore. The data obtained, although complicated, are relevant for understanding and ultimately controlling the behavior of photosensitizers in systems with microheterogeneous domains that have appreciable pH gradients. These data are particularly important given the use of such bi-basic chromophores as two-photon singlet oxygen sensitizers, with applications in spatially resolved singlet oxygen experiments (e.g., imaging experiments).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Arnbjerg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Aarhus, DK-8000, Arhus, Denmark
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16
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Shen L, Ji HF, Zhang HY. Anion of hypericin is crucial to understanding the photosensitive features of the pigment. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 16:1414-7. [PMID: 16337376 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.11.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2005] [Revised: 10/26/2005] [Accepted: 11/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Photosensitive behaviors of hypericin (HYP) have attracted much attention, because of HYP's great potential in photodynamic therapy. It has been found that HYP differs from homologous pigments, such as hypocrellin A (HA), in photosensitive features. For instance, despite the comparable triplet state quantum yields, HYP holds a much lower singlet oxygen yield than HA. To understand the unique photosensitive behaviors of HYP, time-dependent density functional theory is employed to calculate a series of excited-state properties of HYP and its anion (dominant in polar solvents), which are then compared with excited-state properties of HA. It is revealed that the stronger electron-donating power of HYP anion than that of HA is responsible for the HYP's photosensitive features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Shen
- Shandong Provincial Research Center for Bioinformatic Engineering and Technique, Center for Advanced Study, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, PR China
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17
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Webb SP. Ab initio electronic structure theory as an aid to understanding excited state hydrogen transfer in moderate to large systems. Theor Chem Acc 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-005-0011-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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18
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Liu F, Pan C, Drumm P, Ang CYW. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry studies of St. John's wort methanol extraction: active constituents and their transformation. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2005; 37:303-12. [PMID: 15708671 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2004.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2004] [Revised: 10/21/2004] [Accepted: 10/28/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The influence of light and solution pH on the stability behavior of phloroglucinols (hyperforin and adhyperforin) and naphthodianthrones (hypericin, pseudohypericin, protohypericin and protopseudohypericin) extracted with methanol from St. John's wort powder (Hypericum perforatum L.) were studied using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). When exposed to light, hyperforin and adhyperforin in this extract solution degraded rapidly, particularly at pH 7, where within 12h complete transformation was observed. Contrastingly, when protected from light, the solutions regardless of pH, underwent minimal transformation after 36h. Under light and neutral pH conditions, phloroglucinols and naphthodianthrones had different stability behaviors, which were attributed to the different oxidation mechanisms. Four experiments performed on naphthodianthrones exhibited serious transformation at acidic pHs. One hyperforin transformation product was studied using LC-MS. The molecular structure was proposed on the basis of ion fragmentation patterns obtained from MS/MS studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances Liu
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, NJ 07936, USA
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