1
|
Guen VJ, Gamble C, Lees JA, Colas P. The awakening of the CDK10/Cyclin M protein kinase. Oncotarget 2018; 8:50174-50186. [PMID: 28178678 PMCID: PMC5564841 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) play important roles in the control of fundamental cellular processes. Some of the most characterized CDKs are considered to be pertinent therapeutic targets for cancers and other diseases, and first clinical successes have recently been obtained with CDK inhibitors. Although discovered in the pre-genomic era, CDK10 attracted little attention until it was identified as a major determinant of resistance to endocrine therapy for breast cancer. In some studies, CDK10 has been shown to promote cell proliferation whereas other studies have revealed a tumor suppressor function. The recent discovery of Cyclin M as a CDK10 activating partner has allowed the unveiling of a protein kinase activity against the ETS2 oncoprotein, whose degradation is activated by CDK10/Cyclin M-mediated phosphorylation. CDK10/Cyclin M has also been shown to repress ciliogenesis and to maintain actin network architecture, through the phoshorylation of the PKN2 protein kinase and the control of RhoA stability. These findings shed light on the molecular mechanisms underlying STAR syndrome, a severe human developmental genetic disorder caused by mutations in the Cyclin M coding gene. They also pave the way to a better understanding of the role of CDK10/Cyclin M in cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent J Guen
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States of America
| | - Carly Gamble
- P2I2 Group, Protein Phosphorylation and Human Disease Laboratory, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Roscoff, France
| | - Jacqueline A Lees
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States of America
| | - Pierre Colas
- P2I2 Group, Protein Phosphorylation and Human Disease Laboratory, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Roscoff, France
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Toma I, McCaffrey TA. Transforming growth factor-β and atherosclerosis: interwoven atherogenic and atheroprotective aspects. Cell Tissue Res 2012; 347:155-75. [PMID: 21626289 PMCID: PMC4915479 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-011-1189-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Accepted: 05/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Age-related progression of cardiovascular disease is by far the largest health problem in the US and involves vascular damage, progressive vascular fibrosis and the accumulation of lipid-rich atherosclerotic lesions. Advanced lesions can restrict flow to key organs and can trigger occlusive thrombosis resulting in a stroke or myocardial infarction. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) is a major orchestrator of the fibroproliferative response to tissue damage. In the early stages of repair, TGF-β is released from platelets and activated from matrix reservoirs; it then stimulates the chemotaxis of repair cells, modulates immunity and inflammation and induces matrix production. At later stages, it negatively regulates fibrosis through its strong antiproliferative and apoptotic effects on fibrotic cells. In advanced lesions, TGF-β might be important in arterial calcification, commonly referred to as "hardening of the arteries". Because TGF-β can signal through multiple pathways, namely the SMADs, a MAPK pathway and the Rho/ROCK pathways, selective defects in TGF-β signaling can disrupt otherwise coordinated pathways of tissue regeneration. TGF-β is known to control cell proliferation, cell migration, matrix synthesis, wound contraction, calcification and the immune response, all being major components of the atherosclerotic process. However, many of the effects of TGF-β are essential to normal tissue repair and thus, TGF-β is often thought to be "atheroprotective". The present review attempts to parse systematically the known effects of TGF-β on both the major risk factors for atherosclerosis and to isolate the role of TGF-β in the many component pathways involved in atherogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian Toma
- Department of Medicine, Division of Genomic Medicine, The George Washington University Medical Center, 2300 I Street NW. Ross Hall 443, Washington DC 20037, USA
| | - Timothy A. McCaffrey
- Department of Medicine, Division of Genomic Medicine, The George Washington University Medical Center, 2300 I Street NW. Ross Hall 443, Washington DC 20037, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Dummler S, Eichhorn S, Tesche C, Schreiber U, Voss B, Deutsch MA, Hauner H, Lahm H, Lange R, Krane M. Pulsatile ex vivo perfusion of human saphenous vein grafts under controlled pressure conditions increases MMP-2 expression. Biomed Eng Online 2011; 10:62. [PMID: 21777461 PMCID: PMC3148203 DOI: 10.1186/1475-925x-10-62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Accepted: 07/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The use of human saphenous vein grafts (HSVGs) as a bypass conduit is a standard procedure in the treatment of coronary artery disease while their early occlusion remains a major problem. Methods We have developed an ex vivo perfusion system, which uses standardized and strictly controlled hemodynamic parameters for the pulsatile and non-static perfusion of HSVGs to guarantee a reliable analysis of molecular parameters under different pressure conditions. Cell viability of HSVGs (n = 12) was determined by the metabolic conversion of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) into a purple formazan dye. Results Under physiological flow rates (10 mmHg) HSVGs remained viable for two weeks. Their exposure to arterial conditions (100 mmHg) was possible for one week without important reduction in viability. Baseline expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) after venous perfusion (2.2 ± 0.5, n = 5) was strongly up-regulated after exposure to arterial conditions for three days (19.8 ± 4.3) or five days (23.9 ± 6.1, p < 0.05). Zymographic analyses confirmed this increase on the protein level. Our results suggest that expression and activity of MMP-2 are strongly increased after exposure of HSVGs to arterial hemodynamic conditions compared to physiological conditions. Conclusion Therefore, our system might be helpful to more precisely understand the molecular mechanisms leading to an early failure of HSVGs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Dummler
- German Heart Center Munich at the Technische Universität München, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Lazarettstrasse 36, D-80636 Munich, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Small Interfering RNA to c-myc Inhibits Vein Graft Restenosis in a Rat Vein Graft Model. J Surg Res 2011; 169:e85-91. [PMID: 21571310 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2011.03.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2010] [Revised: 02/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
|
5
|
Ni J, Waldman A, Khachigian LM. c-Jun regulates shear- and injury-inducible Egr-1 expression, vein graft stenosis after autologous end-to-side transplantation in rabbits, and intimal hyperplasia in human saphenous veins. J Biol Chem 2009; 285:4038-4048. [PMID: 19940138 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.078345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronary artery bypass graft failure represents an unsolved problem in interventional cardiology and heart surgery. Late occlusion of autologous saphenous vein bypass grafts is a consequence of neointima formation underpinned by smooth muscle cell (SMC) migration and proliferation. Poor long term patency and the lack of pharmacologic agents that prevent graft failure necessitate effective alternative therapies. Our objective here was to evaluate the effect of targeted inhibition of the bZIP transcription factor c-Jun on intimal hyperplasia in human saphenous veins and vein graft stenosis after autologous end-to-side transplantation. DNAzymes targeting c-Jun attenuated intimal hyperplasia in human saphenous vein explants. Adenovirus-forced c-Jun expression stimulated SMC proliferation, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, and MMP-2 expression. c-Jun DNAzymes abrogated Adeno-c-Jun-inducible SMC growth and wound repair and reduced intimal thickening in jugular veins of New Zealand white rabbits 4 weeks after autologous end-to-side transplantation to carotid arteries. Conversely, in a DNAzyme-free setting, Adeno-c-Jun potentiated neointima formation in the veins compared with Adeno-LacZ. Inducible c-Jun expression is ERK1/2- and JNK-dependent but p38-independent. Injury- and shear-inducible c-Jun controls early growth response-1. These data demonstrate that strategies targeting c-Jun may be useful for the prevention of vein graft stenosis. Control of one important shear-responsive transcription factor by another indicates the existence of transcriptional amplification mechanisms that magnify the vascular response to cell injury or stress through inducible transcriptional networks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ni
- From the Centre for Vascular Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Alla Waldman
- From the Centre for Vascular Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Levon M Khachigian
- From the Centre for Vascular Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Artwohl M, Lindenmair A, Roden M, Waldhäusl WK, Freudenthaler A, Klosner G, Ilhan A, Luger A, Baumgartner-Parzer SM. Fatty acids induce apoptosis in human smooth muscle cells depending on chain length, saturation, and duration of exposure. Atherosclerosis 2008; 202:351-62. [PMID: 18597758 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2008.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2007] [Revised: 05/04/2008] [Accepted: 05/06/2008] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Plasma free fatty acid (FFA) concentrations are increased in states of insulin resistance. Therefore, this study evaluated apoptosis and underlying mechanisms induced by selected nutritional FFAs, a defined FFA-mix, and human plasma containing high FFA concentrations in human smooth muscle cells (HSMCs). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS HSMCs were incubated (24-72 h) with selected FFAs (100-300 micromol/l), an FFA-mix (palmitic-/stearic-/oleic-/linoleic-/alpha-linolenic acid=2.6/1/3.6/9/1; 300-900 micromol/l), or with high FFA-plasma (600 micromol/l) versus respective control cultures. Apoptosis, caspase activation, and protein expression were determined by DNA-fragmentation assays, flow cytometry, and Western blots, respectively. RESULTS Exposure (24h) of HSMCs to 300 micromol/l stearic-, oleic-, linoleic-, alpha-linolenic-, and arachidonic acid induced apoptosis, correlating (p<0.01) with the FFAs' chain length (r=0.602) and number of FFA double bonds (r=0.956). After 48 h, 100 micromol/l of all tested FFAs - including palmitic acid - were already sufficient to trigger HSMCs' cell death. FFA-exposure resulted in activation of caspases and apoptosis was completely abolished by co-incubation with caspase inhibitors and negatively correlated (p<0.01) with the base-excision repair protein XRCC1 (r=-0.765) and with c-myc's antagonist mad (r=-0.916), whereas positive correlations (p<0.01) were found for protein expression of the proto-oncogene c-myc (r=0.972) and the transcription factor E2F-1 (r=0.971). Exposure of HSMCs to the defined FFA-mix and to plasma samples from individuals with elevated plasma FFAs supported the results obtained by defined FFA stimulation. CONCLUSIONS Since smooth muscle cells surround the macrophage/foam cell/lipid-laden artheromatous core of atherosclerotic lesions with a protective fibrous cap, their FFA-induced HSMC apoptosis could contribute to progression of atherosclerosis by thinning of the fibrous cap and subsequent plaque destabilization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Artwohl
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Clinical Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Buerke M, Pruefer D, Sankat D, Carter JM, Buerke U, Russ M, Schlitt A, Friedrich I, Börgermann J, Vahl CF, Werdan K. Effects of Aprotinin on Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis After Ischemia and Reperfusion in Rats. Circulation 2007; 116:I121-6. [PMID: 17846291 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.106.680249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background—
Reperfusion injury of ischemic myocardium has been attributed to neutrophil infiltration, inflammatory activation and cardiac necrosis/apoptosis. Serine protease inhibition with aprotinin is cardioprotective, but the mechanism is unknown.
Methods and Results—
We studied aprotinin in a rat model of myocardial ischemia for 20 minutes and reperfusion for 20 minutes, 8 hours or 24 hours. Aprotinin (20 000 IU/kg) given 5 minutes before reperfusion significantly reduced leukocyte accumulation (
P
<0.01), myocardial injury (determined by CK depletion,
P
<0.01) and myocyte apoptosis (
P
<0.05) compared with vehicle treated rats. Differential gene expression analysis showed myocardial ischemia plus reperfusion increased expression of proinflammatory genes like P-selectin, E-selectin, intercellular adhesion molecule, tumor necrosis factor-α, tumor necrosis factor-α receptor, interleukin-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, p53, and Fas (CD59). Aprotinin before reperfusion suppressed expression of these inflammatory genes. Finally, differential protein expression analysis demonstrated increased intercellular adhesion molecule-1, tumor necrosis factor-α, and p53 after myocardial ischemia plus reperfusion, and this effect was diminished by aprotinin.
Conclusions—
We demonstrated myocardial ischemia plus reperfusion induced leukocyte accumulation, inflammation, gene expression, protein expression and finally tissue injury and showed aprotinin limiting reperfusion injury through each of these stages, even after 24 hours of reperfusion. This effect seems partly attributable to suppression of proinflammatory genes and leukocyte accumulation. This work casts further light on the complex signaling of ischemia and reperfusion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Buerke
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Ernst-Grube-Str. 40, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kodama T, Tan PH, Offiah I, Partridge T, Cook T, George AJT, Blomley MJK. Delivery of oligodeoxynucleotides into human saphenous veins and the adjunct effect of ultrasound and microbubbles. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2005; 31:1683-91. [PMID: 16344130 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2005.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2005] [Revised: 07/28/2005] [Accepted: 08/04/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Therapy with naked oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs, molecular weight: 3000 to 7500) provides an elegant means of modulating gene expression without the problems associated with conventional gene therapy, but the relatively low transfer efficiency on intravascular administration is a limitation to clinical application. Ultrasound, which can be potentiated by microbubbles, shows promise as a method of delivering macromolecules such as plasmid DNA and other transgenes into cells. Since uptake of molecules into cells depends on their molecular weight, it might be expected that the delivery of ODNs, which are relatively small, will be facilitated by ultrasound and microbubbles. In the present study, we delivered ODNs into veins using ultrasound and microbubbles. First, we quantified the uptake of fluorescent-labeled ODNs into intact ex vivo human saphenous veins and isolated smooth muscle cells from the veins, evaluating the effect of ultrasound and microbubbles on uptake. Ultrasound potentiated the delivery of ODN in cells, except at high concentrations. When intact veins were studied, we achieved nuclear localization of fluorescent-labeled ODNs in cells. This increased with increasing concentration and incubation time and was not potentiated by ultrasound, even when microbubbles were used. We then applied a therapeutic ODN (antisense to intercellular adhesion molecule 1, ICAM-1) to vein samples and documented a functional inhibition of gene expression in a sequence-specific manner at the protein level with immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis. Again, no significant difference was seen with adjunct ultrasound. These observations suggest high diffusion of ODNs into human saphenous veins in this ex vivo model, indicating potential applications to inhibition of vascular bypass graft occlusion and other vasculopathies. Although microbubble-ultrasound was of value with cells in culture, it was not beneficial with intact veins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Kodama
- Imaging Sciences Department and Imaging Directorate, Hammersmith Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the most important cause of morbidity and mortality in developed countries, causing twice as many deaths as cancer in the USA. The major cardiovascular diseases, including coronary artery disease (CAD), myocardial infarction (MI), congestive heart failure (CHF) and common congenital heart disease (CHD), are caused by multiple genetic and environmental factors, as well as the interactions between them. The underlying molecular pathogenic mechanisms for these disorders are still largely unknown, but gene expression may play a central role in the development and progression of cardiovascular disease. Microarrays are high-throughput genomic tools that allow the comparison of global expression changes in thousands of genes between normal and diseased cells/tissues. Microarrays have recently been applied to CAD/MI, CHF and CHD to profile changes in gene expression patterns in diseased and non-diseased patients. This same technology has also been used to characterise endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells and inflammatory cells, with or without various treatments that mimic disease processes involved in CAD/MI. These studies have led to the identification of unique subsets of genes associated with specific diseases and disease processes. Ongoing microarray studies in the field will provide insights into the molecular mechanism of cardiovascular disease and may generate new diagnostic and therapeutic markers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Archacki
- Center for Molecular Genetics, Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute; Center for Cardiovascular Genetics, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA
| | - Qing Wang
- Center for Molecular Genetics, Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute; Center for Cardiovascular Genetics, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Aavik E, Mahapatra A, Boldrick J, Chen X, Barry C, Dutoit D, Sarwal M, Häyry P. Correlation between gene expression and morphological alterations in baboon carotid after balloon dilatation injury. FASEB J 2004; 19:130-2. [PMID: 15496494 DOI: 10.1096/fj.04-2225fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Treatment for fibroproliferative restenosis after angioplasty and endovascular surgery is an unmet medical need. Rational therapy and drug design still lack the very basic knowledge about the underlying biological processes leading to pathological changes in the vessel wall. We have developed a primate model for vascular response to denudation-overstretch injury of baboon carotid artery. With this model, we have investigated the time course of vascular expression of 41,000 human cDNA clones and correlated these changes with carotid histology and function. Analysis revealed 20,788 differentially regulated cDNA clones. After high stringency data selection, the most prominently regulated 1629 cDNA clones representing 1510 genes of known function were clustered. Genes corresponding to functional and anatomical alterations in the injured carotid wall were further aligned into functional groups according to Gene Ontology classification. The observed expression patterns faithfully reflected the functional and anatomical alterations observed in the vascular wall in response to injury. The analysis presents a tentative model for genomic response to balloon catheter injury and a road map to identify time-related genomic alterations in human vascular specimens.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Carotid Arteries/chemistry
- Carotid Arteries/pathology
- Carotid Artery Injuries/etiology
- Carotid Artery Injuries/genetics
- Carotid Artery Injuries/pathology
- Catheterization/adverse effects
- Catheterization/methods
- Endothelium, Vascular/chemistry
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/pathology
- Gene Expression Profiling/methods
- Gene Expression Regulation/physiology
- Genes/physiology
- Male
- Microarray Analysis/methods
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/chemistry
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Nucleic Acid Hybridization/methods
- Papio ursinus/genetics
- Proteins/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic/genetics
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Einari Aavik
- Rational Drug Design Program, Biomedicum and Transplantation Laboratory, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Affiliation(s)
- M V Podgoreanu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kalish JA, Willis DJ, Li C, Link JJ, Deutsch ER, Contreras MA, Quist WC, Logerfo FW. Temporal genomics of vein bypass grafting through oligonucleotide microarray analysis. J Vasc Surg 2004; 39:645-54. [PMID: 14981462 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2003.10.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Autologous vein is the conduit of choice for small artery reconstruction. Despite excellent patency, these conduits undergo remodeling over time. The purpose of this study was to identify temporal gene expression in vein grafts versus control veins through microarray analysis. METHOD Cephalic vein grafts (n = 12) were used to bypass femoral arteries in canines. Vein grafts were harvested after 1, 7, 14, and 30 days. Normal contralateral cephalic vein served as control. Total RNA was isolated; its quantity and quality were confirmed with spectrophotometry and gel electrophoresis. Affymetrix U133A GeneChips, comprising approximately 15,000 genes, were used to analyze differential gene expression at each time point. Statistical analysis was performed with Affymetrix and dChip software to identify consistently upregulated and downregulated genes. Real-time, quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry were used to validate microarray data. RESULTS Statistical analysis revealed that 49 genes were consistently upregulated and 31 genes were consistently downregulated in all three animals at various time points. qRT-PCR to quantitatively assess messenger RNA expression was performed on specific genes to validate the microarray data. Immunohistochemistry to qualitatively assess protein expression was used for further validation. Hierarchical clustering with dChip identified additional genes with similar temporal or functional expression patterns. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to use microarray analysis with confirmatory qRT-PCR to identify altered genes after vein bypass grafting. Oligonucleotide microarrays and hierarchical clustering are powerful tools to generate hypotheses as the basis for additional research on gene expression in vein graft remodeling. Ultimately, identification of a temporal sequence of differential gene expression may provide insights not preferred into the molecular mechanisms of vein graft remodeling, but also into the pathways leading to intimal hyperplasia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Kalish
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, Beth Israel Deacones Medical Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Current Awareness on Comparative and Functional Genomics. Comp Funct Genomics 2003; 4. [PMCID: PMC2447311 DOI: 10.1002/cfg.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
|