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Alessio N, Ambrosino A, Boggi A, Aprile D, Pinto I, Galano G, Galderisi U, Di Bernardo G. Germicidal lamps using UV-C radiation may pose health safety issues: a biomolecular analysis of their effects on apoptosis and senescence. Aging (Albany NY) 2024; 16:7511-7522. [PMID: 38700499 PMCID: PMC11131978 DOI: 10.18632/aging.205787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
The battle against the COVID-19 pandemic has spurred a heightened state of vigilance in global healthcare, leading to the proliferation of diverse sanitization methods. Among these approaches, germicidal lamps utilizing ultraviolet (UV) rays, particularly UV-C (wavelength ranging from 280 to 100 nm), have gained prominence for domestic use. These light-emitting diode (LED) lamps are designed to sanitize the air, objects, and surfaces. However, the prevailing concern is that these UV lamps are often introduced into the market without adequate accompanying information to ensure their safe utilization. Importantly, exposure to absorbed UV light can potentially trigger adverse biological responses, encompassing cell death and senescence. Our research encompassed a series of investigations aimed at comprehending the biological repercussions of UV-C radiation exposure from readily available domestic lamps. Our focus centered on epithelial retinal cells, keratinocytes, and fibroblasts, components of the skin and ocular targets frequently exposed to UV irradiation. Our findings underscore the potential harm associated with even brief exposure to UV, leading to irreversible and detrimental alterations in both skin cells and retinal cells of the eye. Notably, epithelial retinal cells exhibited heightened sensitivity, marked by substantial apoptosis. In contrast, keratinocytes demonstrated resilience to apoptosis even at elevated UV doses, though they were prone to senescence. Meanwhile, fibroblasts displayed a gradual amplification of both senescence and apoptosis as radiation doses escalated. In summary, despite the potential benefits offered by UV-C in deactivating pathogens like SARS-CoV-2, it remains evident that the concurrent risks posed by UV-C to human health cannot be ignored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Alessio
- Biotechnology and Molecular Biology Section, Department of Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples 80138, Italy
| | - Alessia Ambrosino
- Biotechnology and Molecular Biology Section, Department of Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples 80138, Italy
| | - Andrea Boggi
- Physical Agents Sector, Regional Public Health Laboratory, Siena 53100, Italy
| | - Domenico Aprile
- Biotechnology and Molecular Biology Section, Department of Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples 80138, Italy
| | - Iole Pinto
- Physical Agents Sector, Regional Public Health Laboratory, Siena 53100, Italy
| | - Giovanni Galano
- ASL Napoli 1 Centro P.S.I. Napoli Est-Barra, Naples 80147, Italy
| | - Umberto Galderisi
- Biotechnology and Molecular Biology Section, Department of Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples 80138, Italy
- Center for Biotechnology, Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Giovanni Di Bernardo
- Biotechnology and Molecular Biology Section, Department of Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples 80138, Italy
- Center for Biotechnology, Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
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Idrees M, Kujan O. A Curcumin-Based Oral Gel Has Potential Protective Efficacy against Oral Mucositis: In Vitro Study. J Pers Med 2023; 14:1. [PMID: 38276216 PMCID: PMC10820130 DOI: 10.3390/jpm14010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Oral mucositis is a common distressing complication of cancer therapy, characterised by painful sores within the oral cavity. Current management options offer limited symptomatic relief. Curcumin, a natural polyphenolic compound with recognised anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, has emerged as a potential protective agent against oral mucositis. This study explores the therapeutic potential of curcumin in mitigating the impact of oral mucositis by investigating a commercially available curcumin-based oral gel, PerioGold®. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was used to characterise the main constituents of PerioGold®. The cytotoxicity of curcumin constituent was investigated in four cell lines: primary oral keratinocytes (HOKs), immortalised oral keratinocytes (OKF6), dysplastic oral keratinocytes (DOKs), and oral squamous cell carcinoma cells (PE/CA-PJ15). Concentrations of hydrogen peroxide were optimised to develop in vitro models that mimic oral mucositis. The inhibitory effects of PerioGold® against the production of reactive oxygen species were assessed using a designated kit. OKF6 cells were the most sensitive to oxidative stress, while PE/CA-PJ15 cells showed the highest resistance. Pretreatment of the investigated cells for 24 h with PerioGold® demonstrated a significant antioxidative effect in all cells based on a dose-response pattern. PerioGold® exhibits clinical potential for protecting against oxidative stress, warranting further individualised clinical investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Omar Kujan
- Discipline of Oral Pathology, UWA Dental School, The University of Western Australia, 17 Monash Avenue, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia;
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Reid L, Khammo N, Clothier RH. An Evaluation of the Effects of Photoactivation of Bithionol, Amiodarone and Chlorpromazine on Human Keratinocytes In Vitro. Altern Lab Anim 2019; 35:471-85. [DOI: 10.1177/026119290703500513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Human skin is a continual target for chemical toxicity, due to its constant exposure to xenobiotics. The skin possesses a number of protective antioxidant systems, including glutathione and enzymic pathways, which are capable of neutralising reactive oxygen species (ROS). In combination with certain chemicals, the presence of ROS might augment the levels of toxicity, due to photoactivation of the chemical or, alternatively, due to an oxidatively-stressed state in the skin which exisited prior to exposure to the chemical. Bithionol is a phototoxic anti-parasitic compound. The mechanism of its toxicity and the possible methods of protection from its damaging effects have been explored. The capacity of keratinocytes to protect themselves from bithionol and other phototoxic chemicals has been investigated. In addition, the potential of endogenous antioxidants, such as vitamin C and E, to afford protection to the cells, has been evaluated. The intracellular glutathione stores of HaCaT keratinocytes were reduced following treatment with biothionol. Following photoactivation, both bithionol and chlorpromazine had similar effects, which suggests that glutathione is important in the detoxification pathway of these chemicals. This was confirmed by means of the visual identification of fluorescently-labelled glutathione. Endogenous antioxidants were unable to protect the HaCaT keratinocytes from bithionol toxicity or chlorpromazine phototoxicity. Amiodarone was shown to have no effect on cellular glutathione levels, which suggests that an alternative mechanism of detoxification was occurring in this case. This was supported by evidence of the protection of HaCaT cells from amiodarone phototoxicity via endogenous antioxidants. Thus, it appears that amiodarone toxicity is dependent on the levels of non-gluathione antioxidants present, whilst bithionol and chlorpromazine detoxification relies on the glutathione antioxidant system. This type of approach could indicate the likely mechanisms of phototoxicity of chemicals in vitro, with relevance to potential effects in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linzi Reid
- FRAME Alternatives Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Nancy Khammo
- FRAME Alternatives Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Richard H. Clothier
- FRAME Alternatives Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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Misovic M, Milenkovic D, Martinovic T, Ciric D, Bumbasirevic V, Kravic-Stevovic T. Short-term exposure to UV-A, UV-B, and UV-C irradiation induces alteration in cytoskeleton and autophagy in human keratinocytes. Ultrastruct Pathol 2013; 37:241-8. [PMID: 23758094 DOI: 10.3109/01913123.2012.756568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet radiation (UV) induces a series of morphological and ultrastructural alterations in human epidermis. Alterations observed in irradiated keratinocytes in morphological studies done before were cell retraction with loss of intercellular interactions, surface blebbing, and eventually cell death by apoptosis. The aim of this study was to investigate effect of UV-A, UV-B, and UV-C irradiation on the cytoskeleton of human keratinocytes. Keratinocytes were obtained by exfoliative scrubbing procedure from buccal mucosa of healthy individuals, and treated with UV-A, UV-B, and UV-C radiation. Afterward, treated cell were labeled with anti-alfa-tubulin and anti-human-cytokeratin and analyzed by light and confocal microscopy. The intensity of the cytokeratin labeling was found to be much higher in all irradiated cells than in control cells as observed by light microscope and measured with the Image J program. This measurement showed that with the decrease in the wavelengths of UV irradiation the intensity of the labeling of cells increases. Although the authors expected to find the collapse of microtubules toward the cell nucleus or their rearrangement in UV-treated cells, these alterations were not verified on cell smears labeled with anti-alfa tubulin observed by confocal microscope. When they used electron microscopy to examine in more detail the morphology of irradiated cells, they did not find apoptotic cells, but found features of autophagy in UV-treated keratinocytes. The authors assume that autophagy found as a result of UV radiation of human keratinocytes acts as a cytoprotective mechanism against UV-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Misovic
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, Medical Faculty Belgrade, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Single cell viability and impact of heating by laser absorption. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL: EBJ 2011; 40:1109-14. [PMID: 21688081 DOI: 10.1007/s00249-011-0723-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2011] [Revised: 06/01/2011] [Accepted: 06/04/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Optical traps such as tweezers and stretchers are widely used to probe the mechanical properties of cells. Beyond their large range of applications, the use of infrared laser light in optical traps causes significant heating effects in the cell. This study investigated the effect of laser-induced heating on cell viability. Common viability assays are not very sensitive to damages caused in short periods of time or are not practicable for single cell analysis. We used cell spreading, a vital ability of cells, as a new sensitive viability marker. The optical stretcher, a two beam laser trap, was used to simulate heat shocks that cells typically experience during measurements in optical traps. The results show that about 60% of the cells survived heat shocks without vital damage at temperatures of up to 58 ± 2°C for 0.5 s. By varying the duration of the heat shocks, it was shown that 60% of the cells stayed viable when exposed to 48 ± 2°C for 5 s.
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Jung I, Kim TY, Kim-Ha J. Identification of Drosophila
SOD3 and its protective role against phototoxic damage to cells. FEBS Lett 2011; 585:1973-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2011.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2011] [Revised: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Malorni W, Straface E, Matarrese P, Ascione B, Coinu R, Canu S, Galluzzo P, Marino M, Franconi F. Redox state and gender differences in vascular smooth muscle cells. FEBS Lett 2008; 582:635-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2008.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2007] [Revised: 01/23/2008] [Accepted: 01/23/2008] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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8
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Straface E, Vona R, Ascione B, Matarrese P, Strudthoff T, Franconi F, Malorni W. Single exposure of human fibroblasts (WI-38) to a sub-cytotoxic dose of UVB induces premature senescence. FEBS Lett 2007; 581:4342-8. [PMID: 17716665 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2007.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2007] [Revised: 07/31/2007] [Accepted: 08/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we present a new model of stress-induced premature senescence obtained by exposing human fibroblasts (WI-38) at early passages (passages 2-4) to a single sub-cytotoxic dose of UVB (200 mJ/cm(2)). We show that this treatment leads to the appearance of several biomarkers of senescence such as enlarged and flattened cell morphology, the presence of nuclear heterochromatic foci and beta-galactosidase activity. Furthermore, we demonstrate that a mild ROS production and p53 activation are upstream events required for the induction of premature senescence. Our method represents an alternative in vitro model in photoaging research and could be used to test potential anti-photoaging compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Straface
- Department of Drug Research and Evaluation, Section of Cell Aging and Degeneration, Istituto Superiore di Sanitá, Viale Regina Elena 299, 0161 Rome, Italy.
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Chotimarkorn C, Nagasaka R, Ushio H, Ohshima T, Matsunaga S. Development of novel fluorescent probe 3-perylene diphenylphosphine for determination of lipid hydroperoxide with fluorescent image analysis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 338:1222-8. [PMID: 16256945 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.10.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2005] [Accepted: 10/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A novel fluorescent probe 3-perylene diphenylphosphine (3-PeDPP) was synthesized for the direct analysis of lipid hydroperoxides. The structure of 3-PeDPP was identified by the spectroscopic data, FAB-MS, (1)H NMR, and (13)C NMR. The reactivities of 3-PeDPP with lipid hydroperoxides were investigated in chloroform/MeOH homogeneous solutions and PC liposome model systems oxidized by either 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane)dihydrochloride and photosensitized oxidation. The fluorescence intensity derived from 3-perylene diphenylphosphineoxide (3-PeDPPO) increased proportionally with amount of hydroperoxides produced in homogeneous solutions and liposome model systems. 3-PeDPP was easily incorporated into mouse myeloma SP2 cells and thin tissue section for dynamic membrane lipid peroxidation studies. Linear correlations between fluorescence intensity and amount of hydroperoxides in the cell membrane and tissue sections were obtained. The fluorescence intensity from 2-dimensional image analysis was also well correlated with lipid hydroperoxide level in these models. Thus, the novel probe 3-PeDPP is useful for the direct determination of lipid hydroperoxides in biological materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chatchawan Chotimarkorn
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 5-7 Konan 4, Minato, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan
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Latonen L, Laiho M. Cellular UV damage responses--functions of tumor suppressor p53. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2005; 1755:71-89. [PMID: 15921859 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2005.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2004] [Revised: 04/07/2005] [Accepted: 04/21/2005] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
DNA damage, provoked by ultraviolet (UV) radiation, evokes a cellular damage response composed of activation of stress signaling and DNA checkpoint functions. These are translated to responses of replicative arrest, damage repair, and apoptosis aimed at cellular recovery from the damage. p53 tumor suppressor is a central stress response protein, activated by multiple endogenous and environmental insults, including UV radiation. The significance of p53 in the DNA damage responses has frequently been reviewed in the context of ionizing radiation or other double strand break (DSB)-inducing agents. Despite partly similar patterns, the molecular events following UV radiation are, however, distinct from the responses induced by DSBs and are profoundly coupled with transcriptional stress. These are illustrated, e.g., by the UV damage-specific translocations of Mdm2, promyelocytic leukemia protein, and nucleophosmin and their interactions with p53. In this review, we discuss UV damage-provoked cellular responses and the functions of p53 in damage recovery and cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leena Latonen
- Molecular and Cancer Biology Program and Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, PO Box 63, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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Rancan F, Rosan S, Boehm K, Fernández E, Hidalgo ME, Quihot W, Rubio C, Boehm F, Piazena H, Oltmanns U. Protection against UVB irradiation by natural filters extracted from lichens. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2002; 68:133-9. [PMID: 12468208 DOI: 10.1016/s1011-1344(02)00362-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Natural substances extracted from lichens and boldo tree were tested in vivo and in vitro as possible UV-light filters. The protection factors were compared with that found for the references: Nivea sun Spray LSF 5, octylmethoxycinnamate (OMC) and 4-tert.-butyl-4'-methoxy dibenzoylmethane (BM-DBM). The stability of the single compounds was studied through UV-Vis spectroscopy. Usnic acid resulted to be the best UVB filter, with an in vivo protection factor similar to Nivea sun Spray LSF 5. Most of the single compounds studied in vitro resulted to have higher or similar filtering power than octylmethoxycinnamate. The protection factors as well as the good UV-light absorption of their photo-products suggest that these natural substances may be useful as new filters in sun-screen preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiorenza Rancan
- Department of Dermatology, Humboldt University (Charité), 10117 Berlin, Germany
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