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Ali AH, Li S, Liu SQ, Gan RY, Li HB, Kamal-Eldin A, Ayyash M. Invited review: Camel milk and gut health-Understanding digestibility and the effect on gut microbiota. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:2573-2585. [PMID: 37977446 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Camel milk (CM), known for its immune-regulatory, anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic, and antidiabetic properties, is a natural healthy food. It is easily digestible due to the high levels of β-casein and diverse secreted antibodies, exhibiting superior antibacterial and antiviral activities compared with bovine milk. β-casein is less allergic and more digestible because it is more susceptible to digestive hydrolysis in the gut; therefore, higher levels of β-casein make CM advantageous for human health. Furthermore, antibodies help the digestive system by destroying the antigens, which are then overwhelmed and digested by macrophages. The connection between the gut microbiota and human health has gained substantial research attention, as it offers potential benefits and supports disease treatment. The gut microbiota has a vital role in regulating the host's health because it helps in several biological functions, such as protection against pathogens, immune function regulation, energy harvesting from digested foods, and reinforcement of digestive tract biochemical barriers. These functions could be affected by the changes in the gut microbiota profile, and gut microbiota differences are associated with several diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease, colon cancer, irritable bowel disorder, mental illness, allergy, and obesity. This review focuses on the digestibility of CM components, particularly protein and fat, and their influence on gut microbiota modulation. Notably, the hypoallergenic properties and small fat globules of CM contribute to its enhanced digestibility. Considering the rapid digestion of its proteins under conditions simulating infant gastrointestinal digestion, CM exhibits promise as a potential alternative for infant formula preparation due to the high β-/αs-casein ratio and protective proteins, in addition to the absence of β-lactoglobulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelmoneim H Ali
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Siqi Li
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Shao-Quan Liu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117542, Singapore
| | - Ren-You Gan
- Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation (SIFBI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - Hua-Bin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition, and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Afaf Kamal-Eldin
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University (UAEU), Al Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mutamed Ayyash
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University (UAEU), Al Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates.
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Sodhi M, Sharma M, Sharma A, Verma P, Mohanty A, Kataria RS, Shandilya UK, Kumari P, Mukesh M. Expression profile of different classes of proteases in milk derived somatic cells across different lactation stages of indigenous cows ( Bos indicus) and riverine buffaloes ( Bubalus bubalis). Anim Biotechnol 2023; 34:15-24. [PMID: 34187314 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2021.1930024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Proteases play a significant role in milk and its products by affecting flavor, texture and longevity. The expression of endogenous proteases varies across different stages of lactation. The study was conducted to understand the transcriptional pattern of different classes of protease-pathways associated genes (CTSB, CTSD, CTSH, CTSL, CTSK, CTSS, CTSZ, PLAU, PLAT) and potential protease inhibitors (SERPIN E2 and SERPIN F2) in 40 milk somatic cells (MSC) samples isolated during early, peak, mid and late lactation stages of Sahiwal cows and Murrah buffaloes - the two most important dairy breeds of India. In Sahiwal cows, except CTSK and PLAU, the expression of other proteases class was not affected significantly (p > 0.05) across lactation stages. However, in Murrah buffaloes, the expression of different proteases increased as the lactation progressed. Most of the proteases showed lower expression during early and peak lactation stages while their expression tends to increase during mid to late lactation stages. The overall trend was somewhat similar in both the dairy species albeit the level of expression was higher in buffalo MSC as compared to cow MSC. The study has provided valuable information on expression kinetics of different proteases in milk somatic cells of two major dairy breeds of India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Sodhi
- ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal, India
| | - Manjula Sharma
- ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal, India
| | - Ankita Sharma
- ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal, India
| | - Preeti Verma
- ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - Ashok Mohanty
- ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal, India
| | - R S Kataria
- ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal, India
| | | | - Parvesh Kumari
- ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal, India
| | - Manishi Mukesh
- ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal, India
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Chen K, Jin S, Chen H, Cao Y, Dong X, Li H, Zhou Z, Liu C. Dose effect of bovine lactoferrin fortification on diarrhea and respiratory tract infections in weaned infants with anemia: A randomized, controlled trial. Nutrition 2021; 90:111288. [PMID: 34102559 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2021.111288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to explore the dose effect of bovine lactoferrin (bLF) fortification on the morbidity of diarrhea and respiratory tract infections in weaned infants with anemia. METHODS A total of 108 infants with anemia, who were exclusively breast fed at 4 to 6 mo and weaned and formula fed at 6 to 9 mo, were recruited. The eligible infants were randomly assigned to fortified group 0 (FG0), fortified group 1 (FG1), or fortified group 2 (FG2) and were given formula fortified with 0 mg/100 g, 38 mg/100 g, and 76 mg/100 g of bLF, respectively, for 3 mo. The morbidity of diarrhea and respiratory tract infections (RTIs), the duration of respiratory and diarrhea-related illnesses, and the levels of fecal human beta-defensin 2 (HBD-2), cathelicidin LL-37 (LL-37), secretory IgA (sIgA), butyrate, and calprotectin were assessed. RESULTS After the exclusion of 12 dropouts, the primary outcome measures, including episodes and duration of diarrhea and RTIs during the intervention, were obtained from 96 infants (35, 33, and 28 in FG0, FG1, and FG2, respectively). Compared with infants in FG0, there was a lower morbidity of rhinorrhea, wheezing, and skin rash among infants in FG1 (P < 0.05) and a lower morbidity of respiratory-related illness and wheezing among infants in FG2 (P < 0.05). Furthermore, a lower morbidity of diarrhea-related illness, diarrhea, vomiting, and nausea was observed among infants in FG2 than those in the other two groups (P < 0.05). In addition, the FG1 infants had a lower morbidity of vomiting and nausea than the FG0 infants (P < 0.05). The HBD-2, LL-37, sIgA, and calprotectin levels were significantly higher whereas the butyrate level was significantly lower in the FG2 infants than in infants in the other two groups after 3 mo of intervention (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The bLF-fortified formula was effective in reducing the morbidity of diarrhea and RTIs in infants with anemia, with the 76 mg/100 g bLF-fortified formula exhibiting a stronger effect. The bLF fortification could be a new strategy for the prevention of diarrhea and RTIs in infants with anemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Chen
- Department of Nutrition, Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China; Department of Child Health Care, New Century Women's and Children's Hospital, Chengdu, China.
| | - Shanshan Jin
- Department of Nutrition, Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Haixia Chen
- Department of Disease Prevention and Control, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Baoxing County, Ya'an, China
| | - Yanmei Cao
- Department of Child Health Care, Dayi Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaobing Dong
- Department of Child Health Care, Hehuachi Community Health Service Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Hua Li
- Department of Child Hygiene, Qingbaijiang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Zengyuan Zhou
- Department of Nutrition, Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Changqi Liu
- School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
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Farhadian M, Rafat SA, Panahi B, Ebrahimie E. Transcriptome signature of two lactation stages in Ghezel sheep identifies using RNA-Sequencing. Anim Biotechnol 2020; 33:223-233. [PMID: 32633600 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2020.1784185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The expression of genes and their regulation during lactation in Ghezel sheep breed remains less understood. To explore the underlying molecular mechanism of the lactation process in the mammary gland, transcriptome profiles of Iranian fat-tailed Ghezel sheep breed milk at two stages, before (BF) and after peak (AF) stages of lactation were investigated. Functional impacts of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between BF and AF stages were surveyed using Gene Ontology (GO) and Protein-Protein Interaction (PPI) network analysis. Totally, 75 DEGs were identified between BF and AF stages of lactation. The RNA-Seq results were validated by Q-RT-PCR. Gene ontology of DEGs mainly enriched in metabolic process and oxidative phosphorylation. PPI network analysis also highlighted the contribution of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) signaling, oxidative phosphorylation and metabolic pathways in the lactation process. Intriguingly, the genes involved in fat metabolism dominantly down-regulated at AF stage. Our results provide new insight into transcriptional changes and add to growing body of knowledge on the lactation process in fat-tailed sheep breeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Farhadian
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Seyed Aabbas Rafat
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Bahman Panahi
- Department of Genomics, Branch for Northwest and West Region, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tabriz, Iran
| | - Esmaeil Ebrahimie
- Genomics Research Platform, School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Gurdian C, Chouljenko A, Solval KM, Boeneke C, King JM, Sathivel S. Application of Edible Films Containing Oregano (Origanum vulgare) Essential Oil on Queso Blanco Cheese Prepared with Flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum) Oil. J Food Sci 2017; 82:1395-1401. [DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.13733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cristhiam Gurdian
- School of Nutrition and Food Sciences; Louisiana State Univ. Agricultural Center; Baton Rouge La. U.S.A
| | - Alexander Chouljenko
- School of Nutrition and Food Sciences; Louisiana State Univ. Agricultural Center; Baton Rouge La. U.S.A
| | - Kevin Mis Solval
- Dept. of Biological and Physical Sciences; Univ. of Holy Cross; New Orleans La. U.S.A
| | - Charles Boeneke
- Dept. of Animal Sciences; Louisiana State Univ. Agricultural Center; Baton Rouge La. U.S.A
| | - Joan M. King
- School of Nutrition and Food Sciences; Louisiana State Univ. Agricultural Center; Baton Rouge La. U.S.A
| | - Subramaniam Sathivel
- School of Nutrition and Food Sciences; Louisiana State Univ. Agricultural Center; Baton Rouge La. U.S.A
- Dept. of Biological and Agricultural Engineering; Louisiana State Univ. Agricultural Center; Baton Rouge La. U.S.A
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Zhao H, Tang J, Cao L, Jia G, Long D, Liu G, Chen X, Cai J, Shang H. Characterization of bioactive recombinant antimicrobial peptide parasin I fused with human lysozyme expressed in the yeast Pichia pastoris system. Enzyme Microb Technol 2015; 77:61-7. [PMID: 26138401 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 05/31/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Parasin I (PI) is a 19 amino acid peptide with potent antimicrobial activities against a broad spectrum of microorganisms and is a good candidate for development as a novel antimicrobial agent. The objective of this study was to express and characterize a codon optimized parasin I peptide fused with human lysozyme (hLY). A 513 bp cDNA fragment encoding the mature hLY protein and parasin I peptide was designed and synthesized according to the codon bias of Pichia pastoris. A 4×Gly flexible amino acid linker with an enterokinase cleavage (DDDDK) was designed to link the PI to the C-terminal of hLY. The codon optimized recombinant hLY-PI was cloned into the pPICZαA vector and expressed in P. pastoris. The over-expressed extracellular rehLY-PI was purified using Ni sepharose affinity column and exhibited a molecular mass of approximately 18 kDa. After digested with enterokinase the rehLY-PI protein release its corresponding rehLY and rePI, with molecular mass of 16 kDa and 2 kDa, respectively, on Tricine-SDS-PAGE. The released rehLY exhibited similar lytical activity against Micrococcus lysodeikticus to its commercial hLY. The digested rehLY-PI product exhibited antimicrobial activities against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, and synergism has been found between the released rePI and rehLY. In conclusion, we successfully optimized a rehLY-PI fusion protein encoding gene and over-expressed the rehLY-PI in P. pastoris. The recombination protein digested with enterokinase released functional hLY and antimicrobial parasin I, which demonstrates a potential for future use as an animal feed additive to partly replace antibiotic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhao
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China.
| | - Jiayong Tang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Lei Cao
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Gang Jia
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Dingbiao Long
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Science, Chongqing, 402460, China
| | - Guangmang Liu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Xiaoling Chen
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Jingyi Cai
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Haiying Shang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
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Witkowska Z, Michalak I, Korczyński M, Szołtysik M, Świniarska M, Dobrzański Z, Tuhy Ł, Samoraj M, Chojnacka K. Biofortification of milk and cheese with microelements by dietary feed bio-preparations. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2015; 52:6484-92. [PMID: 26396393 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-014-1696-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The present work reports studies on biofortification of milk and cheese with microelements. The diet of goats was supplemented with soya-based preparations with Cu(II), Fe(II), Zn(II) and Mn(II), produced by biosorption, instead of mineral salts. In innovative preparations, soya was the biological carrier of microelements. The utilitarian properties of the new preparations were tested in two groups (8 goats in each): experimental and control. The concentration of supplemented microelements was monitored in milk during the experiment. The collected milk was then used to produce cheese by enzymatic and acidic coagulation method. The effect of milk and cheese biofortification in microelements was confirmed. In milk, the level of the following microelements was higher than in the control: Cu(II) - 8.2 %, Mn(II) - 29.2 %, Zn(II) - 14.6 %. In cheese the content of Zn(II) obtained in enzymatic (19.8 %) and in acidic (120 %) coagulation was higher when compared to the control group. By using bio-preparations with microelements it was possible to produce new generation of functional food biofortified with microelements, by agronomic, and thus sustainable and ethically acceptable way. Biofortified milk and cheese can be used as designer milk to prevent from micronutrient deficiencies. Graphical Abstractᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzanna Witkowska
- Department of Advanced Material Technologies, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Technology, Smoluchowskiego 25, 50-372 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Izabela Michalak
- Department of Advanced Material Technologies, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Technology, Smoluchowskiego 25, 50-372 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Mariusz Korczyński
- Department of Environment, Animal Hygiene and Welfare, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chełmońskiego 38 C, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marek Szołtysik
- Department of Animal Product Technology and Quality Management, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chełmońskiego 37/41, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marita Świniarska
- Department of Environment, Animal Hygiene and Welfare, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chełmońskiego 38 C, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Dobrzański
- Department of Environment, Animal Hygiene and Welfare, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chełmońskiego 38 C, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Łukasz Tuhy
- Department of Advanced Material Technologies, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Technology, Smoluchowskiego 25, 50-372 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Mateusz Samoraj
- Department of Advanced Material Technologies, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Technology, Smoluchowskiego 25, 50-372 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Chojnacka
- Department of Advanced Material Technologies, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Technology, Smoluchowskiego 25, 50-372 Wrocław, Poland
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Rajasekaran A, Kalaivani M. Designer foods and their benefits: A review. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2013; 50:1-16. [PMID: 24425882 PMCID: PMC3550947 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-012-0726-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Designer foods are normal foods fortified with health promoting ingredients. These foods are similar in appearance to normal foods and are consumed regularly as a part of diet. In this article we have reviewed the global regulatory status and benefits of available designer foods such as designer egg, designer milk, designer grains, probiotics, designer foods enriched with micro and macronutrients and designer proteins. Designer foods are produced by the process of fortification or nutrification. With the advances in the biotechnology, biofortification of foods using technologies such as recombinant DNA technology and fermentation procedures are gaining advantage in the industry. The ultimate acceptability and extensive use of designer foods depend on proper regulation in the market by the regulatory authorities of the country and by creating consumer awareness about their health benefits through various nationwide programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Rajasekaran
- />KMCH College of Pharmacy, Kalapatti Road, Coimbatore, 641 048 Tamil Nadu India
| | - M. Kalaivani
- />Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission, Sector-23, Raj Nagar, Ghaziabad-201002, Uttar Pradesh India
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Filler G, Weiglein G, Gharib MT, Casier S. Ω3 fatty acids may reduce hyperlipidemia in pediatric renal transplant recipients. Pediatr Transplant 2012; 16:835-9. [PMID: 22835217 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3046.2012.01772.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Life expectancy after pediatric renal transplantation remains lower than that of the normal population largely due to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Hyperlipidemia is a potentially modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity. Retrospective chart review of all available pediatric renal transplant patients (26) in a single center with assessment of anthropometry, renal function, steroid, calcineurin or mTOR inhibitor exposure and Ω3 FA supplementation. Eighteen transplant recipients without Ω3 FA supplementation served as control. Nutrition and supplement surveys were conducted with standardized questionnaires. Fasting cholesterol values were compared using the latest value prior to start of Ω3 FA and at last follow-up. Eight patients (five receiving mTOR inhibitor) started Ω3 FA supplementation at a mean dose of 29.2 ± 12 mg of EPA/kg and 16.1 ± 7.4 mg DHA/kg body weight. Median duration of treatment was 2.5 yr (range 0.8-5.9 yr) and their total fasting cholesterol at last follow-up dropped significantly from 5.08 ± 0.97 (control group 3.77 ± 0.81, p = 0.0084) to 4.17 ± 0.54 mm (p = 0.0158). High-density lipoprotein cholesterol increased not significantly from 1.74 ± 0.49 to 2.02 ± 0.93 mm. No patient had increased bleeding. Supplementation of omega-3 FAs may reduce hyperlipidaemia after pediatric renal transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Filler
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital at London Health Sciences Center, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.
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Wickramasinghe S, Rincon G, Islas-Trejo A, Medrano JF. Transcriptional profiling of bovine milk using RNA sequencing. BMC Genomics 2012; 13:45. [PMID: 22276848 PMCID: PMC3285075 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-13-45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2011] [Accepted: 01/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cow milk is a complex bioactive fluid consumed by humans beyond infancy. Even though the chemical and physical properties of cow milk are well characterized, very limited research has been done on characterizing the milk transcriptome. This study performs a comprehensive expression profiling of genes expressed in milk somatic cells of transition (day 15), peak (day 90) and late (day 250) lactation Holstein cows by RNA sequencing. Milk samples were collected from Holstein cows at 15, 90 and 250 days of lactation, and RNA was extracted from the pelleted milk cells. Gene expression analysis was conducted by Illumina RNA sequencing. Sequence reads were assembled and analyzed in CLC Genomics Workbench. Gene Ontology (GO) and pathway analysis were performed using the Blast2GO program and GeneGo application of MetaCore program. RESULTS A total of 16,892 genes were expressed in transition lactation, 19,094 genes were expressed in peak lactation and 18,070 genes were expressed in late lactation. Regardless of the lactation stage approximately 9,000 genes showed ubiquitous expression. Genes encoding caseins, whey proteins and enzymes in lactose synthesis pathway showed higher expression in early lactation. The majority of genes in the fat metabolism pathway had high expression in transition and peak lactation milk. Most of the genes encoding for endogenous proteases and enzymes in ubiquitin-proteasome pathway showed higher expression along the course of lactation. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to describe the comprehensive bovine milk transcriptome in Holstein cows. The results revealed that 69% of NCBI Btau 4.0 annotated genes are expressed in bovine milk somatic cells. Most of the genes were ubiquitously expressed in all three stages of lactation. However, a fraction of the milk transcriptome has genes devoted to specific functions unique to the lactation stage. This indicates the ability of milk somatic cells to adapt to different molecular functions according to the biological need of the animal. This study provides a valuable insight into the biology of lactation in the cow, as well as many avenues for future research on the bovine lactome.
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Restuccia D, Spizzirri UG, Puoci F, Cirillo G, Vinci G, Picci N. Determination of Phospholipids in Food Samples. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2011.563398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Dror DK, Allen LH. The Importance of Milk and other Animal-Source Foods for Children in Low-Income Countries. Food Nutr Bull 2011; 32:227-43. [DOI: 10.1177/156482651103200307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Milk and other animal-source foods are concentrated dietary sources of macro- and micronutrients. Despite a global increase in milk production and consumption over the past decades, milk and other animal-source foods are often lacking in the diets of children in developing countries. Objective To evaluate the importance of milk and other animal-source food intake in promoting the growth, development, and health of children in low-income countries. Methods Original research articles describing observational and intervention studies with unfortified milk, fortified milk, and other animal-source foods in children were identified by searching the PubMed database. Results Consumption of milk and other animal-source foods by undernourished children improves anthropometric indices and cognitive function and reduces the prevalence of biochemical and functional nutritional deficiencies, reducing morbidity and mortality. Unfortified and fortified milk used in supplementation trials has been well tolerated and widely accepted by parents and children. Conclusions To improve the dietary quality of children in low-income countries and further the effort to eradicate extreme poverty and hunger in accordance with the United Nations Millennium Development Goals, additional research is necessary to identify and implement programs and policy supporting increased intake of milk and other animal-source foods.
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Mills S, Ross R, Hill C, Fitzgerald G, Stanton C. Milk intelligence: Mining milk for bioactive substances associated with human health. Int Dairy J 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2010.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Yang B, Wang J, Tang B, Liu Y, Guo C, Yang P, Yu T, Li R, Zhao J, Zhang L, Dai Y, Li N. Characterization of bioactive recombinant human lysozyme expressed in milk of cloned transgenic cattle. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17593. [PMID: 21436886 PMCID: PMC3059212 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2010] [Accepted: 01/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is great potential for using transgenic technology to improve the quality of cow milk and to produce biopharmaceuticals within the mammary gland. Lysozyme, a bactericidal protein that protects human infants from microbial infections, is highly expressed in human milk but is found in only trace amounts in cow milk. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We have produced 17 healthy cloned cattle expressing recombinant human lysozyme using somatic cell nuclear transfer. In this study, we just focus on four transgenic cattle which were natural lactation. The expression level of the recombinant lysozyme was up to 25.96 mg/L, as measured by radioimmunoassay. Purified recombinant human lysozyme showed the same physicochemical properties, such as molecular mass and bacterial lysis, as its natural counterpart. Moreover, both recombinant and natural lysozyme had similar conditions for reactivity as well as for pH and temperature stability during in vitro simulations. The gross composition of transgenic and non-transgenic milk, including levels of lactose, total protein, total fat, and total solids were not found significant differences. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Thus, our study not only describes transgenic cattle whose milk offers the similar nutritional benefits as human milk but also reports techniques that could be further refined for production of active human lysozyme on a large scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Salami M, Yousefi R, Ehsani MR, Razavi SH, Chobert JM, Haertlé T, Saboury AA, Atri MS, Niasari-Naslaji A, Ahmad F, Moosavi-Movahedi AA. Enzymatic digestion and antioxidant activity of the native and molten globule states of camel α-lactalbumin: Possible significance for use in infant formula. Int Dairy J 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2009.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Venter
- The David Hide Asthma and Allergy Research Centre, Isle of Wight and Senior Research Fellow at the University of Portsmouth
| | - Tara Dean
- School of Health Sciences and Social Work at ther University of Portsmouth
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