1
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Zappe A, Miller RL, Struwe WB, Pagel K. State-of-the-art glycosaminoglycan characterization. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2022; 41:1040-1071. [PMID: 34608657 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are heterogeneous acidic polysaccharides involved in a range of biological functions. They have a significant influence on the regulation of cellular processes and the development of various diseases and infections. To fully understand the functional roles that GAGs play in mammalian systems, including disease processes, it is essential to understand their structural features. Despite having a linear structure and a repetitive disaccharide backbone, their structural analysis is challenging and requires elaborate preparative and analytical techniques. In particular, the extent to which GAGs are sulfated, as well as variation in sulfate position across the entire oligosaccharide or on individual monosaccharides, represents a major obstacle. Here, we summarize the current state-of-the-art methodologies used for GAG sample preparation and analysis, discussing in detail liquid chromatograpy and mass spectrometry-based approaches, including advanced ion activation methods, ion mobility separations and infrared action spectroscopy of mass-selected species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Zappe
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rebecca L Miller
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Copenhagen Centre for Glycomics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Kevin Pagel
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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2
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Hu M, Ling Z, Ren X. Extracellular matrix dynamics: tracking in biological systems and their implications. J Biol Eng 2022; 16:13. [PMID: 35637526 PMCID: PMC9153193 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-022-00292-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) constitutes the main acellular microenvironment of cells in almost all tissues and organs. The ECM not only provides mechanical support, but also mediates numerous biochemical interactions to guide cell survival, proliferation, differentiation, and migration. Thus, better understanding the everchanging temporal and spatial shifts in ECM composition and structure – the ECM dynamics – will provide fundamental insight regarding extracellular regulation of tissue homeostasis and how tissue states transition from one to another during diverse pathophysiological processes. This review outlines the mechanisms mediating ECM-cell interactions and highlights how changes in the ECM modulate tissue development and disease progression, using the lung as the primary model organ. We then discuss existing methodologies for revealing ECM compositional dynamics, with a particular focus on tracking newly synthesized ECM proteins. Finally, we discuss the ramifications ECM dynamics have on tissue engineering and how to implement spatial and temporal specific extracellular microenvironments into bioengineered tissues. Overall, this review communicates the current capabilities for studying native ECM dynamics and delineates new research directions in discovering and implementing ECM dynamics to push the frontier forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Zihan Ling
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Xi Ren
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
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3
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Persson A, Nikpour M, Vorontsov E, Nilsson J, Larson G. Domain Mapping of Chondroitin/Dermatan Sulfate Glycosaminoglycans Enables Structural Characterization of Proteoglycans. Mol Cell Proteomics 2021; 20:100074. [PMID: 33757834 PMCID: PMC8724862 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2021.100074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Of all posttranslational modifications known, glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) remain one of the most challenging to study, and despite the recent years of advancement in MS technologies and bioinformatics, detailed knowledge about the complete structures of GAGs as part of proteoglycans (PGs) is limited. To address this issue, we have developed a protocol to study PG-derived GAGs. Chondroitin/dermatan sulfate conjugates from the rat insulinoma cell line, INS-1832/13, known to produce primarily the PG chromogranin-A, were enriched by anion-exchange chromatography after pronase digestion. Following benzonase and hyaluronidase digestions, included in the sample preparation due to the apparent interference from oligonucleotides and hyaluronic acid in the analysis, the GAGs were orthogonally depolymerized and analyzed using nano-flow reversed-phase LC-MS/MS in negative mode. To facilitate the data interpretation, we applied an automated LC-MS peak detection and intensity measurement via the Proteome Discoverer software. This approach effectively provided a detailed structural description of the nonreducing end, internal, and linkage region domains of the CS/DS of chromogranin-A. The copolymeric CS/DS GAGs constituted primarily consecutive glucuronic-acid-containing disaccharide units, or CS motifs, of which the N-acetylgalactosamine residues were 4-O-sulfated, interspersed by single iduronic-acid-containing disaccharide units. Our data suggest a certain heterogeneity of the GAGs due to the identification of not only CS/DS GAGs but also of GAGs entirely of CS character. The presented protocol allows for the detailed characterization of PG-derived GAGs, which may greatly increase the knowledge about GAG structures in general and eventually lead to better understanding of how GAG structures are related to biological functions. Protocol developed to structurally characterize glycosaminoglycans of proteoglycans. Comprehensive characterization of cellular glycosaminoglycan structures. Relative quantification of nonreducing end, internal, and linkage region domains. Overall chondroitin/dermatan sulfate glycosaminoglycan structures of chromogranin-A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Persson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Mahnaz Nikpour
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Egor Vorontsov
- Proteomics Core Facility, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jonas Nilsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden; Proteomics Core Facility, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden; Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Västra Götaland Region, Sweden
| | - Göran Larson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden; Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Västra Götaland Region, Sweden.
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4
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MALDI-MS analysis of disaccharide isomers using graphene oxide as MALDI matrix. Food Chem 2020; 342:128356. [PMID: 33071193 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Disaccharides are sugars composed of two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage. The specific properties of a disaccharide depend on the type of the glycosidic linkage and the identity of the two component monosaccharides. In this work, seven disaccharide isomers (gentiobiose, isomaltose, melibiose, lactose, maltose, cellobiose, and sucrose) were analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) using a graphene oxide matrix. Each disaccharide was identified by its unique cleavage pattern. To determine the feasibility of quantitative analyses based on specific fragment patterns, mixtures of sucrose with cellobiose or maltose were prepared at different ratios and analyzed by MALDI-MS, where a strong linear correlation was observed between the relative peak intensity of the sucrose fragment peak at m/z 185 and the amount of sucrose in the mixture. The calibration curve was successfully applied to obtain the relative amount of maltose and sucrose in four different honey samples.
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5
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Alonge KM, Logsdon AF, Murphree TA, Banks WA, Keene CD, Edgar JS, Whittington D, Schwartz MW, Guttman M. Quantitative analysis of chondroitin sulfate disaccharides from human and rodent fixed brain tissue by electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. Glycobiology 2020; 29:847-860. [PMID: 31361007 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwz060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfates (CS) are long, negatively charged, unbranched glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains attached to CS-proteoglycan (CSPG) core proteins that comprise the glycan component in both loose interstitial extracellular matrices (ECMs) and in rigid, structured perineuronal net (PNN) scaffolds within the brain. As aberrant CS-PNN formations have been linked to a range of pathological states, including Alzheimer's disease (AD) and schizophrenia, the analysis of CS-GAGs in brain tissue at the disaccharide level has great potential to enhance disease diagnosis and prognosis. Two mass-spectrometry (MS)-based approaches were adapted to detect CS disaccharides from minute fixed tissue samples with low picomolar sensitivity and high reproducibility. The first approach employed a straightforward, quantitative direct infusion (DI)-tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) technique to determine the percentages of Δ4S- and Δ6S-CS disaccharides within the 4S/6S-CS ratio, while the second used a comprehensive liquid chromatography (LC)-MS/MS technique to determine the relative percentages of Δ0S-, Δ4S-, Δ6S-, Δ4S6S-CS and Δ2S6S-CS disaccharides, with internal validation by full chondroitin lyase activity. The quantitative accuracy of the five primary biologically relevant CS disaccharides was validated using a developmental time course series in fixed rodent brain tissue. We then analyzed the CS disaccharide composition in formalin-fixed human brain tissue, thus providing the first quantitative report of CS sulfation patterns in the human brain. The ability to comprehensively analyze the CS disaccharide composition from fixed brain tissue provides a means with which to identify alterations in the CS-GAG composition in relation to the onset and/or progression of neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly M Alonge
- University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, Department of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Aric F Logsdon
- Department of Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA.,Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Taylor A Murphree
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - William A Banks
- Department of Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA.,Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - C Dirk Keene
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - J Scott Edgar
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Dale Whittington
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael W Schwartz
- University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, Department of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Miklos Guttman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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6
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Glycosaminoglycan Domain Mapping of Cellular Chondroitin/Dermatan Sulfates. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3506. [PMID: 32103093 PMCID: PMC7044218 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60526-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are polysaccharides produced by most mammalian cells and involved in a variety of biological processes. However, due to the size and complexity of GAGs, detailed knowledge about the structure and expression of GAGs by cells, the glycosaminoglycome, is lacking. Here we report a straightforward and versatile approach for structural domain mapping of complex mixtures of GAGs, GAGDoMa. The approach is based on orthogonal enzymatic depolymerization of the GAGs to generate internal, terminating, and initiating domains, and nanoflow reversed-phase ion-pairing chromatography with negative mode higher-energy collision dissociation (HCD) tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) for structural characterization of the individual domains. GAGDoMa provides a detailed structural insight into the glycosaminoglycome, and offers an important tool for deciphering the complexity of GAGs in cellular physiology and pathology.
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7
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Alonge KM, Harkewicz R, Guttman M. Rapid Differentiation of Chondroitin Sulfate Isomers by Gas-phase Hydrogen-deuterium Exchange. Curr Mol Med 2020; 20:821-827. [PMID: 32933460 PMCID: PMC8051752 DOI: 10.2174/1566524020666200915110707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS)-glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are linear, negatively charged polysaccharides attached to CS proteoglycans that make up a major component of biological matrices throughout both central and peripheral tissues. The position of their attached sulfate groups to the CS disaccharide is predicted to influence protein-glycan interactions and biological function. Although traditional immunohistochemical analysis of CS-GAGs in biological tissues has provided information regarding changes in GAG abundance during developmental and disease states, quantitative analysis of their specific sulfation patterns is limited due to the inherent complexity of separating CS isomers. While methods have been developed to analyze and quantify sulfation isomers using liquid phase separation, new techniques are still needed to elucidate the full biology of CS-GAGs. Here, we examine ion mobility spectrometry and gas-phase hydrogen-deuterium exchange to resolve positional sulfation isomers in the most common sulfated 4S- and 6S-CS disaccharides. The mobilities for these two isomers are highly similar and could not be resolved effectively with any drift gas tested. In contrast, gas-phase hydrogen-deuterium exchange showed very different rates of deuterium uptake with several deuterium exchange reagents, thereby presenting a promising novel and rapid approach for resolving CS isomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly M. Alonge
- University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Rick Harkewicz
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry; University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Miklos Guttman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry; University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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8
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Off-line coupling of capillary isotachophoresis separation to IRMPD spectroscopy for glycosaminoglycans analysis: Application to the chondroitin sulfate disaccharides model solutes. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1617:460782. [PMID: 31858998 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Glycans analysis is challenging due to their immense structural diversity. Isotachophoresis was investigated as separation method for the purification of isobaric sulfated disaccharides prior to their characterization by Mass Spectrometry (MS) and tunable IR multiple photon dissociation (IRMPD). This proof of feasibility study was applied to the separation and characterization of chondroitin sulfate (CS) disaccharides. ITP separation conditions were optimized. Separation starts using a 2.5 mM chloride ions and 10 mM glycine at pH 3.2 solution as leading electrolyte and a terminating electrolyte composed of formic acid 2.5 mM and glycine 10 mM at pH 3.5. The CS disaccharides sample were prepared in the terminating electrolyte. The length of injection was also investigated in order to create longer plateau-like bands of pure solutes. This strategy was helpful for collecting fraction at such microseparation scale. Indeed, capillary ITP affords the injection of few tens of nanoliter of sample. Fractionation of the CS disaccharides mixture in isolated ITP bands and collection of solutes were successfully done using a HPC coated fused silica capillary of 1m-length and 75 µm of internal diameter. Collected fractions in a final of volume 10 µL were analyzed by CZE, tandem MS and IRMPD spectroscopy. The purity of each fraction is higher than 90% and is well-adapted to IRMPD characterization.
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9
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Rani A, Baruah R, Goyal A. Prebiotic Chondroitin Sulfate Disaccharide Isolated from Chicken Keel Bone Exhibiting Anticancer Potential Against Human Colon Cancer Cells. Nutr Cancer 2018; 71:825-839. [DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2018.1521446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aruna Rani
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Rwivoo Baruah
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Arun Goyal
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
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10
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Robu AC, Popescu L, Seidler DG, Zamfir AD. Chip-based high resolution tandem mass spectrometric determination of fibroblast growth factor-chondroitin sulfate disaccharides noncovalent interaction. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2018; 53:624-634. [PMID: 29676520 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) is involved in wound healing and embryonic development. Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), the major components of the extracellular matrix (ECM), play fundamental roles at this level. FGF-GAG noncovalent interactions are in the focus of research, due to their influence upon cell proliferation and tissue regeneration. Lately, high resolution mass spectrometry (MS) coupled with chip-nanoelectrospray (nanoESI) contributed a significant progress in glycosaminoglycomics by discoveries related to novel species and their characterization. We have employed a fully automated chip-nanoESI coupled to a quadrupole time-of-flight (QTOF) MS for assessing FGF-GAG noncovalent complexes. For the first time, a CS disaccharide was involved in a binding assay with FGF-2. The experiments were conducted in 10 mM ammonium acetate/formic acid, pH 6.8, by incubating FGF-2 and CS in buffer. The detected complexes were characterized by top-down in tandem MS (MS/MS) using collision induced-dissociation (CID). CID MS/MS provided data showing for the first time that the binding process occurs via the sulfate group located at C4 in GalNAc. This study has demonstrated that chip-MS may generate reliable data upon the formation of GAG-protein complexes and their structure. Biologically, the findings are relevant for studies focused on the identification of the active domains in longer GAG chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian C Robu
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, National Institute for Research and Development in Electrochemistry and Condensed Matter, Plautius Andronescu Str. 1, RO-300224, Timisoara, Romania
- Faculty of Physics, West University of Timisoara, Blvd. Vasile Parvan 4, RO-300223, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Laurentiu Popescu
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, National Institute for Research and Development in Electrochemistry and Condensed Matter, Plautius Andronescu Str. 1, RO-300224, Timisoara, Romania
- Faculty of Physics, West University of Timisoara, Blvd. Vasile Parvan 4, RO-300223, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Daniela G Seidler
- Department of Gastroentero-, Hepato-, and Endocrinology I3, Hannover Medical School, EB2/R3110, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, D-30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Alina D Zamfir
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, National Institute for Research and Development in Electrochemistry and Condensed Matter, Plautius Andronescu Str. 1, RO-300224, Timisoara, Romania
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, "Aurel Vlaicu" University of Arad, Revolutiei Blvd. 77, RO-310130, Arad, Romania
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11
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Liang Q, Chopra P, Boons GJ, Sharp JS. Improved de novo sequencing of heparin/heparan sulfate oligosaccharides by propionylation of sites of sulfation. Carbohydr Res 2018; 465:16-21. [PMID: 29920400 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The structure of heparin and heparan sulfate (Hep/HS) oligosaccharides, as determined by the length and the pattern of sulfation, acetylation, and uronic acid epimerization, dictates their biological function through modulating interactions with protein targets. But fine structural determination is a very challenging task due to the lability of the sulfate modifications and difficulties in separating isomeric HS chains. Previously, we reported a strategy for chemical derivatization involving permethylation, desulfation, and trideuteroperacetylation, combined with standard reverse phase LC-MS/MS that enables the structural sequencing for heparin/HS oligosaccharides of sizes up to dodecasaccharide by positionally replacing all sulfates with more stable trideuteroacetyl groups, allowing for robust MS/MS sequencing. However, isomeric oligosaccharides that contain both N-sulfation and N-acetylation become isotopomers after labeling, differing only in the sites of deuteration. This prevents chromatographic separation of these different mixed domain sequences post-derivatization, and makes sequencing by MS/MS difficult due to co-fragmentation of the isotopomers leading to chimeric product ion spectra. In order to improve chromatographic separation of mixed domain oligosaccharides, we have introduced a propionylation step in place of trideuteroacetylation for labeling of sites of sulfation. HS standard disaccharides have been used to evaluate the efficiency of this improved chemical derivatization. The results show that we can quantitatively replace sulfation with propionyl groups with the same high efficiency as the previously reported trideuteroacetylation. After derivatization, we demonstrate the ability to chromatographically separate two mixed domain tetrasaccharide isomers differing solely by the order of N-sulfation and N-acetylation, allowing for full sequencing of each by MS/MS. These results represent a marked improvement in the ability of our previously reported derivatization strategy to analyze complex mixtures of Hep/HS oligosaccharides without a decrease in sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quntao Liang
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Pradeep Chopra
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Joshua S Sharp
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, MS, 38677, USA.
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12
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Renois-Predelus G, Schindler B, Compagnon I. Analysis of Sulfate Patterns in Glycosaminoglycan Oligosaccharides by MS n Coupled to Infrared Ion Spectroscopy: the Case of GalNAc4S and GalNAc6S. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2018; 29:1242-1249. [PMID: 29700727 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-018-1955-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We report distinctive spectroscopic fingerprints of the monosaccharide standards GalNAc4S and GalNAc6S by coupling mass spectrometry and ion spectroscopy in the 3-μm range. The disaccharide standards CSA and CSC are used to demonstrate the applicability of a novel approach for the analysis of sulfate position in GalNAc-containing glycosaminoglycans. This approach was then used for the analysis of a sample containing CSA and CSC disaccharides. Finally, we discuss the generalization of the coupling of mass spectrometry with ion spectroscopy for the structural analysis of glycosaminoglycans on a tetrasaccharide from dermatan sulfate source. Graphical abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Renois-Predelus
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière (ILM), F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - B Schindler
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière (ILM), F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - I Compagnon
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière (ILM), F-69622, Villeurbanne, France.
- Institut Universitaire de France IUF, 103 Blvd St Michel, 75005, Paris, France.
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13
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Persson A, Gomez Toledo A, Vorontsov E, Nasir W, Willén D, Noborn F, Ellervik U, Mani K, Nilsson J, Larson G. LC-MS/MS characterization of xyloside-primed glycosaminoglycans with cytotoxic properties reveals structural diversity and novel glycan modifications. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:10202-10219. [PMID: 29739851 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.002971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Structural characterization of glycosaminoglycans remains a challenge but is essential for determining structure-function relationships between glycosaminoglycans and the biomolecules with which they interact and for gaining insight into the biosynthesis of glycosaminoglycans. We have recently reported that xyloside-primed chondroitin/dermatan sulfate derived from a human breast carcinoma cell line, HCC70, has cytotoxic effects and shown that it differs in disaccharide composition from nontoxic chondroitin/dermatan sulfate derived from a human breast fibroblast cell line, CCD-1095Sk. To further investigate the structural requirements for the cytotoxic effect, we developed a novel LC-MS/MS approach based on reversed-phase dibutylamine ion-pairing chromatography and negative-mode higher-energy collision dissociation and used it in combination with cell growth studies and disaccharide fingerprinting. This strategy enabled detailed structural characterization of linkage regions, internal oligosaccharides, and nonreducing ends, revealing not only differences between xyloside-primed chondroitin/dermatan sulfate from HCC70 cells and CCD-1095Sk cells, but also sialylation of the linkage region and previously undescribed methylation and sulfation of the nonreducing ends. Although the xyloside-primed chondroitin/dermatan sulfate from HCC70 cells was less complex in terms of presence and distribution of iduronic acid than that from CCD-1095Sk cells, both glucuronic acid and iduronic acid appeared to be essential for the cytotoxic effect. Our data have moved us one step closer to understanding the structure of the cytotoxic chondroitin/dermatan sulfate from HCC70 cells primed on xylosides and demonstrate the suitability of the LC-MS/MS approach for structural characterization of glycosaminoglycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Persson
- From the Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, SE-22184 Lund.,the Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, University of Gothenburg, SE-41345 Gothenburg
| | - Alejandro Gomez Toledo
- the Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, University of Gothenburg, SE-41345 Gothenburg
| | - Egor Vorontsov
- the Proteomics Core Facility, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, SE-40530 Gothenburg, and
| | - Waqas Nasir
- the Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, University of Gothenburg, SE-41345 Gothenburg
| | - Daniel Willén
- the Center for Analysis and Synthesis, Center for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Noborn
- the Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, University of Gothenburg, SE-41345 Gothenburg
| | - Ulf Ellervik
- the Center for Analysis and Synthesis, Center for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Katrin Mani
- From the Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, SE-22184 Lund
| | - Jonas Nilsson
- the Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, University of Gothenburg, SE-41345 Gothenburg
| | - Göran Larson
- the Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, University of Gothenburg, SE-41345 Gothenburg,
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14
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Poyer S, Lopin-Bon C, Jacquinet JC, Salpin JY, Daniel R. Isomer separation and effect of the degree of polymerization on the gas-phase structure of chondroitin sulfate oligosaccharides analyzed by ion mobility and tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2017; 31:2003-2010. [PMID: 28901031 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Chondroitin sulfate (CS) glycosaminoglycans are bioactive sulfated polysaccharides comprising repeating units of uronic acid and N-acetyl galactose sulfated at various positions. The optimal length and sulfation pattern of the CS bioactive sequences remain elusive so that structure-activity relationships cannot be easily established. Development of efficient analytical methods allowing the differentiation of the various sulfation patterns of CS sequences is therefore of particular importance to correlate their biological functions to the sulfation pattern. METHODS Discrimination of different oligomers (dp2 to dp6) of synthetic chondroitin sulfate isomers was evaluated by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) in the negative-ion mode from deprotonated and alkali adduct species. In addition, ion mobility mass spectrometry (IMS-MS) was used to study the influence of both the degree of polymerization and sulfate group location on the gas-phase conformation of CS oligomers. RESULTS ESI-MS/MS spectra of chondroitin sulfate isomers show characteristic product ions exclusively from alkali adduct species (Li, Na, K and Cs). Whatever the alkali adducts studied, MS/MS of chondroitin oligosaccharides sulfated at position 6 yields a specific product ion at m/z 139 while CS oligosaccharides sulfated at position 4 show a specific product ion at m/z 154. Being observed for the different CS oligomers di-, tetra- and hexasaccharides, these fragment ions are considered as diagnostic ions for chondroitin 6-O-sulfate and chondroitin 4-O-sulfate, respectively. IMS-MS experiments reveal that collision cross-sections (CCS) of CS oligomers with low charge states evolved linearly with degrees of polymerization indicating a similar gas-phase conformation. CONCLUSIONS This study allows the fast and unambiguous differentiation of CS isomers sulfated at position 6 or 4 for both saturated and unsaturated analogues from MS/MS experiments. In addition, the CCS linear evolution of CS oligomers in function of the degree of polymerization indicates that no folding occurs even for hexasaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salomé Poyer
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, CEA, Univ Evry, Laboratoire Analyse et Modélisation pour la Biologie et l'Environnement, F-91025, Evry, France
| | | | | | - Jean-Yves Salpin
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, CEA, Univ Evry, Laboratoire Analyse et Modélisation pour la Biologie et l'Environnement, F-91025, Evry, France
| | - Régis Daniel
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, CEA, Univ Evry, Laboratoire Analyse et Modélisation pour la Biologie et l'Environnement, F-91025, Evry, France
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15
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Leach FE, Riley NM, Westphall MS, Coon JJ, Amster IJ. Negative Electron Transfer Dissociation Sequencing of Increasingly Sulfated Glycosaminoglycan Oligosaccharides on an Orbitrap Mass Spectrometer. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2017; 28:1844-1854. [PMID: 28589488 PMCID: PMC5711533 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-017-1709-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The structural characterization of sulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAG) carbohydrates remains an important target for analytical chemists attributable to challenges introduced by the natural complexity of these mixtures and the defined need for molecular-level details to elucidate biological structure-function relationships. Tandem mass spectrometry has proven to be the most powerful technique for this purpose. Previously, electron detachment dissociation (EDD), in comparison to other methods of ion activation, has been shown to provide the largest number of useful cleavages for de novo sequencing of GAG oligosaccharides, but such experiments are restricted to Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometers (FTICR-MS). Negative electron transfer dissociation (NETD) provides similar fragmentation results, and can be achieved on any mass spectrometry platform that is designed to accommodate ion-ion reactions. Here, we examine for the first time the effectiveness of NETD-Orbitrap mass spectrometry for the structural analysis of GAG oligosaccharides. Compounds ranging in size from tetrasaccharides to decasaccharides were dissociated by NETD, producing both glycosidic and cross-ring cleavages that enabled the location of sulfate modifications. The highly-sulfated, heparin-like synthetic GAG, ArixtraTM, was also successfully sequenced by NETD. In comparison to other efforts to sequence GAG chains without fully ionized sulfate constituents, the occurrence of sulfate loss peaks is minimized by judicious precursor ion selection. The results compare quite favorably to prior results with electron detachment dissociation (EDD). Significantly, the duty cycle of the NETD experiment is sufficiently short to make it an effective tool for on-line separations, presenting a straightforward path for selective, high-throughput analysis of GAG mixtures. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicholas M Riley
- Genome Center of Wisconsin, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Michael S Westphall
- Genome Center of Wisconsin, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Joshua J Coon
- Genome Center of Wisconsin, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, USA
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16
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Khanal N, Masellis C, Kamrath MZ, Clemmer DE, Rizzo TR. Glycosaminoglycan Analysis by Cryogenic Messenger-Tagging IR Spectroscopy Combined with IMS-MS. Anal Chem 2017; 89:7601-7606. [PMID: 28636333 PMCID: PMC5675075 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b01467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We combine ion mobility spectrometry with cryogenic, messenger-tagging, infrared spectroscopy and mass spectrometry to identify different isomeric disaccharides of chondroitin sulfate (CS) and heparan sulfate (HS), which are representatives of two major subclasses of glycosaminoglycans. Our analysis shows that while CS and HS disaccharide isomers have similar drift times, they can be uniquely distinguished by their vibrational spectrum between ∼3200 and 3700 cm-1 due to their different OH hydrogen-bonding patterns. We suggest that this combination of techniques is well suited to identify and characterize glycan isomers directly, which presents tremendous challenges for existing methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelam Khanal
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Chiara Masellis
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique Moléculaire, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL SB ISIC LCPM, Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michael Z. Kamrath
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique Moléculaire, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL SB ISIC LCPM, Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - David E. Clemmer
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Thomas R. Rizzo
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique Moléculaire, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL SB ISIC LCPM, Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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17
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Schindler B, Barnes L, Gray CJ, Chambert S, Flitsch SL, Oomens J, Daniel R, Allouche AR, Compagnon I. IRMPD Spectroscopy Sheds New (Infrared) Light on the Sulfate Pattern of Carbohydrates. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:2114-2120. [PMID: 28198185 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b11642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
IR spectroscopy of gas-phase ions is proposed to resolve positional isomers of sulfated carbohydrates. Mass spectrometric fingerprints and gas-phase vibrational spectra in the near and mid-IR regions were obtained for sulfated monosaccharides, yielding unambiguous signatures of sulfated isomers. We report the first systematic exploration of the biologically relevant but notoriously challenging deprotonated state in the near IR region. Remarkably, anions displayed very atypical vibrational profiles, which challenge the well-established DFT (Density Functionnal Theory) modeling. The proposed approach was used to elucidate the sulfate patterns in glycosaminoglycans, a ubiquitous class of mammalian carbohydrates, which is regarded as a major challenge in carbohydrate structural analysis. Isomeric glycosaminoglycan disaccharides from heparin and chondroitin sources were resolved, highlighting the potential of infrared multiple photon dissociation spectroscopy as a novel structural tool for carbohydrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Schindler
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière , F-69622 VILLEURBANNE, France
| | - L Barnes
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière , F-69622 VILLEURBANNE, France
| | - C J Gray
- School of Chemistry & Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester , 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - S Chambert
- Univ Lyon, INSA-Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, ICBMS, UMR 5246 , Bâtiment Jules Verne, 20 avenue Albert Einstein, F-69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - S L Flitsch
- School of Chemistry & Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester , 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - J Oomens
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Radboud University , Toernooiveld 7c, Nijmegen 6525ED, The Netherlands.,Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam , Science Park 904, Amsterdam 1098XH, The Netherlands
| | - R Daniel
- CNRS, UMR 8587, Laboratoire Analyse et Modélisation pour la Biologie et l'Environnement, Université Evry-Val-d'Essonne , Evry 91025, France
| | - A R Allouche
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière , F-69622 VILLEURBANNE, France
| | - I Compagnon
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière , F-69622 VILLEURBANNE, France.,Institut Universitaire de France IUF , 103 Boulevard St Michel, Paris 75005, France
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18
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Lin N, Mo X, Yang Y, Zhang H. Purification and sequence characterization of chondroitin sulfate and dermatan sulfate from fishes. Glycoconj J 2017; 34:241-253. [DOI: 10.1007/s10719-016-9759-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 12/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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19
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Schindler B, Renois-Predelus G, Bagdadi N, Melizi S, Barnes L, Chambert S, Allouche AR, Compagnon I. MS/IR, a new MS-based hyphenated method for analysis of hexuronic acid epimers in glycosaminoglycans. Glycoconj J 2016; 34:421-425. [PMID: 27924423 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-016-9741-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We report an original MS-based hyphenated method for the elucidation of the epimerization in GAG fragments. It consists of measuring simultaneously the MS/MS spectrum and the gas phase IR spectrum to gain direct structural information. This is possible using a customized MS instrument, modified to allow injection of a tunable IR laser inside of the instrument for in situ spectroscopy of trapped ions. The proof of principle of this approach is performed in the case of a hyaluronic acid tetrasaccharide standard. In addition, we provide the reference IR fingerprint of glucuronic and Iduronic monosaccharide standards. Remarkably, we show that the gas phase IR fingerprint of reference hexuronic acid monosaccharides proves to be transposable to oligosaccharides. Therefore, the method presented here is predictive and allows structural elucidation of unknown GAG fragments, even in the absence of referenced standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baptiste Schindler
- Institut Lumière Matière, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Gina Renois-Predelus
- Institut Lumière Matière, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Nassiba Bagdadi
- Institut Lumière Matière, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Sihem Melizi
- Institut Lumière Matière, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Loïc Barnes
- Institut Lumière Matière, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Stéphane Chambert
- Univ Lyon, INSA-Lyon, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, ICBMS, UMR 5246, Bâtiment Jules Verne, 20 avenue Albert Einstein, F-69621, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Abdul-Rahman Allouche
- Institut Lumière Matière, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Isabelle Compagnon
- Institut Lumière Matière, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France. .,Institut Universitaire de France IUF, 103 Blvd St Michel, 75005, Paris, France.
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20
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Physicochemical, antioxidant and biocompatible properties of chondroitin sulphate isolated from chicken keel bone for potential biomedical applications. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 159:11-19. [PMID: 28038739 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Chicken keel bone cartilage was explored for cheaper and sustainable source for isolation of chondroitin sulphate (CS) for its future use in tissue engineering and pharmaceutical industry. HPSEC analysis displayed two peaks of 100kDa for CS-keel polysaccharide and 1kDa for protein. DLS analysis of CS-keel displayed polydispersity. CS-keel yield was 15% and 53±5% uronic acid content. The quantified percentages of UA-GalNAc4S and UA-GalNAc6S disaccharide in CS-keel were 58% and 42%, respectively. FT-IR identified CS-keel to be chondroitin 4-sulphate. 1H NMR of CS-keel confirmed the presence of N-acetylgalactosamine and Glucuronic acid. FESEM demonstrated layer structure and AFM displayed the size of CS-keel fibres. DSC, TGA and DTG studies of CS-keel showed Td at 243°C. In vitro cell proliferation assay and morphological analysis of mouse fibroblast L929 cell lines confirmed the biocompatibility of CS-keel. CS-keel (5mg/ml) exhibited ∼49% antioxidant activity against DPPH and 22% against superoxide radical protecting from oxidative damage. CS-keel demonstrated better (70.3%) emulsifying activity than commercial sodium alginate (60.2%).
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21
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A new member of family 8 polysaccharide lyase chondroitin AC lyase ( Ps PL8A) from Pedobacter saltans displays endo- and exo-lytic catalysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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22
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Li N, Mao W, Liu X, Wang S, Xia Z, Cao S, Li L, Zhang Q, Liu S. Sequence analysis of the pyruvylated galactan sulfate-derived oligosaccharides by negative-ion electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. Carbohydr Res 2016; 433:80-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2016.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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23
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Jin W, Zhang W, Wang J, Ren S, Song N, Duan D, Zhang Q. Characterization of laminaran and a highly sulfated polysaccharide from Sargassum fusiforme. Carbohydr Res 2014; 385:58-64. [PMID: 24413558 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2013.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2013] [Revised: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The crude polysaccharide (HFS) from Sargassum fusiforme (Hizikia fusiforme) was extracted using 0.1M HCl and was fractionated by anion-exchange chromatography into three fractions: HFS-1, HFS-2, and HFS-3. Based on the chemical analysis, HFS-1 was composed of laminaran, HFS-2 was a mixture of alginate and sulfated heteropolysaccharides, and HFS-3 was primarily composed of sulfated galactofucan. The NMR spectra revealed that HFS-1 was composed of a soluble laminaran with chains that are terminated by β-d-glucose residues. In contrast, the spectra obtained for HFS-2 were still complex, even after most of the alginate was removed. In addition, HFS-3 might contain 3-linked fucan sulfated at C-2, 6-linked galactan sulfated at C-2 and branched at C-4 by 2-sulfated Fuc, and galactofucan with a backbone of either alternating Gal and Fuc sulfated at C-2 or alternating (Gal)n and (Fuc)n sulfated at C-2. Moreover, HFS-3 also contained small amounts of fucoglucuronomannan and xylan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Jin
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China; Nantong Branch, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiangsu 226006, PR China
| | - Wenjing Zhang
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Jing Wang
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China; Nantong Branch, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiangsu 226006, PR China
| | - Sumei Ren
- College of Medicine and Pharmaceutics, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Ni Song
- College of Medicine and Pharmaceutics, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Delin Duan
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Quanbin Zhang
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China; Nantong Branch, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiangsu 226006, PR China.
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Zhou W, Håkansson K. Electron capture dissociation of divalent metal-adducted sulfated N-glycans released from bovine thyroid stimulating hormone. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2013; 24:1798-806. [PMID: 23982932 PMCID: PMC3867818 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-013-0700-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2013] [Revised: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/06/2013] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Sulfated N-glycans released from bovine thyroid stimulating hormone (bTSH) were ionized with the divalent metal cations Ca(2+), Mg(2+), and Co by electrospray ionization (ESI). These metal-adducted species were subjected to infrared multiphoton dissociation (IRMPD) and electron capture dissociation (ECD) and the corresponding fragmentation patterns were compared. IRMPD generated extensive glycosidic and cross-ring cleavages, but most product ions suffered from sulfonate loss. Internal fragments were also observed, which complicated the spectra. ECD provided complementary structural information compared with IRMPD, and all observed product ions retained the sulfonate group, allowing sulfonate localization. To our knowledge, this work represents the first application of ECD towards metal-adducted sulfated N-glycans released from a glycoprotein. Due to the ability of IRMPD and ECD to provide complementary structural information, the combination of the two strategies is a promising and valuable tool for glycan structural characterization. The influence of different metal ions was also examined. Calcium adducts appeared to be the most promising species because of high sensitivity and ability to provide extensive structural information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1055, USA
| | - Kristina Håkansson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1055, USA
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25
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Jin W, Zhang W, Wang J, Ren S, Song N, Zhang Q. Structural analysis of heteropolysaccharide from Saccharina japonica and its derived oligosaccharides. Int J Biol Macromol 2013; 62:697-704. [PMID: 24145299 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2013.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Revised: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Degraded fucoidan (F1) was desulfated by DMSO-MeOH. And anion exchange chromatography was performed to fractionate desulfated F1 (ds-F1) into five fractions. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) showed that each fraction contained at least one set of neutral and/or sulfated fucooligosaccharides in the form of methyl glycosides. And the structures of oligomeric fragments were characterized by ESI-CID-MS/MS and ESI-CID-MS/MS/MS. In addition, more structural features were shown by NMR. Therefore, it was concluded that LF1 contained a backbone of (1→3)-linked fucopyranose residues sulfated at C-4 and branched at C-2 by fucopyranose residues and fucoglucuronomannan, fucoglucuronan, galactan and xylan were found in LF-5. Finally, it was concluded that F1 was the middle component, which contained the information of both F0.5 and F2, indicating that the differences between F1 and F0.5, F2 might be derived primarily from the different needs of algae itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Jin
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China; Nantong Branch, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiangsu 226006, PR China
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26
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Flangea C, Petrescu AJ, Seidler DG, Munteanu CVA, Zamfir AD. Identification of an unusually sulfated tetrasaccharide chondroitin/dermatan motif in mouse brain by combining chip-nanoelectrospray multistage MS2-MS4and high resolution MS. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:1581-92. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2012] [Revised: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Daniela G. Seidler
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry; University of Münster; Münster; Germany
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Jin W, Guo Z, Wang J, Zhang W, Zhang Q. Structural analysis of sulfated fucan from Saccharina japonica by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Carbohydr Res 2013; 369:63-7. [PMID: 23298554 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2012.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Revised: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Desulfation of a fucoidan from Saccharina japonica by treatment with DMSO-MeOH resulted in partial degradation of polymeric molecules by methanolysis giving rise to a mixture of neutral, monosulfated, and disulfated fucooligosaccharides in the form of methyl glycosides. These oligomeric fragments were characterized by ESI-MS and ESI-CID-MS/MS. It was found that oligosaccharide structures coincided with the polysaccharide backbone built up mainly of (1→3)-linked fucose residues sulfated at positions 4 and 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Jin
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China
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Abstract
The fact that sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are necessary for the functioning of all animal physiological systems drives the need to understand their biology. This understanding is limited, however, by the heterogeneous nature of GAG chains and their dynamic spatial and temporal expression patterns. GAGs have a regulated structure overlaid by heterogeneity but lack the detail necessary to build structure/function relationships. In order to provide this information, we need glycomics platforms that are sensitive, robust, high throughput, and information rich. This review summarizes progress on mass-spectrometry-based GAG glycomics methods. The areas covered include disaccharide analysis, oligosaccharide profiling, and tandem mass spectrometric sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Zaia
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Department of Biochemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA.
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Leach FE, Ly M, Laremore TN, Wolff JJ, Perlow J, Linhardt RJ, Amster IJ. Hexuronic acid stereochemistry determination in chondroitin sulfate glycosaminoglycan oligosaccharides by electron detachment dissociation. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2012; 23:1488-97. [PMID: 22825742 PMCID: PMC3875141 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-012-0428-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Revised: 05/31/2012] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Electron detachment dissociation (EDD) has previously provided stereo-specific product ions that allow for the assignment of the acidic C-5stereochemistry in heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), but application of the same methodology to an epimer pair in the chondroitin sulfate glycoform class does not provide the same result. A series of experiments have been conducted in which glycosaminoglycan precursor ions are independently activated by electron detachment dissociation (EDD), electron induced dissociation (EID), and negative electron transfer dissociation (NETD) to assign the stereochemistry in chondroitin sulfate (CS) epimers and investigate the mechanisms for product ion formation during EDD in CS glycoforms. This approach allows for the assignment of electronic excitation products formed by EID and detachment products to radical pathways in NETD, both of which occur simultaneously during EDD. The uronic acid stereochemistry in electron detachment spectra produces intensity differences when assigned glycosidic and cross-ring cleavages are compared. The variations in the intensities of the doubly deprotonated (0,2)X(3) and Y(3) ions have been shown to be indicative of CS-A/DS composition during the CID of binary mixtures. These ions can provide insight into the uronic acid composition of binary mixtures in EDD, but the relative abundances, although reproducible, are low compared with those in a CID spectrum acquired on an ion trap. The application of principal component analysis (PCA) presents a multivariate approach to determining the uronic acid stereochemistry spectra of these GAGs by taking advantage of the reproducible peak distributions produced by electron detachment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franklin E. Leach
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Mellisa Ly
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
- Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA 95051, USA
| | - Tatiana N. Laremore
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
- The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | | | - Jacob Perlow
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Robert J. Linhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
- Department of Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
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Leymarie N, McComb ME, Naimy H, Staples GO, Zaia J. Differential Characterization and Classification of Tissue Specific Glycosaminoglycans by Tandem Mass Spectrometry and Statistical Methods. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY 2012; 312:144-154. [PMID: 22523474 PMCID: PMC3329220 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijms.2011.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The biological functions of glycoconjugate glycans arise in the context of structural heterogeneity resulting from non-template driven biosynthetic reactions. Such heterogeneity is particularly apparent for the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) classes, of which heparan sulfate (HS) is of particular interest for its properties in binding to many classes of growth factors and growth factor receptors. The structures of HS chains vary according to spatial and temporal factors in biological systems as a mechanism where by the functions of the relatively limited number of associated proteoglycan core proteins is elaborated. Thus, there is a strong driver for the development of methods to discover functionally relevant structures in HS preparations for different sources. In the present work, a set of targeted tandem mass spectra were acquired in automated mode on HS oligosaccharides deriving from two different tissue sources. Statistical methods were used to determine the precursor and product ions, the abundances of which differentiate between the tissue sources. The results demonstrate considerable potential for using this approach to constrain the number of positional glycoform isomers present in different biological preparations toward the end of discovery of functionally relevant structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Leymarie
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Dept. of Biochemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA
| | - Mark E. McComb
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Dept. of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA
| | - Hicham Naimy
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Dept. of Biochemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA
| | - Gregory O. Staples
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Dept. of Biochemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA
| | - Joseph Zaia
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Dept. of Biochemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA
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Flangea C, Sisu E, Seidler DG, Zamfir AD. Analysis of oversulfation in biglycan chondroitin/dermatan sulfate oligosaccharides by chip-based nanoelectrospray ionization multistage mass spectrometry. Anal Biochem 2012; 420:155-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2011.08.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Revised: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Oh HB, Leach FE, Arungundram S, Al-Mafraji K, Venot A, Boons GJ, Amster IJ. Multivariate analysis of electron detachment dissociation and infrared multiphoton dissociation mass spectra of heparan sulfate tetrasaccharides differing only in hexuronic acid stereochemistry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2011; 22:582-90. [PMID: 21472576 PMCID: PMC3192014 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-010-0047-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2010] [Revised: 11/17/2010] [Accepted: 11/17/2010] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The structural characterization of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) carbohydrates by mass spectrometry has been a long-standing analytical challenge due to the inherent heterogeneity of these biomolecules, specifically polydispersity, variability in sulfation, and hexuronic acid stereochemistry. Recent advances in tandem mass spectrometry methods employing threshold and electron-based ion activation have resulted in the ability to determine the location of the labile sulfate modification as well as assign the stereochemistry of hexuronic acid residues. To facilitate the analysis of complex electron detachment dissociation (EDD) spectra, principal component analysis (PCA) is employed to differentiate the hexuronic acid stereochemistry of four synthetic GAG epimers whose EDD spectra are nearly identical upon visual inspection. For comparison, PCA is also applied to infrared multiphoton dissociation spectra (IRMPD) of the examined epimers. To assess the applicability of multivariate methods in GAG mixture analysis, PCA is utilized to identify the relative content of two epimers in a binary mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Bin Oh
- Department of Chemistry, Sogang University, Seoul 121-742, Korea (200811036)
| | - Franklin E. Leach
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Sailaja Arungundram
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Kanar Al-Mafraji
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Andre Venot
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - I. Jonathan Amster
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Address reprint requests to Dr. I. Jonathan Amster, Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA () and Dr. Han Bin Oh, Department of Chemistry, Sogang University, Seoul, 121-742, Korea, (), Phone: 706-542-2001, Fax: 706-542-9454
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Malavaki CJ, Theocharis AD, Lamari FN, Kanakis I, Tsegenidis T, Tzanakakis GN, Karamanos NK. Heparan sulfate: biological significance, tools for biochemical analysis and structural characterization. Biomed Chromatogr 2010; 25:11-20. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Taylor CJ, Nix MGD, Dessent CEH. Noncovalent Interactions in the Gas-Phase Conformers of Anionic Iduronate (methyl 2-O-sulfo-α-L-iduronate): Variation of Subconformer versus Ring Conformer Energetics for a Prototypical Anionic Monosaccharide Studied Using Computational Methods. J Phys Chem A 2010; 114:11153-60. [DOI: 10.1021/jp102657t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael G. D. Nix
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, U.K
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Abstract
Glycosylation defines the adhesive properties of animal cell surfaces and the surrounding extracellular environments. Because cells respond to stimuli by altering glycan expression, glycan structures vary according to spatial location in tissue and temporal factors. These dynamic structural expression patterns, combined with the essential roles glycans play in physiology, drive the need for analytical methods for glycoconjugates. In addition, recombinant glycoprotein drug products represent a multibillion dollar market. Effective analytical methods are needed to speed the identification of new targets and the development of industrial glycoprotein products, both new and biosimilar. Mass spectrometry is an enabling technology in glycomics. This review summarizes mass spectrometry of glycoconjugate glycans. The intent is to summarize appropriate methods for glycans given their chemical properties as distinct from those of proteins, lipids, and small molecule metabolites. Special attention is given to the uses of mass spectral profiling for glycomics with respect to the N-linked, O-linked, ganglioside, and glycosaminoglycan compound classes. Next, the uses of tandem mass spectrometry of glycans are summarized. The review finishes with an update on mass spectral glycoproteomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Zaia
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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Bowman MJ, Zaia J. Comparative glycomics using a tetraplex stable-isotope coded tag. Anal Chem 2010; 82:3023-31. [PMID: 20230064 DOI: 10.1021/ac100108w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This study illustrates the utility of tetraplex stable isotope coded tags in mass spectrometric glycomics using three carbohydrate classes. The teteraplex tags allow for the direct comparison of glycan compositions within four samples using capillary scale hydrophilic interaction chromatography with online mass spectrometry. In addition, the ability to discern glycan structural isomers is shown based on the tandem mass spectra of each composition using nanospray ionization. Results are shown for chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans, low molecular weight heparins, full length heparins, and N-glycans from alpha-1-acid glycoproteins from four mammalian species. The data demonstrate the value of the tetraplex stable isotope tagging approach for producing high-quality glycomics compositional profiling and fine structural analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Bowman
- Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
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Abstract
The heparan sulfate (HS) family of glycosaminoglycans are highly complex and structurally diverse polysaccharides with information encoded within the chains that imparts the ability to bind selectively to a wide range of proteins-the "HS interactome"-and to regulate their biological activities. However, there are two key questions which need to be addressed; first, the extent of structural variation of expressed HS structures-the "heparanome"-in specific biological contexts and second, the degree of functional selectivity exerted by these structures in regulating biological processes. There is a clear need to develop more systematic and high throughput approaches in order to address these questions. Here, we describe a cohort of protocols for profiling different aspects of HS structure and activity, focusing particularly on disaccharide building blocks and larger oligosaccharide domains, the latter representing the functional units of HS chains. A range of other complementary methods in the literature are also discussed. Together these provide a new and more comprehensive toolkit to investigate HS structure and activity in a higher throughput manner in selected biological systems. The implementation of such a glycomics strategy will enable development of a systems biology view of HS structure-function relationships and help to resolve the significant puzzle of the extensive interactome of HS, which remains a key question in the glycobiology field. We anticipate that the next decade will see major advances in our understanding of the complex biology of HS.
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Bultel L, Landoni M, Grand E, Couto AS, Kovensky J. UV-MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry analysis of heparin oligosaccharides obtained by nitrous acid controlled degradation and high performance anion exchange chromatography. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2010; 21:178-190. [PMID: 19892568 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2009.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2009] [Revised: 09/30/2009] [Accepted: 09/30/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Nitrous acid degradation of heparin followed by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography (HPAEC) separation and ultraviolet matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (UV-MALDI-TOF) analysis led to the structural determination of six sulfated oligosaccharides. Three different matrices (alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (CHCA), nor-harmane, and dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB)) have been used, and the complementary results obtained allowed in most cases to assign the position of sulfate groups. Based on the different cleavages produced on the purified oligosaccharides in source during the MS analysis by the use of the different matrices, this approach provides a new tool for structural analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Bultel
- Laboratoire des Glucides CNRS UMR 6219, Institut de Chimie de Picardie, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
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Abstract
More than half of all human proteins are glycosylated. Glycosylation defines the adhesive properties of glycoconjugates and it is largely through glycan-protein interactions that cell-cell and cell-pathogen contacts occur. Not surprisingly, considering the central role they play in molecular encounters, glycoprotein and carbohydrate-based drugs and therapeutics represent a greater than $20 billion market. Glycomics, the study of glycan expression in biological systems, relies on effective analytical techniques for correlation of glycan structure with function. This overview summarizes techniques developed historically for glycan characterization as well as recent trends. Derivatization methods key to both traditional and modern approaches for glycoanalysis are described. Monosaccharide compositional analysis is fundamental to any effort to understand glycan structure-function relationships. Chromatographic and electrophoretic separations are key parts of any glycoanalytical workflow. Mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance are complementary instrumental techniques for glycan analysis. Finally, microarrays are emerging as powerful new tools for dynamic analysis of glycan expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia M Bielik
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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Discrimination of GalNAc (4S/6S) sulfation sites in chondroitin sulfate disaccharides by chip-based nanoelectrospray multistage mass spectrometry. OPEN CHEM 2009. [DOI: 10.2478/s11532-009-0070-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractSulfation pattern within chondroitin sulfate (CS) glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains is an important post-translational modification that regulates their interaction with proteins. In this context, development of highly efficient and reproducible analytical methods for the investigation of CS sulfation patterns is of high necessity. In this study we report a novel method for straightforward determination of N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) sulfation sites in chondroitin sulfate disaccharides. Our protocol involves combining fully automated chip-based nanoelectrospray (nanoESI) for analyte infusion and ionization in negative ion mode with multistage (MSn) collision-induced dissociation (CID) high capacity ion trap (HCT) mass spectrometry for generation of sequence ions diagnostic for identification of sulfate ester group position within GalNAc residues. The feasibility of this approach is here demonstrated on chondroitin 6-O-sulfate and chondroitin 4-O-sulfate disaccharides. Fragmentation patterns obtained by MS2 and MS3 sequencing stages provided first mass spectrometric data from which sulfation site(s) within GalNAc monosaccharide ring could be unequivocally deciphered. Hence, the method allowed discriminating 4S/6S sulfation sites solely on the basis of MS and multistage MS evidence.
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Flangea C, Schiopu C, Sisu E, Serb A, Przybylski M, Seidler DG, Zamfir AD. Determination of sulfation pattern in brain glycosaminoglycans by chip-based electrospray ionization ion trap mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 395:2489-98. [PMID: 19826794 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-3167-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2009] [Revised: 09/15/2009] [Accepted: 09/17/2009] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) and dermatan sulfate (DS) glycosaminoglycans display variability of sulfation in their constituent disaccharide repeats during chain elongation. Since a large proportion of the extracellular matrix of the central nervous system (CNS) is composed of proteoglycans, CS/DS disaccharide degree and profile of sulfation play important roles in the functional diversity of neurons, brain development, and some of its pathological states. To investigate the sulfation pattern of CS/DS structures expressed in CNS, we introduced here a novel method based on an advanced system encompassing fully automated chip nanoelectrospray ionization (nanoESI) in the negative ion mode and high capacity ion trap multistage mass spectrometry (MS(2)-MS(3)) by collision-induced dissociation (CID). This method, introduced here for the first time in glycomics of brain glycosaminoglycans, was particularly applied to structural investigation of disaccharides obtained by beta-elimination and digestion with chondroitin B and AC I lyase of hybrid CS/DS chains from wild-type mouse brain. Screening in the chip-MS mode of DS disaccharide fraction resulting after depolymerization with chondroitin B lyase revealed molecular ions assigned to monosulfated disaccharide species having a composition of 4,5-Delta-[IdoA-GalNAc]. By optimized CID MS(2)-MS(3), fragment ions supporting the localization of sulfate ester group at C4 within GalNAc were produced. Chip ESI MS profiling of CS disaccharide fraction obtained by depolymerization of the same CS/DS chain using chondroitin AC I lyase indicated the occurrence of mono- and bisulfated 4,5-Delta-[GlcA-GalNAc]. The site of oversulfation was determined by MS(2)-MS(3), which provided sequence patterns consistent with a rare GlcA-3-sulfate-GalNAc-6-sulfate structural motif. Figure Mouse brain GlcA-3-sulfate-GalNAc-6-sulfate structural motif.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corina Flangea
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, National Institute for Research and Development in Electrochemistry and Condensed Matter, Plautius Andronescu Str. 1, 300224, Timisoara, Romania
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Abstract
Carbohydrates exhibit many physiologically and pharmacologically important activities, yet their complicated structure and sequence pose major analytical challenges. Although their structural complexity makes analysis of carbohydrate difficult, mass spectrometry (MS) with high sensitivity, resolution and accuracy has become a vital tool in many applications related to analysis of carbohydrates or oligosaccharides. This application is essentially based on soft ionization technique which facilitates the ionization and vaporization of large, polar and thermally labile biomolecules. Electrospray-ionization (ESI), one of the soft ionization technique, tandem MS has been used in the sequencing of peptides, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids and more recently carbohydrates. The development of the ESI and tandem MS has begun to make carbohydrate analysis more routine. This review will focus on the application of the ESI tandem MS for the sequence analysis of native oligosaccharides, including neutral saccharides with multiple linkages, and the uronic acid polymers, alginate and glycosaminoglycans structures containing epimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenqing Zhang
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, USA
| | - Robert J. Linhardt
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, USA
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Zamfir AD, Flangea C, Sisu E, Serb AF, Dinca N, Bruckner P, Seidler DG. Analysis of novel over- and under-sulfated glycosaminoglycan sequences by enzyme cleavage and multiple stage MS. Proteomics 2009; 9:3435-44. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200800440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Hitchcock AM, Bowman MJ, Staples GO, Zaia J. Improved workup for glycosaminoglycan disaccharide analysis using CE with LIF detection. Electrophoresis 2009; 29:4538-48. [PMID: 19035406 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This work describes improved workup and instrumental conditions to enable robust, sensitive glycosaminoglycan (GAG) disaccharide analysis from complex biological samples. In the process of applying CE with LIF to GAG disaccharide analysis in biological samples, we have made improvements to existing methods. These include (i) optimization of reductive amination conditions, (ii) improvement in sensitivity through the use of a cellulose cleanup procedure for the derivatization, and (iii) optimization of separation conditions for robustness and reproducibility. The improved method enables analysis of disaccharide quantities as low as 1 pmol prior to derivatization. Biological GAG samples were exhaustively digested using lyase enzymes, the disaccharide products and standards were derivatized with the fluorophore 2-aminoacridone and subjected to reversed polarity CE-LIF detection. These conditions resolved all known chondroitin sulfate (CS) disaccharides or 11 of 12 standard heparin/heparan sulfate disaccharides, using 50 mM phosphate buffer, pH 3.5, and reversed polarity at 30 kV with 0.3 psi pressure. Relative standard deviation in migration times of CS ranged from 0.1 to 2.0% over 60 days, and the relative standard deviations of peak areas were less than 3.2%, suggesting that the method is reproducible and precise. The CS disaccharide compositions are similar to those obtained by our group using tandem MS. The reversed polarity CE-LIF disaccharide analysis protocol yields baseline resolution and quantification of heparin/heparan sulfate and CS/dermatan sulfate disaccharides from both standard preparations and biologically relevant proteoglycan samples. The improved CE-LIF method enables disaccharide quantification of biologically relevant proteoglycans from small samples of intact tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia M Hitchcock
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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Glycosaminoglycan characterization methodologies: probing biomolecular interactions. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2009. [PMID: 19277541 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-022-5_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Interactions between glycans and proteins are central to many of the regulatory processes within biology. The development of analytical methodologies that enable structural characterization of glycosaminoglycan oligosaccharides has fostered improved understanding of the specificity of these biomolecular interactions. This facilitates an appreciation in understanding how changes in GAG structure can regulate physiology as well as pathology. While there are various techniques for studying the interaction of GAGs with proteins, in this chapter we focus on two approaches. First, an integrated analytical methodology, surface non-covalent affinity mass spectrometry (SNA-MS), is described to isolate, enrich, and sequence tissue-derived GAGs that bind to specific proteins. The broad applicability of this powerful platform offers an insight into how changes in cell-surface and extracellular GAG composition and sequence influences the ability of cells and tissues to dynamically alter responses to signaling molecules. Thus, this approach provides a window into understanding how changes at a molecular level manifest with respect to cellular phenotype. Second, surface plasmon resonance, or SPR, represents an additional platform for the study of protein-polysaccharide interaction, specifically for measuring the binding between GAG chains and proteins.
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Wolff JJ, Laremore TN, Leach FE, Linhardt RJ, Amster IJ. Electron capture dissociation, electron detachment dissociation and infrared multiphoton dissociation of sucrose octasulfate. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2009; 15:275-81. [PMID: 19423912 PMCID: PMC3951291 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The structural analysis of sulfated carbohydrates such as glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) has been a long- standing challenge for the field of mass spectrometry. The dissociation of sulfated carbohydrates by collisionally- activated dissociation (CAD) or infrared multiphoton dissociation (IRMPD), which activate ions via vibrational excitation, typically result in few cleavages and abundant SO(3) loss for highly sulfated GAGs such as heparin and heparan sulfate, hampering efforts to determine sites of modification. The recent application of electron activation techniques, specifically electron capture dissociation (ECD) and electron detachment dissociation (EDD), provides a marked improvement for the mass spectrometry characterization of GAGs. In this work, we compare ECD, EDD and IRMPD for the dissociation of the highly sulfated carbohydrate sucrose octasulfate (SOS). Both positive and negative multiply-charged ions are investigated. ECD, EDD and IRMPD of SOS produce abundant and reproducible fragmentation. The product ions produced by ECD are quite different than those produced by IRMPD of SOS positive ions, suggesting different dissociation mechanisms as a result of electronic versus vibrational excitation. The product ions produced by EDD and IRMPD of SOS negative ions also differ from each other. Evidence for SO(3) rearrangement exists in the negative ion IRMPD data, complicating the assignment of product ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy J. Wolff
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Tatiana N. Laremore
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180
| | | | - Robert J. Linhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180
- Department of Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180
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Tissot B, Ceroni A, Powell AK, Morris HR, Yates EA, Turnbull JE, Gallagher JT, Dell A, Haslam SM. Software Tool for the Structural Determination of Glycosaminoglycans by Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2008; 80:9204-12. [DOI: 10.1021/ac8013753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bérangère Tissot
- Division of Molecular Biosciences, Imperial College, London, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom, Molecular Glycobiology Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZB, United Kingdom, Glyco-Oncology Group, School of Cancer and Imaging Sciences, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, University of Manchester, Christie Hospital, Manchester, M20 4BX, United Kingdom, and M-SCAN Ltd., Wokingham, Berks, RG41 2TZ, United Kingdom
| | - Alessio Ceroni
- Division of Molecular Biosciences, Imperial College, London, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom, Molecular Glycobiology Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZB, United Kingdom, Glyco-Oncology Group, School of Cancer and Imaging Sciences, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, University of Manchester, Christie Hospital, Manchester, M20 4BX, United Kingdom, and M-SCAN Ltd., Wokingham, Berks, RG41 2TZ, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew K. Powell
- Division of Molecular Biosciences, Imperial College, London, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom, Molecular Glycobiology Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZB, United Kingdom, Glyco-Oncology Group, School of Cancer and Imaging Sciences, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, University of Manchester, Christie Hospital, Manchester, M20 4BX, United Kingdom, and M-SCAN Ltd., Wokingham, Berks, RG41 2TZ, United Kingdom
| | - Howard R. Morris
- Division of Molecular Biosciences, Imperial College, London, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom, Molecular Glycobiology Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZB, United Kingdom, Glyco-Oncology Group, School of Cancer and Imaging Sciences, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, University of Manchester, Christie Hospital, Manchester, M20 4BX, United Kingdom, and M-SCAN Ltd., Wokingham, Berks, RG41 2TZ, United Kingdom
| | - Edwin A. Yates
- Division of Molecular Biosciences, Imperial College, London, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom, Molecular Glycobiology Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZB, United Kingdom, Glyco-Oncology Group, School of Cancer and Imaging Sciences, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, University of Manchester, Christie Hospital, Manchester, M20 4BX, United Kingdom, and M-SCAN Ltd., Wokingham, Berks, RG41 2TZ, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy E. Turnbull
- Division of Molecular Biosciences, Imperial College, London, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom, Molecular Glycobiology Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZB, United Kingdom, Glyco-Oncology Group, School of Cancer and Imaging Sciences, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, University of Manchester, Christie Hospital, Manchester, M20 4BX, United Kingdom, and M-SCAN Ltd., Wokingham, Berks, RG41 2TZ, United Kingdom
| | - John T. Gallagher
- Division of Molecular Biosciences, Imperial College, London, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom, Molecular Glycobiology Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZB, United Kingdom, Glyco-Oncology Group, School of Cancer and Imaging Sciences, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, University of Manchester, Christie Hospital, Manchester, M20 4BX, United Kingdom, and M-SCAN Ltd., Wokingham, Berks, RG41 2TZ, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Dell
- Division of Molecular Biosciences, Imperial College, London, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom, Molecular Glycobiology Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZB, United Kingdom, Glyco-Oncology Group, School of Cancer and Imaging Sciences, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, University of Manchester, Christie Hospital, Manchester, M20 4BX, United Kingdom, and M-SCAN Ltd., Wokingham, Berks, RG41 2TZ, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart M. Haslam
- Division of Molecular Biosciences, Imperial College, London, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom, Molecular Glycobiology Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZB, United Kingdom, Glyco-Oncology Group, School of Cancer and Imaging Sciences, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, University of Manchester, Christie Hospital, Manchester, M20 4BX, United Kingdom, and M-SCAN Ltd., Wokingham, Berks, RG41 2TZ, United Kingdom
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Korir AK, Larive CK. Advances in the separation, sensitive detection, and characterization of heparin and heparan sulfate. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 393:155-69. [PMID: 18841350 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-2412-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2008] [Revised: 09/11/2008] [Accepted: 09/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Elucidation of the relationship between the structure and biological function of the glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) heparin and heparan sulfate (HS) presents an important analytical challenge mainly due to the difficulty in determining their fine structure. Heparin and HS are responsible for mediation of a wide range of biological actions through specific binding to a variety of proteins including those involved in blood coagulation, cell proliferation, differentiation and adhesion, and host-pathogen interactions. Therefore, there is a growing interest in characterizing the microstructure of heparin and HS and in elucidating the molecular level details of their interaction with peptides and proteins. This review discusses recent developments in the analytical methods used for sensitive separation, detection, and structural characterization of heparin and HS. A brief discussion of the analysis of contaminants in pharmaceutical heparin is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert K Korir
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Physical Sciences Bldg. 1, 501 Big Springs Rd., Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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Lawrence R, Olson SK, Steele RE, Wang L, Warrior R, Cummings RD, Esko JD. Evolutionary differences in glycosaminoglycan fine structure detected by quantitative glycan reductive isotope labeling. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:33674-84. [PMID: 18818196 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m804288200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
To facilitate qualitative and quantitative analysis of glycosaminoglycans, we tagged the reducing end of lyase-generated disaccharides with aniline-containing stable isotopes (12C6 and 13C6). Because different isotope tags have no effect on chromatographic retention times but can be discriminated by a mass detector, differentially isotope-tagged samples can be compared simultaneously by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry and quantified by admixture with known amounts of standards. The technique is adaptable to all types of glycosaminoglycans, and its sensitivity is only limited by the type of mass spectrometer available. We validated the method using commercial heparin and keratan sulfate as well as heparan sulfate isolated from mutant and wild-type Chinese hamster ovary cells, and select tissues from mutant and wild-type mice. This new method provides more robust, reliable, and sensitive means of quantitative evaluation of glycosaminoglycan disaccharide compositions than existing techniques allowing us to compare the chondroitin and heparan sulfate compositions of Hydra vulgaris, Drosophila melanogaster, Caenorhabditis elegans, and mammalian cells. Our results demonstrate significant differences in glycosaminoglycan structure among these organisms that might represent evolutionarily distinct functional motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Lawrence
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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Zaia J. Mass spectrometry and the emerging field of glycomics. CHEMISTRY & BIOLOGY 2008; 15:881-92. [PMID: 18804025 PMCID: PMC2570164 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2008.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2008] [Revised: 07/22/2008] [Accepted: 07/30/2008] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The biological significance of protein and lipid glycosylation is well established. For example, cells respond to environmental stimuli by altering glycan structures on their surfaces, and cancer cells evade normal growth regulation in part by remodeling their surface glycans. In general, glycan chemical properties differ significantly from those of proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and small molecule metabolites. Thus, advances in glycomics, a comprehensive study to identify all glycans in an organism, rely on the development of specialized analytical methods. Mass spectrometry (MS) is emerging as an enabling technology in the field of glycomics. This review summarizes recent developments in mass spectrometric analysis methods for protein-based glycomics and glycoproteomics workflows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Zaia
- Deptartment of Biochemistry, Boston University, 670 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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