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Picazas-Márquez N, Sierra M, Nova C, Moreno JM, Aboitiz N, de Rivas G, Sierra MA, Martínez-Álvarez R, Gómez-Caballero E. GC-MS Study of Mono- and Bishaloethylphosphonates Related to Schedule 2.B.04 of the Chemical Weapons Convention: The Discovery of a New Intramolecular Halogen Transfer. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2016; 27:1510-1519. [PMID: 27300717 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-016-1430-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A new class of compounds, mono- and bis-haloethylphosphonates (HAPs and bisHAPs, respectively), listed in Schedule 2.B.04 of the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC), has been synthesized and studied by GC-MS with two aims. First, to improve the identification of this type of chemicals by the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, (OPCW). Second, to study the synergistic effect of halogen and silicon atoms in molecules undergoing mass spectrometry. Fragmentation patterns of trimethylsilyl derivatives of HAPs were found to depend on the nature of the halogen atom; this was in agreement with DFT-calculations. The data suggest that a novel intramolecular halogen transfer takes place during the fragmentation process. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerea Picazas-Márquez
- Ingeniería de Sistemas para la Defensa de España (ISDEFE), Beatriz de Bobadilla 3, E-28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Sierra
- Ingeniería de Sistemas para la Defensa de España (ISDEFE), Beatriz de Bobadilla 3, E-28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Clara Nova
- Ingeniería de Sistemas para la Defensa de España (ISDEFE), Beatriz de Bobadilla 3, E-28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Manuel Moreno
- Laboratorio de Verificación de Armas Químicas (LAVEMA), Área de Defensa Química, Subdirección General de Sistemas Terrestres, INTA, Campus La Marañosa, San Martín de la Vega, E-28330, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nuria Aboitiz
- Ingeniería de Sistemas para la Defensa de España (ISDEFE), Beatriz de Bobadilla 3, E-28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gema de Rivas
- Laboratorio de Verificación de Armas Químicas (LAVEMA), Área de Defensa Química, Subdirección General de Sistemas Terrestres, INTA, Campus La Marañosa, San Martín de la Vega, E-28330, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel A Sierra
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense, E-28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Roberto Martínez-Álvarez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense, E-28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Esther Gómez-Caballero
- Laboratorio de Verificación de Armas Químicas (LAVEMA), Área de Defensa Química, Subdirección General de Sistemas Terrestres, INTA, Campus La Marañosa, San Martín de la Vega, E-28330, Madrid, Spain
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Graichen AM, Vachet RW. Using metal complex ion-molecule reactions in a miniature rectilinear ion trap mass spectrometer to detect chemical warfare agents. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2013; 24:917-925. [PMID: 23532782 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-013-0592-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Revised: 01/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The gas-phase reactions of a series of coordinatively unsaturated [Ni(L)n](y+) complexes, where L is a nitrogen-containing ligand, with chemical warfare agent (CWA) simulants in a miniature rectilinear ion trap mass spectrometer were investigated as part of a new approach to detect CWAs. Results show that upon entering the vacuum system via a poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) membrane introduction, low concentrations of several CWA simulants, including dipropyl sulfide (simulant for mustard gas), acetonitrile (simulant for the nerve agent tabun), and diethyl phosphite (simulant for nerve agents sarin, soman, tabun, and VX), can react with metal complex ions generated by electrospray ionization (ESI), thereby providing a sensitive means of detecting these compounds. The [Ni(L)n](2+) complexes are found to be particularly reactive with the simulants of mustard gas and tabun, allowing their detection at low parts-per-billion (ppb) levels. These detection limits are well below reported exposure limits for these CWAs, which indicates the applicability of this new approach, and are about two orders of magnitude lower than electron ionization detection limits on the same mass spectrometer. The use of coordinatively unsaturated metal complexes as reagent ions offers the possibility of further tuning the ion-molecule chemistry so that desired compounds can be detected selectively or at even lower concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M Graichen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
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Park S, Bézier D, Brookhart M. An Efficient Iridium Catalyst for Reduction of Carbon Dioxide to Methane with Trialkylsilanes. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:11404-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ja305318c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sehoon Park
- Department
of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
27599-3290, United States
| | - David Bézier
- Department
of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
27599-3290, United States
| | - Maurice Brookhart
- Department
of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
27599-3290, United States
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Gas-phase derivatization via the Meerwein reaction for selective and sensitive LC–MS analysis of epoxides in active pharmaceutical ingredients. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2011; 56:1106-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2011.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Revised: 07/26/2011] [Accepted: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Hou K, Xu W, Xu J, Cooks RG, Ouyang Z. Sampling Wand for an Ion Trap Mass Spectrometer. Anal Chem 2011; 83:1857-61. [PMID: 21299234 DOI: 10.1021/ac102962e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keyong Hou
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, and §Center for Analytical Instrumentation Development, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, and §Center for Analytical Instrumentation Development, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Jian Xu
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, and §Center for Analytical Instrumentation Development, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - R. Graham Cooks
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, and §Center for Analytical Instrumentation Development, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Zheng Ouyang
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, and §Center for Analytical Instrumentation Development, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
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Wu L, Liu DQ, Kord AS. Gas-phase meerwein reaction of epoxides with protonated acetonitrile generated by atmospheric pressure ionizations. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2010; 21:1802-1813. [PMID: 20691605 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2010.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2010] [Revised: 06/22/2010] [Accepted: 06/23/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Ethylnitrilium ion can be generated by protonation of acetonitrile (when used as the LC-MS mobile phase) under the conditions of atmospheric pressure ionizations, including electrospray ionization (ESI) and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) as well as atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI). Ethylnitrilium ion (CH(3)-C≡N+H and its canonical form CH(3)-C+=NH) is shown to efficiently undergo the gas-phase Meerwein reaction with epoxides. This reaction proceeds by the initial formation of an oxonium ion followed by three-to-five-membered ring expansion via an intramolecular nucleophilic attack to yield the Meerwein reaction products. The density functional theory (DFT) calculations at the B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p) level show that the gas-phase Meerwein reaction is thermodynamically favorable. Collision-induced dissociation (CID) of the Meerwein reaction products yields the net oxygen-by-nitrogen replacement of epoxides with a characteristic mass shift of 1 Da, providing evidence for the cyclic nature of the gas-phase Meerwein reaction products. The gas-phase Meerwein reaction offers a novel and fast LC-MS approach for the direct analysis of epoxides that might be of genotoxic concern during drug development. Understanding and utilizing this unique gas-phase ion/molecule reaction, the sensitivity and selectivity for quantitation of epoxides can be enhanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianming Wu
- Analytical Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, USA.
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Francis GJ, Milligan DB, McEwan MJ. Detection and Quantification of Chemical Warfare Agent Precursors and Surrogates by Selected Ion Flow Tube Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2009; 81:8892-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ac901486c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory J. Francis
- Syft Technologies, 3 Craft Place, Middleton, Christchurch 8024, New Zealand, and Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
| | - Daniel B. Milligan
- Syft Technologies, 3 Craft Place, Middleton, Christchurch 8024, New Zealand, and Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
| | - Murray J. McEwan
- Syft Technologies, 3 Craft Place, Middleton, Christchurch 8024, New Zealand, and Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
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Midey AJ, Miller TM, Viggiano AA. Kinetics of Ion−Molecule Reactions with Dimethyl Methylphosphonate at 298 K for Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry Detection of GX. J Phys Chem A 2009; 113:4982-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jp900614a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J. Midey
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Space Vehicles Directorate, 29 Randolph Road, Hanscom AFB, Massachusetts 01731-3010
| | - Thomas M. Miller
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Space Vehicles Directorate, 29 Randolph Road, Hanscom AFB, Massachusetts 01731-3010
| | - A. A. Viggiano
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Space Vehicles Directorate, 29 Randolph Road, Hanscom AFB, Massachusetts 01731-3010
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Eberlin MN. Structurally diagnostic ion/molecule reactions: class and functional-group identification by mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2006; 41:141-56. [PMID: 16447303 DOI: 10.1002/jms.998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
This article discusses the application of gas-phase ion/molecule reactions for fine structural elucidation in mass spectrometry. This approach is illustrated via a representative collection of class- and functional group-selective reactions, a few of historical relevance as well as by more recent and instructive examples, and their applications. The focus is on reactions performed under well-controlled conditions of sequential mass spectrometry, discussing key mechanistic details and potential applications. Recent and innovative strategies that allow these reactions to be performed under ambient conditions, making this fast, selective and sensitive approach for structural investigation much more generally applicable, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos N Eberlin
- Institute of Chemistry, State University of Campinas, ThoMSon Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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Cooks RG, Chen H, Eberlin MN, Zheng X, Tao WA. Polar Acetalization and Transacetalization in the Gas Phase: The Eberlin Reaction. Chem Rev 2006; 106:188-211. [PMID: 16402776 DOI: 10.1021/cr0400921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R G Cooks
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA.
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11
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Mulligan CC, Justes DR, Noll RJ, Sanders NL, Laughlin BC, Cooks RG. Direct monitoring of toxic compounds in air using a portable mass spectrometer. Analyst 2006; 131:556-67. [PMID: 16568173 DOI: 10.1039/b517541k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A portable tandem mass spectrometer, capable of performing atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) using a direct atmospheric inlet, is applied to the real-time monitoring of toxic compounds in air. Analytes of interest include dimethyl methylphosphonate, arsine, benzene, toluene, pyridine and vinyl acetate. The detection, identification and quantification of organic and inorganic compounds in air is demonstrated using short analysis times (<5 seconds) with detection limits in the low ppb (v/v) levels and linear dynamic ranges of several orders of magnitude. Highly specific detection and identification is achieved, even when the analyte is a trace component in a complex mixture including such interferents as fuels, lubricants, and cleaners. The effects of environmental conditions, including temperature and humidity, are delineated. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves are presented to show the trade-off between false positive and false negative detection rates. Tandem mass spectrometry based both on collision-induced dissociation and on selective atmospheric pressure ion/molecule reactions is also used to increase selectivity and sensitivity.
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12
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Cotte-Rodríguez I, Justes DR, Nanita SC, Noll RJ, Mulligan CC, Sanders NL, Cooks RG. Analysis of gaseous toxic industrial compounds and chemical warfare agent simulants by atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometry. Analyst 2006; 131:579-89. [PMID: 16568176 DOI: 10.1039/b513605a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The suitability of atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry as sensing instrumentation for the real-time monitoring of low levels of toxic compounds is assessed, especially with respect to public safety applications. Gaseous samples of nine toxic industrial compounds, NH3, H2S, Cl2, CS2, SO2, C2H4O, HBr, C6H6 and AsH3, and two chemical warfare agent simulants, dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP) and methyl salicylate (MeS), were studied. API-MS proves highly suited to this application, with speedy analysis times (<30 seconds), high sensitivity, high selectivity towards analytes, good precision, dynamic range and accuracy. Tandem MS methods were implemented in selected cases for improved selectivity, sensitivity, and limits of detection. Limits of detection in the parts-per-billion and parts-per-trillion range were achieved for this set of analytes. In all cases detection limits were well below the compounds' permissible exposure limits (PELs), even in the presence of added complex mixtures of alkanes. Linear responses, up to several orders of magnitude, were obtained over the concentration ranges studied (sub-ppb to ppm), with relative standard deviations less than 3%, regardless of the presence of alkane interferents. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves are presented to show the performance trade-off between sensitivity, probability of correct detection, and false positive rate. A dynamic sample preparation system for the production of gas phase analyte concentrations ranging from 100 pptr to 100 ppm and capable of admixing gaseous matrix compounds and control of relative humidity and temperature is also described.
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Chen H, Xu R, Chen H, Cooks RG, Ouyang Z. Ion/molecule reactions in a miniature RIT mass spectrometer. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2005; 40:1403-11. [PMID: 16255061 DOI: 10.1002/jms.924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Ion/molecule reactions were explored in a newly developed miniature mass spectrometer fitted with a rectilinear ion trap (RIT) mass analyzer. The tandem mass spectrometry performance of this instrument is demonstrated using collision induced dissociation (CID) and ion/molecule reactions. The latter includes Eberlin transacetalization reactions and electrophilic additions. Selective detection of the chemical warfare simulant dimethyl methyl phosphonate (DMMP) was achieved through selective Eberlin reactions of its characteristic phosphonium fragment ion CH3OP(+)(O)CH3 (m/z 93), with 1,4-dioxane or 1,3-dioxolane. Efficient adduct formation as a result of electrophilic attack by the phosphonium ion on various nucleophilic reagents, including 1,1,3,3-tetramethyl urea, methanesulfonic acid methyl ester, dimethyl sulfoxide and methyl salicylate, was also observed using the RIT device. The product ions of these reactions were analyzed using CID and the characteristic fragmentation patterns of the ionic addition products were recorded using multiple-stage experiments in the miniature RIT instrument. This study clearly demonstrates that a small, home-built, miniature RIT mass spectrometer can be used to perform analytically useful ion/molecule reactions and also that instruments like this have the potential to provide a portable platform for in situ detection of organophosphorus esters and related compounds with high specificity using tandem mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanwen Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan D Richardson
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, Georgia 30605, USA
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15
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Hu Q, Noll RJ, Li H, Makarov A, Hardman M, Graham Cooks R. The Orbitrap: a new mass spectrometer. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2005; 40:430-43. [PMID: 15838939 DOI: 10.1002/jms.856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 703] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Research areas such as proteomics and metabolomics are driving the demand for mass spectrometers that have high performance but modest power requirements, size, and cost. This paper describes such an instrument, the Orbitrap, based on a new type of mass analyzer invented by Makarov. The Orbitrap operates by radially trapping ions about a central spindle electrode. An outer barrel-like electrode is coaxial with the inner spindlelike electrode and mass/charge values are measured from the frequency of harmonic ion oscillations, along the axis of the electric field, undergone by the orbitally trapped ions. This axial frequency is independent of the energy and spatial spread of the ions. Ion frequencies are measured non-destructively by acquisition of time-domain image current transients, with subsequent fast Fourier transforms (FFTs) being used to obtain the mass spectra. In addition to describing the Orbitrap mass analyzer, this paper also describes a complete Orbitrap-based mass spectrometer, equipped with an electrospray ionization source (ESI). Ions are transferred from the ESI source through three stages of differential pumping using RF guide quadrupoles. The third quadrupole, pressurized to less than 10(-3) Torr with collision gas, acts as an ion accumulator; ion/neutral collisions slow the ions and cause them to pool in an axial potential well at the end of the quadrupole. Ion bunches are injected from this pool into the Orbitrap analyzer for mass analysis. The ion injection process is described in a simplified way, including a description of electrodynamic squeezing, field compensation for the effects of the ion injection slit, and criteria for orbital stability. Features of the Orbitrap at its present stage of development include high mass resolution (up to 150,000), large space charge capacity, high mass accuracy (2-5 ppm), a mass/charge range of at least 6000, and dynamic range greater than 10(3). Applications based on electrospray ionization are described, including characterization of transition-metal complexes, oligosaccharides, peptides, and proteins. Use is also made of the high-resolution capabilities of the Orbitrap to confirm the presence of metaclusters of serine octamers in ESI mass spectra and to perform H/D exchange experiments on these ions in the storage quadrupole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qizhi Hu
- Purdue University, Chemistry Department, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Leclerc E, Leon E, Taphanel MH, Morizur JP. Gas-phase reactivity of the O=P(OCH3)2 + phosphonium ion towards alpha,beta-unsaturated esters in a quadrupole ion trap. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2005; 40:458-463. [PMID: 15712355 DOI: 10.1002/jms.815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Ion-molecule reactions between the O=P(OCH3)2 + phosphonium ions and eight alpha,beta-unsaturated esters (methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, methyl crotonate, ethyl crotonate, methyl 3,3-dimethylacrylate, ethyl 3,3-dimethylacrylate, methyl methacrylate and ethyl methacrylate) were performed in a quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer. The O=P(OCH3)2 + phosphonium ions, formed by electron ionization from neutral trimethyl phosphite, were found to react with alpha,beta-unsaturated esters to give an adduct [RR'C=CR''COOR''', O=P(OCH3)2]+, which lose spontaneously a molecule of trimethyl phosphate (R'''=CH3) or dimethyl ethyl phosphate (R'''=C2H5). An ion corresponding to a protonated trialkyl phosphate is also observed when substituent R''=H. To confirm the experimental results, and to elucidate the mechanism for the formation of the ionic species, a theoretical study using the density functional theory (DFT) approach was carried out. The potential energy surface obtained from B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) calculations for the reaction between O=P(OCH3)2 + and methyl acrylate is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Leclerc
- Laboratoire Analyse et Environnement, CNRS UMR 8587, Université d'Evry Val-d'Essonne, Bd François Mitterrand, 91025 Evry Cedex, France
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Dubey DK, Palit M, Gupta AK, Pardasani D, Shakya P, Srivastava RK. Study of electron ionization mass spectra of bis(trimethylsilyl) esters of alkylphosphonic and alkylthiophosphonic acids. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2005; 19:1763-6. [PMID: 15909317 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.1966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
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Chen H, Chen H, Cooks RG, Bagheri H. Generation of arylnitrenium ions by nitro-reduction and gas-phase synthesis of N-heterocycles. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2004; 15:1675-1688. [PMID: 15519236 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2004.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2004] [Revised: 07/27/2004] [Accepted: 07/30/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Nitro-reduction by the vinyl halide radical cation CH2 = CH-X+* (X = Cl or Br) converts nitroaromatics into arylnitrenium ions, significant intermediates in carcinogenesis, and the present study reports on the scope and regioselectivity of this versatile reaction. The reaction is general for different kinds of substituted nitroaromatics; para/meta substitutents have little effect on the reaction while ortho substitutents result in low yields of arylnitrenium ions. The phenylnitrenium ion PhNH+ can be generated by chemical ionization (CI) of nitrobenzene using 1,2-dichloroethane as the reagent gas or by atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) of 1,2-dichloroethane solution doped with nitrobenzene. The chemical reactivities of the arylnitrenium ions include one-step ion/molecule reactions with nucleophiles ethyl vinyl ether and 1,3-dioxolanes, respectively, involving the direct formation of new CN bonds and synthesis of indole and benzomorpholine derivatives. The indole formation reaction parallels known condensed phase chemistry, while the concise morpholine-forming reaction remains to be sought in solution. The combination of collision-induced dissociation (CID) with novel ion/molecule reactions should provide a selective method for the detection of explosives such as TNT, RDX and HMX in mixtures using mass spectrometry. In addition to the reduction of the nitro group, reduction of methyl phenyl sulfone PhS(O)2Me to the thioanisole radical cation PhSMe+* occurs using the same chemical ionization reagent 1,2-dichloroethane. This probably involves an analogous reduction reaction by the reagent ion CH2 = CH-Cl+*.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-1393, USA
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Richardson SD. Environmental Mass Spectrometry: Emerging Contaminants and Current Issues. Anal Chem 2004; 76:3337-63. [PMID: 15193112 DOI: 10.1021/ac040060d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susan D Richardson
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, Georgia 30605, USA
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Meurer EC, Chen H, Riter LS, Cooks RG, Eberlin MN. Meerwein reaction of phosphonium ions with epoxides and thioepoxides in the gas phase. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2004; 15:398-405. [PMID: 14998542 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2003.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2003] [Revised: 11/06/2003] [Accepted: 11/06/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Phosphonium ions are shown to undergo a gas-phase Meerwein reaction in which epoxides (or thioepoxides) undergo three-to-five-membered ring expansion to yield dioxaphospholanium (or oxathiophospholanium) ion products. When the association reaction is followed by collision-induced dissociation (CID), the oxirane (or thiirane) is eliminated, making this ion molecule reaction/CID sequence a good method of net oxygen-by-sulfur replacement in the phosphonium ions. This replacement results in a characteristic mass shift of 16 units and provides evidence for the cyclic nature of the gas-phase Meerwein product ions, while improving selectivity for phosphonium ion detection. This reaction sequence also constitutes a gas-phase route to convert phosphonium ions into their sulfur analogs. Phosphonium and related ions are important targets since they are commonly and readily formed in mass spectrometric analysis upon dissociative electron ionization of organophosphorous esters. The Meerwein reaction should provide a new and very useful method of recognizing compounds that yield these ions, which includes a number of chemical warfare agents. The Meerwein reaction proceeds by phosphonium ion addition to the sulfur or oxygen center, followed by intramolecular nucleophilic attack with ring expansion to yield the 1,3,2-dioxaphospholanium or 1,3,2-oxathiophospholanium ion. Product ion structures were investigated by CID tandem mass spectrometry (MS(2)) experiments and corroborated by DFT/HF calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo C Meurer
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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Current literature in mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2003; 38:905-916. [PMID: 12938112 DOI: 10.1002/jms.411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
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