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Innate Immune Response to Dengue Virus: Toll-like Receptors and Antiviral Response. Viruses 2022; 14:v14050992. [PMID: 35632732 PMCID: PMC9147118 DOI: 10.3390/v14050992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dengue is a mosquito-borne viral disease caused by the dengue virus (DENV1-4). The clinical manifestations range from asymptomatic to life-threatening dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) and/or Dengue Shock Syndrome (DSS). Viral and host factors are related to the clinical outcome of dengue, although the disease pathogenesis remains uncertain. The innate antiviral response to DENV is implemented by a variety of immune cells and inflammatory mediators. Blood monocytes, dendritic cells (DCs) and tissue macrophages are the main target cells of DENV infection. These cells recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Pathogen recognition is a critical step in eliciting the innate immune response. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are responsible for the innate recognition of pathogens and represent an essential component of the innate and adaptive immune response. Ten different TLRs are described in humans, which are expressed in many different immune cells. The engagement of TLRs with viral PAMPs triggers downstream signaling pathways leading to the production of inflammatory cytokines, interferons (IFNs) and other molecules essential for the prevention of viral replication. Here, we summarize the crucial TLRs’ roles in the antiviral innate immune response to DENV and their association with viral pathogenesis.
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Netsrithong R, Wattanapanitch M. Advances in Adoptive Cell Therapy Using Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived T Cells. Front Immunol 2021; 12:759558. [PMID: 34650571 PMCID: PMC8505955 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.759558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Adoptive cell therapy (ACT) using chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells holds impressive clinical outcomes especially in patients who are refractory to other kinds of therapy. However, many challenges hinder its clinical applications. For example, patients who undergo chemotherapy usually have an insufficient number of autologous T cells due to lymphopenia. Long-term ex vivo expansion can result in T cell exhaustion, which reduces the effector function. There is also a batch-to-batch variation during the manufacturing process, making it difficult to standardize and validate the cell products. In addition, the process is labor-intensive and costly. Generation of universal off-the-shelf CAR T cells, which can be broadly given to any patient, prepared in advance and ready to use, would be ideal and more cost-effective. Human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) provide a renewable source of cells that can be genetically engineered and differentiated into immune cells with enhanced anti-tumor cytotoxicity. This review describes basic knowledge of T cell biology, applications in ACT, the use of iPSCs as a new source of T cells and current differentiation strategies used to generate T cells as well as recent advances in genome engineering to produce next-generation off-the-shelf T cells with improved effector functions. We also discuss challenges in the field and future perspectives toward the final universal off-the-shelf immunotherapeutic products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratchapong Netsrithong
- Siriraj Center for Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Methichit Wattanapanitch
- Siriraj Center for Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Schaller MA, Allen RM, Kimura S, Day CL, Kunkel SL. Systemic Expression of Notch Ligand Delta-Like 4 during Mycobacterial Infection Alters the T Cell Immune Response. Front Immunol 2016; 7:527. [PMID: 27933064 PMCID: PMC5121470 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Notch ligand delta-like 4 (DLL4) is known to fine-tune the CD4+ T cell cytokine response. DLL4 is expressed on the surface of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in a MyD88-dependent manner. We found that DLL4 expression was upregulated on bone marrow progenitor cells and APCs in mice infected with BCG Mycobacterium. Transfer of DLL4+ progenitor cells from infected hosts resulted in an increase DLL4+ myeloid cells in the spleen, indicating that expression of the dll4 gene is propagated throughout hematopoiesis. We also found an increase in DLL4+ monocytes from individuals who were infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In latent individuals, DLL4 expression correlated with increased cytokine production from T cells in response to PPD stimulation. Finally, antibody blockade of DLL4 reduced T cell cytokine production from naïve T cells stimulated with antigen. These results demonstrate that the Notch ligand DLL4 can influence T cell cytokine production in both humans and mice, and further reveal that expression of DLL4 is upregulated on early hematopoietic progenitors in response to chronic mycobacterial infection. These data suggest that widespread DLL4 expression may occur as a result of mycobacterial infection, and that this expression may alter CD4+ T cell responses to both previously encountered and novel antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Schaller
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School , Ann Arbor, MI , USA
| | - Ronald M Allen
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School , Ann Arbor, MI , USA
| | - Soichiro Kimura
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Toho University School of Medicine , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Cheryl L Day
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative (SATVI), Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, School of Child and Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Steven L Kunkel
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School , Ann Arbor, MI , USA
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Li Y, Wu S, Pu J, Huang X, Zhang P. Dengue virus up-regulates expression of notch ligands Dll1 and Dll4 through interferon-β signalling pathway. Immunology 2015; 144:127-38. [PMID: 25041739 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 07/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Notch signalling pathway is involved in multiple cellular processes and has been recently indicated to modulate the host immune response. However, the role of the Notch pathway in dengue virus (DENV) infection remains unknown. Our study has screened the expression profile of Notch receptors, ligands and target genes in human monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells in response to DENV infection. The real-time PCR data showed that Notch ligand Dll1 was significantly induced in DENV-infected monocytes; and receptor Notch4, ligands Dll1 and Dll4, and target Hes1 were dramatically enhanced in DENV-infected macrophages and dendritic cells. In macrophages, induction of Dll1 and Dll4 mediated by DENV2 was increased by treatment with interferon-β (IFN-β), and was impaired by neutralization of IFN-β. The DENV-induced Dll1 and Dll4 expression level was decreased by silencing key innate immune molecules, including Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3), MyD88, RIG-I and IPS-I. In IFN-receptor-depleted macrophages, the Dll1 and Dll4 induction was significantly alleviated. Functionally, activation of Notch signalling by Dll1 in CD4(+) T cells enhanced the expression of a T helper type 1 (Th1) cytokine IFN-γ, while Notch activation in macrophages had no direct effect on replication of DENV. Our data revealed that the expressions of Notch ligands in antigen-presenting cells were differentially induced by DENV via innate immune signalling, which is important for Th1/Th2 differentiation during adaptive immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuye Li
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Ito T, Connett JM, Kunkel SL, Matsukawa A. Notch system in the linkage of innate and adaptive immunity. J Leukoc Biol 2012; 92:59-65. [PMID: 22459946 PMCID: PMC3382313 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1011529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Revised: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The lung is one of the most immunologically challenged organs and can be affected by a number of pathogens, including bacteria, virus, fungi, and parasites. The development and chronicity of pulmonary infection are determined by the early innate response to the pathogenic stimuli and are regulated at multiple levels. Initial studies have indicated that the interaction of Notch and Notch ligands plays a critical role during development, and further, the Notch system is an important bridge between APCs and T cell communication circuits. APCs are essential regulators of the innate immune response. They can respond to PAMPs through PRRs, which function in the recognition of pathogenic components and play an important role in the innate and adaptive immune response. T cells are essential regulators of adaptive immune responses and infectious diseases. However, the role of the Notch system in the cross-talk between APC and T cells during pulmonary infection is still poorly understood. In the present review, we discuss recent findings that explore the mechanisms underlying the role of Notch signaling in the linkage of innate and adaptive immunity, including pulmonary infection though PPRs and Notch activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiro Ito
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan.
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Moore AJ, Sarmiento J, Mohtashami M, Braunstein M, Zúñiga-Pflücker JC, Anderson MK. Transcriptional priming of intrathymic precursors for dendritic cell development. Development 2012; 139:373-84. [PMID: 22186727 DOI: 10.1242/dev.069344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Specialized dendritic cells (DCs) within the thymus are crucial for the deletion of autoreactive T cells. The question of whether these cells arise from intrathymic precursors with T-cell potential has been hotly debated, and the regulatory pathways and signals that direct their development remain unclear. Here, we compared the gene expression profiles of thymic DC subsets with those of four early thymic precursor subsets: early T-cell precursors (ETPs), double-negative 1c (DN1c), double-negative 1d (DN1d) and double-negative 1e (DN1e) subsets. We found that the DN1d subset expressed Spi-B, HEBCan, Ccr7 and Ccr4, similar to thymic plasmacytoid DCs, whereas the DN1e subset expressed Id2, Ccr7 and Ccr4, similar to thymic conventional DCs. The expression of Ccr7 and Ccr4 in DN1d and DN1e cells suggested that they might be able to migrate towards the medulla (low in Dll proteins) and away from the cortex (high in Dll proteins) where early T-cell development occurs. We therefore assessed the sensitivity of developing DC precursors to Dll-Notch signaling, and found that high levels of Dll1 or Dll4 were inhibitory to DC development, whereas medium levels of Dll4 allowed DC development but not myeloid development. To evaluate directly the lineage potential of the ETP, DN1d and DN1e subsets, we injected them into nonirradiated congenic hosts intrathymically or intravenously, and found that they were all able to form medullary DCs in vivo. Therefore, DN1d and DN1e cells are transcriptionally primed to home to the thymus, migrate into DC-permissive microenvironments and develop into medullary DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Moore
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Division of Biological Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, M4N 3M5, Canada
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Takeichi N, Yanagisawa S, Kaneyama T, Yagita H, Jin YH, Kim BS, Koh CS. Ameliorating effects of anti-Dll4 mAb on Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus-induced demyelinating disease. Int Immunol 2010; 22:729-38. [DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxq059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Ikaros represses the transcriptional response to Notch signaling in T-cell development. Mol Cell Biol 2008; 28:7465-75. [PMID: 18852286 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00715-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Notch activity is essential for early T-cell differentiation, but aberrant activity induces T-cell transformation. Thus, Notch target genes must be efficiently silenced in cells where Notch activity is no longer required. How these genes are repressed remains poorly understood. We report here that the Ikaros transcription factor plays a crucial role in repressing the transcriptional response to Notch signaling in T-cell development. Using the Notch target gene Hes-1 as a model, we show that Ikaros and RBP-Jkappa, the transcriptional mediator of Notch signaling, compete for binding to two elements in the Hes-1 promoter in immature thymocytes. This antagonistic interaction likely occurs at the CD4(-) CD8(-) CD3(-) double-negative 4 (DN4) stage, where Ikaros levels and binding to the Hes-1 promoter increase sharply and wild-type thymocytes lose their capacity to transcribe Hes-1 upon Notch stimulation. Nonresponsiveness to Notch signaling requires Ikaros, as Ikaros-deficient DN4 and CD4(+) CD8(+) double-positive (DP) cells remain competent to express Hes-1 after Notch activation. Further, Hes-1 promoter sequences from Ikaros-deficient DP cells show reduced trimethylated H3K27, a modification associated with silent chromatin. These results indicate that Ikaros functions as a transcriptional checkpoint to repress Notch target gene expression in T cells.
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Song R, Kim YW, Koo BK, Jeong HW, Yoon MJ, Yoon KJ, Jun DJ, Im SK, Shin J, Kong MP, Kim KT, Yoon K, Kong YY. Mind bomb 1 in the lymphopoietic niches is essential for T and marginal zone B cell development. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 205:2525-36. [PMID: 18824586 PMCID: PMC2571928 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20081344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Notch signaling regulates lineage decisions at multiple stages of lymphocyte development, and Notch activation requires the endocytosis of Notch ligands in the signal-sending cells. Four E3 ubiquitin ligases, Mind bomb (Mib) 1, Mib2, Neuralized (Neur) 1, and Neur2, regulate the Notch ligands to activate Notch signaling, but their roles in lymphocyte development have not been defined. We show that Mib1 regulates T and marginal zone B (MZB) cell development in the lymphopoietic niches. Inactivation of the Mib1 gene, but not the other E3 ligases, Mib2, Neur1, and Neur2, abrogated T and MZB cell development. Reciprocal bone marrow (BM) transplantation experiments revealed that Mib1 in the thymic and splenic niches is essential for T and MZB cell development. Interestingly, when BM cells from transgenic Notch reporter mice were transplanted into Mib1-null mice, the Notch signaling was abolished in the double-negative thymocytes. In addition, the endocytosis of Dll1 was impaired in the Mib1-null microenvironment. Moreover, the block in T cell development and the failure of Dll1 endocytosis were also observed in coculture system by Mib1 knockdown. Our study reveals that Mib1 is the essential E3 ligase in T and MZB cell development, through the regulation of Notch ligands in the thymic and splenic microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Song
- Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Kyungbuk 790-784, South Korea
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Lukacs NW, Smit JJ, Schaller MA, Lindell DM. Regulation of immunity to respiratory syncytial virus by dendritic cells, toll-like receptors, and notch. Viral Immunol 2008; 21:115-22. [PMID: 18419253 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2007.0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The activation and maintenance of pulmonary viral disease is regulated at multiple levels and determined by the early innate response to the pathogenic stimuli. Subsequent activation events that rely directly and indirectly on the virus itself can alter the development and severity of the ensuing immunopathologic responses. In the present review we outline several interconnected mechanisms that rely on the early recognition of viral nucleic acid for the most appropriate anti-viral immune responses, including TLRs and Notch activation in DCs and T cells. Deviation or persistence of the immune response to respiratory viruses may impact significantly on the severity of the responses. While these mechanisms are likely similar in most respiratory viral infections, this review will focus on findings with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas W Lukacs
- University of Michigan Medical School, Department of Pathology, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-200, USA
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Schaller MA, Neupane R, Rudd BD, Kunkel SL, Kallal LE, Lincoln P, Lowe JB, Man Y, Lukacs NW. Notch ligand Delta-like 4 regulates disease pathogenesis during respiratory viral infections by modulating Th2 cytokines. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 204:2925-34. [PMID: 17998388 PMCID: PMC2118527 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20070661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Recent data have indicated that an important instructive class of signals regulating the immune response is Notch ligand–mediated activation. Using quantitative polymerase chain reaction, we observed that only Delta-like 4 (dll4) was up-regulated on bone marrow–derived dendritic cells after respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection, and that it was dependent on MyD88-mediated pathways. Using a polyclonal antibody specific for dll4, the development of RSV-induced disease was examined. Animals treated with anti-dll4 had substantially increased airway hyperresponsiveness compared with control antibody-treated animals. When the lymphocytic lung infiltrate was examined, a significant increase in total CD4+ T cells and activated (perforin+) CD8+ T cells was observed. Isolated lung CD4+ T cells demonstrated significant increases in Th2-type cytokines and a decrease in interferon γ, demonstrating an association with increased disease pathogenesis. Parellel in vitro studies examining the integrated role of dll4 with interleukin-12 demonstrated that, together, both of these instructive signals direct the immune response toward a more competent, less pathogenic antiviral response. These data demonstrate that dll4-mediated Notch activation is one regulator of antiviral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Schaller
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Maeda T, Merghoub T, Hobbs RM, Dong L, Maeda M, Zakrzewski J, van den Brink MRM, Zelent A, Shigematsu H, Akashi K, Teruya-Feldstein J, Cattoretti G, Pandolfi PP. Regulation of B versus T lymphoid lineage fate decision by the proto-oncogene LRF. Science 2007; 316:860-6. [PMID: 17495164 PMCID: PMC2978506 DOI: 10.1126/science.1140881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow give rise to lymphoid progenitors, which subsequently differentiate into B and T lymphocytes. Here we show that the proto-oncogene LRF plays an essential role in the B versus T lymphoid cell-fate decision. We demonstrate that LRF is key for instructing early lymphoid progenitors in mice to develop into B lineage cells by repressing T cell-instructive signals produced by the cell-fate signal protein, Notch. We propose a new model for lymphoid lineage commitment, in which LRF acts as a master regulator of the cell's determination of B versus T lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Maeda
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Taha Merghoub
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Robin M. Hobbs
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Lin Dong
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Manami Maeda
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Johannes Zakrzewski
- Department of Medicine and Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Marcel R. M. van den Brink
- Department of Medicine and Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Arthur Zelent
- Leukemia Research Fund Center at the Institute of Cancer Research, Chester Beatty, Laboratories, Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, London, UK
| | - Hirokazu Shigematsu
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Smith Building 770A 1 Jimmy Fund Way, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Koichi Akashi
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Smith Building 770A 1 Jimmy Fund Way, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Julie Teruya-Feldstein
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Giorgio Cattoretti
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - Pier Paolo Pandolfi
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA
- Department of Medicine and Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA
- To whom correspondence should be addressed.
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Visan I, Yuan JS, Tan JB, Cretegny K, Guidos CJ. Regulation of intrathymic T-cell development by Lunatic Fringe- Notch1 interactions. Immunol Rev 2006; 209:76-94. [PMID: 16448535 DOI: 10.1111/j.0105-2896.2006.00360.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Intrathymic Notch1 signaling critically regulates T-lineage specification and commitment as well as T-cell progenitor survival and differentiation. Notch1 activation is continuously required during progression of early CD4/CD8-double-negative thymocytes to the CD4/CD8-double-positive stage. This developmental transition occurs as thymocytes migrate from the corticomedullary junction (CMJ) to the outer subcapsular zone (SCZ) of the thymus. Members of two families of structurally distinct Notch ligands, Delta-like 1 and Jagged-1, are expressed by cortical thymic epithelial cells, but it is not known which ligands are functionally required within the CMJ and SCZ microenvironmental niches. Our laboratory has investigated this question by genetically manipulating thymocyte expression of Lunatic Fringe (L-Fng), a glycosyltransferase that enhances sensitivity of Notch receptors to Delta-like ligands. This approach has revealed that low-threshold intrathymic Notch1 signals instruct multipotent thymus-seeding progenitors to suppress their B-cell potential and choose the T-cell fate. This strategy has also revealed that Delta-like Notch ligands are functionally limiting in both the CMJ and SCZ microenvironmental niches. Finally, we discuss our recent demonstration that L-Fng-mediated competition for Delta-like ligands is an important mechanism for regulating thymus size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioana Visan
- Program in Developmental Biology, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, and Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Zakrzewski JL, Kochman AA, Lu SX, Terwey TH, Kim TD, Hubbard VM, Muriglan SJ, Suh D, Smith OM, Grubin J, Patel N, Chow A, Cabrera-Perez J, Radhakrishnan R, Diab A, Perales MA, Rizzuto G, Menet E, Pamer EG, Heller G, Zúñiga-Pflücker JC, Alpdogan O, van den Brink MRM. Adoptive transfer of T-cell precursors enhances T-cell reconstitution after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Nat Med 2006; 12:1039-47. [PMID: 16936725 DOI: 10.1038/nm1463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2006] [Accepted: 07/18/2006] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Immunoincompetence after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) affects in particular the T-cell lineage and is associated with an increased risk for infections, graft failure and malignant relapse. To generate large numbers of T-cell precursors for adoptive therapy, we cultured mouse hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in vitro on OP9 mouse stromal cells expressing the Notch-1 ligand Delta-like-1 (OP9-DL1). We infused these cells, together with T-cell-depleted mouse bone marrow or purified HSCs, into lethally irradiated allogeneic recipients and determined their effect on T-cell reconstitution after transplantation. Recipients of OP9-DL1-derived T-cell precursors showed increased thymic cellularity and substantially improved donor T-cell chimerism (versus recipients of bone marrow or HSCs only). OP9-DL1-derived T-cell precursors gave rise to host-tolerant CD4+ and CD8+ populations with normal T-cell antigen receptor repertoires, cytokine secretion and proliferative responses to antigen. Administration of OP9-DL1-derived T-cell precursors increased resistance to infection with Listeria monocytogenes and mediated significant graft-versus-tumor (GVT) activity but not graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). We conclude that the adoptive transfer of OP9-DL1-derived T-cell precursors markedly enhances T-cell reconstitution after transplantation, resulting in GVT activity without GVHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes L Zakrzewski
- Department of Medicine, Zuckerman Research Center 1404, Mailbox 111, New York, New York 10021, USA
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Malecki MJ, Sanchez-Irizarry C, Mitchell JL, Histen G, Xu ML, Aster JC, Blacklow SC. Leukemia-associated mutations within the NOTCH1 heterodimerization domain fall into at least two distinct mechanistic classes. Mol Cell Biol 2006; 26:4642-51. [PMID: 16738328 PMCID: PMC1489116 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01655-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The NOTCH1 receptor is cleaved within its extracellular domain by furin during its maturation, yielding two subunits that are held together noncovalently by a juxtamembrane heterodimerization (HD) domain. Normal NOTCH1 signaling is initiated by the binding of ligand to the extracellular subunit, which renders the transmembrane subunit susceptible to two successive cleavages within and C terminal to the heterodimerization domain, catalyzed by metalloproteases and gamma-secretase, respectively. Because mutations in the heterodimerization domain of NOTCH1 occur frequently in human T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL), we assessed the effect of 16 putative tumor-associated mutations on Notch1 signaling and HD domain stability. We show here that 15 of the 16 mutations activate canonical NOTCH1 signaling. Increases in signaling occur in a ligand-independent fashion, require gamma-secretase activity, and correlate with an increased susceptibility to cleavage by metalloproteases. The activating mutations cause soluble NOTCH1 heterodimers to dissociate more readily, either under native conditions (n = 3) or in the presence of urea (n = 11). One mutation, an insertion of 14 residues immediately N terminal to the metalloprotease cleavage site, increases metalloprotease sensitivity more than all others, despite a negligible effect on heterodimer stability by comparison, suggesting that the insertion may expose the S2 site by repositioning it relative to protective NOTCH1 ectodomain residues. Together, these studies show that leukemia-associated HD domain mutations render NOTCH1 sensitive to ligand-independent proteolytic activation through two distinct mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Malecki
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Abstract
The lymph nodes (LNs) harbor a cryptic T-lymphopoietic pathway that is dramatically amplified by oncostatin M (OM). OM-transgenic mice generate massive amounts of T lymphocytes in the absence of Lin(-)c-Kit(hi)IL-7Ralpha- lymphoid progenitors and of reticular epithelial cells. Extrathymic T cells that develop along the OM-dependent LN pathway originate from Lin(-)c-Kit(lo)IL-7Ralpha+ lymphoid progenitors and are different from classic T cells in terms of turnover kinetics and function. Positive selection does not obey the same rules in the thymus and the LNs, where positive selection of developing T cells is supported primarily by epithelial and hematopoietic cells, respectively. Extrathymic T cells undergo enhanced homeostatic proliferation and thereby acquire some properties of memory T cells. Following antigen encounter, extrathymic T-cells initiate proliferation and cytokine secretion more readily than classic T cells, but their accumulation is limited by an exquisite susceptibility to apoptosis. Studies on in vitro and in vivo extrathymic T-cell development have yielded novel insights into the essence of a primary T-lymphoid organ. Furthermore, comparison of the thymic and OM-dependent extrathymic pathways shows how the division of labor between primary and secondary lymphoid organs influences the repertoire and homeostasis of T lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Eve Blais
- Institute of Research in Immunology and Cancer, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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18
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Manilay JO, Anderson AC, Kang C, Robey EA. Impairment of thymocyte development by dominant-negative Kuzbanian (ADAM-10) is rescued by the Notch ligand, delta-1. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:6732-41. [PMID: 15905513 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.11.6732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Although Notch plays a crucial role in T cell development, regulation of Notch signaling in the thymus is not well understood. Kuzbanian, an ADAM protease, has been implicated in the cleavage of both Notch receptors and the Notch ligand, Delta. In this study we show that the expression of a dominant-negative form of Kuzbanian (dnKuz) leads to reduced TCRbeta expression in double-negative thymocytes and to a partial block between the double-negative to double-positive stages of development. These defects were rescued by overexpression of Delta-1 on thymocytes. Mixed chimeras showed a cell-autonomous block by dnKuz, but non-cell-autonomous rescue by Delta-1. This suggests that dnKuz impairs Notch signaling in receiving cells, and increasing Delta-1 on sending cells overcomes this defect. Interestingly, the expression of an activated form of Notch-1 rescued some, but not all, the defects in dnKuz Tg mice. Our data suggest that multiple Notch-dependent steps in early thymocyte development require Kuzbanian, but differ in the involvement of other Notch signaling components.
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MESH Headings
- ADAM Proteins
- ADAM10 Protein
- Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases
- Animals
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Gene Expression Regulation/immunology
- Growth Inhibitors/genetics
- Growth Inhibitors/physiology
- Humans
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins
- Ligands
- Membrane Proteins/biosynthesis
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Membrane Proteins/physiology
- Metalloendopeptidases/genetics
- Metalloendopeptidases/metabolism
- Metalloendopeptidases/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred CBA
- Mice, Transgenic
- Radiation Chimera
- Receptor, Notch1
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Receptors, Cell Surface/physiology
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/enzymology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Thymus Gland/enzymology
- Thymus Gland/metabolism
- Thymus Gland/pathology
- Transcription Factors/biosynthesis
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Transcription Factors/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer O Manilay
- Division of Immunology, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, 94720, USA
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19
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Terra R, Louis I, Le Blanc R, Ouellet S, Zúñiga-Pflücker JC, Perreault C. T-cell generation by lymph node resident progenitor cells. Blood 2005; 106:193-200. [PMID: 15746078 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2004-12-4886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In the thymus, 2 types of Lin–Sca-1+ (lineage-negative stem cell antigen-1–positive) progenitors can generate T-lineage cells: c-Kithi interleukin-7 receptor α–negative (c-KithiIL-7Rα–) and c-KitloIL-7Rα+. While c-KithiIL-7Rα– progenitors are absent, c-KitloIL-7Rα+ progenitors are abundant in the lymph nodes (LNs). c-KitloIL-7Rα+ progenitors undergo abortive T-cell commitment in the LNs and become arrested in the G1 phase of the cell cycle because they fail both to up-regulate c-myb, c-myc, and cyclin D2 and to repress junB, p16INK4a, and p21Cip1/WAF. As a result, development of LN c-KitloIL-7Rα+ progenitors is blocked at an intermediate CD44+CD25lo development stage in vivo, and LN-derived progenitors fail to generate mature T cells when cultured with OP9-DL1 stromal cells. LN stroma can provide key signals for T-cell development including IL-7, Kit ligand, and Delta-like–1 but lacks Wnt4 and Wnt7b transcripts. LN c-KitloIL-7Rα+ progenitors are able to generate mature T cells when cultured with stromal cells producing wingless-related MMTV integration site 4 (Wnt4) or upon in vivo exposure to oncostatin M whose signaling pathway intersects with Wnt. Thus, supplying Wnt signals to c-KitloIL-7Rα+ progenitors may be sufficient to transform the LN into a primary T-lymphoid organ. These data provide unique insights into the essence of a primary T-lymphoid organ and into how a cryptic extrathymic T-cell development pathway can be amplified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafik Terra
- Institute of Research in Immunology and Cancer, University of Montreal, QC, Canada
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20
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van den Brink MRM, Alpdogan O, Boyd RL. Strategies to enhance T-cell reconstitution in immunocompromised patients. Nat Rev Immunol 2004; 4:856-67. [PMID: 15516965 DOI: 10.1038/nri1484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Immune deficiency, together with its associated risks such as infections, is becoming an increasingly important clinical problem owing to the ageing of the general population and the increasing number of patients with HIV/AIDS, malignancies (especially those treated with intensive chemotherapy or radiotherapy) or transplants (of either solid organs or haematopoietic stem cells). Of all immune cells, T cells are the most often affected, leading to a prolonged deficiency of T cells, which has important clinical consequences. Accordingly, strategies to improve the recovery and function of T cells, as we discuss here, should have a direct impact on reducing the morbidity and mortality of many patients and should increase the efficacy of therapeutic and prophylactic vaccinations against microbial pathogens or tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel R M van den Brink
- Departments of Medicine and Immunology, Box 111-Kettering 406D, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10021, USA.
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21
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Schmitt TM, Ciofani M, Petrie HT, Zúñiga-Pflücker JC. Maintenance of T cell specification and differentiation requires recurrent notch receptor-ligand interactions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 200:469-79. [PMID: 15314075 PMCID: PMC2211933 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20040394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Notch signaling has been shown to play a pivotal role in inducing T lineage commitment. However, T cell progenitors are known to retain other lineage potential long after the first point at which Notch signaling is required. Thus, additional requirements for Notch signals and the timing of these events relative to intrathymic differentiation remain unknown. Here, we address this issue by culturing subsets of CD4 CD8 double negative (DN) thymocytes on control stromal cells or stromal cells expressing Delta-like 1 (Dll1). All DN subsets were found to require Notch signals to differentiate into CD4+ CD8+ T cells. Using clonal analyses, we show that CD44+ CD25+ (DN2) cells, which appeared committed to the T cell lineage when cultured on Dll1-expressing stromal cells, nonetheless gave rise to natural killer cells with a progenitor frequency similar to that of CD44+ CD25- (DN1) thymocytes when Notch signaling was absent. These data, together with the observation that Dll1 is expressed on stromal cells throughout the thymic cortex, indicates that Notch receptor-ligand interactions are necessary for induction and maintenance of T cell lineage specification at both the DN1 and DN2 stages of T cell development, suggesting that the Notch-induced repression of the B cell fate is temporally separate from Notch-induced commitment to the T lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Schmitt
- Department of Immunology, Sunnybrook and Women's College Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, 2075 Bayview Ave., Ontario M4N 3M5, Canada
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22
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Abstract
The foundations of experimental hematology were laid by histologists, and while their contributions were enormous, they were limited in their interpretation of very dynamic processes by the static nature of the methodology. The middle of the twentieth century saw the introduction of techniques for hematopoietic cell marking and development of in vitro and in vivo assays for primitive hematopoietic cells, allowing dynamic studies of hematopoiesis. Paralleling this was an understanding of cellular immunology with the discovery of the role of the thymus and the identification of T and B lymphocyte lineages. In the 1960s a series of ontogenetic studies in birds and subsequently in mice revealed that hematopoietic and lymphoid development involved migration streams of primitive cells that colonized developing primary lymphoid organs as well as spleen, marrow, and liver. The yolk sac was proposed as the ultimate origin of these lympho-hematopoietic precursors. Subsequent studies identified a region associated with the dorsal aorta as the primary site of "definitive" stem cells. These opposing views are currently achieving a compromise that recognizes that both sites contribute stem cells involved in seeding the developing tissues. The clear distinction between the local origin of the inducing microenvironment provided by the endoderm or by stroma derived from mesenchymal stem cells of mesodermal origin, and the immigrant origin of the hematopoietic stem cells and progenitors, raises intriguing questions in the current climate of stem cell plasticity, cell fusion, and discovery of stem cells in adult marrow with the capacity to generate hematopoiesis as well as other mesodermal, ectodermal, and endodermal lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm A S Moore
- Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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23
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Freitas CS, Dalmau SR, Abdelhay E. Differential expression of notch signaling-related transcripts accompanies Pro-thymocyte proliferation and phenotype transition induced by epidermal growth factor plus insulin in fetal thymus organ cultures. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2004; 99:381-8. [PMID: 15322627 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762004000400007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymus regression upon stressing stimuli, such as infectious diseases, is followed by organ reconstitution, paralleling its development in ontogeny. A narrow window of thymus development was here studied, encompassing the pro-T lymphoid precursor expansion during specification stages, by the use of epidermal growth factor plus insulin (INS) in murine fetal thymus organ cultures. Aiming to disclose signaling pathways related to these stages, cultured thymus lobes had their RNA extracted, for the search of transcripts differentially expressed using RNAse protection assays and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reactions. We found no difference that could explain INS-driven thymocyte growth, in the pattern of transcripts for death/proliferation mediators, or for a series of growth factor receptors and transcriptional regulators known as essential for thymus development. Thymocyte suspensions from cultured lobes, stained for phenotype analysis by fluorescence activated cell sorting, showed a decreased staining for Notch1 protein at cell surfaces upon INS addition. We analyzed the expression of Notch-related elements, and observed the recruitment of a specific set of transcripts simultaneous and compatible with INS-driven thymocyte growth, namely, transcripts for Notch3, for its ligand Jagged2, and for Deltex1, a mediator of a poorly characterized alternative pathway downstream of the Notch receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Sondermann Freitas
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular Maury Miranda, Instituto de Biofísica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21949-900, Brazil.
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24
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Abstract
The thymus is the primary site of T-cell lymphopoiesis. However, the precise molecular interactions that enable the thymus to carry out this function are only recently being elucidated. Although several important molecular players have been identified, including soluble factors, extracellular matrix components, and integral membrane receptors and their ligands, the precise role of these molecules in thymocyte differentiation has yet to be fully characterized. In this regard, the advent of a simple and efficient culture system for the generation of T cells from stem cells, as discussed here, should greatly facilitate the study of T-cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Zúñiga-Pflücker
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Sunnybrook and Women's College Health Sciences Centre, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto M4N 3M5, Canada.
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25
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Bhandoola A, Sambandam A, Allman D, Meraz A, Schwarz B. Early T Lineage Progenitors: New Insights, but Old Questions Remain. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2003; 171:5653-8. [PMID: 14634069 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.11.5653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Avinash Bhandoola
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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26
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Petrie HT. Cell migration and the control of post-natal T-cell lymphopoiesis in the thymus. Nat Rev Immunol 2003; 3:859-66. [PMID: 14668802 DOI: 10.1038/nri1223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Howard T Petrie
- Laboratory of Developmental Immunology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York 10021, USA.
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