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Carreras J. The pathobiology of follicular lymphoma. J Clin Exp Hematop 2023; 63:152-163. [PMID: 37518274 PMCID: PMC10628832 DOI: 10.3960/jslrt.23014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Follicular lymphoma is one of the most frequent lymphomas. Histologically, it is characterized by a follicular (nodular) growth pattern of centrocytes and centroblasts; mixed with variable immune microenvironment cells. Clinically, it is characterized by diffuse lymphadenopathy, bone marrow involvement, and splenomegaly. It is biologically and clinically heterogeneous. In most patients it is indolent, but others have a more aggressive evolution with relapses; and transformation to diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Tumorigenesis includes an asymptomatic preclinical phase in which premalignant B-lymphocytes with the t(14;18) chromosomal translocation acquire additional genetic alterations in the germinal centers, and clonal evolution occurs, although not all the cells progress to the tumor stage. This manuscript reviews the pathobiology and clinicopathological characteristics of follicular lymphoma. It includes a description of the physiology of the germinal center, the genetic alterations of BCL2 and BCL6, the mutational profile, the immune checkpoint, precision medicine, and highlights in the lymphoma classification. In addition, a comment and review on artificial intelligence and machine (deep) learning are made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquim Carreras
- Department of Pathology, Tokai University, School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
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2
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The spectrum of chromosomal translocations in the Arab world: ethnic-specific chromosomal translocations and their relevance to diseases. Chromosoma 2022; 131:127-146. [PMID: 35907041 PMCID: PMC9470631 DOI: 10.1007/s00412-022-00775-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Chromosomal translocations (CTs) are the most common type of structural chromosomal abnormalities in humans. CTs have been reported in several studies in the Arab world, but the frequency and spectrum of these translocations are not well characterized. The aim of this study is to conduct a systematic review to estimate the frequency and spectrum of CTs in the 22 Arab countries. Four literature databases were searched: PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, and Web of Science, from the time of inception until July 2021. A combination of broad search terms was used to collect all possible CTs reported in the Arab world. In addition to the literature databases, all captured CTs were searched in three chromosomal rearrangement databases (Mitelman Database, CytoD 1.0 Database, and the Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics in Oncology and Hematology), along with PubMed and Google Scholar, to check whether the CTs are unique to the Arabs or shared between Arabs and non-Arabs. A total of 9,053 titles and abstracts were screened, of which 168 studies met our inclusion criteria, and 378 CTs were identified in 15 Arab countries, of which 57 CTs were unique to Arab patients. Approximately 89% of the identified CTs involved autosomal chromosomes. Three CTs, t(9;22), t(13;14), and t(14;18), showed the highest frequency, which were associated with hematological malignancies, recurrent pregnancy loss, and follicular lymphoma, respectively. Complex CTs were commonly reported among Arabs, with a total of 44 CTs, of which 12 were unique to Arabs. This is the first study to focus on the spectrum of CTs in the Arab world and compressively map the ethnic-specific CTs relevant to cancer. It seems that there is a distinctive genotype of Arabs with CTs, of which some manifested with unique clinical phenotypes. Although ethnic-specific CTs are highly relevant to disease mechanism, they are understudied and need to be thoroughly addressed.
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3
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Mantle cell lymphoma and the evidence of an immature lymphoid component. Leuk Res 2022; 115:106824. [DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2022.106824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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4
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Hryhorczuk D, Dardynskaia I, Hirt C, Dardynskiy O, Turner W, Ruestow P, Bartell S, Steenland K, Zvinchuk O, Baccarelli AA. t(14;18) Translocations in Dioxin-Exposed Workers. J Occup Environ Med 2022; 64:331-339. [PMID: 34740219 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000002427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine if occupational exposure to dioxins is associated with an increased frequency of t(14;18) translocations. METHODS A cross-sectional analysis of serum dioxin levels and t(14;18) frequencies in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in 218 former chemical plant workers and 150 population controls. RESULTS The workers had significantly higher geometric mean serum levels of 2,3,7,8-TCDD (26.2 vs 2.5 ppt) and TEQ (73.8 vs 17.7 ppt) than controls. There were no significant differences in the prevalence or frequency of t(14;18) translocations in the workers compared to controls. Among former workers with current or past chloracne who were t(14;18) positive, the frequency of translocations significantly increased with quartiles of 2,3,7,8-TCDD and TEQ. CONCLUSION Chloracne appears to modulate the association between dioxin exposure and increased frequency of t(14;18) translocations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hryhorczuk
- Division of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago School of Public Health, Chicago, Illinois (Dr Hryhorczuk, Dr Dardynskaia); Center for Global Health, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (Dr Hryhorczuk, Dr Dardynskiy); Department of Internal Medicine C, Hematology and Oncology, Greifswald University, Greifswald, Germany (Dr Hirt); Environmental and Earth Sciences, Exponent, Atlanta, Georgia (Mr Turner); City of Chicago Department of Public Health, Chicago, Illinois (Dr Ruestow); Program in Public Health, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California (Dr Bartell); Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia (Dr Steenland); Institute of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kyiv, Ukraine (Dr Zvinchuk); Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, New York (Dr Baccarelli)
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5
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Dai X, Guo X. Decoding and rejuvenating human ageing genomes: Lessons from mosaic chromosomal alterations. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 68:101342. [PMID: 33866012 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
One of the most curious findings emerged from genome-wide studies over the last decade was that genetic mosaicism is a dominant feature of human ageing genomes. The clonal dominance of genetic mosaicism occurs preceding the physiological and physical ageing and associates with propensity for diseases including cancer, Alzheimer's disease, cardiovascular disease and diabetes. These findings are revolutionizing the ways biologists thinking about health and disease pathogenesis. Among all mosaic mutations in ageing genomes, mosaic chromosomal alterations (mCAs) have the most significant functional consequences because they can produce intercellular genomic variations simultaneously involving dozens to hundreds or even thousands genes, and therefore have most profound effects in human ageing and disease etiology. Here, we provide a comprehensive picture of the landscapes, causes, consequences and rejuvenation of mCAs at multiple scales, from cell to human population, by reviewing data from cytogenetic, genetic and genomic studies in cells, animal models (fly and mouse) and, more frequently, large-cohort populations. A detailed decoding of ageing genomes with a focus on mCAs may yield important insights into the genomic architecture of human ageing, accelerate the risk stratification of age-related diseases (particularly cancers) and development of novel targets and strategies for delaying or rejuvenating human (genome) ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqin Dai
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China
| | - Xihan Guo
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China; The Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China; Yunnan Environmental Mutagen Society, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China.
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6
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Montesinos-Rongen M, Brunn A, Tuchscherer A, Borchmann P, Schorb E, Kasenda B, Altmüller J, Illerhaus G, Ruge MI, Maarouf M, Büttner R, Hansmann ML, Hallek M, Prinz M, Siebert R, Deckert M. Analysis of Driver Mutational Hot Spots in Blood-Derived Cell-Free DNA of Patients with Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma Obtained before Intracerebral Biopsy. J Mol Diagn 2020; 22:1300-1307. [PMID: 32745612 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2020.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In newly diagnosed systemic diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, next-generation sequencing of plasma-derived cell-free DNA (cfDNA) detects somatic mutations as accurate as genotyping of the tumor biopsy. A distinct diffuse large B-cell lymphoma entity confined to the central nervous system is primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL), which requires intracerebral biopsy and neuropathologic analysis to establish the diagnosis. So far, a biomarker for diagnosis and follow-up of PCNSL that can be investigated in blood has not been identified. This article addresses the question whether somatic mutations of the CD79B and MYD88 driver genes of PCNSL can be detected in cfDNA at disease diagnosis. Stereotactic biopsies and cfDNA of 27 PCNSL patients were analyzed for CD79B and MYD88 mutations. As control, cfDNA derived from six healthy volunteers was used. CD79B and MYD88 hot spot mutations were identified in 16 of 27 (59%) and 23 of 27 (85%) PCNSL biopsies, respectively, but only in 0 of 27 (0%) and 1 of 27 (4%) corresponding cfDNA samples, respectively. In cfDNA of one of four patients with Waldenstrom disease, as a further control, the MYD88 L265P mutation was readily detected, despite complete clinical remission. These data suggest that in PCNSL even if they carry such mutations, alterations of CD79B and MYD88 cannot be reliably detected in blood-derived cfDNA obtained before intracerebral biopsy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Brunn
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Armin Tuchscherer
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne, University of Cologne, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Peter Borchmann
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne, University of Cologne, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Schorb
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Kasenda
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Palliative Care, Klinikum Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany; Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Janine Altmüller
- Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Gerald Illerhaus
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Palliative Care, Klinikum Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Maximilian I Ruge
- Department of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery, Center of Neurosurgery, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Mohammad Maarouf
- Department for Stereotaxy and Functional Neurosurgery, Center of Neurosurgery, Cologne-Merheim Medical Center, University of Witten/Herdecke, Cologne, Germany
| | - Reinhard Büttner
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Martin-Leo Hansmann
- Senckenberg Institute of Pathology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Michael Hallek
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne, University of Cologne, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Marco Prinz
- Institute of Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Center for NeuroModulation (NeuroModul), Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Reiner Siebert
- Institute of Human Genetics, Ulm University and Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Martina Deckert
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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7
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Ogata S, Miyoshi H, Arakawa F, Shimono J, Yamada K, Yanagida E, Nambu M, Iwashita A, Haraoka S, Ohshima K. Clinicopathological features of in situ follicular neoplasm and relations with follicular lymphoma in Japan. Ann Hematol 2020; 99:241-253. [PMID: 31897674 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-019-03841-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the clinicopathological features of in situ follicular neoplasm (ISFN) in Japan. ISFN is a rare condition formerly considered as an early precursor of follicular lymphoma (FL). This is a first original report of ISFN from Asian country. We reviewed 19 biopsy samples of ISFN. ISFNs were categorized into two groups: (1) ISFN, consisting of ISFN with strong positivity for BCL-2 immunohistochemical staining (IHC), and obvious translocation of BCL-2; and (2) ISFN-like FL, featuring cases without obvious translocation but having morphological features and characteristic IHC findings of ISFN. As control, we adopted obvious FL. For some cases showing coexisting ISFN and FL lesions in the same lymph node, we could conduct further clonality analysis for each lesion. Nine of the 19 cases of ISFN coexisted with FL or had a history of overt B- or T-cell lymphoma including FL. Statistical comparison among ISFN-like FL and FL showed no significant differences in pathological features. Molecular analysis suggested that ISFN lesion and FL lesion in the same lymph node each have a different clonality. ISFN coexists or associates with other overt lymphomas frequently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoko Ogata
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan.,Department of Pathology, Fukuoka University Chikushi Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Miyoshi
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Fumiko Arakawa
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Joji Shimono
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kyohei Yamada
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Eriko Yanagida
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masami Nambu
- Department of Medical Technology, Kumamoto Health Science University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Akinori Iwashita
- Department of Pathology, Fukuoka University Chikushi Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Seiji Haraoka
- Department of Pathology, Fukuoka University Chikushi Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Koichi Ohshima
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
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8
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9
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Nishioka A, Ureshino H, Ando T, Kizuka H, Kusaba K, Sano H, Itamura H, Kubota Y, Kojima K, Ohshima K, Kimura S. Three coexisting lymphomas in a single patient: composite lymphoma derived from a common germinal center B-cell precursor and unrelated discordant lymphoma. Int J Hematol 2017; 107:703-708. [PMID: 29177642 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-017-2370-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Composite lymphoma (CL) is a rare disorder defined as the coexistence of two or more distinct lymphoma subtypes at a single anatomic site. Discordant lymphoma (DL), which is the simultaneous occurrence of two or more distinct lymphoma subtypes at different sites, is also rare. CL complicated with DL involving three distinct subtypes of lymphoma in the same patient is an extremely rare disease. Clonal relationships in CL and DL are commonly investigated by molecular analysis using mutational status with t(14;18)BCL2/IgH translocation and immunoglobulin heavy chain variable-region (IgVH) gene rearrangement. A 73-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital with systemic lymphadenopathy and was initially diagnosed with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma based on pathological features of the biopsied esophageal tumor. However, the results of inguinal lymph node biopsy led to a revised pathological diagnosis CL consisting of Hodgkin lymphoma and follicular lymphoma. Three distinct coexisting lymphomas were identified in this individual patient. Molecular analysis revealed CL derived from common germinal center B-cell precursors, while clonal relationship between CL and DL was not clarified. This case suggests a mechanism underlying B-cell lymphoma pathogenesis involving two pivotal somatic mutations, t(14;18)BCL2/IgH translocation and IgVH rearrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsujiro Nishioka
- Department of Hematology, Community Health Care Organization (JCHO) Saga Central Hospital, Saga, Japan.,Division of Hematology, Respiratory Medicine and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga, 849-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ureshino
- Division of Hematology, Respiratory Medicine and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga, 849-8501, Japan.
| | - Toshihiko Ando
- Division of Hematology, Respiratory Medicine and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga, 849-8501, Japan
| | - Haruna Kizuka
- Division of Hematology, Respiratory Medicine and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga, 849-8501, Japan
| | - Kana Kusaba
- Division of Hematology, Respiratory Medicine and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga, 849-8501, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Sano
- Division of Hematology, Respiratory Medicine and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga, 849-8501, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Itamura
- Division of Hematology, Respiratory Medicine and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga, 849-8501, Japan
| | - Yasushi Kubota
- Division of Hematology, Respiratory Medicine and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga, 849-8501, Japan
| | - Kensuke Kojima
- Division of Hematology, Respiratory Medicine and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga, 849-8501, Japan
| | - Koichi Ohshima
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Kurume University, Kurume, Japan
| | - Shinya Kimura
- Division of Hematology, Respiratory Medicine and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga, 849-8501, Japan
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10
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Smedby KE, Ponzoni M. The aetiology of B-cell lymphoid malignancies with a focus on chronic inflammation and infections. J Intern Med 2017; 282:360-370. [PMID: 28875507 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
B-cell malignancies are a heterogeneous group of lymphoproliferative disorders with different molecular characteristics and clinical course. It is increasingly recognized that the group displays considerable heterogeneity also regarding aetiologic factors. Here, we summarize the latest developments in the aetiology of B-cell lymphoid malignancy subtypes focusing on immune perturbation. Severe immune suppression constitutes a strong and well-established risk factor for aggressive subtypes (e.g. diffuse large B-cell and Burkitt lymphoma), but appears unrelated to risk of common low-grade subtypes (e.g. follicular and mantle cell lymphoma). Inflammation and infections are known co-factors amongst the immunosuppressed; however, immune stimulation is now recognized as a crucial determinant of lymphomagenesis also amongst immunocompetent individuals. This is best exemplified in marginal zone lymphomas where local chronic inflammation and infection in the stomach, ocular adnexa and salivary glands have been directly linked with the development of oligoclonal and monoclonal malignant B-cell populations. Aggressive subtypes (e.g. diffuse large B-cell lymphoma) are increasingly linked with features of systemic immune stimulation including autoimmune/inflammatory disease and subclinical cytokine elevations. Lifestyle factors (e.g. high body mass index, cigarette smoking) are associated with risk of diffuse large B-cell and follicular lymphoma, respectively, possibly mediated through inflammation. Recent genome-wide association studies further underline the importance of immune function by linking several subtypes to variations in the human leucocyte antigen (HLA) class genes. In the future, improved knowledge of mechanistic pathways of inflammation/infections in lymphoma development may translate to active measures of prevention or treatment, as is already the case for some low-grade lymphoma subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Smedby
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Ponzoni
- Ateneo Vita-Salute, Pathology and Lymphoid Malignancies Unit, San Raffaele H. Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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11
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Kosmidis P, Bonzheim I, Dufke C, Colak S, Hentrich T, Schroeder C, Bauer P, Adam P, Fend F. Next generation sequencing of the clonal IGH rearrangement detects ongoing mutations and interfollicular trafficking in in situ follicular neoplasia. PLoS One 2017. [PMID: 28640838 PMCID: PMC5480878 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Follicular lymphoma (FL) is characterized genetically by a significant intraclonal diversity of rearranged immunoglobulin heavy chain (IGH) genes and a substantial cell migration activity (follicular trafficking). Recently, in situ follicular neoplasia (ISFN), characterized by accumulations of immunohistochemically strongly BCL2-positive, t(14;18)+ clonal B cells confined to germinal centers in reactive lymph nodes, has been identified as a precursor lesion of FL with low risk of progression to manifest FL. The extent of ongoing somatic hypermutation of rearranged IGH genes and interfollicular trafficking in ISFN is not known. In this study we performed an in depth analysis of clonal evolution and cell migration patterns in a case of pure ISFN involving multiple lymph nodes. Using laser microdissection and next generation sequencing (NGS) we documented significant intraclonal diversity of the rearranged IGH gene and extensive interfollicular migration between germinal centers of the same lymph node as well as between different lymph nodes. Furthermore, we identified N-glycosylation motifs characteristic for FL in the CDR3 region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perikles Kosmidis
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Irina Bonzheim
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Claudia Dufke
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sema Colak
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Hentrich
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christopher Schroeder
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter Bauer
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Patrick Adam
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Falko Fend
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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12
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Levy D, Bertoldi ERM, Ruiz JLM, Pereira J, Bydlowski SP. Presence of t(14;18) translocation in healthy individuals varies according to ethnic background in the Brazilian population. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 50:e6172. [PMID: 28591381 PMCID: PMC5463534 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20176172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Several groups have demonstrated that healthy individuals can present the t(14;18) translocation. In this report, the presence of the translocation was examined in healthy blood donors in Brazil, a country considered an ethnic melting pot. The translocation was detected by nested PCR in 227 peripheral blood samples from individuals with different ethnic backgrounds. The t(14;18) translocation was found in 45 of 85 White individuals (52.94%); in 57 of 72 Black individuals (79.17%); and in 68 of 70 individuals (97.14%) of Japanese-descent. In conclusion, the frequency of the t(14;18) translocation in the Brazilian population varies according to the ethnic background.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Levy
- Laboratório de Genética e Hematologia Molecular (LIM31), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - E R M Bertoldi
- Laboratório de Genética e Hematologia Molecular (LIM31), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - J L M Ruiz
- Universidade Federal da Integracão Latino-Americana, Porto Belo, Foz do Iguaçu, PR, Brasil
| | - J Pereira
- Laboratório de Genética e Hematologia Molecular (LIM31), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - S P Bydlowski
- Laboratório de Genética e Hematologia Molecular (LIM31), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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13
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Qaqish BM, Al-Dalahmah O, Al-Motassem Y, Battah A, Ismail SS. Occupational exposure to pesticides and occurrence of the chromosomal translocation t(14;18) among farmers in Jordan. Toxicol Rep 2016; 3:225-229. [PMID: 28959542 PMCID: PMC5615782 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An increased incidence of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) has been reported in farmers and other occupational groups working with pesticides. In these individuals, an increased prevalence of the chromosomal translocation t(14;18)(q32;q21), one of the most common chromosomal abnormalities in NHL, has been detected in peripheral blood lymphocytes. This translocation juxtaposes the antiapoptotic BCL2 protein to the immunoglobulin heavy chain gene locus (IGH) leading to overexpression of BCL2. This causes an increase in cell survival, paving the way for malignant transformation. AIM OF THE STUDY The present study aimed to evaluate the association between the occurrence of the chromosomal translocation t(14;18) and occupational exposure to pesticides among a group of Jordanian farmers. METHODS A total of 192 male subjects including 96 agricultural workers and 96 control subjects participated in this study. BCL2-IGH t(14;18) fusions were detected by a nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay targeting the major breakpoint region (MBR). RESULTS We found that occupational exposure to pesticides in open-field farming and insecticide used on animals increased the frequency of the chromosomal translocation t(14;18). Farmers occupationally exposed to pesticides and insecticide were 13.5 times more likely to harbor t(14;18). 63.5% (61 of 96) of farmers compared to 11.5% (11 of 96) of controls carried the translocation (odds ratio: 13.5; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 6.3-28.6). We ruled out the influence of possible confounding factors such as age, duration of sun exposure, alcohol intake, smoking, and use of personal protective equipment. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that pesticides increased the frequency of chromosomal translocation in the 14q32 region. Accordingly, the presented data agrees with previous suggestions from the literature that pesticides might be involved in the development of NHL through the t(14;18) pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bara'a M Qaqish
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - Osama Al-Dalahmah
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Le Gros Clark Building, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QX, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Said S Ismail
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
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14
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Kelly RS, Roulland S, Morgado E, Sungalee S, Jouve N, Tumino R, Krogh V, Panico S, Polidoro S, Masala G, Sánchez MJ, Chirlaque MD, Sala N, Gurrea AB, Dorronsoro M, Travis RC, Riboli E, Gunter M, Murphy N, Vermeulen R, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Peeters PH, Trichopoulou A, Trichopoulos D, Lagiou P, Nieters A, Canzian F, Kaaks R, Boeing H, Weiderpass E, Stocks T, Melin B, Overvad K, Tjønneland A, Olsen A, Brennan P, Johansson M, Nadel B, Vineis P. Determinants of the t(14;18) translocation and their role in t(14;18)-positive follicular lymphoma. Cancer Causes Control 2015; 26:1845-55. [PMID: 26424368 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-015-0677-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The strong association between t(14;18) translocation and follicular lymphoma (FL) is well known. However, the determinants of this chromosomal aberration and their role in t(14;18) associated FL remain to be established. METHODS t(14;18) frequency within the B cell lymphoma 2 major breakpoint region was determined for 135 incident FL cases and 251 healthy controls as part of a nested case-control study within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer cohort. Quantitative real-time PCR was performed in DNA extracted from blood samples taken at recruitment. The relationship between prevalence and frequency of the translocation with baseline anthropometric, lifestyle, and dietary factors in cases and controls was determined. Unconditional logistic regression was used to explore whether the risk of FL associated with these factors differed in t(14;18)(+) as compared to t(14;18)(-) cases. RESULTS Among incident FL cases, educational level (χ(2) p = 0.021) and height (χ(2) p = 0.025) were positively associated with t(14;18) prevalence, and cases with high frequencies [t(14;18)(HF)] were significantly taller (t test p value = 0.006). These findings were not replicated in the control population, although there were a number of significant associations with dietary variables. Further analyses revealed that height was a significant risk factor for t(14;18)(+) FL [OR 6.31 (95% CI 2.11, 18.9) in the tallest versus the shortest quartile], but not t(14;18)(-) cases. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest a potential role for lifestyle factors in the prevalence and frequency of the t(14;18) translocation. The observation that the etiology of FL may differ by t(14;18) status, particularly with regard to height, supports the subdivision of FL by translocation status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel S Kelly
- MRC/PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sandrine Roulland
- Center of Immunology of Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France
- INSERM U631, Marseille, France
- CNRS UMR6102, Marseille, France
| | - Ester Morgado
- Center of Immunology of Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France
- INSERM U631, Marseille, France
- CNRS UMR6102, Marseille, France
| | - Stéphanie Sungalee
- Center of Immunology of Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France
- INSERM U631, Marseille, France
- CNRS UMR6102, Marseille, France
| | - Nathalie Jouve
- Center of Immunology of Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France
- INSERM U631, Marseille, France
- CNRS UMR6102, Marseille, France
| | - Rosario Tumino
- Cancer Registry and Histopathology Unit, "Civic - M.P.Arezzo" Hospital, ASP Ragusa, Ragusa, Italy
| | - Vittorio Krogh
- Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Salvatore Panico
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Giovanna Masala
- Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, Cancer Research and Prevention Institute - ISPO, Florence, Italy
| | - María-José Sánchez
- Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (Granada.ibs), Granada, Spain
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria-Dolores Chirlaque
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Epidemiology, Murcia Regional Health Authority, Murcia, Spain
| | - Núria Sala
- Unit of Nutrition and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Program and Translational Research Laboratory, Catalan Institute of Oncology (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aurelio Barricarte Gurrea
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Navarre Public Health Institute, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Miren Dorronsoro
- Public Health Direction and Ciberesp-Biodonostia Basque Regional Health Department, Vitoria, Spain
| | - Ruth C Travis
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Elio Riboli
- MRC/PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Marc Gunter
- MRC/PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Neil Murphy
- MRC/PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Roel Vermeulen
- Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - H B Bueno-de-Mesquita
- Department for Determinants of Chronic Diseases (DCD), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Petra H Peeters
- Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3508 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Antonia Trichopoulou
- Hellenic Health Foundation, 13 Kaisareias Street, 115 27, Athens, Greece
- Bureau of Epidemiologic Research, Academy of Athens, 23 Alexandroupoleos Street, 115 27, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Trichopoulos
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Hellenic Health Foundation, 13 Kaisareias Street, 115 27, Athens, Greece
- Bureau of Epidemiologic Research, Academy of Athens, 23 Alexandroupoleos Street, 115 27, Athens, Greece
| | - Pagona Lagiou
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Bureau of Epidemiologic Research, Academy of Athens, 23 Alexandroupoleos Street, 115 27, Athens, Greece
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, 75 M. Asias Street, Goudi, 115 27, Athens, Greece
| | - Alexandra Nieters
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Federico Canzian
- Genomic Epidemiology Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rudolf Kaaks
- Genomic Epidemiology Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Heiner Boeing
- Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE), Potsdam-Rehbrüucke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Elisabete Weiderpass
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tanja Stocks
- Department of Clinical Sciences in Malmö, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Perioperative and Surgical Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Beatrice Melin
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Head Regional Cancer Center North, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Kim Overvad
- Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Anja Olsen
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Paul Brennan
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC-WHO), 69372, Lyon, France
| | - Mattias Johansson
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC-WHO), 69372, Lyon, France
| | - Bertrand Nadel
- Center of Immunology of Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France
- INSERM U631, Marseille, France
- CNRS UMR6102, Marseille, France
| | - Paolo Vineis
- MRC/PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK.
- HuGeF - Human Genetics Foundation, Turin, Italy.
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15
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Krem MM, Press OW, Horwitz MS, Tidwell T. Mechanisms and clinical applications of chromosomal instability in lymphoid malignancy. Br J Haematol 2015; 171:13-28. [PMID: 26018193 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.13507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Lymphocytes are unique among cells in that they undergo programmed DNA breaks and translocations, but that special property predisposes them to chromosomal instability (CIN), a cardinal feature of neoplastic lymphoid cells that manifests as whole chromosome- or translocation-based aneuploidy. In several lymphoid malignancies translocations may be the defining or diagnostic markers of the diseases. CIN is a cornerstone of the mutational architecture supporting lymphoid neoplasia, though it is perhaps one of the least understood components of malignant transformation in terms of its molecular mechanisms. CIN is associated with prognosis and response to treatment, making it a key area for impacting treatment outcomes and predicting prognoses. Here we will review the types and mechanisms of CIN found in Hodgkin lymphoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, multiple myeloma and the lymphoid leukaemias, with emphasis placed on pathogenic mutations affecting DNA recombination, replication and repair; telomere function; and mitotic regulation of spindle attachment, centrosome function, and chromosomal segregation. We will discuss the means by which chromosome-level genetic aberrations may give rise to multiple pathogenic mutations required for carcinogenesis and conclude with a discussion of the clinical applications of CIN and aneuploidy to diagnosis, prognosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell M Krem
- Department of Medicine and Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA.,Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Oliver W Press
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Marshall S Horwitz
- Department of Pathology and Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Timothy Tidwell
- Department of Pathology and Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
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16
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Sharma S, Javadekar SM, Pandey M, Srivastava M, Kumari R, Raghavan SC. Homology and enzymatic requirements of microhomology-dependent alternative end joining. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e1697. [PMID: 25789972 PMCID: PMC4385936 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Revised: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Nonhomologous DNA end joining (NHEJ) is one of the major double-strand break (DSB) repair pathways in higher eukaryotes. Recently, it has been shown that alternative NHEJ (A-NHEJ) occurs in the absence of classical NHEJ and is implicated in chromosomal translocations leading to cancer. In the present study, we have developed a novel biochemical assay system utilizing DSBs flanked by varying lengths of microhomology to study microhomology-mediated alternative end joining (MMEJ). We show that MMEJ can operate in normal cells, when microhomology is present, irrespective of occurrence of robust classical NHEJ. Length of the microhomology determines the efficiency of MMEJ, 5 nt being obligatory. Using this biochemical approach, we show that products obtained are due to MMEJ, which is dependent on MRE11, NBS1, LIGASE III, XRCC1, FEN1 and PARP1. Thus, we define the enzymatic machinery and microhomology requirements of alternative NHEJ using a well-defined biochemical system.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - S M Javadekar
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - M Pandey
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - M Srivastava
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - R Kumari
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - S C Raghavan
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
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17
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Martín-Guerrero I, de Prado E, Lopez-Lopez E, Ardanaz M, Vitoria JC, Parada LA, García-Orad C, García-Orad A. Methylation of the nonhomologous end joining repair pathway genes does not explain the increase of translocations with aging. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2014; 36:9730. [PMID: 25399073 PMCID: PMC4233023 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-014-9730-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Chromosome translocations are especially frequent in human lymphomas and leukemias but are insufficient to drive carcinogenesis. Indeed, several of the so-called tumor specific translocations have been detected in peripheral blood of healthy individuals, finding a higher frequency of some of them with aging. The inappropriate repair of DNA double strand breaks by the nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) pathway is one of the reasons for a translocation to occur. Moreover, fidelity of this pathway has been shown to decline with age. Although the mechanism underlying this inefficacy is unknown, other repair pathways are inactivated by methylation with aging. In this study, we analyzed the implication of NHEJ genes methylation in the increase of translocations with the age. To this aim, we determined the relationship between translocations and aging in 565 Spanish healthy individuals and correlated these data with the methylation status of 11 NHEJ genes. We found higher frequency of BCL2-JH and BCR-ABL (major) translocations with aging. In addition, we detected that two NHEJ genes (LIG4 and XRCC6) presented age-dependent promoter methylation changes. However, we did not observe a correlation between the increase of translocations and methylation, indicating that other molecular mechanisms are involved in the loss of NHEJ fidelity with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idoia Martín-Guerrero
- />Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Barrio Sarriena sn, 48940 Leioa, Bizkaia Spain
| | - Elena de Prado
- />Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Barrio Sarriena sn, 48940 Leioa, Bizkaia Spain
| | - Elixabet Lopez-Lopez
- />Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Barrio Sarriena sn, 48940 Leioa, Bizkaia Spain
| | | | | | - Luis A. Parada
- />Institute of Experimental Pathology, UNSa-CONICET, Salta, Argentina
| | - Cristina García-Orad
- />Assistance to primary health care center -Torrent 1, Hospital General Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Africa García-Orad
- />Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Barrio Sarriena sn, 48940 Leioa, Bizkaia Spain
- />BioCruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Bizkaia Spain
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18
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19
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Chromosomal anomalies in primary cutaneous follicle center cell lymphoma do not portend a poor prognosis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2014; 70:1010-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2014.01.862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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20
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21
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Rodriguez-Brenes IA, Komarova NL, Wodarz D. Cancer-associated mutations in healthy individuals: assessing the risk of carcinogenesis. Cancer Res 2014; 74:1661-9. [PMID: 24453004 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-1452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mutations associated with hematopoietic malignancies have been repeatedly identified in healthy individuals. For certain cases, such as the t(14;18) translocation and monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis, no clear link between the presence of aberrant cells and the later development of cancer has been established. Intriguingly, longitudinal studies suggest that these abnormalities persist for long periods of time in some individuals, but in others are transient in which they disappear completely. Here, we present a mathematical model, based on cellular replication limits, that provides a possible explanation for these seemingly contradictory findings. It proposes that the transient and persistent nature of the phenotypes depends on the stage in the differentiation pathway of a given lineage in which the mutation originates. Our work suggests that cellular replication limits may not only prevent cancer by aborting clonal expansion of cells, but also by influencing the fate of altered but nonneoplastic cells in healthy tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio A Rodriguez-Brenes
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Mathematics; and Ecology and Evolution, University of California, Irvine, California
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22
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Kishimoto W, Nishikori M. Molecular Pathogenesis of Follicular Lymphoma. J Clin Exp Hematop 2014; 54:23-30. [DOI: 10.3960/jslrt.54.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
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23
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Karube K, Scarfò L, Campo E, Ghia P. Monoclonal B cell lymphocytosis and "in situ" lymphoma. Semin Cancer Biol 2013; 24:3-14. [PMID: 23999128 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2013.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Revised: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The finding of monoclonal B-cell populations not fulfilling criteria for a lymphoid malignancy has given great impulse to study mechanisms involved in lymphomagenesis and factors responsible for the transition from B-cell precursor states to overt lymphoproliferative disorders. Monoclonal B cell expansions were initially recognized in peripheral blood of otherwise healthy subjects (thus defined monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis, MBL) and in most cases share the immunophenotypic profile of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). The clinical relevance of this phenomenon is different according to B-cell count: high-count MBL is considered a preneoplastic condition and progresses to CLL requiring treatment at a rate of 1-2% per year, while low-count MBL, though persisting over time, has not shown a clinical correlation with frank leukemia so far. MBL other than CLL-like represent a minority of cases and are ill-defined entities for which clinical and biological information is still scanty. In situ follicular lymphoma (FL) and mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) are characterized by the localization of atypical lymphoid cells, carrying t(14;18)(q32;q21) or t(11;14)(q13;q32), only in the germinal centers and mantle zones respectively, where their normal counterparts are localized. The localization of these cells indicates that germinal centers or mantle zones provide appropriate microenvironments for cells carrying these oncogenic alterations to survive or proliferate. The progression of these lesions to overt lymphomas occurs rarely and may require the accumulation of additional genetic events. Individuals with these lymphoid proliferations should be managed with caution.
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MESH Headings
- B-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Cell Lineage
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/blood
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Lymphocytosis/blood
- Lymphocytosis/genetics
- Lymphocytosis/pathology
- Lymphoma, Follicular/blood
- Lymphoma, Follicular/genetics
- Lymphoma, Follicular/pathology
- Lymphoma, Mantle-Cell/blood
- Lymphoma, Mantle-Cell/pathology
- Translocation, Genetic
- Tumor Microenvironment/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Kennosuke Karube
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Hospital Clínic, Villarroel 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lydia Scarfò
- Laboratory of B-cell Neoplasia, Division of Molecular Oncology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milano, Italy; Clinical Unit of Lymphoid Malignancies, Department of Onco-Hematology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milano, Italy
| | - Elias Campo
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Hospital Clínic, Villarroel 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Paolo Ghia
- Laboratory of B-cell Neoplasia, Division of Molecular Oncology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milano, Italy; Clinical Unit of Lymphoid Malignancies, Department of Onco-Hematology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milano, Italy
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24
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Immunogenetics shows that not all MBL are equal: the larger the clone, the more similar to CLL. Blood 2013; 121:4521-8. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-12-471698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Key Points
Low-count and high-count monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis (MBL) have distinct immunogenetic signatures, with only the latter resembling CLL. Rather than a true premalignant condition, low-count MBL may merely reflect immune senescence or result from persistent antigen stimulation.
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25
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Nambiar M, Raghavan SC. Chromosomal translocations among the healthy human population: implications in oncogenesis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 70:1381-92. [PMID: 22948164 PMCID: PMC11113647 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1135-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Revised: 08/04/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Chromosomal translocations are characteristic features of many cancers, especially lymphoma and leukemia. However, recent reports suggest that many chromosomal translocations can be found in healthy individuals, although the significance of this observation is still not clear. In this review, we summarize recent studies on chromosomal translocations in healthy individuals carried out in different geographical areas of the world and discuss the relevance of the observation with respect to oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mridula Nambiar
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560 012 India
| | - Sathees C. Raghavan
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560 012 India
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26
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Nunes HF, Laranjeira ABA, Yunes JA, Costa EOA, de A Melo CO, de M e Silva D, da Cruz AD. Assessment of BCL2/J(H) translocation in healthy individuals exposed to low-level radiation of 137CsCl in Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil. GENETICS AND MOLECULAR RESEARCH 2013; 12:28-36. [PMID: 23359021 DOI: 10.4238/2013.january.16.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Healthy radio-exposed individuals who received low levels of Cesium-137 radiation during the accident that occurred in Goiânia in 1987, their families and controls were tested for the detection of t(14;18)-rearranged B cells in peripheral blood by using a highly sensitive, real-time quantitative PCR method. The chromosomal translocation t(14;18)(q32;q21) is characteristic of follicular lymphoma and is a frequent abnormality observed in other types of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. This translocation leads to constitutive activation of the BCL2 oncogene by the enhancers of the immunoglobulin heavy-chain locus. In healthy individuals, the same translocation may also be found in a small fraction of peripheral blood lymphocytes, and positive cells might serve as an indicator for environmental exposure to carcinogens and possibly correlate with the cumulative risk of developing t(14;18)- positive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Twenty healthy radio-exposed individuals, 10 relatives and 10 non-exposed healthy individuals were tested for the detection of this translocation. Only 1 non-exposed individual was positive for the chromosomal translocation, and healthy radio-exposed individuals presented lower levels of cells bearing the BCL2/J(H) rearrangement when compared to the levels of the patients with follicular lymphoma before treatment. However, evaluation of more cells would be required to confirm the total absence of circulating cells bearing BCL2/J(H) rearrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- H F Nunes
- Programa de Mestrado em Genética, Departamento de Biologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas Replicon, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brasil
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Marciniak-Czochra A, Stiehl T. Mathematical Models of Hematopoietic Reconstitution After Stem Cell Transplantation. CONTRIBUTIONS IN MATHEMATICAL AND COMPUTATIONAL SCIENCES 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-30367-8_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Adam P, Schiefer AI, Prill S, Henopp T, Quintanilla-Martínez L, Bösmüller HC, Chott A, Fend F. Incidence of preclinical manifestations of mantle cell lymphoma and mantle cell lymphoma in situ in reactive lymphoid tissues. Mod Pathol 2012; 25:1629-36. [PMID: 22790016 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2012.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Recently, the occurrence of cyclin D1-positive B cells with mantle cell lymphoma phenotype in the inner mantle zones of morphologically inconspicuous lymph nodes has been described and termed mantle cell lymphoma 'in situ'. Prevalence and clinical significance of this lesion and related minimal mantle cell lymphoma infiltrates in reactive lymphoid tissues of healthy individuals, and of mantle cell lymphoma patients are unknown. All 1292 reactive lymph nodes from unselected consecutive surgical specimens of 131 patients without a history of lymphoma obtained over a 3-month period were stained for cyclin D1. In addition, all morphologically reactive lymph nodes and benign-appearing extranodal lymphoid infiltrates of patients diagnosed with mantle cell lymphoma in the years 2000-2011 were studied. Samples predating the lymphoma diagnosis for at least 2 months were available from 37/423 (9%) patients. A mantle cell lymphoma 'in situ' was not identified in any of the two groups. However, in four patients with subsequent mantle cell lymphoma diagnosis, an early manifestation of mantle cell lymphoma was detected retrospectively, antedating the lymphoma diagnosis for 2-86 months. In six mantle cell lymphoma patients, only small groups of cyclin D1-positive cells in morphologically reactive extranodal infiltrates were detected >2 months before the diagnosis of mantle cell lymphoma (range 3-59 months). Mantle cell lymphoma 'in situ' is an extremely rare phenomenon in morphologically reactive lymph nodes, in line with the low prevalence of t(11;14)-positive cells described in the peripheral blood of a healthy population. In mantle cell lymphoma patients, however, immunohistochemically detectable infiltrates of mantle cell lymphoma cells antedating the lymphoma diagnosis were found in a significant proportion of cases (10/37=27%). These consisted either of early mantle cell lymphoma with mantle zone growth pattern, or small extranodal accumulations of cyclin D1+ cells, whereas typical mantle cell lymphoma 'in situ' was not detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Adam
- Institute of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCC), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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Current understanding of lifestyle and environmental factors and risk of non-hodgkin lymphoma: an epidemiological update. J Cancer Epidemiol 2012; 2012:978930. [PMID: 23008714 PMCID: PMC3447374 DOI: 10.1155/2012/978930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2012] [Revised: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence rates of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) have steadily increased over the last several decades in the United States, and the temporal trends in incidence can only be partially explained by the HIV epidemic. In 1992, an international workshop sponsored by the United States National Cancer Institute concluded that there was an “emerging epidemic” of NHL and emphasized the need to investigate the factors responsible for the increasing incidence of this disease. Over the past two decades, numerous epidemiological studies have examined the risk factors for NHL, particularly for putative environmental and lifestyle risk factors, and international consortia have been established in order to investigate rare exposures and NHL subtype-specific associations. While few consistent risk factors for NHL aside from immunosuppression and certain infectious agents have emerged, suggestive associations with several lifestyle and environmental factors have been reported in epidemiologic studies. Further, increasing evidence has suggested that the effects of these and other exposures may be limited to or stronger for particular NHL subtypes. This paper examines the progress that has been made over the last twenty years in elucidating the etiology of NHL, with a primary emphasis on lifestyle factors and environmental exposures.
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Jakó J, Szerafin L. [Leukemia- and lymphoma-associated flow cytometric, cytogenetic, and molecular genetic aberrations in healthy individuals]. Orv Hetil 2012; 153:531-40. [PMID: 22450142 DOI: 10.1556/oh.2012.29334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Most leukemia and lymphoma cases are characterized by specific flow cytometric, cytogenetic and molecular genetic aberrations, which can also be detected in healthy individuals in some cases. The authors review the literature concerning monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis, and the occurrence of chromosomal translocations t(14;18) and t(11;14), NPM-ALK fusion gene, JAK2 V617F mutation, BCR-ABL1 fusion gene, ETV6-RUNX1(TEL-AML1), MLL-AF4 and PML-RARA fusion gene in healthy individuals. At present, we do not know the importance of these aberrations. From the authors review it is evident that this phenomenon has both theoretical and practical (diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic) significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- János Jakó
- Jósa András Oktatókórház Egészségügyi Szolgáltató Nonprofit Kft. Hematológiai Osztály Nyíregyháza Lukács Ödön u. 4. 4400.
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31
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Hoeller S, Bihl MP, Zihler D, Cogliatti S, Ponzoni M, Zettl A, Went P, Foerster A, Hirschmann P, Tzankov A, Dirnhofer S. Molecular and immunohistochemical characterization of B-cell lymphoma-2–negative follicular lymphomas. Hum Pathol 2012; 43:405-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2011.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2010] [Revised: 04/23/2011] [Accepted: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Henopp T, Quintanilla-Martínez L, Fend F, Adam P. Prevalence of follicular lymphoma in situ in consecutively analysed reactive lymph nodes. Histopathology 2011; 59:139-42. [PMID: 21771030 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2011.03897.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Follicular lymphoma (FL) in situ is defined as strongly bcl-2-positive B cells in germinal centres of morphologically inconspicuous lymph nodes. The prevalence and biological and clinical significance of this lesion are still not clear. Therefore we aimed at the detection of the prevalence of this phenomenon in an unselected series of lymph nodes, as a surrogate for the normal population. METHODS AND RESULTS All 1294 reactive lymph nodes from unselected consecutive surgical specimens of 132 patients in a 3-month period were stained for bcl-2 protein. The t(14;18) translocation was investigated by fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH) analysis. FL in situ was identified in 22 lymph nodes in 3/132 patients (2.3%) without evidence or history of malignant lymphoma, and confirmed by detection of the t(14;18) translocation by FISH. Interestingly, in one patient, a lymph node excised 2 years before also contained FL in situ. CONCLUSIONS We found a prevalence of 2.3% for FL in situ lesions in an unselected series of lymph nodes, as a surrogate for the normal population. Taking into account the incidence of manifest FL, the risk of progression of this lesion is probably limited. It can be speculated that some FL in situ lesions do indeed represent an early step in lymphomagenesis, whereas others persist without further progression to overt FL. The underlying mechanisms, however, remain to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Henopp
- Institute of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCC), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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33
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Wang W, Corrigan-Cummins M, Hudson J, Maric I, Simakova O, Neelapu SS, Kwak LW, Janik JE, Gause B, Jaffe ES, Calvo KR. MicroRNA profiling of follicular lymphoma identifies microRNAs related to cell proliferation and tumor response. Haematologica 2011; 97:586-94. [PMID: 22102710 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2011.048132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND MicroRNAs can play an important role in tumorigenesis through post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression, and are not well characterized in follicular lymphoma. DESIGN AND METHODS MicroRNA profiles of enriched follicular lymphoma tumor cells from 16 patients were generated by assaying 851 human microRNAs. Tandem gene expression profiles were obtained for predicting microRNA targets. RESULTS The expression of 133 microRNAs was significantly different (> 2-fold; P<0.05) between follicular lymphoma and follicular hyperplasia. Forty-four microRNAs in three groups generated a unique follicular lymphoma signature. Of these, ten microRNAs were increased (miR-193a-5p, -193b*, -345, -513b, -574-3p, -584, -663, -1287, -1295, and -1471), 11 microRNAs were decreased (miR-17*, -30a, -33a, -106a*, -141, -202, -205, -222, -301b, -431*, and -570), and 23 microRNAs formed a group that was increased in most cases of follicular lymphoma but showed lower expression in a subset of cases (let-7a, let-7f, miR-7-1*, -9, -9*, -20a, -20b, -30b, -96, -98, -194, -195, -221*, -374a, -374b, -451, -454, -502-3p, -532-3p, -664*, -1274a, -1274b, and -1260). Higher expression of this last group was associated with improved response to chemotherapy. Gene expression analysis revealed increased expression of MAPK1, AKT1, PRKCE, IL4R and DROSHA and decreased expression of CDKN1A/p21, SOCS2, CHEK1, RAD51, KLF4, BLIMP1 and IRF4 in follicular lymphoma. Functional studies indicated that CDKN1A/p21 and SOCS2 expression is directly regulated by miR-20a/-20b and miR-194, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Follicular lymphoma is characterized by a unique microRNA signature, containing a subset of microRNAs whose expression correlate with response to chemotherapy. miR-20a/b and miR-194 target CDKN1A and SOCS2 in follicular lymphoma, potentially contributing to tumor cell proliferation and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixin Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hematology Section NIH Clinical Center, 10 Center Dr, Bldg 10/2C306 Bethesda, 20892-1508, USA
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Nambiar M, Raghavan SC. How does DNA break during chromosomal translocations? Nucleic Acids Res 2011; 39:5813-25. [PMID: 21498543 PMCID: PMC3152359 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkr223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2010] [Revised: 03/25/2011] [Accepted: 03/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosomal translocations are one of the most common types of genetic rearrangements and are molecular signatures for many types of cancers. They are considered as primary causes for cancers, especially lymphoma and leukemia. Although many translocations have been reported in the last four decades, the mechanism by which chromosomes break during a translocation remains largely unknown. In this review, we summarize recent advances made in understanding the molecular mechanism of chromosomal translocations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mridula Nambiar
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
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35
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Böhm A, Herrmann H, Mitterbauer-Hohendanner G, Hauswirth AW, Rabitsch W, Mitterbauer M, Sperr WR, Kalhs P, Jäger U, Valent P. Stable non-transforming minimal residual disease in Philadelphia chromosome positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia after autologous transplantation: origin from neoplastic yet ‘pre-leukemic’ stem cells? Leuk Lymphoma 2011; 52:842-8. [DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2011.557168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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The role of mechanistic factors in promoting chromosomal translocations found in lymphoid and other cancers. Adv Immunol 2010; 106:93-133. [PMID: 20728025 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2776(10)06004-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Recurrent chromosomal abnormalities, especially chromosomal translocations, are strongly associated with certain subtypes of leukemia, lymphoma and solid tumors. The appearance of particular translocations or associated genomic alterations can be important indicators of disease prognosis, and in some cases, certain translocations may indicate appropriate therapy protocols. To date, most of our knowledge about chromosomal translocations has derived from characterization of the highly selected recurrent translocations found in certain cancers. Until recently, mechanisms that promote or suppress chromosomal translocations, in particular, those responsible for their initiation, have not been addressed. For translocations to occur, two distinct chromosomal loci must be broken, brought together (synapsed) and joined. Here, we discuss recent findings on processes and pathways that influence the initiation of chromosomal translocations, including the generation fo DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) by general factors or in the context of the Lymphocyte-specific V(D)J and IgH class-switch recombination processes. We also discuss the role of spatial proximity of DSBs in the interphase nucleus with respect to how DSBs on different chromosomes are justaposed for joining. In addition, we discuss the DNA DSB response and its role in recognizing and tethering chromosomal DSBs to prevent translocations, as well as potential roles of the classical and alternative DSB end-joining pathways in suppressing or promoting translocations. Finally, we discuss the potential roles of long range regulatory elements, such as the 3'IgH enhancer complex, in promoting the expression of certain translocations that are frequent in lymphomas and, thereby, contributing to their frequent appearance in tumors.
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Guzmán LM, Castillo D, Aguilera SO. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection of B cell clonality in Sjögren's syndrome patients: a diagnostic tool of clonal expansion. Clin Exp Immunol 2010; 161:57-64. [PMID: 20408860 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2010.04144.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Sjögren's syndrome (SS) is an autoimmune disease characterized by clonal B cell attack of the exocrine glands and dysregulated expression of B cell-activating factor (BAFF). Based upon the current data of increased rates of lymphoid malignancy, as non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) is associated with SS, we propose the detection of clonal rearrangements of immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) gene in those patients as a predictor of malignant clonal expansion. To test our proposal, we examined the IgH clonal rearrangements in SS patients (60) and healthy control subjects (42) having chronic non-specific sialadenitis, to determine the presence of clonal B cells in minor labial salivary glands (MSG) of SS patients. Clonal B cell expansion was assessed by two polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays: (i) semi-nested PCR, against sequences encoding framework regions FR3, FR2 and FR1c of the variable chain IgH gene in B cells present in the MSG infiltrate; and (ii) the PCR-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique, against the major and minor breakpoint regions of the Bcl-2 oncogene coupled with a variable segment of the IgH to assess the Bcl-2/JH translocation. When FR3, FR2 and FR1c primers were employed, we detected B cell monoclonality in 87% of the SS patients and 19% of the control subjects. The association between inflammation severity of the MSG pattern and the presence of B cell clonality was found to be statistically significant (P<0.01). We concluded that the presence of B cell clonality in MSG can be used as a index of an altered microenvironment favouring the development of lymphoma in SS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Guzmán
- Laboratorio de Química Biológica, Instituto de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Santiago, Chile.
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Hohaus S, Mansueto G, Massini G, D'Alo F, Giachelia M, Martini M, Larocca LM, Voso MT, Leone G. Glutathione-S-transferase genotypes influence prognosis in follicular non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma. Leuk Lymphoma 2009; 48:564-9. [PMID: 17454600 DOI: 10.1080/10428190601158647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Polymorphisms in detoxification enzymes of the glutathione S-transferase (GST) family have been associated with risk and prognosis of several cancer types. We studied deletions of GSTM1 and GSTT1, and the GSTP1 Ile(105)Val polymorphism in 89 patients with follicular lymphoma (FL). Patients with a GSTM1 or GSTT1 deletion had a significantly worse event-free survival, when compared with patients with undeleted genotype (p = 0.03 and p = 0.03, respectively). Outcome was even worse in patients with a double negative genotype, in comparison with patients with only one GST deletion or normal genotype (p = 0.01). In the multivariate analysis, the GSTM1/GSTT1 genotype tended to have a prognostic significance independent from the Follicular Lymphoma International Prognostic Index (FLIPI) score. In particular, GSTM1/T1 deletions identified patients with negative prognosis in the low (<3) FLIPI score group (p = 0.01). Larger prospective studies including homogeneously treated patients will be needed to confirm these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Hohaus
- Istituto di Ematologia, Universita' Cattolica S, Cuore, Rome, Italy.
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Erdag G, Meck JM, Meloni-Ehrig A, Matyakhina L, Donohue T, Srinivasan R, Mowrey P, Kelly J, Smith A, Childs R. Long-term persistence of nonpathogenic clonal chromosome abnormalities in donor hematopoietic cells after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 190:125-30. [PMID: 19380032 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2009.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2008] [Revised: 01/12/2009] [Accepted: 01/13/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
We describe the cases of two unrelated patients who exhibited multiple chromosomal abnormalities in donor cells after allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (PBSCT). The patients were diagnosed with chronic myeloid leukemia and chronic lymphocytic leukemia, respectively, and both underwent nonmyeloablative conditioning with cyclophosphamide and fludarabine followed by PBSCT from their HLA-matched opposite-sex siblings. Post-transplant bone marrow cytogenetics showed full engraftment, and the early post-transplant studies demonstrated only normal donor metaphases. Subsequent studies of both patients, however, revealed a population of metaphase cells with abnormal, but apparently balanced, donor karyotypes. Chromosome studies performed on peripheral blood cells collected from both donors after transplantation were normal. Both patients remained in clinical remission during follow-up of approximately 8 years in one case, and 6 years in the other case, despite the persistence of the abnormal clones. Chromosomal abnormalities in residual recipient cells after bone marrow or PBSCT are not unusual. In contrast, only rare reports of chromosome abnormalities in donor cells exist, all of which have been associated with post-bone marrow transplant myelodysplastic syndrome or acute leukemias. The present cases demonstrate the rare phenomenon of persistent clonal nonpathogenic chromosome aberrations in cells of donor origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulsun Erdag
- Georgetown University, Department of Pathology, SW Med-Dent Bldg, 3900 Reservoir Rd., Washington, DC 20007, USA
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Prevalence and analysis of t(14;18) and t(11;14) chromosomal translocations in healthy Indian population. Ann Hematol 2009; 89:35-43. [PMID: 19488754 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-009-0755-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2008] [Accepted: 05/07/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Lecluse Y, Lebailly P, Roulland S, Gac AC, Nadel B, Gauduchon P. t(11;14)-positive clones can persist over a long period of time in the peripheral blood of healthy individuals. Leukemia 2009; 23:1190-3. [PMID: 19242498 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2009.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Schüler F, Dölken L, Hirt C, Kiefer T, Berg T, Fusch G, Weitmann K, Hoffmann W, Fusch C, Janz S, Rabkin CS, Dölken G. Prevalence and frequency of circulating t(14;18)-MBR translocation carrying cells in healthy individuals. Int J Cancer 2009; 124:958-63. [PMID: 19030176 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The t(14;18) translocation is a common genetic aberration that can be seen as an early step in pathogenesis of follicular lymphoma (FL). The significance of low level circulating t(14;18)-positive cells in healthy individuals as clonal lymphoma precursors or indicators of risk is still unclear. We determined the age dependent prevalence and frequency of BCL2/IgH rearrangements in 715 healthy individuals ranging from newborns to octo- and nonagenarians. These results were compared with number of circulating t(14;18)-positive cells in 108 FL patients at initial presentation. The overall prevalence of BCL2/IgH junctions in this large sample was 46% (327/715). However, there was a striking dependence upon age. Specifically, among individuals up to 10 years old, none had detectable circulating t(14;18)-positive cells. In the age groups representing 10-50 years old, we found a steady elevation in the prevalence of BCL2/IgH junctions up to a prevalence of 66%. Further increases of the prevalence in individuals older than 50 years were not seen. The mean frequency of BCL2/IgH junctions in healthy individuals > or =40 years (18-26 x 10(-6)) was significantly higher than in younger subjects (7-9 x 10(-6)). Four percent (31/715) of individuals carried more than one t(14;18)-positive cell per 25,000 peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNCs). In comparison, 108 stage III/IV FL patients had a median number of circulating t(14;18)-positive malignant FL cells of about 9200/1 million PBMNCs (range 7-1,000,000). These findings will further improve the understanding of the relevance of t(14;18)-positive cells in healthy individuals as a risk marker toward the development into lymphoma precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Schüler
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald, Sauerbruchstrasse, Greifswald, Germany
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Clonal Evolution in t(14;18)-Positive Follicular Lymphoma, Evidence for Multiple Common Pathways, and Frequent Parallel Clonal Evolution. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14:7180-7. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-0752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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44
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Dölken G, Dölken L, Hirt C, Fusch C, Rabkin CS, Schüler F. Age-dependent prevalence and frequency of circulating t(14;18)-positive cells in the peripheral blood of healthy individuals. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 2008:44-7. [PMID: 18648002 DOI: 10.1093/jncimonographs/lgn005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating t(14;18)-positive cells were detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction on DNA isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNCs) from 644 healthy individuals between <1 and 91 years of age. In all, 45% of all samples (287/644) were positive, and 40% of the positive samples (114/287) contained more than one positive clone. The prevalence of t(14;18)-positive cells showed a strong correlation with age. A total of 36 cord blood samples and 48 PBMNCs from children <10 years were negative. The prevalence of circulating positive cells increased from the second to fifth decade of life from 20% to 66% and remained stable thereafter. Also the median frequency of circulating t(14;18)-positive cells as well as the prevalence of multiple clones showed an increase with age. In all, 4% (24/644) of all blood samples contained >1 positive cell in 25,000 cells, a finding restricted to healthy individuals >40 years. These results are discussed in relation to the low incidence of follicular lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gottfried Dölken
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald, Germany.
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45
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Gu K, Chan WC, Hawley RC. Practical detection of t(14;18)(IgH/BCL2) in follicular lymphoma. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2008; 132:1355-61. [PMID: 18684042 DOI: 10.5858/2008-132-1355-pdobif] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The t(14;18)(q32;q21) translocation is the genetic hallmark of follicular lymphoma. Detection of this translocation can facilitate the diagnosis of follicular lymphoma and can be used to monitor response to therapy and level of residual disease. We herein review and compare practical techniques for detecting t(14;18)(q32;q21), including conventional cytogenetics, fluorescence in situ hybridization, Southern blot analysis, and polymerase chain reaction-based assay. Emphasis is placed on fluorescence in situ hybridization and polymerase chain reaction-based assay, given the applicability of these techniques to fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keni Gu
- Department of Pathology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
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46
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Chromosomal translocations in cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2008; 1786:139-52. [PMID: 18718509 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2008.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2008] [Revised: 07/15/2008] [Accepted: 07/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Genetic alterations in DNA can lead to cancer when it is present in proto-oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, DNA repair genes etc. Examples of such alterations include deletions, inversions and chromosomal translocations. Among these rearrangements chromosomal translocations are considered as the primary cause for many cancers including lymphoma, leukemia and some solid tumors. Chromosomal translocations in certain cases can result either in the fusion of genes or in bringing genes close to enhancer or promoter elements, hence leading to their altered expression. Moreover, chromosomal translocations are used as diagnostic markers for cancer and its therapeutics. In the first part of this review, we summarize the well-studied chromosomal translocations in cancer. Although the mechanism of formation of most of these translocations is still unclear, in the second part we discuss the recent advances in this area of research.
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Kornacker M, Kornacker B, Schmitt C, Leo E, Ho AD, Hensel M. Commercial LightCycler-based quantitative real-time PCR compared to nested PCR for monitoring of Bcl-2/IgH rearrangement in patients with follicular lymphoma. Ann Hematol 2008; 88:43-50. [PMID: 18636259 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-008-0550-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2008] [Accepted: 06/24/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Translocation of chromosomes 14 and 18 [t(14;18)] for detection of minimal residual disease in follicular lymphoma patients can be analyzed by nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or by quantitative PCR like LightCycler-based assays. We have compared both methods in blood and bone marrow samples of 28 patients enrolled in a clinical study on immunochemotherapy. In 42% of samples, the bcl2-IgH rearrangement was detectable by nested PCR, but not by LightCycler PCR. Nested PCR was able to reveal a significant drop in positive bone marrow or peripheral blood samples after therapy. In contrast, with LightCycler PCR, the detected drop in t(14;18)-positive cells did not reach statistical significance. The majority of patients showed positive results with nested PCR of peripheral blood or bone marrow without any associations to presence or absence of histological bone marrow (BM) infiltration by lymphoma cells. With LightCycler PCR, the numbers of positive cells were higher in samples from patients with BM infiltration of lymphoma cells (1.9 x 10(-2)) compared to samples from patients without involvement (4.08 x 10(-5)). A similar trend was seen in samples derived from the peripheral blood. Positivity for t(14;18) after therapy in two patients correlated with clinical relapse 6 months later. The data shown here demonstrate a lower sensitivity of LightCycler vs. nested PCR for detection of t(14;18). The usefulness of nested PCR for t(14;18) for risk stratification after primary therapy has to be validated in larger trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kornacker
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Hirt C, Dölken G, Janz S, Rabkin CS. Distribution of t(14;18)-positive, putative lymphoma precursor cells among B-cell subsets in healthy individuals. Br J Haematol 2007; 138:349-53. [PMID: 17614821 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2007.06671.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The t(14;18)(q32;q21) is the characteristic chromosomal translocation of follicular lymphoma (FL). Highly sensitive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques can also detect t(14;18)-sequences in the blood and lymphoid tissues of healthy individuals (HI). The aim of this study was to determine the immunophenotypic markers of t(14;18)-positive cells in HI and to relate these features to lymphocyte maturation. B cells from 10 subjects with t(14;18)-positive and three subjects with t(14;18)-negative peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were fluorescence-activated cell sorted for antigen-naïve (CD27(-)), immunoglobulin M (IgM) memory (IgM(+)CD27(+)) and switched memory (IgM(-) CD27(+)) cells. t(14;18)-recombinations were detected by quantitative PCR. Among PBMC-positive subjects, t(14;18)-frequency was significantly higher in IgM memory (median: 380/10(6)) than in antigen-naïve (median: 16/10(6)) or switched memory (median: 5/10(6)) B cells. All PBMC-negative subjects nevertheless had detectable t(14;18) in sorted B cells; levels were lower than in PBMC-positive subjects, but had the same relative predominance. These results suggest that t(14;18) is generated during early B-cell development in the bone marrow and that affected cells may mature and expand in germinal centres. t(14;18)-frequency was highest in IgM memory cells, a B-cell subset that shares immunophenotypic similarities with FL. The significance of these cells as lymphoma precursors or indicators of lymphoma risk remains to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Hirt
- Viral Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA.
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Zhang L, Rothman N, Li G, Guo W, Yang W, Hubbard AE, Hayes RB, Yin S, Lu W, Smith MT. Aberrations in chromosomes associated with lymphoma and therapy-related leukemia in benzene-exposed workers. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2007; 48:467-74. [PMID: 17584886 DOI: 10.1002/em.20306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies show that benzene exposure is associated with an increased incidence of leukemia and perhaps lymphoma. Chromosomal rearrangements are common in these hematopoietic diseases. Translocation t(14;18), the long-arm deletion of chromosome 6 [del(6q)], and trisomy 12 are frequently observed in lymphoma patients. Rearrangements of the MLL gene located on chromosome 11q23, such as t(4;11) and t(6;11), are common in therapy-related leukemias resulting from treatment with topoisomerase II inhibiting drugs. To examine numerical and structural changes in these chromosomes (2, 4, 6, 11, 12, 14, and 18), fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was employed on metaphase spreads from workers exposed to benzene (n = 43) and matched controls (n = 44) from Shanghai, China. Aneuploidy (both monosomy and trisomy) of all seven chromosomes was increased by benzene exposure. Benzene also induced del(6q) in a dose-dependent manner (P(trend) = 0.0002). Interestingly, translocations between chromosomes 14 and 18, t(14;18), known to be associated with follicular non-Hodgkin lymphoma, were increased in the highly exposed workers (P < 0.001). On the other hand, translocations between chromosome 11 and other partner chromosomes that are found in therapy-induced leukemias were not increased. These data add weight to the notion that benzene can induce t(14;18) and del(6q) found in lymphoma, but do not support the idea that benzene induces t(4;11) or t(6;11). However, they do not rule out the possibility that other rearrangements of the MLL gene at chromosome 11q23 may be induced by benzene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luoping Zhang
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA.
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Abstract
Approximately 40 cases of DCL have been reported in the literature; cases have been reported after allografts from bone marrow, peripheral blood and cord blood. The study of these cases may provide new insights into the mechanisms of leukemogenesis. Some data suggest that the prevalence of this complication has been under-estimated. Most cases of DCL have occurred following transplantation for leukemia, but there have also been cases reported after transplantation for non-malignant conditions. Various mechanisms have been proposed to explain how DCL arise and are briefly discussed. Additional studies are needed to define with more detail both the true prevalence of this complication and its precise pathogenetic mechanism.
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