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Isolation and Characterization of Levoglucosan Metabolizing Bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 88:e0186821. [PMID: 34910566 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01868-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria were isolated from wastewater and soil containing charred wood remnants based on their ability to use levoglucosan as a sole carbon source and on their levoglucosan dehydrogenase (LGDH) activity. On the basis of their 16S rRNA gene sequences, these bacteria represented diverse genera of Microbacterium, Paenibacillus, Shinella, and Klebsiella. Genomic sequencing of the isolates verified that two isolates represented novel species, Paenibacillus athensensis MEC069T and Shinella sumterensis MEC087T, while the remaining isolates were closely related to either Microbacterium lacusdiani or Klebsiella pneumoniae. The genetic sequence of LGDH, lgdA, was found in the genomes of these four isolates as well as Pseudarthrobacter phenanthrenivorans Sphe3. The identity of the P. phenanthrenivorans LGDH was experimentally verified following recombinant expression in E. coli. Comparison of the putative genes surrounding lgdA in the isolate genomes indicated that several other gene products facilitate the bacterial catabolism of levoglucosan, including a putative sugar isomerase and several transport proteins. Importance Levoglucosan is the most prevalent soluble carbohydrate remaining after high temperature pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass, but it is not fermented by typical production microbes such as Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A few fungi metabolize levoglucosan via the enzyme levoglucosan kinase, while several bacteria metabolize levoglucosan via levoglucosan dehydrogenase. This study describes the isolation and characterization of four bacterial species which degrade levoglucosan. Each isolate is shown to contain several genes within an operon involved in levoglucosan degradation, furthering our understanding of bacteria which metabolize levoglucosan.
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2
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Jiang LQ, Zheng AQ, Meng JG, Wang XB, Zhao ZL, Li HB. A comparative investigation of fast pyrolysis with enzymatic hydrolysis for fermentable sugars production from cellulose. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 274:281-286. [PMID: 30529333 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.11.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, ball milling and ionic liquid pretreatments were utilized to alter cellulose structure prior to fast pyrolysis and enzymatic hydrolysis. The variations in the products distribution of cellulose fast pyrolysis, and their dependence on the structure of cellulose, and the temperature of fast pyrolysis were illustrated. Fast pyrolysis of pretreated cellulose yielded more levoglucosan than crystalline cellulose (14.7%) at 300 °C. Nevertheless, the levoglucosan achieved higher yield (64.3%) from crystalline cellulose at 400 °C. At last, a comparison between fast pyrolysis and enzymatic hydrolysis for cellulose saccharifaction was made. Fast pyrolysis was a promising alternative to liberate levoglucosan from cellulose. Further investigation and development were required to maximize the levoglucosan production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Qun Jiang
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - An-Qing Zheng
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jun-Guang Meng
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xiao-Bo Wang
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Zeng-Li Zhao
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Hai-Bin Li
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou 510640, China
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3
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Islam ZU, Klykov SP, Yu Z, Chang D, Hassan EB, Zhang H. Fermentation of Detoxified Acid-Hydrolyzed Pyrolytic Anhydrosugars into Bioethanol with Saccharomyces cerevisiae 2.399. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683818010143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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4
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Rother C, Gutmann A, Gudiminchi R, Weber H, Lepak A, Nidetzky B. Biochemical Characterization and Mechanistic Analysis of the Levoglucosan Kinase from Lipomyces starkeyi. Chembiochem 2018; 19:596-603. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201700587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christina Rother
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering; Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz; Petersgasse 12 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Alexander Gutmann
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering; Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz; Petersgasse 12 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Ramakrishna Gudiminchi
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering; Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz; Petersgasse 12 8010 Graz Austria
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology; Petersgasse 14 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Hansjörg Weber
- Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz; Stremayrgasse 9 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Alexander Lepak
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering; Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz; Petersgasse 12 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Bernd Nidetzky
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering; Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz; Petersgasse 12 8010 Graz Austria
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology; Petersgasse 14 8010 Graz Austria
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Jiang L, Wu N, Zheng A, Wang X, Liu M, Zhao Z, He F, Li H, Feng X. Effect of Glycerol Pretreatment on Levoglucosan Production from Corncobs by Fast Pyrolysis. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:E599. [PMID: 30965903 PMCID: PMC6418773 DOI: 10.3390/polym9110599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In this manuscript, glycerol was used in corncobs' pretreatment to promote levoglucosan production by fast pyrolysis first and then was further utilized as raw material for chemicals production by microbial fermentation. The effects of glycerol pretreatment temperatures (220⁻240 °C), time (0.5⁻3 h) and solid-to-liquid ratios (5⁻20%) were investigated. Due to the accumulation of crystalline cellulose and the removal of minerals, the levoglucosan yield was as high as 35.8% from corncobs pretreated by glycerol at 240 for 3 h with a 5% solid-to-liquid ratio, which was obviously higher than that of the control (2.2%). After glycerol pretreatment, the fermentability of the recovered glycerol remaining in the liquid stream from glycerol pretreatment was evaluated by Klebsiella pneumoniae. The results showed that the recovered glycerol had no inhibitory effect on the growth and metabolism of the microbe, which was a promising substrate for fermentation. The value-added applications of glycerol could reduce the cost of biomass pretreatment. Correspondingly, this manuscript offers a green, sustainable, efficient and economic strategy for an integrated biorefinery process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqun Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Nannan Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Anqing Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Ming Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Zengli Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Fang He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Haibin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Xinjun Feng
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
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6
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Lewis AJ, Campa MF, Hazen TC, Borole AP. Unravelling biocomplexity of electroactive biofilms for producing hydrogen from biomass. Microb Biotechnol 2017; 11:84-97. [PMID: 28696037 PMCID: PMC5743829 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.12756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Leveraging nature's biocomplexity for solving human problems requires better understanding of the syntrophic relationships in engineered microbiomes developed in bioreactor systems. Understanding the interactions between microbial players within the community will be key to enhancing conversion and production rates from biomass streams. Here we investigate a bioelectrochemical system employing an enriched microbial consortium for conversion of a switchgrass-derived bio-oil aqueous phase (BOAP) into hydrogen via microbial electrolysis (MEC). MECs offer the potential to produce hydrogen in an integrated fashion in biorefinery platforms and as a means of energy storage through decentralized production to supply hydrogen to fuelling stations, as the world strives to move towards cleaner fuels and electricity-mediated transportation. A unique approach combining differential substrate and redox conditions revealed efficient but rate-limiting fermentation of the compounds within BOAP by the anode microbial community through a division of labour strategy combined with multiple levels of syntrophy. Despite the fermentation limitation, the adapted abilities of the microbial community resulted in a high hydrogen productivity of 9.35 L per L-day. Using pure acetic acid as the substrate instead of the biomass-derived stream resulted in a three-fold improvement in productivity. This high rate of exoelectrogenesis signifies the potential commercial feasibility of MEC technology for integration in biorefineries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex J Lewis
- The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA.,Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831-6226, USA.,Bredesen Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Education, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Maria F Campa
- The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA.,Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831-6226, USA.,Bredesen Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Education, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA.,Institute for Secure and Sustainable Environments, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Terry C Hazen
- The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA.,Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831-6226, USA.,Bredesen Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Education, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA.,Institute for Secure and Sustainable Environments, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Abhijeet P Borole
- The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA.,Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831-6226, USA.,Bredesen Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Education, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA.,Institute for Secure and Sustainable Environments, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
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7
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Jiang L, Wu N, Zheng A, Zhao Z, He F, Li H. The integration of dilute acid hydrolysis of xylan and fast pyrolysis of glucan to obtain fermentable sugars. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2016; 9:196. [PMID: 27651831 PMCID: PMC5022164 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-016-0612-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fermentable sugars are important intermediates in the biological conversion of biomass. Hemicellulose and amorphous cellulose are easily hydrolyzed to fermentable sugars in dilute acid, whereas crystalline cellulose is more difficult to be hydrolyzed. Cellulose fast pyrolysis is an alternative method to liberate valuable fermentable sugars from biomass. The amount of levoglucosan generated from lignocellulose by fast pyrolysis is usually lower than the theoretical yield based on the cellulose fraction. Pretreatment is a promising route to improve the yield of levoglucosan from lignocellulose. RESULTS The integration of dilute sulfuric acid hydrolysis and fast pyrolysis to obtain fermentable sugars was evaluated in this study. Dilute sulfuric acid hydrolysis could remove more than 95.1 and 93.4 % of xylan (the main component of hemicellulose) from sugarcane bagasse and corncob with high yield of xylose. On the other hand, dilute sulfuric acid hydrolysis was also an effective pretreatment to enhance levoglucosan yield from lignocellulose. Dilute acid hydrolysis could accumulate glucan (the component of cellulose) and remove most of the alkali and alkaline earth metals which were powerful catalysts during fast pyrolysis. Further increase in dilute acid concentration (from 0 to 2 %) in pretreatment could promote the yield of levoglucosan in fast pyrolysis. The acid pretreated sugarcane bagasse and corncob gave levoglucosan yields of 43.8 and 35.2 % which were obvious higher than those of raw sugarcane bagasse (12.0 %) and corncob (7.0 %). CONCLUSIONS Obtaining fermentable sugars by combination dilute acid hydrolysis of xylan and fast pyrolysis of glucan could make full utilization of biomass, and get fermentable sugars economically from biomass for bio-refinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqun Jiang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Guangzhou, 510640 China
- Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Guangzhou, 510640 China
| | - Nannan Wu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Guangzhou, 510640 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Anqing Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Guangzhou, 510640 China
| | - Zengli Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Guangzhou, 510640 China
| | - Fang He
- Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Guangzhou, 510640 China
| | - Haibin Li
- Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Guangzhou, 510640 China
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8
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Bacik JP, Jarboe LR. Bioconversion of anhydrosugars: Emerging concepts and strategies. IUBMB Life 2016; 68:700-8. [PMID: 27416973 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
As methods for the use of anhydrosugars in chemical and biofuel production continue to develop, our collective knowledge of anhydrosugar processing enzymes continues to improve, including their mechanistic details, structural dynamics and modes of substrate binding. Of particular interest, anhydrosugar kinases, such as levoglucosan kinase (LGK) and 1,6-anhydro-N-acetylmuramic acid kinase (AnmK), utilize an unusual mechanism whereby the sugar substrate is both cleaved and phosphorylated. The phosphorylated sugar can then be routed to other metabolic pathways, thereby allowing its further bioconversion. Advanced engineering efforts to improve the catalytic efficiency and stability of LGK have been steadily progressing. Other enzymes that cleave the glycosidic bond of disaccharide sugars containing an anhydrosugar component are also being identified and characterized. Accordingly, the potential future use of these enzymes in large-scale production strategies is becoming increasingly viable. Here, a mini-review of the observed characteristics of anhydrosugar processing enzymes is presented along with recent developments in the bioconversion of these sugars. © 2016 IUBMB Life 68(9):700-708, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- John-Paul Bacik
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, 08544
| | - Laura R Jarboe
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011
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9
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Lian J, McKenna R, Rover MR, Nielsen DR, Wen Z, Jarboe LR. Production of biorenewable styrene: utilization of biomass-derived sugars and insights into toxicity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 43:595-604. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-016-1734-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Fermentative production of styrene from glucose has been previously demonstrated in Escherichia coli. Here, we demonstrate the production of styrene from the sugars derived from lignocellulosic biomass depolymerized by fast pyrolysis. A previously engineered styrene-producing strain was further engineered for utilization of the anhydrosugar levoglucosan via expression of levoglucosan kinase. The resulting strain produced 240 ± 3 mg L−1 styrene from pure levoglucosan, similar to the 251 ± 3 mg L−1 produced from glucose. When provided at a concentration of 5 g L−1, pyrolytic sugars supported styrene production at titers similar to those from pure sugars, demonstrating the feasibility of producing this important industrial chemical from biomass-derived sugars. However, the toxicity of contaminant compounds in the biomass-derived sugars and styrene itself limit further gains in production. Styrene toxicity is generally believed to be due to membrane damage. Contrary to this prevailing wisdom, our quantitative assessment during challenge with up to 200 mg L−1 of exogenously provided styrene showed little change in membrane integrity; membrane disruption was observed only during styrene production. Membrane fluidity was also quantified during styrene production, but no changes were observed relative to the non-producing control strain. This observation that styrene production is much more damaging to the membrane integrity than challenge with exogenously supplied styrene provides insight into the mechanism of styrene toxicity and emphasizes the importance of verifying proposed toxicity mechanisms during production instead of relying upon results obtained during exogenous challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieni Lian
- grid.34421.30 0000000419367312 Bioeconomy Institute Iowa State University 50011-2230 Ames IA USA
| | - Rebekah McKenna
- grid.215654.1 0000000121512636 Chemical Engineering, School for Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy Arizona State University Phoenix AZ USA
| | - Marjorie R Rover
- grid.34421.30 0000000419367312 Bioeconomy Institute Iowa State University 50011-2230 Ames IA USA
| | - David R Nielsen
- grid.215654.1 0000000121512636 Chemical Engineering, School for Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy Arizona State University Phoenix AZ USA
| | - Zhiyou Wen
- grid.34421.30 0000000419367312 Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition Iowa State University Ames IA USA
| | - Laura R Jarboe
- grid.34421.30 0000000419367312 Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Iowa State University 3051 Sweeney Hall 50011-2230 Ames IA USA
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10
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Lian J, Choi J, Tan YS, Howe A, Wen Z, Jarboe LR. Identification of Soil Microbes Capable of Utilizing Cellobiosan. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149336. [PMID: 26872347 PMCID: PMC4752346 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 100 million tons of anhydrosugars, such as levoglucosan and cellobiosan, are produced through biomass burning every year. These sugars are also produced through fast pyrolysis, the controlled thermal depolymerization of biomass. While the microbial pathways associated with levoglucosan utilization have been characterized, there is little known about cellobiosan utilization. Here we describe the isolation and characterization of six cellobiosan-utilizing microbes from soil samples. Each of these organisms is capable of using both cellobiosan and levoglucosan as sole carbon source, though both minimal and rich media cellobiosan supported significantly higher biomass production than levoglucosan. Ribosomal sequencing was used to identify the closest reported match for these organisms: Sphingobacterium multivorum, Acinetobacter oleivorans JC3-1, Enterobacter sp SJZ-6, and Microbacterium sps FXJ8.207 and 203 and a fungal species Cryptococcus sp. The commercially-acquired Enterobacter cloacae DSM 16657 showed growth on levoglucosan and cellobiosan, supporting our isolate identification. Analysis of an existing database of 16S rRNA amplicons from Iowa soil samples confirmed the representation of our five bacterial isolates and four previously-reported levoglucosan-utilizing bacterial isolates in other soil samples and provided insight into their population distributions. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA and 18S rRNA of strains previously reported to utilize levoglucosan and our newfound isolates showed that the organisms isolated in this study are distinct from previously described anhydrosugar-utilizing microbial species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieni Lian
- Bioeconomy Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Jinlyung Choi
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Yee Shiean Tan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Adina Howe
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Zhiyou Wen
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Laura R. Jarboe
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Conversion of levoglucosan and cellobiosan by Pseudomonas putida KT2440. Metab Eng Commun 2016; 3:24-29. [PMID: 29468111 PMCID: PMC5779712 DOI: 10.1016/j.meteno.2016.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrolysis offers a straightforward approach for the deconstruction of plant cell wall polymers into bio-oil. Recently, there has been substantial interest in bio-oil fractionation and subsequent use of biological approaches to selectively upgrade some of the resulting fractions. A fraction of particular interest for biological upgrading consists of polysaccharide-derived substrates including sugars and sugar dehydration products such as levoglucosan and cellobiosan, which are two of the most abundant pyrolysis products of cellulose. Levoglucosan can be converted to glucose-6-phosphate through the use of a levoglucosan kinase (LGK), but to date, the mechanism for cellobiosan utilization has not been demonstrated. Here, we engineer the microbe Pseudomonas putida KT2440 to use levoglucosan as a sole carbon and energy source through LGK integration. Moreover, we demonstrate that cellobiosan can be enzymatically converted to levoglucosan and glucose with β-glucosidase enzymes from both Glycoside Hydrolase Family 1 and Family 3. β-glucosidases are commonly used in both natural and industrial cellulase cocktails to convert cellobiose to glucose to relieve cellulase product inhibition and to facilitate microbial uptake of glucose. Using an exogenous β-glucosidase, we demonstrate that the engineered strain of P. putida can grow on levoglucosan up to 60 g/L and can also utilize cellobiosan. Overall, this study elucidates the biological pathway to co-utilize levoglucosan and cellobiosan, which will be a key transformation for the biological upgrading of pyrolysis-derived substrates. Levoglucosan kinase is engineered into Pseudomonas putida KT2440. Cellobiosan can be cleaved to levoglucosan and glucose by β-glucosidases. This provides a path forward to co-utilize levoglucosan and cellobiosan. These transformations will be important for hybrid processing applications.
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12
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Jiang L, Zheng A, Zhao Z, He F, Li H, Wu N. The comparison of obtaining fermentable sugars from cellulose by enzymatic hydrolysis and fast pyrolysis. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2016; 200:8-13. [PMID: 26476158 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.09.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Sugars are one of intermediates in the biological and chemical conversion of biomass. The objective of this study was to make comparison of obtaining fermentable sugars by enzymatic hydrolysis and fast pyrolysis of ball milling pretreated cellulose. After ball milling pretreatment for 0-18h, with the accumulation of alkali and alkali earth metals (from 50.8 to 276.4ppm) and decrease of the crystalline structure (from 89.8% to 10.1%), the hydrolysis yields increased from 23.6% to 56.0% in enzymatic saccharification, while the yields of levoglucosan diminished from 61.5% to 45.6% gradually in fast pyrolysis. Both enzymatic saccharification and fast pyrolysis had unique attractive features and unfavorable limitations. The present research provided a concept for considering choices among the technologies and feedstocks currently available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqun Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Anqing Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Zengli Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Fang He
- Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Haibin Li
- Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Nannan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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13
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Shen Y, Jarboe L, Brown R, Wen Z. A thermochemical–biochemical hybrid processing of lignocellulosic biomass for producing fuels and chemicals. Biotechnol Adv 2015; 33:1799-813. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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14
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Jiang L, Zheng A, Zhao Z, He F, Li H. Comprehensive utilization of glycerol from sugarcane bagasse pretreatment to fermentation. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2015; 196:194-9. [PMID: 26241838 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.07.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the effects of glycerol pretreatment on subsequent glycerol fermentation and biomass fast pyrolysis were investigated. The liquid fraction from the pretreatment process was evaluated to be feasible for fermentation by Paenibacillus polymyxa and could be an economic substrate. The pretreated biomass was further utilized to obtain levoglucosan by fast pyrolysis. The pretreated sugarcane bagasse exhibited significantly higher levoglucosan yield (47.70%) than that of un-pretreated sample (11.25%). The promotion could likely be attributed to the effective removal of alkali and alkaline earth metals by glycerol pretreatment. This research developed an economically viable manufacturing paradigm to utilize glycerol comprehensively and enhance the formation of levoglucosan effectively from lignocellulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqun Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Anqing Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Zengli Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Fang He
- Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Haibin Li
- Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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15
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Islam ZU, Zhisheng Y, Hassan EB, Dongdong C, Hongxun Z. Microbial conversion of pyrolytic products to biofuels: a novel and sustainable approach toward second-generation biofuels. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 42:1557-79. [PMID: 26433384 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-015-1687-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights the potential of the pyrolysis-based biofuels production, bio-ethanol in particular, and lipid in general as an alternative and sustainable solution for the rising environmental concerns and rapidly depleting natural fuel resources. Levoglucosan (1,6-anhydrous-β-D-glucopyranose) is the major anhydrosugar compound resulting from the degradation of cellulose during the fast pyrolysis process of biomass and thus the most attractive fermentation substrate in the bio-oil. The challenges for pyrolysis-based biorefineries are the inefficient detoxification strategies, and the lack of naturally available efficient and suitable fermentation organisms that could ferment the levoglucosan directly into bio-ethanol. In case of indirect fermentation, acid hydrolysis is used to convert levoglucosan into glucose and subsequently to ethanol and lipids via fermentation biocatalysts, however the presence of fermentation inhibitors poses a big hurdle to successful fermentation relative to pure glucose. Among the detoxification strategies studied so far, over-liming, extraction with solvents like (n-butanol, ethyl acetate), and activated carbon seem very promising, but still further research is required for the optimization of existing detoxification strategies as well as developing new ones. In order to make the pyrolysis-based biofuel production a more efficient as well as cost-effective process, direct fermentation of pyrolysis oil-associated fermentable sugars, especially levoglucosan is highlly desirable. This can be achieved either by expanding the search to identify naturally available direct levoglusoan utilizers or modify the existing fermentation biocatalysts (yeasts and bacteria) with direct levoglucosan pathway coupled with tolerance engineering could significantly improve the overall performance of these microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zia Ul Islam
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhisheng
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China.
| | - El Barbary Hassan
- Department of Sustainable Bioproducts, Mississippi State University, Box 9820, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA
| | - Chang Dongdong
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhang Hongxun
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
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16
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Kim EM, Um Y, Bott M, Woo HM. Engineering ofCorynebacterium glutamicumfor growth and succinate production from levoglucosan, a pyrolytic sugar substrate. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2015; 362:fnv161. [DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnv161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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17
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Bacik JP, Klesmith JR, Whitehead TA, Jarboe LR, Unkefer CJ, Mark BL, Michalczyk R. Producing glucose 6-phosphate from cellulosic biomass: structural insights into levoglucosan bioconversion. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:26638-48. [PMID: 26354439 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.674614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The most abundant carbohydrate product of cellulosic biomass pyrolysis is the anhydrosugar levoglucosan (1,6-anhydro-β-d-glucopyranose), which can be converted to glucose 6-phosphate by levoglucosan kinase (LGK). In addition to the canonical kinase phosphotransfer reaction, the conversion requires cleavage of the 1,6-anhydro ring to allow ATP-dependent phosphorylation of the sugar O6 atom. Using x-ray crystallography, we show that LGK binds two magnesium ions in the active site that are additionally coordinated with the nucleotide and water molecules to result in ideal octahedral coordination. To further verify the metal binding sites, we co-crystallized LGK in the presence of manganese instead of magnesium and solved the structure de novo using the anomalous signal from four manganese atoms in the dimeric structure. The first metal is required for catalysis, whereas our work suggests that the second is either required or significantly promotes the catalytic rate. Although the enzyme binds its sugar substrate in a similar orientation to the structurally related 1,6-anhydro-N-acetylmuramic acid kinase (AnmK), it forms markedly fewer bonding interactions with the substrate. In this orientation, the sugar is in an optimal position to couple phosphorylation with ring cleavage. We also observed a second alternate binding orientation for levoglucosan, and in these structures, ADP was found to bind with lower affinity. These combined observations provide an explanation for the high Km of LGK for levoglucosan. Greater knowledge of the factors that contribute to the catalytic efficiency of LGK can be used to improve applications of this enzyme for levoglucosan-derived biofuel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- John-Paul Bacik
- From the Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,
| | | | - Timothy A Whitehead
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Laura R Jarboe
- the Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, and
| | - Clifford J Unkefer
- From the Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545
| | - Brian L Mark
- the Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Ryszard Michalczyk
- From the Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545
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18
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Dai J, Qu H, Yu Z, Yang J, Zhang H. Computational analysis of AnmK-like kinase: New insights into the cell wall metabolism of fungi. J Theor Biol 2015; 379:59-65. [PMID: 25979372 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2015.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
1,6-Anhydro-N-acetylmuramic acid kinase (AnmK) is the unique enzyme that marks the recycling of the cell wall of Escherichia coli. Here, 81 fungal AnmK-like kinase sequences from 57 fungal species were searched in the NCBI database and a phylogenetic tree was constructed. The three-dimensional structure of an AnmK-like kinase, levoglucosan kinase (LGK) of the yeast Lipomyces starkeyi, was modeled; molecular docking revealed that AnmK and LGK are conserved proteins, and 187Asp, 212Asp are enzymatic residues, respectively. Analysis suggests that 1,6-anhydro-N-acetylglucosamine (anhGlcNAc) and/or 1,6-anhydro-β-d-glucosamine (anhGlcN) would be the appropriate substrates of AnmK-like kinases. Also, the counterparts of other characteristic enzymes of cell wall recycling of bacteria were found in fungi. Taken together, it is proposed that a putative recycling of anhGlcNAc/anhGlcN, which is associated with the hydrolysis of cell walls, exists in fungi. This computational analysis will provide new insights into the metabolism of fungal cell walls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianghong Dai
- School of Biology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, No. 68 Xuefu Road (S), Evergreen Garden, Wuhan 430023, PR China; College of Resources & Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, PR China.
| | - Hong Qu
- Center for Bioinformatics, State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, No. 5 Yiheyuan Road, Beijing 100871, PR China.
| | - Zhisheng Yu
- College of Resources & Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Jiangke Yang
- School of Biology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, No. 68 Xuefu Road (S), Evergreen Garden, Wuhan 430023, PR China
| | - Hongxun Zhang
- College of Resources & Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, PR China
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19
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Jiang L, Zheng A, Zhao Z, He F, Li H, Liu W. Obtaining fermentable sugars by dilute acid hydrolysis of hemicellulose and fast pyrolysis of cellulose. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2015; 182:364-367. [PMID: 25690683 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to get fermentable sugars by dilute acid hydrolysis of hemicellulose and fast pyrolysis of cellulose from sugarcane bagasse. Hemicellulose could be easily hydrolyzed by dilute acid as sugars. The remained solid residue of acid hydrolysis was utilized to get levoglucosan by fast pyrolysis economically. Levoglucosan yield from crystalline cellulose could be as high as 61.47%. Dilute acid hydrolysis was also a promising pretreatment for levoglucosan production from lignocellulose. The dilute acid pretreated sugarcane bagasse resulted in higher levoglucosan yield (40.50%) in fast pyrolysis by micropyrolyzer, which was more effective than water washed (29.10%) and un-pretreated (12.84%). It was mainly ascribed to the effective removal of alkali and alkaline earth metals and the accumulation of crystalline cellulose. This strategy seems a promising route to achieve inexpensive fermentable sugars from lignocellulose for biorefinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqun Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Anqing Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Zengli Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Fang He
- Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Haibin Li
- Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Weiguo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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20
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Luque L, Westerhof R, Van Rossum G, Oudenhoven S, Kersten S, Berruti F, Rehmann L. Pyrolysis based bio-refinery for the production of bioethanol from demineralized ligno-cellulosic biomass. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2014; 161:20-28. [PMID: 24681340 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This paper evaluates a novel biorefinery approach for the conversion of lignocellulosic biomass from pinewood. A combination of thermochemical and biochemical conversion was chosen with the main product being ethanol. Fast pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomasss with fractional condensation of the products was used as the thermochemical process to obtain a pyrolysis-oil rich in anhydro-sugars (levoglucosan) and low in inhibitors. After hydrolysis of these anhydro-sugars, glucose was obtained which was successfully fermented, after detoxification, to obtain bioethanol. Ethanol yields comparable to traditional biochemical processing were achieved (41.3% of theoretical yield based on cellulose fraction). Additional benefits of the proposed biorefinery concept comprise valuable by-products of the thermochemical conversion like bio-char, mono-phenols (production of BTX) and pyrolytic lignin as a source of aromatic rich fuel additive. The inhibitory effect of thermochemically derived fermentation substrates was quantified numerically to compare the effects of different process configurations and upgrading steps within the biorefinery approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Luque
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Roel Westerhof
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street London, Ontario, Canada; Sustainable Process Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Guus Van Rossum
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street London, Ontario, Canada; Sustainable Process Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Stijn Oudenhoven
- Sustainable Process Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Sascha Kersten
- Sustainable Process Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Franco Berruti
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lars Rehmann
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street London, Ontario, Canada.
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21
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Lian J, Garcia-Perez M, Chen S. Fermentation of levoglucosan with oleaginous yeasts for lipid production. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013; 133:183-189. [PMID: 23425586 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2012] [Revised: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports the production of lipids from non-hydrolyzed levoglucosan (LG) by oleaginous yeasts Rhodosporidium toruloides and Rhodotorula glutinis. Enzyme activity tests of LG kinases from both yeasts indicated that the phosphorylation pathway of LG to glucose-6-phosphate existed. The highest enzyme activity obtained for R. glutinis was 0.22 U/mg of protein. The highest cell mass and lipid production by R. glutinis were 6.8 and 2.7 g/L, respectively from pure LG, and 3.3 and 0.78 g/L from a pyrolytic LG aqueous phase detoxified by ethyl acetate extraction, rotary evaporation and activated carbon. This corresponded to a lipid yield of 13.5 wt.% for pure LG and only 3.9 wt.% for LG in pyrolysis oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieni Lian
- Biological Systems Engineering Department, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6120, USA
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22
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Jarboe LR, Liu P, Kautharapu KB, Ingram LO. Optimization of enzyme parameters for fermentative production of biorenewable fuels and chemicals. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2012; 3:e201210005. [PMID: 24688665 PMCID: PMC3962213 DOI: 10.5936/csbj.201210005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2012] [Revised: 10/21/2012] [Accepted: 10/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial biocatalysts such as Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae have been extensively subjected to Metabolic Engineering for the fermentative production of biorenewable fuels and chemicals. This often entails the introduction of new enzymes, deletion of unwanted enzymes and efforts to fine-tune enzyme abundance in order to attain the desired strain performance. Enzyme performance can be quantitatively described in terms of the Michaelis-Menten type parameters Km, turnover number kcat and Ki, which roughly describe the affinity of an enzyme for its substrate, the speed of a reaction and the enzyme sensitivity to inhibition by regulatory molecules. Here we describe examples of where knowledge of these parameters have been used to select, evolve or engineer enzymes for the desired performance and enabled increased production of biorenewable fuels and chemicals. Examples include production of ethanol, isobutanol, 1-butanol and tyrosine and furfural tolerance. The Michaelis-Menten parameters can also be used to judge the cofactor dependence of enzymes and quantify their preference for NADH or NADPH. Similarly, enzymes can be selected, evolved or engineered for the preferred cofactor preference. Examples of exporter engineering and selection are also discussed in the context of production of malate, valine and limonene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura R Jarboe
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA ; Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Ping Liu
- Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | | | - Lonnie O Ingram
- Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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23
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Layton DS, Ajjarapu A, Choi DW, Jarboe LR. Engineering ethanologenic Escherichia coli for levoglucosan utilization. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2011; 102:8318-22. [PMID: 21719279 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Revised: 06/02/2011] [Accepted: 06/03/2011] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Levoglucosan is a major product of biomass pyrolysis. While this pyrolyzed biomass, also known as bio-oil, contains sugars that are an attractive fermentation substrate, commonly-used biocatalysts, such as Escherichia coli, lack the ability to metabolize this anhydrosugar. It has previously been shown that recombinant expression of the levoglucosan kinase enzyme enables use of levoglucosan as carbon and energy source. Here, ethanologenic E. coli KO11 was engineered for levoglucosan utilization by recombinant expression of levoglucosan kinase from Lipomyces starkeyi. Our engineering strategy uses a codon-optimized gene that has been chromosomally integrated within the pyruvate to ethanol (PET) operon and does not require additional antibiotics or inducers. Not only does this engineered strain use levoglucosan as sole carbon source, but it also ferments levoglucosan to ethanol. This work demonstrates that existing biocatalysts can be easily modified for levoglucosan utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donovan S Layton
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, United States
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24
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Jarboe LR, Wen Z, Choi D, Brown RC. Hybrid thermochemical processing: fermentation of pyrolysis-derived bio-oil. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 91:1519-23. [PMID: 21789490 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3495-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Revised: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 07/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Thermochemical processing of biomass by fast pyrolysis provides a nonenzymatic route for depolymerization of biomass into sugars that can be used for the biological production of fuels and chemicals. Fermentative utilization of this bio-oil faces two formidable challenges. First is the fact that most bio-oil-associated sugars are present in the anhydrous form. Metabolic engineering has enabled utilization of the main anhydrosugar, levoglucosan, in workhorse biocatalysts. The second challenge is the fact that bio-oil is rich in microbial inhibitors. Collection of bio-oil in distinct fractions, detoxification of bio-oil prior to fermentation, and increased robustness of the biocatalyst have all proven effective methods for addressing this inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura R Jarboe
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.
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25
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Bacik JP, Whitworth GE, Stubbs KA, Yadav AK, Martin DR, Bailey-Elkin BA, Vocadlo DJ, Mark BL. Molecular basis of 1,6-anhydro bond cleavage and phosphoryl transfer by Pseudomonas aeruginosa 1,6-anhydro-N-acetylmuramic acid kinase. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:12283-91. [PMID: 21288904 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.198317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Anhydro-N-acetylmuramic acid kinase (AnmK) catalyzes the ATP-dependent conversion of the Gram-negative peptidoglycan (PG) recycling intermediate 1,6-anhydro-N-acetylmuramic acid (anhMurNAc) to N-acetylmuramic acid-6-phosphate (MurNAc-6-P). Here we present crystal structures of Pseudomonas aeruginosa AnmK in complex with its natural substrate, anhMurNAc, and a product of the reaction, ADP. AnmK is homodimeric, with each subunit comprised of two subdomains that are separated by a deep active site cleft, which bears similarity to the ATPase core of proteins belonging to the hexokinase-hsp70-actin superfamily of proteins. The conversion of anhMurNAc to MurNAc-6-P involves both cleavage of the 1,6-anhydro ring of anhMurNAc along with addition of a phosphoryl group to O6 of the sugar, and thus represents an unusual enzymatic mechanism involving the formal addition of H3PO4 to anhMurNAc. The structural complexes and NMR analysis of the reaction suggest that a water molecule, activated by Asp-182, attacks the anomeric carbon of anhMurNAc, aiding cleavage of the 1,6-anhydro bond and facilitating the capture of the γ phosphate of ATP by O6 via an in-line phosphoryl transfer. AnmK is active only against anhMurNAc and not the metabolically related 1,6-anhydro-N-acetylmuramyl peptides, suggesting that the cytosolic N-acetyl-anhydromuramyl-l-alanine amidase AmpD must first remove the stem peptide from these PG muropeptide catabolites before anhMurNAc can be acted upon by AnmK. Our studies provide the foundation for a mechanistic model for the dual activities of AnmK as a hydrolase and a kinase of an unusual heterocyclic monosaccharide.
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Affiliation(s)
- John-Paul Bacik
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
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26
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Dai J, Yu Z, He Y, Zhang L, Bai Z, Dong Z, Du Y, Zhang H. Cloning of a novel levoglucosan kinase gene from Lipomyces starkeyi and its expression in Escherichia coli. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-009-0048-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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27
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How bacteria consume their own exoskeletons (turnover and recycling of cell wall peptidoglycan). Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2008; 72:211-27, table of contents. [PMID: 18535144 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00027-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY The phenomenon of peptidoglycan recycling is reviewed. Gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli break down and reuse over 60% of the peptidoglycan of their side wall each generation. Recycling of newly made peptidoglycan during septum synthesis occurs at an even faster rate. Nine enzymes, one permease, and one periplasmic binding protein in E. coli that appear to have as their sole function the recovery of degradation products from peptidoglycan, thereby making them available for the cell to resynthesize more peptidoglycan or to use as an energy source, have been identified. It is shown that all of the amino acids and amino sugars of peptidoglycan are recycled. The discovery and properties of the individual proteins and the pathways involved are presented. In addition, the possible role of various peptidoglycan degradation products in the induction of beta-lactamase is discussed.
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28
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Ning J, Yu Z, Xie H, Zhang H, Zhuang G, Bai Z, Yang S, Jiang Y. Purification and characterization of levoglucosan kinase from Lipomyces starkeyi YZ-215. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-007-9432-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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29
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Xie H, Zhuang X, Bai Z, Qi H, Zhang H. Isolation of levoglucosan-assimilating microorganisms from soil and an investigation of their levoglucosan kinases. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-006-9133-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Schkolnik G, Rudich Y. Detection and quantification of levoglucosan in atmospheric aerosols: a review. Anal Bioanal Chem 2005; 385:26-33. [PMID: 16317539 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-005-0168-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2005] [Revised: 10/08/2005] [Accepted: 10/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Levoglucosan is a tracer for biomass burning sources in atmospheric aerosol particles. Therefore, much effort has been recently put into developing methods for its quantification. This review describes and compares both established and emerging analytical methods for levoglucosan quantification in ambient aerosol samples, with the special needs of the environmental analytical chemist in mind.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gal Schkolnik
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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31
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Xie HJ, Zhuang XL, Zhang HX, Bai ZH, Qi HY. Screening and identification of the levoglucosan kinase gene (lgk) fromAspergillus nigerby LC-ESI-MS/MS and RT-PCR. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2005; 251:313-9. [PMID: 16165323 DOI: 10.1016/j.femsle.2005.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2005] [Revised: 08/08/2005] [Accepted: 08/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A protein of 75,000 Daltons with levoglucosan kinase activity was purified from Aspergillus niger. After in-gel digestion by trypsin, a 14-mer peptide was sequenced and analyzed by LC-ESI-MS/MS. Using a primer derived from the 14-mer peptide in combination with Oligo-(dT)18, a cDNA fragment was obtained by RT-PCR. A search of the GenBank database indicated that the protein had not been identified before. A similar protein named hypothetical protein FG07802.1 (EAA77996.1) was found to exist in Gibberella zeae by Blastx search. Using a primer derived from the protein, a cDNA fragment of second RT-PCR was cloned into plasmid pAJ401, which was transformed to Saccharomyces cerevisiae H158 and expressed. Two positive levoglucosan assimilating recombinants were selected. The lgk gene was screened and identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-jun Xie
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China
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Uehara T, Suefuji K, Valbuena N, Meehan B, Donegan M, Park JT. Recycling of the anhydro-N-acetylmuramic acid derived from cell wall murein involves a two-step conversion to N-acetylglucosamine-phosphate. J Bacteriol 2005; 187:3643-9. [PMID: 15901686 PMCID: PMC1112033 DOI: 10.1128/jb.187.11.3643-3649.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli breaks down over 60% of the murein of its side wall and reuses the component amino acids to synthesize about 25% of the cell wall for the next generation. The amino sugars of the murein are also efficiently recycled. Here we show that the 1,6-anhydro-N-acetylmuramic acid (anhMurNAc) is returned to the biosynthetic pathway by conversion to N-acetylglucosamine-phosphate (GlcNAc-P). The sugar is first phosphorylated by anhydro-N-acetylmuramic acid kinase (AnmK), yielding MurNAc-P, and this is followed by action of an etherase which cleaves the bond between D-lactic acid and the N-acetylglucosamine moiety of MurNAc-P, yielding GlcNAc-P. The kinase gene has been identified by a reverse genetics method. The enzyme was overexpressed, purified, and characterized. The cell extract of an anmK deletion mutant totally lacked activity on anhMurNAc. Surprisingly, in the anmK mutant, anhMurNAc did not accumulate in the cytoplasm but instead was found in the medium, indicating that there was rapid efflux of free anhMurNAc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Uehara
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA
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