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Kleschyov AL, Zhuge Z, Schiffer TA, Guimarães DD, Zhang G, Montenegro MF, Tesse A, Weitzberg E, Carlström M, Lundberg JO. NO-ferroheme is a signaling entity in the vasculature. Nat Chem Biol 2023; 19:1267-1275. [PMID: 37710073 PMCID: PMC10522487 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-023-01411-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Despite wide appreciation of the biological role of nitric oxide (NO) synthase (NOS) signaling, questions remain about the chemical nature of NOS-derived bioactivity. Here we show that NO-like bioactivity can be efficiently transduced by mobile NO-ferroheme species, which can transfer between proteins, partition into a hydrophobic phase and directly activate the sGC-cGMP-PKG pathway without intermediacy of free NO. The NO-ferroheme species (with or without a protein carrier) efficiently relax isolated blood vessels and induce hypotension in rodents, which is greatly potentiated after the blockade of NOS activity. While free NO-induced relaxations are abolished by an NO scavenger and in the presence of red blood cells or blood plasma, a model compound, NO-ferroheme-myoglobin preserves its vasoactivity suggesting the physiological relevance of NO-ferroheme species. We conclude that NO-ferroheme behaves as a signaling entity in the vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei L Kleschyov
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden.
- Freiberg Instruments GmbH, Freiberg, Germany.
| | - Zhengbing Zhuge
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Tomas A Schiffer
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Drielle D Guimarães
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Gensheng Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children's Regional Medical Center, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Marcelo F Montenegro
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, the Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Angela Tesse
- Nantes Université, INSERM, CNRS, UMR1087, l'Institut du Thorax, Nantes, France
| | - Eddie Weitzberg
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Mattias Carlström
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Jon O Lundberg
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
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2
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Liu R, Kang Y, Chen L. Activation mechanism of human soluble guanylate cyclase by stimulators and activators. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5492. [PMID: 34535643 PMCID: PMC8448884 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25617-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) is the receptor for nitric oxide (NO) in human. It is an important validated drug target for cardiovascular diseases. sGC can be pharmacologically activated by stimulators and activators. However, the detailed structural mechanisms, through which sGC is recognized and positively modulated by these drugs at high spacial resolution, are poorly understood. Here, we present cryo-electron microscopy structures of human sGC in complex with NO and sGC stimulators, YC-1 and riociguat, and also in complex with the activator cinaciguat. These structures uncover the molecular details of how stimulators interact with residues from both β H-NOX and CC domains, to stabilize sGC in the extended active conformation. In contrast, cinaciguat occupies the haem pocket in the β H-NOX domain and sGC shows both inactive and active conformations. These structures suggest a converged mechanism of sGC activation by pharmacological compounds. Soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) is a validated drug target for cardiovascular diseases. Here, the authors report structures of human sGC in complex with NO and sGC stimulators or activator, providing insight into the mechanism of sGC activation by pharmacological compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, College of Future Technology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
| | - Yunlu Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, College of Future Technology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, College of Future Technology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China. .,Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China. .,Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China.
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3
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Maturation, inactivation, and recovery mechanisms of soluble guanylyl cyclase. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100336. [PMID: 33508317 PMCID: PMC7949132 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) is a heme-containing heterodimeric enzyme that generates many molecules of cGMP in response to its ligand nitric oxide (NO); sGC thereby acts as an amplifier in NO-driven biological signaling cascades. Because sGC helps regulate the cardiovascular, neuronal, and gastrointestinal systems through its cGMP production, boosting sGC activity and preventing or reversing sGC inactivation are important therapeutic and pharmacologic goals. Work over the last two decades is uncovering the processes by which sGC matures to become functional, how sGC is inactivated, and how sGC is rescued from damage. A diverse group of small molecules and proteins have been implicated in these processes, including NO itself, reactive oxygen species, cellular heme, cell chaperone Hsp90, and various redox enzymes as well as pharmacologic sGC agonists. This review highlights their participation and provides an update on the processes that enable sGC maturation, drive its inactivation, or assist in its recovery in various settings within the cell, in hopes of reaching a better understanding of how sGC function is regulated in health and disease.
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4
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Elgert C, Rühle A, Sandner P, Behrends S. A novel soluble guanylyl cyclase activator, BR 11257, acts as a non-stabilising partial agonist of sGC. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 163:142-153. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Sömmer A, Sandner P, Behrends S. BAY 60–2770 activates two isoforms of nitric oxide sensitive guanylyl cyclase: Evidence for stable insertion of activator drugs. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 147:10-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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6
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Kollau A, Opelt M, Wölkart G, Gorren ACF, Russwurm M, Koesling D, Mayer B, Schrammel A. Irreversible Activation and Stabilization of Soluble Guanylate Cyclase by the Protoporphyrin IX Mimetic Cinaciguat. Mol Pharmacol 2017; 93:73-78. [PMID: 29138269 PMCID: PMC5916872 DOI: 10.1124/mol.117.109918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Belonging to the class of so-called soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) activators, cinaciguat and BAY 60-2770 are interesting therapeutic tools for the treatment of various cardiovascular pathologies. The drugs are supposed to preferentially stimulate oxidized or heme-depleted, but not native sGC. Since this concept has been challenged by studies demonstrating complete relaxation of nondiseased vessels, this study was designed to reinvestigate the mode of action in greater detail. To this purpose, the effect of cinaciguat was studied on vessel tone of porcine coronary arteries and rat thoracic aortas. Organ bath studies showed that the compound caused time- and concentration-dependent relaxation of precontracted vessels with a maximal effect observed at 90 minutes. The dilatory response was not affected by extensive washout of the drug. Cinaciguat-induced vasodilation was associated with a time- and concentration-dependent increase of cGMP levels. Experiments with purified sGC in the presence of Tween 20 showed that cinaciguat activates the heme-free enzyme in a concentration-dependent manner with an EC50 value of ~0.2 μM and maximal cGMP formation at 10 μM. By contrast, the effect of cinaciguat on 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo-[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one–oxidized (ferric) sGC was moderate, reaching ~10%–15% of maximal activity. Dilution experiments of cinaciguat/Tween 20–preincubated sGC revealed the irreversible character of the drug. Assuming a sensitive balance between heme-free, ferric, and nitric oxide–sensitive ferrous sGC in cells and tissues, we propose that cinaciguat by virtue of its irreversible mode of action is capable of shifting this equilibrium toward the heme-free apo-sGC species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Kollau
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, Graz, Austria (A.K., M.O., G.W., A.C.F.G., B.M., A.S.); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany (M.R., D.K.)
| | - Marissa Opelt
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, Graz, Austria (A.K., M.O., G.W., A.C.F.G., B.M., A.S.); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany (M.R., D.K.)
| | - Gerald Wölkart
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, Graz, Austria (A.K., M.O., G.W., A.C.F.G., B.M., A.S.); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany (M.R., D.K.)
| | - Antonius C F Gorren
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, Graz, Austria (A.K., M.O., G.W., A.C.F.G., B.M., A.S.); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany (M.R., D.K.)
| | - Michael Russwurm
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, Graz, Austria (A.K., M.O., G.W., A.C.F.G., B.M., A.S.); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany (M.R., D.K.)
| | - Doris Koesling
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, Graz, Austria (A.K., M.O., G.W., A.C.F.G., B.M., A.S.); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany (M.R., D.K.)
| | - Bernd Mayer
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, Graz, Austria (A.K., M.O., G.W., A.C.F.G., B.M., A.S.); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany (M.R., D.K.)
| | - Astrid Schrammel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, Graz, Austria (A.K., M.O., G.W., A.C.F.G., B.M., A.S.); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany (M.R., D.K.)
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Tawa M, Shimosato T, Iwasaki H, Imamura T, Okamura T. Effects of hydrogen peroxide on relaxation through the NO/sGC/cGMP pathway in isolated rat iliac arteries. Free Radic Res 2016; 49:1479-87. [PMID: 26334090 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2015.1089987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The production of reactive oxygen species, including hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)), is increased in diseased blood vessels. Although H(2)O(2) leads to impairment of the nitric oxide (NO)/soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC)/cGMP signaling pathway, it is not clear whether this reactive molecule affects the redox state of sGC, a key determinant of NO bioavailability. To clarify this issue, mechanical responses of endothelium-denuded rat external iliac arteries to BAY 41-2272 (sGC stimulator), BAY 60-2770 (sGC activator), nitroglycerin (NO donor), acidified NaNO(2) (exogenous NO) and 8-Br-cGMP (cGMP analog) were studied under exposure to H(2)O(2). The relaxant response to BAY 41-2272 (pD2: 6.79 ± 0.10 and 6.62 ± 0.17), BAY 60-2770 (pD2: 9.57 ± 0.06 and 9.34 ± 0.15) or 8-Br-cGMP (pD2: 5.19 ± 0.06 and 5.24 ± 0.08) was not apparently affected by exposure to H(2)O(2). In addition, vascular cGMP production stimulated with BAY 41-2272 or BAY 60-2770 in the presence of H(2)O(2) was identical to that in its absence. On the other hand, nitroglycerin-induced relaxation was markedly attenuated by exposing the arteries to H(2)O(2) (pD2: 8.73 ± 0.05 and 8.30 ± 0.05), which was normalized in the presence of catalase (pD2: 8.59 ± 0.05). Likewise, H(2)O(2) exposure impaired the relaxant response to acidified NaNO(2) (pD2: 6.52 ± 0.17 and 6.09 ± 0.16). These findings suggest that H(2)O(2) interferes with the NO-mediated action, but the sGC redox equilibrium and the downstream target(s) of cGMP are unlikely to be affected in the vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Tawa
- a Department of Pharmacology , Shiga University of Medical Science , Otsu , Shiga , Japan
| | - Takashi Shimosato
- a Department of Pharmacology , Shiga University of Medical Science , Otsu , Shiga , Japan
| | - Hirotaka Iwasaki
- a Department of Pharmacology , Shiga University of Medical Science , Otsu , Shiga , Japan
| | - Takeshi Imamura
- a Department of Pharmacology , Shiga University of Medical Science , Otsu , Shiga , Japan
| | - Tomio Okamura
- a Department of Pharmacology , Shiga University of Medical Science , Otsu , Shiga , Japan
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8
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Different influences of extracellular and intracellular superoxide on relaxation through the NO/sGC/cGMP pathway in isolated rat iliac arteries. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2016; 65:160-7. [PMID: 25329747 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Superoxide production is increased in diseased blood vessels, which is considered to lead to impairment of the nitric oxide (NO)/soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC)/cGMP pathway. To investigate the respective influence of extracellular and intracellular superoxide on vascular function through the NO/sGC/cGMP pathway, mechanical responses of rat external iliac arteries without endothelium were studied under exposure to a superoxide-generating agent, pyrogallol, or menadione. Exposure to pyrogallol impaired the relaxation induced by acidified NaNO2 (exogenous NO) but not that by nitroglycerin (organic nitrate), BAY 41-2272 (sGC stimulator), BAY 60-2770 (sGC activator), or 8-Br-cGMP (cGMP analog). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and tempol restored the impaired relaxation by acidified NaNO2. Superoxide production in the bathing solution, but not in artery segments, was significantly increased by exposure to pyrogallol, which was abolished in the presence of SOD or tempol. However, exposure to menadione impaired the relaxant response to acidified NaNO2, nitroglycerin, or BAY 41-2272, whereas it augmented that to BAY 60-2770. Also, this exposure had no effect on the 8-Br-cGMP-induced vasorelxation. Superoxide production in artery segments was dramatically enhanced by exposure to menadione, whereas that in the bathing solution was not affected. This increase in vascular superoxide production was normalized by tempol but not by SOD. These findings suggest that extracellular superoxide reacts with NO only outside the cell, whereas intracellular superoxide not only scavenges NO inside the cell but also shifts the sGC redox equilibrium.
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9
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Tawa M, Shimosato T, Iwasaki H, Imamura T, Okamura T. Effects of peroxynitrite on relaxation through the NO/sGC/cGMP pathway in isolated rat iliac arteries. J Vasc Res 2015; 51:439-46. [PMID: 25634663 DOI: 10.1159/000371491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS The present study investigated the mechanism by which peroxynitrite impairs vascular function through the nitric oxide (NO)/soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC)/cGMP pathway. METHODS Mechanical responses of rat external iliac arteries without endothelium were studied under exposure to peroxynitrite. cGMP concentrations were determined by enzyme immunoassay. RESULTS Relaxation induced by BAY 41-2272 (sGC stimulator) was impaired under exposure to peroxynitrite, whereas that by BAY 60-2770 (sGC activator) was enhanced. These responses were correlated with tissue levels of cGMP. Effects of peroxynitrite on the relaxant responses to BAY compounds were also observed in the presence of superoxide dismutase (SOD) or tempol, both of which scavenge a certain kind of reactive molecules other than peroxynitrite. As is the case with the relaxant response to BAY 41-2272, acidified NaNO2- and nitroglycerin-induced relaxations were markedly attenuated by exposing the arteries to peroxynitrite, which was not abolished by preincubation with SOD or tempol. On the other hand, peroxynitrite exposure had no effect on the 8-Br-cGMP-induced vasorelxation. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that peroxynitrite interferes with the NO/sGC/cGMP pathway by altering the redox state of sGC. It is likely that peroxynitrite can shift the sGC redox equilibrium to the NO-insensitive state in the vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Tawa
- Department of Pharmacology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
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Winter MB, Woodward JJ, Marletta MA. An Escherichia coli expression-based approach for porphyrin substitution in heme proteins. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 987:95-106. [PMID: 23475670 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-321-3_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The ability to replace the native heme cofactor of proteins with an unnatural porphyrin of interest affords new opportunities to study heme protein chemistry and engineer heme proteins for new functions. Previous methods for porphyrin substitution rely on removal of the native heme followed by porphyrin reconstitution. However, conditions required to remove the native heme often lead to denaturation, limiting success at heme replacement. An expression-based strategy for porphyrin substitution was developed to circumvent the heme removal and reconstitution steps, whereby unnatural porphyrin incorporation occurs under biological conditions. The approach uses the RP523 strain of Escherichia coli, which has a deletion of a key gene involved in heme biosynthesis and is permeable to porphyrins. The expression-based strategy for porphyrin substitution detailed here is a robust platform to generate heme proteins containing unnatural porphyrins for diverse applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Winter
- Department of Chemistry, California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
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Schmidt PM, Stasch JP. Receptor binding assay for NO-independent activators of soluble guanylate cyclase. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 1020:205-214. [PMID: 23709035 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-459-3_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The characterization of the interaction between a ligand and its receptor is crucial for a broad variety of applications in academia as well as in the pharmaceutical industry. Although various sophisticated high-throughput technologies have been established to investigate the binding of ligands to their receptors, classical filtration-based receptor binding assays still have some advantages when smaller number of samples need to be tested. Here we describe a technically easy, cheap, and reliable receptor binding assay that was successfully applied to determine the binding constant of the NO-independent activator of soluble guanylate cyclase, cinaciguat, and the impact of other small molecules on its interaction with the enzyme.
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12
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Winter MB, McLaurin EJ, Reece SY, Olea C, Nocera DG, Marletta MA. Ru-porphyrin protein scaffolds for sensing O2. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:5582-3. [PMID: 20373741 DOI: 10.1021/ja101527r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hemoprotein-based scaffolds containing phosphorescent ruthenium(II) CO mesoporphyrin IX (RuMP) are reported here for oxygen (O(2)) sensing in biological contexts. RuMP was incorporated into the protein scaffolds during protein expression utilizing a novel method that we have described previously. A high-resolution (2.00 A) crystal structure revealed that the unnatural porphyrin binds to the proteins in a manner similar to the native heme and does not perturb the protein fold. The protein scaffolds were found to provide unique coordination environments for RuMP and modulate the porphyrin emission properties. Emission lifetime measurements demonstrate a linear O(2) response within the physiological range and precision comparable to commercial O(2) sensors. The RuMP proteins are robust, readily modifiable platforms and display promising O(2) sensing properties for future in vivo applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Winter
- Department of Chemistry, QB3 Institute, and Division of Physical Biosciences, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-3220, USA
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Wang Y, Liu H, McKenzie G, Witting PK, Stasch JP, Hahn M, Changsirivathanathamrong D, Wu BJ, Ball HJ, Thomas SR, Kapoor V, Celermajer DS, Mellor AL, Keaney JF, Hunt NH, Stocker R. Kynurenine is an endothelium-derived relaxing factor produced during inflammation. Nat Med 2010; 16:279-85. [PMID: 20190767 DOI: 10.1038/nm.2092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 351] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2009] [Accepted: 01/07/2010] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Control of blood vessel tone is central to vascular homeostasis. Here we show that metabolism of tryptophan to kynurenine by indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (Ido) expressed in endothelial cells contributes to arterial vessel relaxation and the control of blood pressure. Infection of mice with malarial parasites (Plasmodium berghei) or induction of endotoxemia in mice led to endothelial expression of Ido, decreased plasma tryptophan concentration, increased kynurenine concentration and hypotension. Pharmacological inhibition of Ido increased blood pressure in systemically inflamed mice but not in mice deficient in Ido or interferon-gamma, which is required for Ido induction. Both tryptophan and kynurenine dilated preconstricted porcine coronary arteries; the dilating effect of tryptophan required the presence of active Ido and an intact endothelium, whereas the effect of kynurenine was endothelium independent. The arterial relaxation induced by kynurenine was mediated by activation of the adenylate and soluble guanylate cyclase pathways. Kynurenine administration decreased blood pressure in a dose-dependent manner in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Our results identify tryptophan metabolism by Ido as a new pathway contributing to the regulation of vascular tone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutang Wang
- Centre for Vascular Research, School of Medical Sciences (Pathology) and Bosch Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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14
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Miller TW, Cherney MM, Lee AJ, Francoleon NE, Farmer PJ, King SB, Hobbs AJ, Miranda KM, Burstyn JN, Fukuto JM. The effects of nitroxyl (HNO) on soluble guanylate cyclase activity: interactions at ferrous heme and cysteine thiols. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:21788-21796. [PMID: 19531488 PMCID: PMC2755905 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.014282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been previously proposed that nitric oxide (NO) is the only biologically relevant nitrogen oxide capable of activating the enzyme soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC). However, recent reports implicate HNO as another possible activator of sGC. Herein, we examine the affect of HNO donors on the activity of purified bovine lung sGC and find that, indeed, HNO is capable of activating this enzyme. Like NO, HNO activation appears to occur via interaction with the regulatory ferrous heme on sGC. Somewhat unexpectedly, HNO does not activate the ferric form of the enzyme. Finally, HNO-mediated cysteine thiol modification appears to also affect enzyme activity leading to inhibition. Thus, sGC activity can be regulated by HNO via interactions at both the regulatory heme and cysteine thiols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Miller
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Melisa M Cherney
- the Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Andrea J Lee
- the Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Nestor E Francoleon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Patrick J Farmer
- the Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697
| | - S Bruce King
- the Department of Chemistry, Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, North Carolina 27109
| | - Adrian J Hobbs
- Department of Pharmacology, University College London, Medical Sciences Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Katrina M Miranda
- the Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721
| | - Judith N Burstyn
- the Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Jon M Fukuto
- the Department of Chemistry, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, California 94928-3609
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15
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Schmidt HHHW, Schmidt PM, Stasch JP. NO- and haem-independent soluble guanylate cyclase activators. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2009:309-339. [PMID: 19089335 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-68964-5_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress, a risk factor for several cardiovascular disorders, interferes with the NO/sGC/cGMP signalling pathway through scavenging of NO and formation of the strong intermediate oxidant, peroxynitrite. Under these conditions, endothelial and vascular dysfunction develops, culminating in different cardio-renal and pulmonary-vascular diseases. Substituting NO with organic nitrates that release NO (NO donors) has been an important principle in cardiovascular therapy for more than a century. However, the development of nitrate tolerance limits their continuous clinical application and, under oxidative stress and increased formation of peroxynitrite foils the desired therapeutic effect. To overcome these obstacles of nitrate therapy, direct NO- and haem-independent sGC activators have been developed, such as BAY 58-2667 (cinaciguat) and HMR1766 (ataciguat), showing unique biochemical and pharmacological properties. Both compounds are capable of selectively activating the oxidized/haem-free enzyme via binding to the enzyme's haem pocket, causing pronounced vasodilatation. The potential importance of these new drugs resides in the fact that they selectively target a modified state of sGC that is prevalent under disease conditions as shown in several animal models and human disease. Activators of sGC may be beneficial in the treatment of a range of diseases including systemic and pulmonary hypertension (PH), heart failure, atherosclerosis, peripheral arterial occlusive disease (PAOD), thrombosis and renal fibrosis. The sGC activator HMR1766 is currently in clinical development as an oral therapy for patients with PAOD. The sGC activator BAY 58-2667 has demonstrated efficacy in a proof-of-concept study in patients with acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF), reducing pre- and afterload and increasing cardiac output from baseline. A phase IIb clinical study for the indication of ADHF is currently underway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald H H W Schmidt
- Department of Pharmacology and Centre for Vascular Health, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
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Schmidt PM, Schramm M, Schröder H, Wunder F, Stasch JP. Identification of residues crucially involved in the binding of the heme moiety of soluble guanylate cyclase. J Biol Chem 2003; 279:3025-32. [PMID: 14570894 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m310141200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC), a heterodimeric hemeprotein, is the only receptor for the biological messenger nitric oxide (NO) identified to date and is intimately involved in various signal transduction pathways. By using the recently discovered NO- and heme-independent sGC activator BAY 58-2667 and a novel cGMP reporter cell, we could distinguish between heme-containing and heme-free sGC in an intact cellular system. Using these novel tools, we identified the invariant amino acids tyrosine 135 and arginine 139 of the beta(1)-subunit as crucially important for both the binding of the heme moiety and the activation of sGC by BAY 58-2667. The heme is displaced by BAY 58-2667 due to a competition between the carboxylic groups of this compound and the heme propionic acids for the identified residues tyrosine 135 and arginine 139. This displacement results in the release of the axial heme ligand histidine 105 and to the observed activation of sGC. Based on these findings we postulate a signal transmission triad composed of histidine 105, tyrosine 135, and arginine 139 responsible for the enzyme activation by this compound and probably also for transducing changes in heme status and porphyrin geometry upon NO binding into alterations of sGC catalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Schmidt
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Bayer AG, Aprather Weg 18a, D-42096 Wuppertal
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