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Rahman MA, Bissa M, Silva de Castro I, Helmold Hait S, Stamos JD, Bhuyan F, Hunegnaw R, Sarkis S, Gutowska A, Doster MN, Moles R, Hoang T, Miller Jenkins LM, Appella E, Venzon DJ, Choo-Wosoba H, Cardozo T, Baum MM, Appella DH, Robert-Guroff M, Franchini G. Vaccine plus microbicide effective in preventing vaginal SIV transmission in macaques. Nat Microbiol 2023; 8:905-918. [PMID: 37024617 PMCID: PMC10159859 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-023-01353-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus epidemic continues in sub-Saharan Africa, and particularly affects adolescent girls and women who have limited access to antiretroviral therapy. Here we report that the risk of vaginal simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)mac251 acquisition is reduced by more than 90% using a combination of a vaccine comprising V1-deleted (V2 enhanced) SIV envelope immunogens with topical treatment of the zinc-finger inhibitor SAMT-247. Following 14 weekly intravaginal exposures to the highly pathogenic SIVmac251, 80% of a cohort of 20 macaques vaccinated and treated with SAMT-247 remained uninfected. In an arm of 18 vaccinated-only animals without microbicide, 40% of macaques remained uninfected. The combined SAMT-247/vaccine regimen was significantly more effective than vaccination alone. By analysing immune correlates of protection, we show that, by increasing zinc availability, SAMT-247 increases natural killer cytotoxicity and monocyte efferocytosis, and decreases T-cell activation to augment vaccine-induced protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Arif Rahman
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Massimiliano Bissa
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Sabrina Helmold Hait
- Section on Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - James D Stamos
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Farzana Bhuyan
- Translational Autoinflammatory Diseases Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ruth Hunegnaw
- Section on Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sarkis Sarkis
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Anna Gutowska
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Melvin N Doster
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ramona Moles
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tanya Hoang
- Section on Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lisa M Miller Jenkins
- Collaborative Protein Technology Resource, Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ettore Appella
- Chemical Immunology Section, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David J Venzon
- Biostatistics and Data Management Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hyoyoung Choo-Wosoba
- Biostatistics and Data Management Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Timothy Cardozo
- New York University School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marc M Baum
- Oak Crest Institute of Science, Monrovia, CA, USA
| | - Daniel H Appella
- Synthetic Bioactive Molecules Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Marjorie Robert-Guroff
- Section on Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Genoveffa Franchini
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Monette A, Mouland AJ. Zinc and Copper Ions Differentially Regulate Prion-Like Phase Separation Dynamics of Pan-Virus Nucleocapsid Biomolecular Condensates. Viruses 2020; 12:E1179. [PMID: 33081049 PMCID: PMC7589941 DOI: 10.3390/v12101179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) is a rapidly growing research focus due to numerous demonstrations that many cellular proteins phase-separate to form biomolecular condensates (BMCs) that nucleate membraneless organelles (MLOs). A growing repertoire of mechanisms supporting BMC formation, composition, dynamics, and functions are becoming elucidated. BMCs are now appreciated as required for several steps of gene regulation, while their deregulation promotes pathological aggregates, such as stress granules (SGs) and insoluble irreversible plaques that are hallmarks of neurodegenerative diseases. Treatment of BMC-related diseases will greatly benefit from identification of therapeutics preventing pathological aggregates while sparing BMCs required for cellular functions. Numerous viruses that block SG assembly also utilize or engineer BMCs for their replication. While BMC formation first depends on prion-like disordered protein domains (PrLDs), metal ion-controlled RNA-binding domains (RBDs) also orchestrate their formation. Virus replication and viral genomic RNA (vRNA) packaging dynamics involving nucleocapsid (NC) proteins and their orthologs rely on Zinc (Zn) availability, while virus morphology and infectivity are negatively influenced by excess Copper (Cu). While virus infections modify physiological metal homeostasis towards an increased copper to zinc ratio (Cu/Zn), how and why they do this remains elusive. Following our recent finding that pan-retroviruses employ Zn for NC-mediated LLPS for virus assembly, we present a pan-virus bioinformatics and literature meta-analysis study identifying metal-based mechanisms linking virus-induced BMCs to neurodegenerative disease processes. We discover that conserved degree and placement of PrLDs juxtaposing metal-regulated RBDs are associated with disease-causing prion-like proteins and are common features of viral proteins responsible for virus capsid assembly and structure. Virus infections both modulate gene expression of metalloproteins and interfere with metal homeostasis, representing an additional virus strategy impeding physiological and cellular antiviral responses. Our analyses reveal that metal-coordinated virus NC protein PrLDs initiate LLPS that nucleate pan-virus assembly and contribute to their persistence as cell-free infectious aerosol droplets. Virus aerosol droplets and insoluble neurological disease aggregates should be eliminated by physiological or environmental metals that outcompete PrLD-bound metals. While environmental metals can control virus spreading via aerosol droplets, therapeutic interference with metals or metalloproteins represent additional attractive avenues against pan-virus infection and virus-exacerbated neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Monette
- Lady Davis Institute at the Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada
| | - Andrew J. Mouland
- Lady Davis Institute at the Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
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3
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Monette A, Niu M, Chen L, Rao S, Gorelick RJ, Mouland AJ. Pan-retroviral Nucleocapsid-Mediated Phase Separation Regulates Genomic RNA Positioning and Trafficking. Cell Rep 2020; 31:107520. [PMID: 32320662 PMCID: PMC8965748 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.03.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The duality of liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) of cellular components into membraneless organelles defines the nucleation of both normal and disease processes including stress granule (SG) assembly. From mounting evidence of LLPS utility by viruses, we discover that HIV-1 nucleocapsid (NC) protein condenses into zinc-finger (ZnF)-dependent LLPSs that are dynamically influenced by cytosolic factors. ZnF-dependent and Zinc (Zn2+)-chelation-sensitive NC-LLPS are formed in live cells. NC-Zn2+ ejection reverses the HIV-1 blockade on SG assembly, inhibits NC-SG assembly, disrupts NC/Gag-genomic RNA (vRNA) ribonucleoprotein complexes, and causes nuclear sequestration of NC and the vRNA, inhibiting Gag expression and virus release. NC ZnF mutagenesis eliminates the HIV-1 blockade of SG assembly and repositions vRNA to SGs. We find that NC-mediated, Zn2+-coordinated phase separation is conserved among diverse retrovirus subfamilies, illustrating that this exquisitely evolved Zn2+-dependent feature of virus replication represents a critical target for pan-antiretroviral therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Monette
- HIV-1 RNA Trafficking Laboratory, Lady Davis Institute at the Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada.
| | - Meijuan Niu
- HIV-1 RNA Trafficking Laboratory, Lady Davis Institute at the Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada
| | - Lois Chen
- HIV-1 RNA Trafficking Laboratory, Lady Davis Institute at the Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Shringar Rao
- HIV-1 RNA Trafficking Laboratory, Lady Davis Institute at the Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Ee634, PO Box 2040, 3000CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Robert James Gorelick
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21701, USA
| | - Andrew John Mouland
- HIV-1 RNA Trafficking Laboratory, Lady Davis Institute at the Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada; Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3G 2M1, Canada.
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4
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Miller Jenkins LM, Paine EL, Deshmukh L, Nikolayevskiy H, Lyons GC, Scerba MT, Rosenker KG, Luecke HF, Louis JM, Chertova E, Gorelick RJ, Ott DE, Clore GM, Appella DH. Inhibition of HIV Maturation via Selective Unfolding and Cross-Linking of Gag Polyprotein by a Mercaptobenzamide Acetylator. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:8327-8338. [PMID: 31042030 PMCID: PMC8496520 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b02743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
For HIV to become infectious, any new virion produced from an infected cell must undergo a maturation process that involves the assembly of viral polyproteins Gag and Gag-Pol at the membrane surface. The self-assembly of these viral proteins drives formation of a new viral particle as well as the activation of HIV protease, which is needed to cleave the polyproteins so that the final core structure of the virus will properly form. Molecules that interfere with HIV maturation will prevent any new virions from infecting additional cells. In this manuscript, we characterize the unique mechanism by which a mercaptobenzamide thioester small molecule (SAMT-247) interferes with HIV maturation via a series of selective acetylations at highly conserved cysteine and lysine residues in Gag and Gag-Pol polyproteins. The results provide the first insights into how acetylation can be utilized to perturb the process of HIV maturation and reveal a new strategy to limit the infectivity of HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M. Miller Jenkins
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Elliott L. Paine
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Lalit Deshmukh
- Laboratory of Chemical Physics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Herman Nikolayevskiy
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Gaelyn C. Lyons
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Michael T. Scerba
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Kara George Rosenker
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Hans F. Luecke
- Advanced Mass Spectrometry Core, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - John M. Louis
- Laboratory of Chemical Physics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Elena Chertova
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland 21701, United States
| | - Robert J. Gorelick
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland 21701, United States
| | - David E. Ott
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland 21701, United States
| | - G. Marius Clore
- Laboratory of Chemical Physics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Daniel H. Appella
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
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5
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Shvadchak V, Zgheib S, Basta B, Humbert N, Langedijk J, Morris MC, Ciaco S, Maskri O, Darlix JL, Mauffret O, Fossé P, Réal E, Mély Y. Rationally Designed Peptides as Efficient Inhibitors of Nucleic Acid Chaperone Activity of HIV-1 Nucleocapsid Protein. Biochemistry 2018; 57:4562-4573. [PMID: 30019894 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Due to its essential roles in the viral replication cycle and to its highly conserved sequence, the nucleocapsid protein (NCp7) of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 is a target of choice for inhibiting replication of the virus. Most NCp7 inhibitors identified so far are small molecules. A small number of short peptides also act as NCp7 inhibitors by competing with its nucleic acid (NA) binding and chaperone activities but exhibit antiviral activity only at relatively high concentrations. In this work, in order to obtain more potent NCp7 competitors, we designed a library of longer peptides (10-17 amino acids) whose sequences include most of the NCp7 structural determinants responsible for its specific NA binding and destabilizing activities. Using an in vitro assay, the most active peptide (pE) was found to inhibit the NCp7 destabilizing activity, with a 50% inhibitory concentration in the nanomolar range, by competing with NCp7 for binding to its NA substrates. Formulated with a cell-penetrating peptide (CPP), pE was found to accumulate into HeLa cells, with low cytotoxicity. However, either formulated with a CPP or overexpressed in cells, pE did not show any antiviral activity. In vitro competition experiments revealed that its poor antiviral activity may be partly due to its sequestration by cellular RNAs. The selected peptide pE therefore appears to be a useful tool for investigating NCp7 properties and functions in vitro, but further work will be needed to design pE-derived peptides with antiviral activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volodymyr Shvadchak
- Laboratory of Bioimaging and Pathologies, UMR 7021 CNRS , Université de Strasbourg , 74 route du Rhin , 67401 Illkirch , France
| | - Sarwat Zgheib
- Laboratory of Bioimaging and Pathologies, UMR 7021 CNRS , Université de Strasbourg , 74 route du Rhin , 67401 Illkirch , France
| | - Beata Basta
- Laboratory of Bioimaging and Pathologies, UMR 7021 CNRS , Université de Strasbourg , 74 route du Rhin , 67401 Illkirch , France
| | - Nicolas Humbert
- Laboratory of Bioimaging and Pathologies, UMR 7021 CNRS , Université de Strasbourg , 74 route du Rhin , 67401 Illkirch , France
| | | | - May C Morris
- Institut des biomolécules Max Mousseron, CNRS, UMR 5247 , Université de Montpellier Faculté de Pharmacie , 15 av Charles Flahault 34093 Montpellier , France
| | - Stefano Ciaco
- Laboratory of Bioimaging and Pathologies, UMR 7021 CNRS , Université de Strasbourg , 74 route du Rhin , 67401 Illkirch , France
| | - Ouerdia Maskri
- LBPA, ENS Paris Saclay, CNRS , Université Paris-Saclay , 94235 , Cachan Cedex , France
| | - Jean-Luc Darlix
- Laboratory of Bioimaging and Pathologies, UMR 7021 CNRS , Université de Strasbourg , 74 route du Rhin , 67401 Illkirch , France
| | - Olivier Mauffret
- LBPA, ENS Paris Saclay, CNRS , Université Paris-Saclay , 94235 , Cachan Cedex , France
| | - Philippe Fossé
- LBPA, ENS Paris Saclay, CNRS , Université Paris-Saclay , 94235 , Cachan Cedex , France
| | - Eléonore Réal
- Laboratory of Bioimaging and Pathologies, UMR 7021 CNRS , Université de Strasbourg , 74 route du Rhin , 67401 Illkirch , France
| | - Yves Mély
- Laboratory of Bioimaging and Pathologies, UMR 7021 CNRS , Université de Strasbourg , 74 route du Rhin , 67401 Illkirch , France
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The multiple roles of the nucleocapsid in retroviral RNA conversion into proviral DNA by reverse transcriptase. Biochem Soc Trans 2017; 44:1427-1440. [PMID: 27911725 DOI: 10.1042/bst20160101-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Retroviruses are enveloped plus-strand RNA viruses that can cause cancer, immunodeficiency and neurological disorder in human and animals. Retroviruses have several unique properties, such as a genomic RNA in a dimeric form found in the virus, and a replication strategy called 'copy-and-paste' during which the plus-strand genomic RNA is converted into a double-stranded DNA, subsequently integrated into the cellular genome. Two essential viral enzymes, reverse transcriptase (RT) and integrase (IN), direct this 'copy-and-paste' replication. RT copies the genomic RNA generating the double-stranded proviral DNA, while IN catalyzes proviral DNA integration into the cellular DNA, then called the provirus. In that context, a major component of the virion core, the nucleocapsid protein (NC), was found to be a potent nucleic-acid chaperone that assists RT during the conversion of the genomic RNA into proviral DNA. Here we briefly review the interplay of NC with viral nucleic-acids, which enables rapid and faithful folding and hybridization of complementary sequences, and with active RT thus providing assistance to the synthesis of the complete proviral DNA. Because of its multiple roles in retrovirus replication, NC could be viewed as a two-faced Janus-chaperone acting on viral nucleic-acids and enzymes.
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Sancineto L, Mariotti A, Bagnoli L, Marini F, Desantis J, Iraci N, Santi C, Pannecouque C, Tabarrini O. Design and Synthesis of DiselenoBisBenzamides (DISeBAs) as Nucleocapsid Protein 7 (NCp7) Inhibitors with anti-HIV Activity. J Med Chem 2015; 58:9601-14. [PMID: 26613134 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The interest in the synthesis of Se-containing compounds is growing with the discovery of derivatives exhibiting various biological activities. In this manuscript, we have identified a series of 2,2'-diselenobisbenzamides (DISeBAs) as novel HIV retroviral nucleocapsid protein 7 (NCp7) inhibitors. Because of its pleiotropic functions in the whole viral life cycle and its mutation intolerant nature, NCp7 represents a target of great interest which is not reached by any anti-HIV agent in clinical use. Using the diselenobisbenzoic scaffold, amino acid, and benzenesulfonamide derivatives were prepared and biologically profiled against different models of HIV infection. The incorporation of amino acids such as glycine and glutamate into DISeBAs 7 and 8 resulted in selective anti-HIV activity against both acutely and chronically infected cells as well as an interesting virucidal effect. DISeBAs demonstrated broad antiretroviral activity, encompassing HIV-1 drug-resistant strains including clinical isolates, as well as simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). Time of addition experiments, along with the observed dose dependent inhibition of the Gag precursor proper processing, confirmed that their mechanism of action is based on NCp7 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Sancineto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Group of Catalysis and Organic Green Chemistry, University of Perugia , Via del Liceo 1, Perugia 06100, Italy
| | - Alice Mariotti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Group of Catalysis and Organic Green Chemistry, University of Perugia , Via del Liceo 1, Perugia 06100, Italy
| | - Luana Bagnoli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Group of Catalysis and Organic Green Chemistry, University of Perugia , Via del Liceo 1, Perugia 06100, Italy
| | - Francesca Marini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Group of Catalysis and Organic Green Chemistry, University of Perugia , Via del Liceo 1, Perugia 06100, Italy
| | - Jenny Desantis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia , Via del Liceo 1, Perugia 06100, Italy
| | - Nunzio Iraci
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia , Via del Liceo 1, Perugia 06100, Italy
| | - Claudio Santi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Group of Catalysis and Organic Green Chemistry, University of Perugia , Via del Liceo 1, Perugia 06100, Italy
| | - Christophe Pannecouque
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven , B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Oriana Tabarrini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia , Via del Liceo 1, Perugia 06100, Italy
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8
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Kim MJ, Kim SH, Park JA, Yu KL, Jang SI, Kim BS, Lee ES, You JC. Identification and characterization of a new type of inhibitor against the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 nucleocapsid protein. Retrovirology 2015; 12:90. [PMID: 26545586 PMCID: PMC4636002 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-015-0218-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) nucleocapsid protein (NC) is an essential and multifunctional protein involved in multiple stages of the viral life cycle such as reverse transcription, integration of proviral DNA, and especially genome RNA packaging. For this reason, it has been considered as an attractive target for the development of new anti-HIV drugs. Although a number of inhibitors of NC have been reported thus far, the search for NC-specific and functional inhibitor(s) with a good antiviral activity continues. Results In this study, we report the identification of A1752, a small molecule with inhibitory action against HIV-1 NC, which shows a strong antiviral efficacy and an IC50 around 1 μM. A1752 binds directly to HIV-1 NC, thereby inhibiting specific chaperone functions of NC including Psi RNA dimerization and complementary trans-activation response element (cTAR) DNA destabilization, and it also disrupts the proper Gag processing. Further analysis of the mechanisms of action of A1752 also showed that it generates noninfectious viral particles with defects in uncoating and reverse transcription in the infected cells. Conclusions These results demonstrate that A1752 is a specific and functional inhibitor of NC with a novel mode of action and good antiviral efficacy. Thus, this agent provides a new type of anti-HIV NC inhibitor candidate for further drug development. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12977-015-0218-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Seon Hee Kim
- Avixgen Inc., Seoul, 137-701, Korea. .,National Research Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 137-701, Korea.
| | | | - Kyung Lee Yu
- National Research Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 137-701, Korea.
| | - Soo In Jang
- National Research Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 137-701, Korea.
| | | | - Eun Soo Lee
- National Research Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 137-701, Korea.
| | - Ji Chang You
- Avixgen Inc., Seoul, 137-701, Korea. .,National Research Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 137-701, Korea.
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Mori M, Kovalenko L, Lyonnais S, Antaki D, Torbett BE, Botta M, Mirambeau G, Mély Y. Nucleocapsid Protein: A Desirable Target for Future Therapies Against HIV-1. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2015; 389:53-92. [PMID: 25749978 PMCID: PMC7122173 DOI: 10.1007/82_2015_433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The currently available anti-HIV-1 therapeutics is highly beneficial to infected patients. However, clinical failures occur as a result of the ability of HIV-1 to rapidly mutate. One approach to overcome drug resistance is to target HIV-1 proteins that are highly conserved among phylogenetically distant viral strains and currently not targeted by available therapies. In this respect, the nucleocapsid (NC) protein, a zinc finger protein, is particularly attractive, as it is highly conserved and plays a central role in virus replication, mainly by interacting with nucleic acids. The compelling rationale for considering NC as a viable drug target is illustrated by the fact that point mutants of this protein lead to noninfectious viruses and by the inability to select viruses resistant to a first generation of anti-NC drugs. In our review, we discuss the most relevant properties and functions of NC, as well as recent developments of small molecules targeting NC. Zinc ejectors show strong antiviral activity, but are endowed with a low therapeutic index due to their lack of specificity, which has resulted in toxicity. Currently, they are mainly being investigated for use as topical microbicides. Greater specificity may be achieved by using non-covalent NC inhibitors (NCIs) targeting the hydrophobic platform at the top of the zinc fingers or key nucleic acid partners of NC. Within the last few years, innovative methodologies have been developed to identify NCIs. Though the antiviral activity of the identified NCIs needs still to be improved, these compounds strongly support the druggability of NC and pave the way for future structure-based design and optimization of efficient NCIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Mori
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, via A. Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
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10
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Ugaonkar SR, Clark JT, English LB, Johnson TJ, Buckheit KW, Bahde RJ, Appella DH, Buckheit RW, Kiser PF. An Intravaginal Ring for the Simultaneous Delivery of an HIV-1 Maturation Inhibitor and Reverse-Transcriptase Inhibitor for Prophylaxis of HIV Transmission. J Pharm Sci 2015; 104:3426-39. [PMID: 26149293 DOI: 10.1002/jps.24551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Nucleocapsid 7 (NCp7) inhibitors have been investigated extensively for their role in impeding the function of HIV-1 replication machinery and their ability to directly inactivate the virus. A class of NCp7 zinc finger inhibitors, S-acyl-2-mercaptobenzamide thioesters (SAMTs), was investigated for topical drug delivery. SAMTs are inherently unstable because of their hydrolytically labile thioester bond, thus requiring formulation approaches that can lend stability. We describe the delivery of N-[2-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoylthio)benzoyl]-β-alaninamide (SAMT-10), as a single agent antiretroviral (ARV) therapeutic and in combination with the HIV-1 reverse-transcriptase inhibitor pyrimidinedione IQP-0528, from a hydrophobic polyether urethane (PEU) intravaginal ring (IVR) for a month. The physicochemical stability of the ARV-loaded IVRs was confirmed after 3 months at 40°C/75% relative humidity. In vitro, 25 ± 3 mg/IVR of SAMT-10 and 86 ± 13 mg/IVR of IQP-0528 were released. No degradation of the hydrolytically labile SAMT-10 was observed within the matrix. The combination of ARVs had synergistic antiviral activity when tested in in vitro cell-based assays. Toxicological evaluations performed on an organotypic EpiVaginal(™) tissue model demonstrated a lack of formulation toxicity. Overall, SAMT-10 and IQP-0528 were formulated in a stable PEU IVR for sustained release. Our findings support the need for further preclinical evaluation. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 104:3426-3439, 2015.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta R Ugaonkar
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84112
| | - Justin T Clark
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, 60208
| | - Lexie B English
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84112
| | - Todd J Johnson
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84112
| | | | - Robert J Bahde
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892
| | - Daniel H Appella
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892
| | | | - Patrick F Kiser
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84112.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, 60208
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11
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Retrospective on the all-in-one retroviral nucleocapsid protein. Virus Res 2014; 193:2-15. [PMID: 24907482 PMCID: PMC7114435 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 05/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
This retrospective reviews 30 years of research on the retroviral nucleocapsid protein (NC) focusing on HIV-1 NC. Originally considered as a non-specific nucleic-acid binding protein, NC has seminal functions in virus replication. Indeed NC turns out to be a all-in-one viral protein that chaperones viral DNA synthesis and integration, and virus formation. As a chaperone NC provides assistance to genetic recombination thus allowing the virus to escape the immune response and antiretroviral therapies against HIV-1.
This review aims at briefly presenting a retrospect on the retroviral nucleocapsid protein (NC), from an unspecific nucleic acid binding protein (NABP) to an all-in-one viral protein with multiple key functions in the early and late phases of the retrovirus replication cycle, notably reverse transcription of the genomic RNA and viral DNA integration into the host genome, and selection of the genomic RNA together with the initial steps of virus morphogenesis. In this context we will discuss the notion that NC protein has a flexible conformation and is thus a member of the growing family of intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) where disorder may account, at least in part, for its function as a nucleic acid (NA) chaperone and possibly as a protein chaperone vis-à-vis the viral DNA polymerase during reverse transcription. Lastly, we will briefly review the development of new anti-retroviral/AIDS compounds targeting HIV-1 NC because it represents an ideal target due to its multiple roles in the early and late phases of virus replication and its high degree of conservation.
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12
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Microbicides: Molecular Strategies for Prevention of Sexually Transmitted Viral Disease. Antiviral Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1128/9781555815493.ch15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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13
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Goudreau N, Hucke O, Faucher AM, Grand-Maître C, Lepage O, Bonneau PR, Mason SW, Titolo S. Discovery and structural characterization of a new inhibitor series of HIV-1 nucleocapsid function: NMR solution structure determination of a ternary complex involving a 2:1 inhibitor/NC stoichiometry. J Mol Biol 2013; 425:1982-1998. [PMID: 23485336 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2013.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Revised: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The nucleocapsid (NC) protein is an essential factor with multiple functions within the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication cycle. In this study, we describe the discovery of a novel series of inhibitors that targets HIV-1 NC protein by blocking its interaction with nucleic acids. This series was identified using a previously described capsid (CA) assembly assay, employing a recombinant HIV-1 CA-NC protein and immobilized TG-rich deoxyoligonucleotides. Using visible absorption spectroscopy, we were able to demonstrate that this new inhibitor series binds specifically and reversibly to the NC with a peculiar 2:1 stoichiometry. A fluorescence-polarization-based binding assay was also developed in order to monitor the inhibitory activities of this series of inhibitors. To better characterize the structural aspect of inhibitor binding onto NC, we performed NMR studies using unlabeled and (13)C,(15)N-double-labeled NC(1-55) protein constructs. This allowed the determination of the solution structure of a ternary complex characterized by two inhibitor molecules binding to the two zinc knuckles of the NC protein. To the best of our knowledge, this represents the first report of a high-resolution structure of a small-molecule inhibitor bound to NC, demonstrating sub-micromolar potency and moderate antiviral potency with one analogue of the series. This structure was compared with available NC/oligonucleotide complex structures and further underlined the high flexibility of the NC protein, allowing it to adopt many conformations in order to bind its different oligonucleotide/nucleomimetic targets. In addition, analysis of the interaction details between the inhibitor molecules and NC demonstrated how this novel inhibitor series is mimicking the guanosine nucleobases found in many reported complex structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Goudreau
- Department of Chemistry, Boehringer Ingelheim (Canada) Ltd., Research & Development, 2100 Cunard Street, Laval, QC, Canada H7S 2G5.
| | - Oliver Hucke
- Department of Chemistry, Boehringer Ingelheim (Canada) Ltd., Research & Development, 2100 Cunard Street, Laval, QC, Canada H7S 2G5.
| | - Anne-Marie Faucher
- Department of Chemistry, Boehringer Ingelheim (Canada) Ltd., Research & Development, 2100 Cunard Street, Laval, QC, Canada H7S 2G5
| | - Chantal Grand-Maître
- Department of Chemistry, Boehringer Ingelheim (Canada) Ltd., Research & Development, 2100 Cunard Street, Laval, QC, Canada H7S 2G5
| | - Olivier Lepage
- Department of Chemistry, Boehringer Ingelheim (Canada) Ltd., Research & Development, 2100 Cunard Street, Laval, QC, Canada H7S 2G5
| | - Pierre R Bonneau
- Department of Chemistry, Boehringer Ingelheim (Canada) Ltd., Research & Development, 2100 Cunard Street, Laval, QC, Canada H7S 2G5
| | - Stephen W Mason
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim (Canada) Ltd., Research & Development, 2100 Cunard Street, Laval, QC, Canada H7S 2G5
| | - Steve Titolo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim (Canada) Ltd., Research & Development, 2100 Cunard Street, Laval, QC, Canada H7S 2G5
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Vercruysse T, Basta B, Dehaen W, Humbert N, Balzarini J, Debaene F, Sanglier-Cianférani S, Pannecouque C, Mély Y, Daelemans D. A phenyl-thiadiazolylidene-amine derivative ejects zinc from retroviral nucleocapsid zinc fingers and inactivates HIV virions. Retrovirology 2012; 9:95. [PMID: 23146561 PMCID: PMC3542062 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-9-95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 10/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sexual acquisition of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) through mucosal transmission may be prevented by using topically applied agents that block HIV transmission from one individual to another. Therefore, virucidal agents that inactivate HIV virions may be used as a component in topical microbicides. Results Here, we have identified 2-methyl-3-phenyl-2H-[1,2,4]thiadiazol-5-ylideneamine (WDO-217) as a low-molecular-weight molecule that inactivates HIV particles. Both HIV-1 and HIV-2 virions pretreated with this compound were unable to infect permissive cells. Moreover, WDO-217 was able to inhibit infections of a wide spectrum of wild-type and drug-resistant HIV-1, including clinical isolates, HIV-2 and SIV strains. Whereas the capture of virus by DC-SIGN was unaffected by the compound, it efficiently prevented the transmission of DC-SIGN-captured virus to CD4+ T-lymphocytes. Interestingly, exposure of virions to WDO-217 reduced the amount of virion-associated genomic RNA as measured by real-time RT-qPCR. Further mechanism-of-action studies demonstrated that WDO-217 efficiently ejects zinc from the zinc fingers of the retroviral nucleocapsid protein NCp7 and inhibits the cTAR destabilization properties of this protein. Importantly, WDO-217 was able to eject zinc from both zinc fingers, even when NCp7 was bound to oligonucleotides, while no covalent interaction between NCp7 and WDO-217 could be observed. Conclusion This compound is a new lead structure that can be used for the development of a new series of NCp7 zinc ejectors as candidate topical microbicide agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Vercruysse
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory for Virology and Chemotherapy, KU Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium
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15
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Kiser PF, Mesquita PM, Herold BC. A perspective on progress and gaps in HIV prevention science. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2012; 28:1373-8. [PMID: 22966871 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2012.0277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past few years, the transdisciplinary field of HIV prevention has reached several milestones. Topically applied tenofovir gel provided significant protection from sexual transmission of HIV in a large-scale clinical trial and oral Truvada (emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate) was recently approved for preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) following two successful clinical trials in men and women. These achievements are tempered by the disappointing results of other clinical trials, which highlight the complexities of prevention research. In this perspective, we discuss scientific and developmental gaps for topical chemoprophylaxis of the sexual transmission of HIV, which depends on the complex interactions between the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of drugs, formulation and delivery systems, anatomic site of transmission, and host mucosal immune defenses. Despite the considerable time and resources devoted to unraveling the initial steps in sexual transmission of HIV, current knowledge is based on animal models and human explanted tissue, which may not fully recapitulate what happens clinically. Understanding these events, including the role that sex hormones, semen, and mucosal secretions play in transmission, and the interplay between innate immunity, the mucosal environment, and drug efficacy is paramount. This drives some of the most pressing questions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick F. Kiser
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Pedro M.M. Mesquita
- Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology-Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Betsy C. Herold
- Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology-Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
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16
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Delay of simian human immunodeficiency virus infection and control of viral replication in vaccinated macaques challenged in the presence of a topical microbicide. AIDS 2011; 25:1833-41. [PMID: 21750420 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0b013e32834a1d94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Development of an effective vaccine or topical compound to prevent HIV transmission remains a major goal for control of the AIDS pandemic. Using a nonhuman primate model of heterosexual HIV-1 transmission, we tested whether a topical microbicide that reduces viral infectivity can potentiate the efficacy of a T-cell-based HIV vaccine. DESIGN A DNA prime and rAd5 virus boost vaccination strategy was employed, and a topical microbicide against the HIV nucleocapsid protein was used. To rigorously test the combination hypothesis, the vaccine constructs contained only two transgenes and the topical microbicide inhibitor was used at a suboptimal dose. Vaccinees were exposed in the absence and presence of the topical microbicide to repeated vaginal R5 simian human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV)(SF162P3) challenge at an escalating dose to more closely mimic high-risk exposure of women to HIV. METHODS Infection status was determined by PCR. Antiviral immune responses were evaluated by gp120 ELISA and intracellular cytokine staining. RESULTS A significant delay in SHIV acquisition (log-rank test; P = 0.0416) was seen only in vaccinated macaques that were repeatedly challenged in the presence of the topical microbicide. Peak acute viremia was lower (Mann-Whitney test; P = 0.0387) and viral burden was also reduced (Mann-Whitney test; P = 0.0252) in the combination-treated animals. CONCLUSION The combined use of a topical microbicide to lower the initial viral seeding/spread and a T-cell-based vaccine to immunologically contain the early virological events of mucosal transmission holds promise as a preventive approach to control the spread of the AIDS epidemic.
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17
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Miller Jenkins LM, Ott DE, Hayashi R, Coren LV, Wang D, Xu Q, Schito ML, Inman JK, Appella DH, Appella E. Small-molecule inactivation of HIV-1 NCp7 by repetitive intracellular acyl transfer. Nat Chem Biol 2010; 6:887-9. [PMID: 20953192 PMCID: PMC2997617 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2010] [Accepted: 09/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The zinc fingers of the HIV-1 nucleocapsid protein, NCp7, are prime targets for antiretroviral therapeutics. Here we show that S-acyl-2-mercaptobenzamide thioester (SAMT) chemotypes inhibit HIV by modifying the NCp7 region of Gag in infected cells, thereby blocking Gag processing and reducing infectivity. The thiol produced by SAMT reaction with NCp7 is acetylated by cellular enzymes to regenerate active SAMTs via a recycling mechanism unique among small-molecule inhibitors of HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Miller Jenkins
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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18
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Sanders-Beer B, Babas T, Mansfield K, Golightly D, Kramer J, Bowlsbey A, Sites D, Nieves-Duran L, Lin S, Rippeon S, Donnelly G, Rhodes L, Spano YE. Depo-Provera does not alter disease progression in SIVmac-infected female Chinese rhesus macaques. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2010; 26:433-43. [PMID: 20377424 PMCID: PMC2864058 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2009.0185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Depo-Provera (medroxyprogesterone acetate), a long-acting derivative of progesterone, is utilized during many nonhuman primate microbicide studies to facilitate simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection by thinning the vaginal epithelium. To date, the systemic effects of this steroid hormone in regard to SIV/HIV pathogenesis are not well understood, but an increase in infection rates and lymphoproliferation following progesterone application has been reported. Therefore, a proactive study using 20 Chinese rhesus macaques was designed to investigate the effect of a single Depo-Provera injection on SIV disease progression. Group 1 (n = 10) was treated with 30 mg Depo-Provera intramuscularly 30 days prior to intravenous challenge with 50 TCID(50) SIVmac251, while Group 2 (n = 10) remained untreated, but received the same amount of SIV. Blood samples were taken at predetermined intervals to measure RNA viral loads, CD4(+), CD8(+), and CD20(+) lymphocyte counts and percentages and absolute numbers of naive and memory T lymphocytes. Upon statistical endpoint data analysis, none of the parameters measured were shown to be significantly different between the groups. One animal in the Depo-Provera-treated group and two macaques in the control group were euthanized prior to study end due to the development of clinical signs (in weeks 43 and 51, respectively). All other animals were euthanized between weeks 68 and 71 post-SIV infection. Histopathological evaluations revealed that 5 of 10 animals in each group had developed simian AIDS (SAIDS). In summary, this prospective study demonstrated that a single injection of 30 mg Depo-Provera did not have a significant influence on SIV disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tahar Babas
- Southern Research Institute, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Keith Mansfield
- New England National Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts
| | | | - Joshua Kramer
- New England National Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts
| | | | - Debora Sites
- Southern Research Institute, Frederick, Maryland
| | | | - Shuling Lin
- Southern Research Institute, Frederick, Maryland
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Goldschmidt V, Miller Jenkins LM, de Rocquigny H, Darlix JL, Mély Y. The nucleocapsid protein of HIV-1 as a promising therapeutic target for antiviral drugs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.2217/hiv.10.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The nucleocapsid protein (NCp7) is a major HIV-1 structural protein that plays key roles in viral replication, mainly through its conserved zinc fingers that direct specific interactions with the viral nucleic acids. Owing to its high degree of conservation and critical functions, NCp7 represents a target of choice for drugs that can potentially complement HAART, thus possibly impairing the circulation of drug-resistant HIV-1 strains. Zinc ejectors showing potent antiretroviral activity were developed, but early generations suffered from limited selectively and significant toxicity. Compounds with improved selectivity have been developed and are being explored as topical microbicide candidates. Several classes of molecules inhibiting the interaction of NCp7 with the viral nucleic acids have also been developed. Although small molecules would be more suited for drug development, most molecules selected by screening showed limited antiretroviral activity. Peptides and RNA aptamers appear to be more promising, but the mechanism of their antiretroviral activity remains elusive. Substantial and more concerted efforts are needed to further develop anti-HIV drugs targeting NCp7 and bring them to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Goldschmidt
- Laboratoire de Biophotonique et Pharmacologie, UMR-CNRS 7213, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, 74 route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch-Cedex, France
| | - Lisa M Miller Jenkins
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Hugues de Rocquigny
- Laboratoire de Biophotonique et Pharmacologie, UMR-CNRS 7213, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, 74 route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch-Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Luc Darlix
- LaboRetro, Unité de Virologie Humaine INSERM 758, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 allée d’Italie, 69364 Lyon, France
| | - Yves Mély
- Laboratoire de Biophotonique et Pharmacologie, UMR-CNRS 7213, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, 74 route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch-Cedex, France
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20
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Rohan LC, Sassi AB. Vaginal drug delivery systems for HIV prevention. AAPS JOURNAL 2009; 11:78-87. [PMID: 19194802 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-009-9082-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2008] [Accepted: 12/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Microbicides have become a principal focus for HIV prevention strategies. The successful design of drug delivery systems for vaginal microbicide drug candidates brings with it a multitude of challenges. It is imperative that the chemical and physical characteristics of the drug candidate and its mechanism of action be clearly understood and considered to successfully deliver and target drug candidates efficiently. In addition, an understanding of the dynamic nature of the vaginal environment, the tissue and innate barriers present, as well as patient preferences are critical considerations in the design of effective microbicide products. Although the majority of drug candidates clinically evaluated to date have been delivered using conventional semisolid aqueous-based gel dosage forms, drug delivery system design has recently been extended to include advanced delivery systems such as vaginal rings, quick-dissolve films, and tablets. Ultimately, it may be necessary to develop multiple dosage platforms for a single active agent to provide users with options that can be used within the constraints of their social environment, personal choice, and environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Cencia Rohan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
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