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DuPerry B, Lopez KE, Rush JE, Berridge BR, Mitchell RN, Breitschwerdt EB, Freeman LM. Dilated cardiomyopathy of possible dietary origin in a cat. J Vet Cardiol 2023; 51:172-178. [PMID: 38141434 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2023.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
An 11-year-old spayed female domestic shorthaired cat was diagnosed with severe dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and congestive heart failure. The cat had been eating cat foods that were high in pulses (e.g. peas, lentils, chickpeas). Neither plasma nor whole blood taurine concentrations were deficient. Primary treatment included furosemide, pimobendan, and clopidogrel, and changing to diets that did not contain pulses (a taurine supplements was not administered). The cat's clinical signs improved, high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I concentrations decreased, and echocardiographic measurements stayed relatively stable for over one year after initiating cardiac medications and changing the diet. Ultimately, the cat was euthanized for worsening congestive heart failure 374 days after the diagnosis of DCM. Infectious disease testing during the time of clinical surveillance was negative. Routine histopathology of the heart was unremarkable, but electron microscopy of the left ventricle showed large numbers of mitochondria of variable size and structure. A moderate number of lamellar bodies and autophagic vacuoles also were noted. This case report illustrates an unusual case of a cat with DCM unrelated to taurine deficiency. The relative roles of diet change, cardiac medications, and a dedicated owner are unclear, but this cat's relatively long survival time is similar to that seen after diet change in dogs and cats with DCM eating high-pulse diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- B DuPerry
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, MA, 01536, USA
| | - K E Lopez
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, MA, 01536, USA
| | - J E Rush
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, MA, 01536, USA
| | | | - R N Mitchell
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - E B Breitschwerdt
- Intracellular Pathogens Research Laboratory, Comparative Medicine Institute, and the Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | - L M Freeman
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, MA, 01536, USA.
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2
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Sinzinger S. [Reversible left ventricular hypertrophy and congestive heart failure due to suspected myocarditis in a cat in the course of FLUTD]. TIERAERZTLICHE PRAXIS AUSGABE KLEINTIERE HEIMTIERE 2021; 49:220-227. [PMID: 34157764 DOI: 10.1055/a-1483-3342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A 2.5-year-old castrated male domestic shorthair cat with a past pertinent history of FLUTD treatment 8 days earlier was presented during the night due to apathy and anorexia. Radiographs, ECG, blood pressure measurement and echocardiography revealed left-sided congestive heart failure, left ventricular concentric hypertrophy, left atrial dilation, severe diastolic dysfunction, hypotension, and vagotonus-associated sinus bradycardia with a first degree AV-block as well as a right bundle brunch block. NT-ProBNP and troponin I concentrations were elevated (NT-ProBNP > 1500 pmol/l, Troponin I 32.87 ng/ml). Presumptive diagnosis was acute myocarditis. Bartonella henselae PCR and Toxoplasma gondii IgM titer were negative. Initial IgG titer amounted to 1:32 (reference range: < 1:32) and on later testing this was negative. FeLV and FIV tests exhibited negative results. Coronavirus testing was not performed because the cat was vaccinated accordingly. A metastatic infection with Proteus mirabilis, which had been isolated from the urine, appeared possible. Alternatively, a hypersensivity reaction to drugs or a stress-induced myocarditis was taken into consideration. The hospitalized cat was treated with furosemide (initialy and in the course of further treatment), theophyllin (initially), continuous infusion with lactated Ringer's solution, pimobendan, and the addition of enrofloxacin to the ongoing amoxicillin/clavulanic acid administration. After 4 days, the cat's general condition improved satisfactorily and blood pressure returned to normal range. Left ventricular hypertrophy resolved, however, diastolic dysfunction as well as left atrial dilation persisted. Within the next 8 weeks, echocardiographic findings and cardiac biomarkers returned to near normal values. All medication was tapered and finally discontinued. During the last recheck examination 7 months following initial presentation, no cardiac changes were apparent.
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3
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Kang JM, Seo D, Lee SH, Lee DH, Kim YK, Choi BH, Lee SH. Genome-wide association study to identify canine hip dysplasia loci in dogs. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2020; 62:306-312. [PMID: 32568271 PMCID: PMC7288236 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2020.62.3.306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Korean army dogs are raised for special purposes and have contributed much to
society. However, several diseases occur in dogs. Canine hip dysplasia (CHD) is
a musculoskeletal disorder that occurs frequently in Korean army dogs and
interferes with their activities. If we could control CHD, this would have a
positive effect on their performance. This study performed a genome-wide
association study (GWAS) in 69 Korean army dogs to find significant loci for CHD
using 170K single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). CHD was classified according
to the Norberg angle criterion. The control group comprised 62 dogs classified
as relatively normal, and 7 dogs with severe CHD formed the case group. From the
GWAS analysis, we concluded that SNPs present on chromosome 4 might have a
significant impact on the overall expression of canine hip dysplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Min Kang
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Dongwon Seo
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Soo Hyun Lee
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Doo Ho Lee
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Yeong Kuk Kim
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Bong Hwan Choi
- Animal Genomics & Bioinformatics Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Seung Hwan Lee
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
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4
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Zecca IB, Hodo CL, Slack S, Auckland L, Rodgers S, Killets KC, Saunders AB, Hamer SA. Prevalence of Trypanosoma cruzi infection and associated histologic findings in domestic cats (Felis catus). Vet Parasitol 2019; 278:109014. [PMID: 31972512 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2019.109014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi is a zoonotic protozoan parasite transmitted by triatomines that infects a wide range of mammals. South Texas is a hotspot for triatomines, T. cruzi-infected dogs and wildlife, and local transmission to humans also occurs. However, little is known about the infection of domestic cats (Felis catus) in the United States. Given the role cats play in the ecology of T. cruzi in Mexico and South America, we hypothesized that T. cruzi infection occurs in cats from south Texas, sometimes associated with cardiac pathology. In 2017, 167 euthanized cats from a south Texas shelter were sampled across winter, spring, and summer. We collected whole blood and hearts from all cats, with additional tissues from a subset. Serum samples were screened for T. cruzi antibodies using two independent rapid immunochromatographic tests and an indirect fluorescent antibody test. Cats were considered seropositive if they were positive on at least two independent serological tests. Blood clot, heart tissue and other tissues were subjected to qPCR for parasite detection and discrete typing unit (DTU) determination. Tissues from selected seropositive or PCR-positive animals and a subset of negative animals were processed routinely for histopathology and examined by a board-certified pathologist. A total of 19 cats (11.4%) were seropositive and three cats (1.8%) - one of which was seropositive - had one or more PCR-positive tissues. Infected tissues included heart, bicep femoris muscle, sciatic nerve, esophagus, and mesentery. Genotyping of the parastite to the level of DTU showed that exclusively DTU TcI was present, despite past studies showing both TcI and TcIV in vectors of the region. Eight of 19 (42.1%) seropositive cats exhibited lymphoplasmacytic inflammation, sometimes with fibrosis, in cardiac tissue compared to 28.6% of 28 seronegative cats (P = 0.10). Domestic cats are affected hosts in the eco-epidemiology of Chagas disease. Future prospective studies are needed to understand disease progression. Veterinarians in the southern United States should consider T. cruzi in their index of suspicion in cats with exposure to vectors and undetermined cardiac abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Italo B Zecca
- Texas A&M University College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, 4458 TAMU, 77843-4458, College Station, TX, 77840, USA
| | - Carolyn L Hodo
- Texas A&M University College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, 4458 TAMU, 77843-4458, College Station, TX, 77840, USA; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Michale E. Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine and Research, 650 Cool Water Drive, Bastrop, TX, 78602, USA
| | - Sarah Slack
- Texas A&M University College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, 4458 TAMU, 77843-4458, College Station, TX, 77840, USA
| | - Lisa Auckland
- Texas A&M University College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, 4458 TAMU, 77843-4458, College Station, TX, 77840, USA
| | - Sandy Rodgers
- Texas A&M University Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, 483 Agronomy Rd, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Keswick C Killets
- Texas A&M University College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, 4458 TAMU, 77843-4458, College Station, TX, 77840, USA
| | - Ashley B Saunders
- Texas A&M University College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, 4458 TAMU, 77843-4458, College Station, TX, 77840, USA
| | - Sarah A Hamer
- Texas A&M University College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, 4458 TAMU, 77843-4458, College Station, TX, 77840, USA.
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Ernandes MA, Cantoni AM, Armando F, Corradi A, Ressel L, Tamborini A. Feline coronavirus-associated myocarditis in a domestic longhair cat. JFMS Open Rep 2019; 5:2055116919879256. [PMID: 31636915 PMCID: PMC6787879 DOI: 10.1177/2055116919879256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Case summary A 9-month-old entire male domestic longhair indoor cat presented with a
3-week history of fluctuating fever, weight loss and small intestine
diarrhoea, which was unresponsive to antibiotics and supportive treatment.
Abdominal ultrasound revealed severe jejunal and ileocolic junction
intestinal wall thickening with loss of layering. An enterectomy was
performed and histopathology revealed severe pyogranulomatous enteritis with
vasculitits, compatible with the diagnosis of feline infectious peritonitis
(FIP). Four days after surgery, the cat re-presented with anorexia and acute
onset of expiratory dyspnoea. Echocardiography showed left ventricular
hypertrophy and bilateral atrial enlargement. Congestive heart failure
caused by hypertrophic cardiomyopathy was suspected and treatment with
furosemide was started, which led to amelioration of the clinical signs. The
following day, four-limb ataxia, hypermetria and bilateral uveitis were
evident. Given the persistent anorexia and worsening of the clinical signs,
the cat was humanely euthanized and a post-mortem examination was performed.
Necropsy revealed multifocal pyogranulomatous lesions involving multiple
organs (adrenal glands, kidneys, lungs, brain, myocardium, lymph nodes,
liver), compatible with the diagnosis of FIP. Immunohistochemistry performed
on the myocardium revealed feline coronavirus-positive macrophages
associated with pyogranulomatous lesions, justifying a diagnosis of feline
coronavirus-associated myocarditis. Relevance and novel information To the authors’ knowledge, the case described here represents the first
published report of feline coronavirus-associated myocarditis. This should
be considered as a possible differential diagnosis in cats presenting with
cardiac-related signs and other clinical signs compatible with FIP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna M Cantoni
- General Pathology and Veterinary Pathological Anatomy Unit, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Federico Armando
- General Pathology and Veterinary Pathological Anatomy Unit, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Attilio Corradi
- General Pathology and Veterinary Pathological Anatomy Unit, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Ressel
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK
| | - Alice Tamborini
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dick White Referrals, Six Mile Bottom, UK
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6
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Abstract
Feline panleukopenia (FPL) is caused by a Carnivore protoparvovirus infection. Feline parvovirus (FPV) causes most cases. When Canine parvovirus 2 (CPV-2) first emerged, it could not replicate in cats. All current CPV variants (CPV-2a-c) can infect cats to cause subclinical disease or FPL. Feline panleukopenia has re-emerged in Australia in shelter cats associated with failure to vaccinate. Parvoviruses can remain latent in mononuclear cells post-infection. Molecular methods such as polymerase chain reaction are used to determine the infecting strain. Current perspectives on causes, epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, prognostic indicators, and management of outbreaks in shelters are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa R Barrs
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, and Marie Bashir Institute of Infectious Diseases & Biosecurity, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.
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7
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Locatelli C, Pradelli D, Campo G, Spalla I, Savarese A, Brambilla PG, Bussadori C. Survival and prognostic factors in cats with restrictive cardiomyopathy: a review of 90 cases. J Feline Med Surg 2018; 20:1138-1143. [PMID: 29451444 PMCID: PMC11104218 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x18755955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Large studies focusing on restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM) in the cat are scarce. The aims of this retrospective study were to describe epidemiological characteristics and to analyse prognostic factors affecting survival in cats with RCM. METHODS The clinical archives of the Gran Sasso Veterinary Clinic (Milan, Italy) and of the cardiology unit of the Department of Veterinary Medicine (University of Milan, Italy) from 1997-2015 were reviewed for all cats diagnosed with RCM based on an echocardiographic examination (left atrial/biatrial enlargement, normal left ventricle wall thickness, normal or mildly decreased systolic function and restrictive left ventricle filling pattern with pulsed Doppler echocardiography). RESULTS The study population comprised 90 cats (53 male, 37 female) with an echocardiographic diagnosis of RCM. Most were domestic shorthairs (n = 60) with a mean ± SD age of 10.0 ± 4.3 years and a median weight of 3.8 kg (interquartile range 3.2-5 kg). Most cats were symptomatic (n = 87). The most common clinical sign was respiratory distress (n = 75). Follow-up was available for 60 cats and the median survival time (MST) was 69 days (95% confidence interval [CI] 0-175 days). Cardiac-related death occurred in 50 cats. In the multivariate Cox analysis only respiratory distress showed a statistically significant effect on survival. The cats without respiratory distress showed an MST of 466 days (95% CI 0-1208); cats with respiratory distress showing an MST of 64 days (95% CI 8-120; P = 0.011). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE RCM can be considered an end-stage condition associated with a poor prognosis, with few cats not showing clinical signs and surviving >1 year. Most cats died of cardiac disease within a very short time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Locatelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Giulia Campo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Alice Savarese
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola G Brambilla
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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8
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Detection of parvovirus and herpesvirus DNA in the blood of feline and canine blood donors. Vet Microbiol 2018; 224:66-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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9
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Donovan TA, Balakrishnan N, Carvalho Barbosa I, McCoy T, Breitschwerdt EB, Fox PR. Bartonella spp. as a Possible Cause or Cofactor of Feline Endomyocarditis-Left Ventricular Endocardial Fibrosis Complex. J Comp Pathol 2018; 162:29-42. [PMID: 30060840 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Endomyocarditis is a commonly detected post-mortem finding in domestic cats presenting for sudden onset cardiovascular death, yet the aetiology remains unresolved. Cats are documented reservoir hosts for Bartonella henselae, the infectious cause of cat scratch disease in man. Various Bartonella spp. have been associated with culture-negative endocarditis, myocarditis and sudden death in man and animals. We hypothesized that Bartonella spp. DNA could be amplified more often from the hearts of cats with feline endomyocarditis-left ventricular endocardial fibrosis (FEMC-LVEF) complex compared with cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) or cats with grossly and microscopically unremarkable hearts (designated non-cardiac disease controls). Formalin-fixed and paraffin wax-embedded, cardiac tissues from 60 domestic and purebred cats aged 3 months to 18 years were examined, and histological features were recorded. Cardiac tissue sections were tested for Bartonella DNA using multiple 16-23S intergenic transcribed spacer region polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primer sets, including two Bartonella genera, a Bartonella koehlerae species-specific and a Bartonella vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii-specific assay, followed by DNA sequence confirmation of the species or genotype. Special precautions were taken to avoid DNA cross-contamination between tissues. Bartonella spp. DNA was amplified by PCR and sequenced from 18 of 36 cats (50%) with FEMC-LVEF and 1/12 (8.3%) cats with HCM. Bartonella spp. DNA was not amplified from any non-cardiac disease control hearts. Based on PCR/DNA sequencing, one Bartonella spp. was amplified from 10 cats, while the remaining eight were coinfected with more than one Bartonella spp. To our knowledge, this study represents the first documentation of B. vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii genotype I infection in cats (n = 11). Fluorescence in-situ hybridization testing facilitated visualization of Bartonella bacteria within the myocardium of four of seven PCR-positive FEMC-LVEF hearts. Collectively, these findings support the hypothesis that Bartonella spp. may play a primary role or act as a cofactor in the pathogenesis of FEMC-LVEF. Studies involving cats from other geographical regions and definitive demonstration of Bartonella spp. within regions of inflammation are needed to confirm an association between Bartonella spp. and FEMC-LVEF induced morbidity and mortality in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Donovan
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, The Animal Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.
| | - N Balakrishnan
- Clinical Microbiology Unit, State Laboratory of Public Health, North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - I Carvalho Barbosa
- Department of Clinical Sciences, and the Intracellular Pathogens Research Laboratory, Comparative Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - T McCoy
- Department of Clinical Sciences, and the Intracellular Pathogens Research Laboratory, Comparative Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - E B Breitschwerdt
- Department of Clinical Sciences, and the Intracellular Pathogens Research Laboratory, Comparative Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - P R Fox
- Department of Cardiology, The Animal Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
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10
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Joseph JL, Oxford EM, Santilli RA. Transient myocardial thickening in a Bartonella henselae-positive cat. J Vet Cardiol 2018; 20:198-203. [PMID: 29730195 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A 3-year-old castrated male domestic shorthair presented to the Cornell University Hospital for Animals for acute onset respiratory distress. Thoracic radiographs, echocardiogram, and electrocardiogram (ECG) revealed left-sided congestive heart failure, myocardial thickening with left atrial dilation, and sinus rhythm conducted with a left bundle branch block, respectively. Cardiac troponin I was elevated and continued to increase over 36 h (1.9 ng/mL, 3.1 ng/mL, and 3.5 ng/mL, sequentially every 12 h). The cat tested positive for Bartonella henselae and was treated with azithromycin (30 mg/kg by mouth (PO) every 24 h for 30 days), along with furosemide (1 mg/kg PO every 24 h), benazepril (0.4 mg/kg PO every 24 h), pimobendan (0.23 mg/kg PO every 12 h), and clopidogrel (18.75 mg PO every 24 h). Reevaluation at 6 weeks revealed normal respiratory rate on physical examination, normal cardiac structures and function on echocardiogram, resolution of left bundle branch block on ECG, and normal cardiac troponin I levels (0.06 ng/mL). All medications were discontinued at this time, and the cat continued to do well 5 months after reevaluation. Here, we report a case of transient myocardial thickening in a cat that was also positive for B. henselae.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Joseph
- Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, 930 Campus Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - E M Oxford
- Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, 930 Campus Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Veterinary Medical Center of Central New York, 5841 Bridge St, East Syracuse, NY 13057, USA.
| | - R A Santilli
- Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, 930 Campus Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Clinica Veterinaria Malpensa, Viale Marconi 27, 21017 Samarate, Varese, Italy
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11
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McEndaffer L, Molesan A, Erb H, Kelly K. Feline Panleukopenia Virus Is Not Associated With Myocarditis or Endomyocardial Restrictive Cardiomyopathy in Cats. Vet Pathol 2017; 54:669-675. [PMID: 28622497 PMCID: PMC10956504 DOI: 10.1177/0300985817695516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Canine parvovirus-2 (CPV-2) is nearly indistinguishable from feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) and is a well-known cause of viral myocarditis in young puppies; however, it is not known whether either FPV or CPV-2 naturally infects feline cardiomyocytes and causes myocarditis. Endomyocarditis (EMC) and left ventricular endomyocardial fibrosis (LVEF), clinically known as "endomyocardial restrictive cardiomyopathy," are important feline heart diseases suspected to have an infectious etiology. A continuum is suggested with EMC representing the acute reaction to an unknown infectious agent and LVEF the chronic manifestation of repair. The purpose of this study was to determine (1) whether there is natural parvovirus infection of the feline myocardium and (2) whether parvoviral infection is associated with feline EMC and/or LVEF. In a retrospective study, polymerase chain reaction and sequencing for the parvovirus VP1/2 gene was performed on archived heart tissue from cats with endomyocardial disease and controls. Similar methods were used prospectively on myocardial tissues from shelter-source kittens. Although 8 of 36 (22%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 11%-40%) shelter kittens had parvoviral DNA in myocardial tissue, VP1/2 DNA was not detected in 33 adult cases or 34 controls (95% CI, 0% to ∼11%). These findings were confirmed by in situ hybridization: adult cats did not have detectable parvovirus DNA, although rare intranuclear signal was confirmed in 7 of 8 shelter-source kittens. In kittens, parvovirus was not significantly associated with myocarditis, and in situ hybridization signal did not colocalize with inflammation. Although infection of cardiomyocytes was demonstrated in kittens, these data do not support a role for parvovirus in EMC-LVEF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura McEndaffer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Alex Molesan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Hollis Erb
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Kathleen Kelly
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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12
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Pathological Features and Pathogenesis of the Endomyocardial Form of Restrictive Cardiomyopathy in Cats. J Comp Pathol 2016; 155:190-198. [PMID: 27392420 PMCID: PMC7094507 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This study reports pathological and molecular features in 41 cases of feline restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM). Grossly, there were patchy or diffuse areas of endocardial thickening affecting the left ventricle. The more common patchy endocardial lesions occurred as large trabecular or irregular broad bands of fibrous tissue bridging the left ventricular free wall and ventricular septum. Microscopically, regardless of the gross pattern, the thickened endocardium contained various numbers of stellate, spindle-shaped or elongated mesenchymal cells surrounded by fibrous connective tissue. Immunohistochemical findings were indicative of smooth muscle differentiation in mesenchymal cells. These cells proliferated vigorously and produced alcian blue-positive ground substance and collagen fibres; it was considered that the mesenchymal cells contributed to the formation of the endocardial lesions. In addition, multiple left ventricular ‘false tendons’ were invariably included within the trabecular or broad fibrous bands, providing a framework for formation of those bands. Evidence of endocarditis or endomyocarditis was lacking in all 41 cases, and no viral genomes were detected in any of the DNA or RNA samples obtained from 14 of the hearts. These observations suggest that any relationship between feline RCM and a virus-induced inflammatory response seems unlikely.
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13
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Kimura Y, Fukushima R, Hirakawa A, Kobayashi M, Machida N. Epidemiological and clinical features of the endomyocardial form of restrictive cardiomyopathy in cats: a review of 41 cases. J Vet Med Sci 2016; 78:781-4. [PMID: 26822001 PMCID: PMC4905831 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.15-0373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Examination of our necropsy records for the period 2005 to 2014 yielded 41 cases of the
endomyocardial form of restrictive cardiomyopathy among 327 cats with evidence of heart
disease, and here, we reviewed their epidemiological and clinical features. The medical
data obtained retrospectively included signalment, presenting complaints, findings of
physical examination, results of various diagnostic tests, methods of treatment and
survival times. Except for one Chinchilla Persian cat, all were domestic short-haired
cats. The mean age at death was 7.3 ± 4.5 years (median, 6 years; range, 4 months to 19
years), and males accounted for 61% (25/41) of the total. Dyspnea was the most common
clinical sign, being evident in 83% (35/41) of the cats. Hind limb paresis or paralysis
due to aortic thromboembolism was evident in 41% (17/41). Arrhythmias of atrial origin
were common. Echocardiography commonly revealed left atrial or biatrial enlargement with
severe endocardial thickening of the left ventricle. Most of the affected cats had a poor
outcome; the disease duration ranged from 1 to 977 days, and the median survival period
was 30 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Kimura
- Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Oncology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
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14
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Rolim VM, Casagrande RA, Wouters ATB, Driemeier D, Pavarini SP. Myocarditis caused by Feline Immunodeficiency Virus in Five Cats with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. J Comp Pathol 2016; 154:3-8. [PMID: 26797583 PMCID: PMC7094316 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2015.10.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Viral infections have been implicated as the cause of cardiomyopathy in several mammalian species. This study describes hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and myocarditis associated with feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infection in five cats aged between 1 and 4 years. Clinical manifestations included dyspnoea in four animals, one of which also exhibited restlessness. One animal showed only lethargy, anorexia and vomiting. Necropsy examination revealed marked cardiomegaly, marked left ventricular hypertrophy and pallor of the myocardium and epicardium in all animals. Microscopical and immunohistochemical examination showed multifocal infiltration of the myocardium with T lymphocytes and fewer macrophages, neutrophils and plasma cells. An intense immunoreaction for FIV antigen in the cytoplasm and nucleus of lymphocytes and the cytoplasm of some macrophages was observed via immunohistochemistry (IHC). IHC did not reveal the presence of antigen from feline calicivirus, coronavirus, feline leukaemia virus, feline parvovirus, Chlamydia spp. or Toxoplasma gondii. The results demonstrate the occurrence of FIV infection in inflammatory cells in the myocardium of five cats with myocarditis and HCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Machado Rolim
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
| | - R Assis Casagrande
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Lages, Brazil
| | | | - D Driemeier
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - S Petinatti Pavarini
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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15
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Stuetzer B, Hartmann K. Feline parvovirus infection and associated diseases. Vet J 2014; 201:150-5. [PMID: 24923754 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Revised: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Feline panleukopenia, caused by the single-stranded DNA virus feline parvovirus (FPV), is a highly contagious and often lethal disease of cats and other Felidae. FPV, but also canine parvovirus (CPV) can be isolated from both healthy and diseased cats. In Germany, CPV was detected in only approximately 10% of feline samples, but in Southeast Asia, reports estimated that up to approximately 80% of diseased cats were infected with CPV. Infection spreads rapidly, especially in cells with high mitotic activity, such as bone marrow, lymphoid tissue and intestinal crypt cells. Anorexia, vomiting, diarrhoea, neutropenia and lymphopenia are common in clinically affected cases. In utero or neonatal infection can result in cerebellar hypoplasia. Depending on the severity of clinical signs, mortality ranges from 25 to 100%. Effective vaccination and thorough disinfection are of the utmost importance in the prevention of disease transmission in multi-cat households and animal shelters. If clinical signs develop, supportive treatment should be commenced. The efficacy of feline recombinant interferon and FPV antibodies has not been clearly demonstrated. Commercially available vaccines should induce protective immunity when administered according to current guidelines. Recent studies suggest that in some kittens, maternally derived antibodies (MDA) can persist for much longer than has been previously recognised. FPV serum antibody tests are available, but protection status needs to be interpreted with caution in kittens with MDA and a negative titre in adult cats does not necessarily denote lack of protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Stuetzer
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians- Universität Muenchen, Munich, Germany.
| | - Katrin Hartmann
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians- Universität Muenchen, Munich, Germany
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16
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Sykes JE. Feline Panleukopenia Virus Infection and Other Viral Enteritides. CANINE AND FELINE INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2014. [PMCID: PMC7151839 DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4377-0795-3.00019-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
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17
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18
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19
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Infectious Diseases. THE CAT 2012. [PMCID: PMC7161403 DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4377-0660-4.00033-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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20
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Varanat M, Broadhurst J, Linder KE, Maggi RG, Breitschwerdt EB. Identification of Bartonella henselae in 2 cats with pyogranulomatous myocarditis and diaphragmatic myositis. Vet Pathol 2011; 49:608-11. [PMID: 21490304 DOI: 10.1177/0300985811404709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Most cats infected with Bartonella henselae remain outwardly healthy carriers for years; however, self-limiting fever, transient anemia, neurologic dysfunction, lymphadenopathy, reproductive disorders, aortic valvular endocarditis, and neutrophilic myocarditis have been described in experimentally or naturally infected cats. Two cats in a North Carolina shelter died with pyogranulomatous myocarditis and diaphragmatic myositis. Bacteria were visualized in the lesions by Warthin-Starry silver impregnation and by B. henselae immunohistochemistry. B. henselae DNA was amplified and sequenced from the heart of 1 cat and from multiple tissue samples, including heart and diaphragm, from the second cat. This study supports a potential association between B. henselae and what has been historically described as "transmissible myocarditis and diaphragmitis" of undetermined cause in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Varanat
- Intracellular Pathogens Research Laboratory, Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
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21
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Ferasin L. Feline myocardial disease 2: diagnosis, prognosis and clinical management. J Feline Med Surg 2009; 11:183-94. [PMID: 19237134 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2009.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Clinical challenges The diagnosis, prognosis and clinical management of feline myocardial disease (cardiomyopathy, CM) represent controversial areas in veterinaty cardiology. Diagnosis is challenging primarily because of the complex classification of feline CM, which is based on a variety of structural and functional phenotypes. Similarly, prognosis is strongly dependent on the underlying aetiology and stage of the disease, which are often unrecognised. These challenges underline the importance of a thonaugh clinical evaluation of the patient and understanding of the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms in order to select the most appropriate treatment and provide the highest standards of care. Patient group Although a genetic predisposition has been demonstrated in some feline pedigrees (ie, Maine Coons, Ragdolls), CM can potentially affect all breeds and different age groups. Audience General practitioners, as well as specialists in small animal medicine, cardiology and pathology, deal with feline CM cases on a regular basis. Diagnostics Diagnosis of feline CM is primarily based on echocardiographic examination. However, even the most sophisticated techniques present important limitations because they do not necessarily identify the primary cause of the disease or recognise the precise origin of an end-stage myocardial disease. Thoracic radiography remains one of the most useful tools for identifying changes consistent with congestive heart failure. Novel diagnostic techniques include cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography and genetic tests. Evidence base Although knowledge of feline CM remains fairly rudimentary, important discoveries have been made in the past few years. Evidence-based studies have significantly improved understanding of genetic predisposition, biomarkers and response to pharmacological treatments. Hopefully, many of the unsolved questions raised in this article will find a definitive answer in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Ferasin
- Anderson Sturgess Veterinary Specialists, The Granary, Bunstead Barns, Poles Lane, Hursley, Winchester, Hampshire SO212LL, UK.
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22
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Halapas A, Pissimissis N, Lembessis P, Rizos I, Rigopoulos AG, Kremastinos DT, Koutsilieris M. Molecular diagnosis of the viral component in cardiomyopathies: pathophysiological, clinical and therapeutic implications. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2008; 12:821-36. [PMID: 18554151 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.12.7.821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myocarditis is defined as the inflammation of myocardium associated with cardiac dysfunction. Despite this clear-cut definition, diagnosis and etiologic treatment continue to create considerable debate. Viral infections are frequent causes of myocarditis and there is evidence that persistent viral infection is associated with poor prognosis in different subtypes of cardiomyopathy. OBJECTIVE To review methods for diagnosis of viral myocarditis and present the use of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based protocols for evaluating viral infection in myocarditis/cardiomyopathies. METHODS A review of published literature. RESULTS/CONCLUSION There is increasing evidence that PCR-based protocols can provide reliable molecular evidence for the presence of viral infection in myocardium. Thus application of molecular techniques will allow collection and analysis of more information on the epidemiology of viral cardiomyopathies, patient risk stratification and appropriate medical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Halapas
- University of Athens, Department of Experimental Physiology, Medical School, 75 Micras Asias, Goudi-Athens, 115 27, Greece
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23
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Infectious and Parasitic Diseases of the Alimentary Tract. JUBB, KENNEDY & PALMER'S PATHOLOGY OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS 2007. [PMCID: PMC7155580 DOI: 10.1016/b978-070202823-6.50096-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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24
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Sherding RG. Intestinal Viruses. SAUNDERS MANUAL OF SMALL ANIMAL PRACTICE 2006. [PMCID: PMC7149731 DOI: 10.1016/b0-72-160422-6/50016-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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25
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Abstract
Viruses commonly cause gastrointestinal illnesses in dogs and cats that range in severity from mild diarrhoea to malignant neoplasia. Perpetual evolution of viruses is reflected in changing disease patterns, so that familiar viruses are sometimes discovered to cause new or unexpected diseases. For example, canine parvovirus (CPV) has regained the ability to infect felids and cause a panleucopenia-like illness. Feline panleucopenia virus (FPV) has been shown to cause fading in young kittens and has recently been implicated as a possible cause of feline idiopathic cardiomyopathy. Molecular scrutiny of viral diseases sometimes permits deeper understanding of pathogenesis and epizootiology. Feline gastrointestinal lymphomas have not, in the past, been strongly associated with retroviral infections, yet some of these tumours harbour retroviral proviruses. Feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) may play a role in lymphomagenesis, even in cats diagnosed as uninfected using conventional criteria. There is strong evidence that feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) can also be oncogenic. The variant feline coronaviruses that cause invariably-fatal feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) arise by sporadic mutation of an ubiquitous and only mildly pathogenic feline enteric coronavirus (FECV); a finding that has substantial management implications for cat breeders and veterinarians. Conversely, canine enteric coronavirus (CECV) shows considerable genetic and antigenic diversity but causes only mild, self-limiting diarrhoea in puppies. Routine vaccination against this virus is not recommended. Although parvoviruses, coronaviruses and retroviruses are the most important known viral causes of canine and feline gastrointestinal disease, other viruses play a role. Feline and canine rotaviruses have combined with human rotaviruses to produce new, reassortant, zoonotic viruses. Some companion animal rotaviruses can infect humans directly. Undoubtedly, further viral causes of canine and feline gastrointestinal disease await discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Squires
- Institute of Veterinary Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
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26
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Endomyocardial fibrosis and restrictive cardiomyopathy: pathologic and clinical features. J Vet Cardiol 2004; 6:25-31. [DOI: 10.1016/s1760-2734(06)70061-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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27
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Abstract
The era of diagnostic molecular biology has arrived for small animal clinicians, and it is a near certainty that assays such as the PCR and RT-PCR will become more widely available for a wider array of infectious agents. Already there is an extensive list of infectious diseases of dogs and cats that have been investigated with molecular tools. A partial list is included in box 1. An understanding of the advantages and disadvantages of the molecular techniques and some of the questions these techniques can answer for clinicians can serve practitioners well in their approach to the diagnosis of infectious diseases in dogs and cats. It is likely that additional applications of these tools to small animal medicine will become apparent as investigators use and refine them for their research purposes, or as new uses emerge from human medical applications. Clinicians also are likely to reap the benefits of this knowledge. Because samples often are acquired easily from clinical patients in most practice settings, access to these tools puts all clinicians in the group of discoverers of new, or variations of, infectious diseases and their clinical manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rance K Sellon
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Washington State University, Post Office Box 7060, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.
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