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Harithpriya K, Ganesan K, Ramkumar KM. Pterostilbene Reverses Epigenetic Silencing of Nrf2 and Enhances Antioxidant Response in Endothelial Cells in Hyperglycemic Microenvironment. Nutrients 2024; 16:2045. [PMID: 38999793 PMCID: PMC11242982 DOI: 10.3390/nu16132045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The epigenetic regulation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), a pivotal redox transcription factor, plays a crucial role in maintaining cellular homeostasis. Recent research has underscored the significance of epigenetic modifications of Nrf2 in the pathogenesis of diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs). This study investigates the epigenetic reversal of Nrf2 by pterostilbene (PTS) in human endothelial cells in a hyperglycemic microenvironment (HGM). The activation potential of PTS on Nrf2 was evaluated through ARE-Luciferase reporter assays and nuclear translocation studies. Following 72 h of exposure to an HGM, mRNA expression and protein levels of Nrf2 and its downstream targets NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), heme-oxygenase 1(HO-1), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) exhibited a decrease, which was mitigated in PTS-pretreated endothelial cells. Epigenetic markers, including histone deacetylases (HDACs class I-IV) and DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs 1/3A and 3B), were found to be downregulated under diabetic conditions. Specifically, Nrf2-associated HDACs, including HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3, and HDAC4, were upregulated in HGM-induced endothelial cells. This upregulation was reversed in PTS-pretreated cells, except for HDAC2, which exhibited elevated expression in endothelial cells treated with PTS in a hyperglycemic microenvironment. Additionally, PTS was observed to reverse the activity of the methyltransferase enzyme DNMT. Furthermore, CpG islands in the Nrf2 promoter were hypermethylated in cells exposed to an HGM, a phenomenon potentially counteracted by PTS pretreatment, as shown by methyl-sensitive restriction enzyme PCR (MSRE-qPCR) analysis. Collectively, our findings highlight the ability of PTS to epigenetically regulate Nrf2 expression under hyperglycemic conditions, suggesting its therapeutic potential in managing diabetic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kannan Harithpriya
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, India;
| | - Kumar Ganesan
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 10 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Kunka Mohanram Ramkumar
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, India;
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Pal PB, Sonowal H, Shukla K, Srivastava SK, Ramana KV. Aldose reductase regulates hyperglycemia-induced HUVEC death via SIRT1/AMPK-α1/mTOR pathway. J Mol Endocrinol 2019; 63:11-25. [PMID: 30986766 PMCID: PMC6555667 DOI: 10.1530/jme-19-0080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Although hyperglycemia-mediated death and dysfunction of endothelial cells have been reported to be a major cause of diabetes associated vascular complications, the mechanisms through which hyperglycemia cause endothelial dysfunction is not well understood. We have recently demonstrated that aldose reductase (AR, AKR1B1) is an obligatory mediator of oxidative and inflammatory signals induced by growth factors, cytokines and hyperglycemia. However, the molecular mechanisms by which AR regulates hyperglycemia-induced endothelial dysfunction is not well known. In this study, we have investigated the mechanism(s) by which AR regulates hyperglycemia-induced endothelial dysfunction. Incubation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) with high glucose (HG) decreased the cell viability and inhibition of AR prevented it. Further, AR inhibition prevented the HG-induced ROS generation and expression of BCL-2, BAX and activation of Caspase-3 in HUVECs. AR inhibition also prevented the adhesion of THP-1 monocytes on HUVECs, expression of iNOS and eNOS and adhesion molecules ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 in HG-treated HUVECs. Further, AR inhibition restored the HG-induced depletion of SIRT1 in HUVECs and increased the phosphorylation of AMPKα1 along-with a decrease in phosphorylation of mTOR in HG-treated HUVECs. Fidarestat decreased SIRT1 expression in HUVECs pre-treated with specific SIRT1 inhibitor but not with the AMPKα1 inhibitor. Similarly, knockdown of AR in HUVECs by siRNA prevented the HG-induced HUVECs cell death, THP-1 monocyte adhesion and SIRT1 depletion. Furthermore, fidarestat regulated the phosphorylation of AMPKα1 and mTOR, and expression of SIRT1 in STZ-induced diabetic mice heart and aorta tissues. Collectively, our data suggest that AR regulates hyperglycemia-induced endothelial death and dysfunction by altering the ROS/SIRT1/AMPKα1/mTOR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pabitra B Pal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Himangshu Sonowal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Kirtikar Shukla
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Satish K Srivastava
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Kota V Ramana
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
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Park JH. Vascular Contributions to Late Life Depression. Curr Behav Neurosci Rep 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40473-017-0128-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Lupascu FG, Dash M, Samal SK, Dubruel P, Lupusoru CE, Lupusoru RV, Dragostin O, Profire L. Development, optimization and biological evaluation of chitosan scaffold formulations of new xanthine derivatives for treatment of type-2 diabetes mellitus. Eur J Pharm Sci 2015; 77:122-34. [PMID: 26079402 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2015.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
New xanthine derivatives as antidiabetic agents were synthesized and new chitosan formulations have been developed in order to improve their biological and pharmacokinetic profile. Their physicochemical properties in terms of particle size, morphology, swelling degree, crystalline state, the loading efficiency as well as in vitro release and biodegradation rate were evaluated. According to the results the optimized formulations have a high drug loading efficiency (more than 70%), small particle size, a good release profile in the simulated biological fluids (the percentage of cumulative release being more than 55%) and improved biodegradation rate in reference with chitosan microparticles. The presence of xanthine derivatives (6, 7) in chitosan microparticles was demonstrated by means of FTIR analysis. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) proved that xanthine derivatives present a crystalline state. The biological evaluation assays confirmed the antioxidant and antidiabetic effects of the xanthine derivatives (6, 7) and their chitosan formulations (CS-6, CS-7). Xanthine derivative 6 showed a high antiradical scavenging effect (DPPH remaining=41.78%). It also reduced the glucose blood level with 59.30% and recorded level of glycosylated hemoglobin was 4.53%. The effect of its chitosan formulation (CS-6) on the level of blood glucose (114.5mg/dl) was even more intense than the one recorded by pioglitazone (148.5mg/dl) when used as standard antidiabetic drug. These results demonstrated the potential application of xanthine derivative 6 and its chitosan formulation (CS-6) in the treatment of the diabetes mellitus syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florentina Geanina Lupascu
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Grigore T. Popa", Faculty of Pharmacy, University 16, 700115 Iasi, Romania.
| | - Mamoni Dash
- Polymer Chemistry & Biomaterials Research Group, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S4-Bis, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Sangram Keshari Samal
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Centre for Nano- and Biophotonics, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Peter Dubruel
- Polymer Chemistry & Biomaterials Research Group, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S4-Bis, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Catalina Elena Lupusoru
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Grigore T. Popa", Faculty of Medicine, University 16, 700115 Iasi, Romania.
| | - Raoul-Vasile Lupusoru
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Grigore T. Popa", Faculty of Medicine, University 16, 700115 Iasi, Romania.
| | - Oana Dragostin
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Grigore T. Popa", Faculty of Pharmacy, University 16, 700115 Iasi, Romania.
| | - Lenuta Profire
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Grigore T. Popa", Faculty of Pharmacy, University 16, 700115 Iasi, Romania.
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Gil-Ortega I, Marzoa Rivas R, Ríos Vázquez R, Kaski JC. Role of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction in the pathogenesis of cardiac syndrome X. Future Cardiol 2012; 2:63-73. [PMID: 19804133 DOI: 10.2217/14796678.2.1.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chest pain with normal coronary arteriograms represents a major diagnostic and therapeutic challenge to contemporary cardiology. Cardiac syndrome X (CSX), defined as typical angina-like chest pain, a positive response to exercise stress testing and normal coronary arteriograms, encompasses patients with a variety of pathogenic mechanisms. Cardiac ischemia has been documented in approximately 25% of CSX patients and is associated with endothelial dysfunction and microvascular vasodilator abnormalities. Increased endothelin-1, a powerful vasoconstrictor, has been suggested to play a pathogenic role. There is a high prevalence of postmenopausal women with CSX and thus estrogen deficiency has also been proposed to represent a possible pathogenic mechanism. Inflammatory mechanisms and endothelial dysfunction at the coronary microvascular level appear to be important in the pathogenesis of CSX. Treatment with agents that have protective effects on the vasculature and also anti-inflammatory properties, such as statins and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors have been effective in improving both symptoms and electrocardiographic signs of myocardial ischemia in patients with CSX. This review discusses the roles for endothelial dysfunction and inflammation in the pathogenesis of CSX, as well as the potential therapeutic implications of these mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Gil-Ortega
- Coronary Artery Disease Research Unit, Cardiovascular Biology Research Centre, Division of Cardiac and Vascular Sciences,St. George s, University of LondonLondon, UK
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Kolluru GK, Bir SC, Kevil CG. Endothelial dysfunction and diabetes: effects on angiogenesis, vascular remodeling, and wound healing. Int J Vasc Med 2012; 2012:918267. [PMID: 22611498 PMCID: PMC3348526 DOI: 10.1155/2012/918267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Accepted: 10/18/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by inappropriate hyperglycemia due to lack of or resistance to insulin. Patients with DM are frequently afflicted with ischemic vascular disease or wound healing defect. It is well known that type 2 DM causes amplification of the atherosclerotic process, endothelial cell dysfunction, glycosylation of extracellular matrix proteins, and vascular denervation. These complications ultimately lead to impairment of neovascularization and diabetic wound healing. Therapeutic angiogenesis remains an attractive treatment modality for chronic ischemic disorders including PAD and/or diabetic wound healing. Many experimental studies have identified better approaches for diabetic cardiovascular complications, however, successful clinical translation has been limited possibly due to the narrow therapeutic targets of these agents or the lack of rigorous evaluation of pathology and therapeutic mechanisms in experimental models of disease. This paper discusses the current body of evidence identifying endothelial dysfunction and impaired angiogenesis during diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Christopher G. Kevil
- Department of Pathology, LSU Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA
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Elçioğlu HK, Kabasakal L, Özkan N, Çelikel Ç, Ayanoğlu-Dülger G. A study comparing the effects of rosiglitazone and/or insulin treatments on streptozotocin induced diabetic (type I diabetes) rat aorta and cavernous tissues. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 660:476-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2010] [Revised: 02/25/2011] [Accepted: 03/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Millioni R, Puricelli L, Iori E, Arrigoni G, Tessari P. The effects of rosiglitazone and high glucose on protein expression in endothelial cells. J Proteome Res 2010; 9:578-84. [PMID: 19911850 DOI: 10.1021/pr900435z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Rosiglitazone is a thiazolidinedione used to treat insulin resistance in diabetes. Although thiazolidinediones may also exert cardiovascular effects, contrasting results were reported. Favorable effects were shown for pioglitazone, whereas adverse reactions were suspected for rosiglitazone. Therefore, a reassessment of the molecular effects of rosiglitazone on vascular cells is required. We tested the effects of rosiglitazone on the proteome of human endothelial cells grown under either normal or high glucose levels. Protein profiles were analyzed in both membrane and cytosolic fractions. About 150 cytosolic proteins, and approximately 100 membrane proteins, were detected. Two-thirds of the proteins significantly altered by high glucose were also modulated by rosiglitazone in an antagonistic way. Half of these proteins are involved in apoptosis. Using an independent assay of apoptosis based on nucleosome quantification, an approximately 20% stimulation by high versus normal glucose was shown (p < 0.05). Conversely, rosiglitazone reduced apoptosis by approximately 30-50% in cells exposed to either glucose conditions (p < 0.001). In addition, rosiglitazone differently modulated cytoskeleton and energy metabolism-related proteins. Our data show novel, potential sites of action of rosiglitazone through protein expression of endothelial cells. These mechanisms may foster new investigations on the overall vascular effects of this compound, and help to discriminate between desired and adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Millioni
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Chair of Metabolism, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Farah R, Shurtz-Swirski R, Lapin O. Intensification of oxidative stress and inflammation in type 2 diabetes despite antihyperglycemic treatment. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2008; 7:20. [PMID: 18570678 PMCID: PMC2441608 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2840-7-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2008] [Accepted: 06/22/2008] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The metabolic deregulation associated with diabetes mellitus (DM) causes secondary pathophysiologic changes in multiple organ systems. Endothelial injury is induced by oxidative stress (OS) and inflammation. We have previously shown that DM type 2 patients are exposed to increased OS and inflammation contributed in part by primed peripheral polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNLs). AIMS To characterize the effect of oral medication on PMNL priming, on PMNL-related and on systemic inflammation, in correlation to changed diabetes parameters in patient with newly diagnosed type 2 DM. METHODS PMNLs were separated from DM patient's prior and following treatment with either metformin (Glucophage), or Thiazolidinedione (rosiglitazone) and from healthy control subjects (HC). Rate of superoxide release from phorbol ester-stimulated PMNLs and CD11b on PMNLs assessed PMNL priming. White blood cells (WBC) and PMNL counts and apoptosis reflected PMNL-related inflammation. CRP, fibrinogen, transferrin and albumin blood levels reflected systemic inflammation. RESULTS Both metformin and rosiglitazone treatments reduced significantly the high levels of glucose and HbA1c, and slightly improved lipid profile during 2 months. PMNL priming parameters, higher compared to HC, increased after 2 months of metformin treatment. Rosiglitazone treatment decreased PMNL priming. ALP, higher in DM, significantly decreased following 2 months of both treatments. Systemic inflammation markers (fibrinogen, CRP), higher in DM, decreased following both treatments. Transferrin and albumin were similar to HC. PMNL-related inflammation markers were higher in DM; however, only PMNL apoptosis decreased after both treatments. Monocyte counts, higher in DM compared to HC, decreased following both treatments. Serum insulin levels, higher in DM compared to HC, decreased following both treatments. PMNL-related priming and inflammation parameters positively correlated with HbA1c. CONCLUSION The present research adds new facet in evaluating anti-hyperglycemic treatment in type 2 DM patients. Despite sufficient glycemic control using both treatments, some PMNL-related parameters deteriorated. Thus, anti hyperglycemic treatment should be favored due to its combined anti-PMNL priming and anti-inflammatory effect, in addition to its anti-hyperglycemic characteristics, according to the correlation among these parameters. Such combined treatment may reduce morbidity and mortality common in DM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond Farah
- Departement of Internal Medicine B, Ziv Medical Center, Safed, Israel.
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Wyne KL. Management of type 2 diabetes mellitus: is it time for a paradigm shift? Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2008; 2:251-62. [PMID: 18370694 DOI: 10.1089/met.2004.2.251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a multi-organ disease that results from the combination of insulin resistance and a beta-cell secretory defect. The worldwide prevalence of type 2 diabetes has increased substantially during the past decade, and patients with this disease continue to experience a high incidence of morbidity and mortality. Because the complications associated with this disease affect multiple organ systems and have a dramatic impact on daily life, the importance of lowering glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA(1c)) levels to within the normal range cannot be overemphasized. The introduction in the past decade of several new classes of pharmacological agents to treat patients with type 2 diabetes now provides the opportunity to focus therapy on treating the underlying disease process instead of just reacting to the blood glucose levels. The thiazolidinediones are unique in their ability to modulate free fatty acid metabolism and to improve insulin sensitivity. These agents also exert numerous nonglycemic effects on the vasculature and lipid metabolism and may improve many of the risk factors associated with metabolic syndrome. Data from the United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) group showed that conventional methods of managing type 2 diabetes, including the use of sulfonylureas or biguanides, do not provide long-term glycemic control. Consequently, new treatment paradigms stressing the earlier use of thiazolidinediones, either alone or in combination with metformin, may lead to more durable glycemic control, thus facilitating the reduction of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen L Wyne
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas
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Hadi HAR, Suwaidi JA. Endothelial dysfunction in diabetes mellitus. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2008. [PMID: 18200806 DOI: 10.2147/vhrm.s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, even in the presence of intensive glycemic control. Substantial clinical and experimental evidence suggest that both diabetes and insulin resistance cause a combination of endothelial dysfunctions, which may diminish the anti-atherogenic role of the vascular endothelium. Both insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction appear to precede the development of overt hyperglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes. Therefore, in patients with diabetes or insulin resistance, endothelial dysfunction may be a critical early target for preventing atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. Microalbuminuria is now considered to be an atherosclerotic risk factor and predicts future cardiovascular disease risk in diabetic patients, in elderly patients, as well as in the general population. It has been implicated as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease and premature cardiovascular mortality for patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus, as well as for patients with essential hypertension. A complete biochemical understanding of the mechanisms by which hyperglycemia causes vascular functional and structural changes associated with the diabetic milieu still eludes us. In recent years, the numerous biochemical and metabolic pathways postulated to have a causal role in the pathogenesis of diabetic vascular disease have been distilled into several unifying hypotheses. The role of chronic hyperglycemia in the development of diabetic microvascular complications and in neuropathy has been clearly established. However, the biochemical or cellular links between elevated blood glucose levels, and the vascular lesions remain incompletely understood. A number of trials have demonstrated that statins therapy as well as angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors is associated with improvements in endothelial function in diabetes. Although antioxidants provide short-term improvement of endothelial function in humans, all studies of the effectiveness of preventive antioxidant therapy have been disappointing. Control of hyperglycemia thus remains the best way to improve endothelial function and to prevent atherosclerosis and other cardiovascular complications of diabetes. In the present review we provide the up to date details on this subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi A R Hadi
- Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Surgery, Hamad General Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, State of Qatar, UAE.
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Hamilton SJ, Chew GT, Watts GF. Therapeutic regulation of endothelial dysfunction in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diab Vasc Dis Res 2007; 4:89-102. [PMID: 17654442 DOI: 10.3132/dvdr.2007.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction is universal in diabetes, being intimately involved with the development of cardiovascular disease. The pathogenesis of endothelial dysfunction in diabetes is complex. It is initially related to the effects of fatty acids and insulin resistance on 'uncoupling' of both endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity and mitochondrial function. Oxidative stress activates protein kinase C (PKC), polyol, hexosamine and nuclear factor kappa B pathways, thereby aggravating endothelial dysfunction. Improvements in endothelial function in the peripheral circulation in diabetes have been demonstrated with monotherapies, including statins, fibrates, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, metformin and fish oils. These observations are supported by large clinical end point trials. Other studies show benefits with certain antioxidants, L-arginine, folate, PKC-inhibitors, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR)-alpha and -gamma agonists and phosphodiesterase (PDE-5) inhibitors. However, the benefits of these agents remain to be shown in clinical end point trials. Combination treatments, for example, statins plus ACE inhibitors and statins plus fibrates, have also been demonstrated to have additive benefits on endothelial function in diabetes, but there are no clinical outcome data to date. Measurement of endothelial dysfunction in cardiovascular research can provide fresh opportunities for exploring the mechanism of benefit of new therapeutic regimens and for planning and designing large clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra J Hamilton
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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Gomes MDB. Glitazonas e síndrome metabólica: mecanismos de ação, fisiopatologia e indicações terapêuticas. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 50:271-80. [PMID: 16767293 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-27302006000200013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
O diabetes mellitus (DM) é considerado um problema de saúde pública em países devido às suas complicações crônicas macro e microvasculares, com grande impacto na morbimortalidade dos pacientes. A doença é o estágio final de uma síndrome crônica e progressiva, cujas anormalidades fisiopatológicas iniciam-se anos antes do diagnóstico clínico da doença. A síndrome metabólica (SM) é conseqüente ao aumento mundial da prevalência de obesidade. O DM é freqüentemente associado com condições clínicas e laboratoriais que fazem parte da SM, como a obesidade, hipertensão arterial, dislipidemia e microalbuminúria, também fatores de risco cardiovascular. Estudos populacionais demonstram aumento na prevalência de todos os fatores que compõem esta síndrome do pré-diabetes ao DM manifesto, resultando em elevada prevalência de doença cardiovascular e morbimortalidade. Estima-se que >80% dos pacientes com DM apresentem SM. As glitazonas são agonistas PPAR-gama que melhoram a sensibilidade insulínica. Estas drogas induzem à transcrição de genes relacionados ao metabolismo glicídico e lipídico e à expressão de proteínas inflamatórias e endoteliais associadas com o processo aterosclerótico, resultando em melhora da função endotelial. Entretanto, algumas questões relacionadas às glitazonas merecem mais estudos, como a causa de seus efeitos colaterais (ganho de peso, edema e desenvolvimento de insuficiência cardíaca congestiva).
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Wang Y, Lam KS, Xu A. Adiponectin as a therapeutic target for obesity-related metabolic and cardiovascular disorders. Drug Dev Res 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.20141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Abstract
Low levels of adiponectin, a fat-derived hormone, are found in coronary heart disease, type 2 diabetes, obesity, and other insulin-resistant states. Conversely, high adiponectin levels are predictive of reduced coronary risk in long-term epidemiologic studies. A close association between hypoadiponectinemia and endothelial dysfunction has also been demonstrated. The various mechanisms through which adiponectin may protect the endothelium, via its insulin-sensitizing, antiatherogenic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties, are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen S L Lam
- Department of Medicine and Research Centre of Heart, Brain, Hormone & Healthy Aging, Medical Faculty, University of Hong Kong, 21, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.
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Summers SA, Nelson DH. A role for sphingolipids in producing the common features of type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome X, and Cushing's syndrome. Diabetes 2005; 54:591-602. [PMID: 15734832 DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.54.3.591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome X and type 2 diabetes share many metabolic and morphological similarities with Cushing's syndrome, a rare disorder caused by systemic glucocorticoid excess. Pathologies frequently associated with these diseases include insulin resistance, atherosclerosis, susceptibility to infection, poor wound healing, and hypertension. The similarity of the clinical profiles associated with these disorders suggests the influence of a common molecular mechanism for disease onset. Interestingly, numerous studies identify ceramides and other sphingolipids as potential contributors to these sequelae. Herein we review studies demonstrating that aberrant ceramide accumulation contributes to the development of the deleterious clinical manifestations associated with these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Summers
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA.
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