Surgical complications after pancreas transplantation with portal-enteric drainage

Two-stage Enteric Exclusion to Salvage a Pancreas Transplant After an Early Post-transplant Leak

Early technical complications after pancreas transplantation are almost always unsalvageable. The two most common complications are vascular thrombosis and duodenal anastomotic leaks. We present a case of a duodenal stump leak that led to a large abscess and severe sepsis. The pancreas was salvaged by repairing the leak and creating a proximal diverting ileostomy. Several months later, the ileostomy was reversed. This was done by creating a defunctionalized Roux limb to exclude the pancreas. The patient healed well and continued to enjoy excellent glucose control.

Intra-abdominal infections in solid organ transplant recipients: Guidelines from the American Society of Transplantation Infectious Diseases Community of Practice

This new guideline from the AST IDCOP reviews intra-abdominal infections (IAIs), which cause substantial morbidity and mortality among abdominal SOT recipients. Each transplant type carries unique risks for IAI, though peritonitis occurs in all abdominal transplant recipients. Biliary infections, bilomas, and intra-abdominal and intrahepatic abscesses are common after liver transplantation and are associated with the type of biliary anastomosis, the presence of vascular thrombosis or ischemia, and biliary leaks or strictures. IAIs after kidney transplantation include renal and perinephric abscesses and graft-site candidiasis, which is uncommon but may require allograft nephrectomy. Among pancreas transplant recipients, duodenal anastomotic leaks can have catastrophic consequences, and polymicrobial abscesses can lead to graft loss and death. Intestinal transplant recipients are at the highest risk for sepsis, infection due to multidrug-resistant organisms, and death from IAI, as the transplanted intestine is a contaminated, highly immunological, pathogen-rich organ. Source control and antibiotics are the cornerstone of the management of IAIs. Empiric antimicrobial regimens should be tailored to local susceptibility patterns and pathogens with which the patient is known to be colonized, with subsequent optimization once the results of cultures are reported.

Techniques of pancreas graft salvage/indications for allograft pancreatectomy

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

Despite improvements in pancreas allograft outcome, graft complications remain a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. This review analyses the issues involved in the management of conditions that may require graft pancreatectomy, including the indications and techniques for graft salvage.

RECENT FINDINGS

With early recognition of graft complications, liberal use of radiological interventions, improved infection control, access to critical care and innovative surgical techniques, graft salvage is now feasible in many circumstances where graft pancreatectomy would previously have been necessary.

SUMMARY

The outcome of pancreas transplantation continues to improve with advances in the management of graft-threatening complications.

Simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation. Experience of the Doce de Octubre Hospital

INTRODUCTION

Simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation (SPKT) constitutes the therapy of choice for diabetes type1 or type2 associated with end-stage renal disease, because is the only proven method to restore normo-glicemic control in the diabetic patient.

METHODS

Retrospective and descriptive study of a series of 175 patients who underwent SPKT from March 1995 to April 2016. We analyze donor and recipient characteristics, perioperative variables and immunosuppression, post-transplant morbi-mortality, patient and graft survival, and risk factors related with patient and graft survival.

RESULTS

Median age of the donors was 28years and mean age of recipients was 38.8±7.3years, being 103 males and 72 females. Enteric drainage of the exocrine pancreas was performed in 113 patients and bladder drainage in 62. Regarding post-transplant complications, the overall rate of infections was 70.3%; graft pancreatitis 26.3%; intraabdominal bleeding 17.7%; graft thrombosis 12.6%; and overall pancreas graft rejection 10.9%. The causes of mortality were mainly cardiovascular and infectious complications. Patient survival at 1, 3 and 5-year were 95.4%, 93% and 92.4%, respectively, and pancreas graft survival at 1, 3 and 5-year were 81.6%, 77.9% y 72.3%, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

In our 20-year experience of simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation, the morbidity rate, and 5-year patient and pancreas graft survivals were similar to those previously reported from the international pancreas transplant registries.

Simultaneous Kidney-Pancreas Transplantation With an Original "Transverse Pancreas" Technique: Initial 9 Years' Experience With 56 Cases

An innovative technique for pancreas transplantation is described. The main aspect consists of the horizontal positioning of the pancreas, which allows a better venous outflow, thus preventing thrombosis and graft loss. The program of pancreas transplantation in this national reference center for pancreatic and liver surgery was started in 2007; the initial results were considered poor, resulting in the loss of half of the grafts due to venous thrombosis. After analyzing the possible causes, this technique was proposed and successfully implemented, reducing the postoperative complications, particularly the problem of venous thrombosis. A detailed description of the new surgical technique is provided. The main clinical and demographic characteristics of the 56 patients who underwent the surgery are analyzed. The incidence of venous thrombosis was 5.3% (3 patients) and graft loss was 3.5% (2 patients). Due to the good results, this technique became the standard surgery for transplantation of the pancreas in our center. The technique proved to be safe and successful. Due to the unique pancreas graft implantation, we called it "transverse pancreas surgery."

Liver Track Embolization After Islet Cell Transplant: Comparison of Two Techniques

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy and safety of microfibrillar collagen paste with those of gelatin sponge for liver track embolization after islet cell transplants.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In a single-institution, retrospective study, 37 patients underwent 66 islet cell transplants from January 2005 through October 2015. Transplants were performed with 6-French transhepatic access, systemic anticoagulation, pretransplant and posttransplant portal venous pressure measurement, and image-guided liver track embolization with gelatin sponge (2005-2011) or microfibrillar collagen paste (2012-2015). The findings on 20 patients (two men, 18 women; mean age, 48 years) who underwent 35 gelatin sponge embolizations were compared with the findings on 13 patients (six men, seven women; mean age, 48 years) who underwent 22 microfibrillar collagen paste embolizations (four patients, nine procedures without embolization excluded). Medical record review was used to compare laboratory test results, portal venous pressures, and 30-day adverse bleeding events (classified according to Society of Interventional Radiology and Bleeding Academic Research Consortium criteria) between groups.

RESULTS

The technical success rates were 100% in the microfibrillar collagen paste group and 91% in the gelatin sponge group. Group characteristics were similar, there being no differences in platelet count, partial thromboplastin time, or number of islet cell transplants per patient (p > 0.05). A statistical difference in international normalized ratio (1.0 versus 1.1) was not clinically significant (p = 0.012). Posttransplant portal venous pressure was slightly higher among patients treated with gelatin sponge (13 versus 9 mm Hg, p = 0.002). No bleeding occurred after microfibrillar collagen paste embolization, whereas nine bleeding events followed gelatin sponge embolization (0% versus 26%, p = 0.020). In univariate comparison of bleeding and nonbleeding groups, the use of gelatin sponge was statistically associated with postprocedure hemorrhage.

CONCLUSION

Microfibrillar collagen paste is effective and safe for liver track embolization to prevent bleeding after islet cell transplants. It appears to be more efficacious than gelatin sponge.

Impact of graft implantation order on graft survival in simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation

The optimal order of revascularization for pancreas and kidney grafts in simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation has not been established. In this study, we investigate the influence of graft implantation order on graft survival in SPK. 12 700 transplantations from the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients were analyzed retrospectively. Graft implantation order was determined based on the reported ischemia times of pancreas and kidney grafts. Pancreas and kidney graft survivals were analyzed depending on graft implantation order at 3 months and 5 years using Kaplan-Meier plots. Significance was tested with log-rank test and Cox regression model. In 8454 transplantations, the pancreas was implanted first (PBK), and in 4246 transplantations, the kidney was implanted first (KBP). The proportion of lost pancreas grafts at 3 months was significantly lower in PBK (9.4% vs. 10.8%, P = 0.011). Increasing time lag (>2 h) between kidney and pancreas graft implantation in KBP accentuated the detrimental impact on pancreas graft survival (12.5% graft loss at 3 months, P = 0.001). Technical failure rates were reduced in PBK (5.6 vs. 6.9%, P = 0.005). Graft implantation order had no impact on kidney graft survival. In summary, although observed differences are small, pancreas graft implantation first increases short-term pancreas graft survival and reduces rates of technical failure.

Pancreas transplantation: Advantages of a retroperitoneal graft position

INTRODUCTION

In the 50 years since the first pancreas transplant performed at the University of Minnesota, the surgical techniques employed have undergone many modifications. Techniques such as retroperitoneal graft placement have further improved the ability to reproduce the physiology of the «native» pancreas. We herein present our experience of a modified technique for pancreatic transplant, with the organ placed into a fully retroperitoneal position with systemic venous and enteric drainage of the graft by duodeno-duodenostomy.

METHODS

All pancreas transplantations performed between May 2016 and January 2017 were prospectively entered into our transplant database and retrospectively analyzed.

RESULTS

A total of 10 transplants were performed using the retroperitoneal technique (6 men: median age of 41 years [IQR 36-54]). Median cold ischemia times was 10,30h [IQR 5,30-12,10]. The preservation solution used was Celsior (n=7), IGL-1 (n=2), and UW (n=1). No complications related to the new surgical technique were identified. In one patient, transplantectomy at 12h was performed due to graft thrombosis, probably related to ischemic conditions from a donor with prolonged cardio-respiratory arrest. Another procedure was aborted without completing the graft implant due to an intraoperative immediate arterial thrombosis in a patient with severe iliac atheromatosis. No primary pancreas non-function occurred in the remaining 8patients. The median hospital stay was 13,50 days [IQR 10-27].

CONCLUSIONS

Retroperitoneal graft placement appears feasible with easy access for dissection the vascular site; comfortable technical vascular reconstruction; and a decreased risk of intestinal obstruction by separation of the small bowel from the pancreas graft.

Preserving the Pancreas Graft: Outcomes of Surgical Repair of Duodenal Leaks in Enterically Drained Pancreas Allografts

BACKGROUND

Duodenal leak remains a major cause of morbidity and graft loss in pancreas transplant recipients. The role and efficacy of surgical and image-guided interventions to salvage enterically drained grafts with a duodenal leak has yet to be defined.

METHODS

We investigated the incidence, treatment, and outcome of duodenal leak in 426 pancreas transplantation recipients from 2000 to 2015.

RESULTS

Duodenal leak developed in 33 (7.8%) recipients after a median follow-up of 5.3 (range, 0.5-15.2) years. Most leaks occurred during the first year (n = 22; 67%), and most were located near the proximal and distal duodenal staple line. Graft pancreatectomy was performed in 8 patients as primary therapy because of unfavorable local and/or systemic conditions. Salvage was attempted in 25 patients using percutaneous drainage (n = 4), surgical drainage (n = 4), or surgical repair (n = 17). Percutaneous or surgical drainage failed to control the leak in 7 of these 8 patients, and all 7 ultimately required graft pancreatectomy for persistent leak and sepsis. Surgical repair salvaged 14 grafts, and 13 grafts continue to function after a median follow-up of 2.9 (range, 1.1-6.3) years after repair.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study shows that in selected patients a duodenal leak can be repaired successfully and safely in enterically drained grafts.

Impact of an Infection Control and Antimicrobial Stewardship Program on Solid Organ Transplantation and Hepatobiliary Surgical Site Infections

OBJECTIVE

The goal of this long-term quasi-experimental retrospective study was to assess the impact of a 5-year serial infection control and antimicrobial stewardship intervention on surgical site infections (SSIs).

METHODS

This study was conducted in a tertiary-care public teaching institution over a 5-year period from January 2010 to December 2014. All patients undergoing hepatobiliary surgery and liver, kidney, pancreas, and simultaneous pancreas–kidney transplantation were included. Outcomes were compared between a preintervention group (2010–2011) and a postintervention group (2012–2014).

RESULTS

A total of 1,424 procedures averaged an overall SSI rate of 11.2%. After implementation of the interventions, a decrease of 52.8% in SSI rates from 17.4% to 8.2% was observed (P<.001; odds ratio [OR], 2.1; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.5–2.9). An overall significant decrease >50% (relative rate; P<.001) was observed in superficial incisional and organ-space infections between pre- and postintervention groups. In addition, a 54.9% decrease from 19.7% to 8.9% (P<.001; OR, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.4–3.5) and a 51.6% decrease from 15.5% to 7.5% (P=.001; OR, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.4–3.5) were observed for SSI rates in hepatobiliary surgery and solid organ transplantation, respectively. The antimicrobial stewardship intervention increased overall conformity to the internal surgical prophylaxis protocol by 15.2% (absolute rate) from 45.1% to 60.3% (P<.003; 95% CI, 5.4–24.9).

CONCLUSIONS

A long-term serial infection control and antimicrobial stewardship intervention decreased SSIs among patients undergoing hepatobiliary surgery and liver, kidney, pancreas, and simultaneous pancreas–kidney transplantation.

Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2016;1468–1474

Surgical Complications Not Related to the Renal and Pancreatic Grafts After Simultaneous Kidney and Pancreas Transplantation

BACKGROUND

Simultaneous pancreas and kidney transplantation (SPKTx) is the most commonly performed multiorgan transplantation procedure worldwide. Transplanted organs are the main source of complication; however, some postoperative complications are not directly related to the pancreatic or renal grafts. The goal of this study was to evaluate the prevalence, type, and severity of postoperative complications not related to transplanted kidney or pancreas among SPKTx recipients.

METHODS

Complications unrelated to transplanted pancreas and kidneys among 112 SPKTx recipients were analyzed. The cumulative freedom from general surgical complications was assessed, and it was compared with cumulative freedom from complications related to kidney and pancreatic grafts. Severity of complications was classified according to a modified Clavien-Dindo scale.

RESULTS

The general surgery complication rate was 22.2%. Cumulative freedom from general surgical complications at days 60 and 90 after transplantation was 0.89 and 0.87, respectively. Cumulative freedom from general surgical complications was comparable with cumulative freedom from complications related to kidney grafts but significantly higher than cumulative freedom from complications related to pancreatic grafts (log-rank test, P < .001). The rates for grades of severity II, IIIa, IIIb, and IVb were 19.4%, 9.7%, 64.5%, and 6.4%, respectively. The most frequent cause of complications was intra-abdominal hematoma or abscess (25.8%).

CONCLUSIONS

The general surgical complication rate was comparable to the rate of complications originating from the renal grafts but significantly lower than the complication rate related to the transplanted pancreas. The incidence of general surgical complications could be defined as moderate, and the severity of this type of complication was low.

Usefulness of Modified Dindo-Clavien Scale to Evaluate the Correlation Between the Severity of Surgical Complications and Complications Related to the Renal and Pancreatic Grafts After Simultaneous Kidney and Pancreas Transplantation

OBJECTIVE

Simultaneous pancreas and kidney transplantation (spktx) is the multiorgan transplantation. Thus various complications originated from transplanted organs and the complications that are not directly related to pancreatic or renal grafts could be developed at the same recipient.

AIM

The aim of this study is to explore whether there is a correlation between the severity of complications originated from transplanted pancreas, transplanted kidney and general surgical complication developed at the same spktx recipient.

METHODS

Complications which developed among 112 spktx recipients were divided into three groups: related to the pancreatic graft (PTXc), to the renal graft (KTXc) and the general surgical complication (GNc). Severity of postoperative complications using modified Dindo-Clavien scale recipients was evaluated for each group. The correlation of severity of coexisting complications from different complication groups was analyzed.

RESULTS

There were 22 recipients who developed the coexistence of complication between different complication groups. Complication originated from two and three complication groups developed 15 (68.2%) and 7 (31.8%) patients, respectively. There was not found correlation of the complication severity between: KTXc and GNc group, GNc and PTXc group, KTXc and PTXc group. The correlation (r = 0.84) of complication severity in recipients who developed concurrently complication from transplanted kidney, transplanted pancreas and general surgery complication was found.

CONCLUSION

The modified Dindo-Clavien scale is an useful methodology for the correlation description of complication severity in complex multiorgan transplantation such is spktx, especially when the complications originated from different, potentially independent from the pathophysiological point of view, sources.

Conservative Pancreas Graft Preservation at the Extreme

Because of the value some patients place in remaining insulin-independent after pancreas transplantation, they may be reluctant to undergo graft pancreatectomy, even in the face of extreme complications, such as graft thrombosis and duodenal segment leak. Partly, for this reason, a variety of complex salvage techniques have been described to save the graft in such circumstances. We report a case of a series of extreme complications related to a leak from the duodenal segment after a simultaneous pancreas and kidney transplant. These included infected thrombosis of the inferior vena cava associated with a graft venous thrombosis and a retroperitoneal fistula. The patient retained graft function with insulin independence and repeatedly declined graft pancreatectomy against the advice of the transplant team. Conservative treatment with percutaneous drainage, antibiotics, and anticoagulation was eventually successful. This outcome is unique in our experience and may be instructive to teams caring for pancreas transplant recipients.

Early complications related to the transplanted kidney after simultaneous pancreas and kidney transplantation

OBJECTIVE

Simultaneous pancreas and kidney transplantation (SPKTx) is the most often performed multiorgan transplantation. The main source of complication is transplanted pancreas; as a result, early complications related to kidney transplant are rarely assessed. The aim of this study was to evaluate prevalence, types, and severity of postoperative complications due to kidney graft among the simultaneous pancreas and kidney recipients.

METHODS

Complications related to transplanted kidney among 112 SPKTx recipients were analyzed. The indication for SPKTx was end-stage diabetic nephropathy due to long-lasting diabetes type 1. The cumulative survival rates for kidney graft function and cumulative freedom from complication on days 60 and 90 after transplantation were assessed. Severity of complications was classified according to the modified Dindo-Clavien scale.

RESULTS

The 12-month cumulative survival rate for kidney graft was 0.91. Cumulative freedom from complication on the 60th day after transplantation was 0.84. The rates for II, IIIA, IIIB, IVA, and IVB severity grades were: 34.9%, 4.3%, 26.1%, 26.1%, and 8.6%, respectively. Acute tubular necrosis and rejection were the most frequent (43.4%) cause of complication. The most frequent reasons for graft nephrectomy were infections (2/7; 28.6%) and vascular thrombosis due to atherosclerosis of recipient iliac arteries (2/7; 28.6%). The most severe (IVB) complications were caused by fungal infection.

CONCLUSION

Rate and severity of complications due to renal graft after SPKTx was low; however, to prevent the most serious ones reduction of fungal infection was necessary.

Multi detector computed tomography (MDCT) for the diagnosis of early complications after pancreas transplantation

PURPOSE

Solitary Pancreas (SPT) and simultaneous kidney-pancreas (SPKT) transplants carry a high risk of surgical complications that may lead to the loss of the pancreas graft and impact later kidney function. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of MDCT in the diagnosis of early complications and its impact on kidney function.

METHODS

All patients receiving SPT or SPKT over 5 years were retrospectively included. Complications that occurred within the first 15 days were registered and MDCT data analyzed. Data regarding donor, transplant, and recipient characteristics as well as transplantation procedures were analyzed according to the occurrence of early complications. Kidney function at day 3 following MDCT was evaluated.

RESULTS

One hundred and forty-one patients were included (85 men, 56 women; mean age 40.1 years, SD 7.7) with 119 SPKT and 22 SPT. Sixty-four complications were registered in 50 patients. Partial (P-) or complete venous thrombosis (C-VT) occurred in 12.1 % (n = 17), arterial thrombosis (AT) in 1.4 % (n = 2), and hemorrhage in 8.5 % (n = 12) of all patients. For venous thrombosis, the predominant risk factor was body mass index (BMI) for either recipients (P < 0.05) or donors (P < 0.01). Median time for venous thrombosis diagnosis with MDCT was 4 days. Kidney function was not altered following MDCT. Fourteen pancreatectomies were necessary. All patients with C-VT and AT had to undergo graftectomy.

CONCLUSION

Vascular complications occurred early following grafting. Systematic early-enhanced MDCT at day 2-3 should be adequate to detect early thrombosis, especially if risk factors have been identified, without induced kidney function alteration.

Iatrogenic-related transplant injuries: the role of the interventional radiologist

As advances in surgical techniques and postoperative care continue to improve outcomes, the use of solid organ transplants as a treatment for end-stage organ disease is increasing. With the growing population of transplant patients, there is an increasing need for radiologic diagnosis and minimally invasive procedures for the management of posttransplant complications. Typical complications may be vascular or nonvascular. Vascular complications include arterial stenosis, graft thrombosis, and development of fistulae. Common nonvascular complications consist of leaks, abscess formation, and stricture development. The use of interventional radiology in the management of these problems has led to better graft survival and lower patient morbidity and mortality. An understanding of surgical techniques, postoperative anatomy, radiologic findings, and management options for complications is critical for proficient management of complex transplant cases. This article reviews these factors for kidney, liver, pancreas, islet cell, lung, and small bowel transplants.

Duodenal leaks after pancreas transplantation with enteric drainage - characteristics and risk factors

Pancreas-kidney transplantation with enteric drainage has become a standard treatment in diabetic patients with renal failure. Leaks of the graft duodenum (DL) remain a significant complication after transplantation. We studied incidence and predisposing factors of DLs in both simultaneous pancreas-kidney (SPK) and pancreas after kidney (PAK) transplantation. Between January 2002 and April 2013, 284 pancreas transplantations were performed including 191 SPK (67.3%) and 93 PAK (32.7%). Patient data were analyzed for occurrence of DLs, risk factors, leak etiology, and graft survival. Of 18 DLs (incidence 6.3%), 12 (67%) occurred within the first 100 days after transplantation. Six grafts (33%) were rescued by duodenal segment resection. Risk factors for a DL were PAK transplantation sequence (odds ratio 3.526, P = 0.008) and preoperative immunosuppression (odds ratio 3.328, P = 0.012). In the SPK subgroup, postoperative peak amylase as marker of preservation/reperfusion injury and recipient pretransplantation cardiovascular interventions as marker of atherosclerosis severity were associated with an increased incidence of DLs. CMV-mismatch constellations showed an increased incidence in the SPK subgroup, however without significance probability. Long-term immunosuppression in PAK transplantation is a major risk factor for DLs. Early surgical revision offers the chance of graft rescue.

Long-term outcomes of pancreas after kidney transplantation in small centers: is it justified?

BACKGROUND

Currently, the long-term advantages of having a pancreas transplantation (PT) are debated, particularly in patients receiving pancreas after kidney (PAK) allografts. The United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) requires that a transplant center perform a minimum number of PT per year to remain an active PT center. The long-term outcomes and challenges of PAK in small pancreas transplant centers are not well studied.

METHODS

In this retrospective analysis, we report short- and long-term outcomes in a small center performing 2-9 PT annually.

RESULTS

Forty-eight PT (25 simultaneous pancreas and kidney transplantation [SPK], 23 PAK) were performed in our center. Donor and recipient demographics were similar in both groups. All suitable local donors were used for SPK. All organs for PAK transplantation were imported from other UNOS regions. Mean follow-up was 61 ± 46 and 74 ± 46 months for SPK and PAK, respectively. Patient and graft survival rates were similar in SPK and PAK groups and better than the reported national average. Four patients (11%) died (1 due to trauma, 1 brain lymphoma, 1 ruptured aneurysm; and 1 unknown cause). Two patients (4%; 1 SPK, 1 PAK) lost their grafts because of thrombosis on postoperative days 3 and 5 in 2002. No graft thrombosis occurred since 2002. Seven patients (15%) required reoperation (4 for bleeding, 2 anastomotic leaks, 1 small bowel perforation). Two patients (4%) developed post-transplantation lymphoproliferative disease. Five patients (11%) experienced cytomegalovirus antigenemia which responded well to antiviral therapy.

CONCLUSIONS

Compared with outcomes for diabetic patients on dialysis, current SPK and PAK short- and long-term results are favorable even in a small PT center. Therefore, unless there is a contraindication, PT should be offered to all type 1 diabetic patients with end-stage renal disease at the time of kidney transplantation or afterward.

Vascular complications of transplantation: part 2: pancreatic transplants

Vascular complications after solid organ transplantation are not uncommon and may lead to graft dysfunction and ultimately graft loss. A thorough understanding of the surgical anatomy, etiologies, and types of vascular complications, their presentation and the options for management are important for managing these complex patients. This article reviews the basic surgical anatomy, the vascular complications, and endovascular management options of vascular complications in patients with pancreas transplants.

A Modified Perfusion Method to Improve the Quality of Procured Donor Pancreas in Rats

Background

In this animal study, we evaluated a modified pancreas perfusion method to improve the quality of harvested pancreas in rats. In this model, the portal vein was used as the outflow route during the pancreas perfusion.

Methods

Forty-eight male Wistar rats were randomly divided into study group and control group, with 24 rats in each group. In the study group, the portal vein was used as outflow of perfusion. While in the control group, the post-hepatic vein (right artrium) was used as perfusion outflow. UW solution was used as perfusion and preservation solution. Pancreas tissue samples were collected at 6, 10, and 14 hours after perfusion and cold preserved for histology and immunohistochemistry examination, P-selection (PS) and ICAM-1 were determined. Pancreas samples were also examined using electronic microscope for ultra-structures.

Results

Compared with the study group, in the pancreas of control group there were significant pathological impairments and cellular ultra-structural alterations observed by immunohistochemistry and electronic microscope, and these impairments aggravated with time. There were mild histological alterations in the pancreas of study group.

Conclusions

During the donor pancreas perfusion, the early opening of portal vein as the outflow is better than the opening of the post-hepatic vein for the preservation of donor graft pancreas and the reduction of tissue impairments.

Pancreatic islet cell transplantation: an update for interventional radiologists

Pancreatic islet cell transplantation is a promising cellular-based therapy for type 1 diabetes mellitus. This procedure involves portal venous injection of islet cells and affords 1-year insulin independence in as many as 80% of recipients. Although transplant surgeons represent historical drivers of islet therapy, requirement for image guidance and transcatheter techniques has fostered collaboration with interventional radiologists, who are positioned to play a significant role in clinical performance of islet transplantation and in basic science research in this field. This review article aims to familiarize interventional radiologists with islet cell transplantation patient selection, procedure technique, clinical outcomes, and future clinical and research avenues.

Improvement in Short-Term Pancreas Transplant Outcome by Targeted Antimicrobial Therapy and Refined Donor Selection

Graft thrombosis and infectious complications are the main early causes of pancreatic allograft loss in recipients of whole vascularized pancreas transplants, resulting in loss rates up to 10 per cent in the first post transplant week. In this study we sought to determine if initiation of a standardized selection criteria and posttransplant chemoprophylaxis regimen could reduce the rate of early allograft loss; we compared the rate of early allograft loss after introduction of these changes. Of the 61 diabetic recipients who underwent these protocols, 50.8 per cent were female. Average age was 42.9 ± 7.4 years of age, average length of stay was 12.7 ± 8.7 days, with all transplants performed heterotopic to the right lower quadrant with venous drainage to the proximal external or common iliac vein. Organ donors were 21.4 ± 4.8 years of age, body mass index was 23.9 ± 2.8 kg/m2, with a length of stay of 3.7 ± 1.6 days. One-week pancreatic allograft survival for the protocolized versus nonprotocolized patients was 100 per cent versus 96.7 per cent, 1 month was 98.4 per cent versus 93.4 per cent, and 1 year was 96.7 per cent versus 88.5 per cent, respectively. In the protocolized group there were two graft losses due to infectious complications and none due to thrombosis. Before initiation of the protocols patient survival at 1 year was 91.8 per cent and after was 100 per cent. Pancreas transplantation is arguably the most technically demanding organ transplant from a complication and loss standpoint. However, highly successful outcomes can be obtained with standardized protocols beginning pretransplant to reduce the incidence of posttransplant complications.

Outcome of surgical complications following simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation

BACKGROUND

Simultaneous pancreas-kidney (SPK) transplantation carries a higher risk of surgical complications than kidney transplantation alone. We aimed to establish the incidence of surgical complications after SPK transplantation and determine the effect on graft and patient survival.

METHODS

Outcomes of all SPK transplants performed at our centre were compared between patients who experienced a surgical complication (SC group) and those who did not (NSC group).

RESULTS

Our centre performed 193 SPK transplants in a 15-year period; 44 patients (23%) experienced a surgical complication. One-year and 5-year pancreatic graft survival was 89 and 80%, respectively; this was lower in the SC group. There was no significant difference in patient or kidney graft survival between the SC and NSC groups at 5 years (92 and 83%, respectively.)

CONCLUSION

Surgical complications following SPK transplantation can cause significant morbidity and adversely affect pancreas graft survival, but do not affect long-term kidney or patient survival.

Initial Australasian experience with portal-enteric drainage in simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation

BACKGROUND

Pancreas-kidney transplantation is currently the most effective method to re-establish euglycaemia in insulin-dependent diabetics with associated renal failure. The standard technique employed has been bladder drainage of exocrine secretions coupled with systemic venous drainage ('systemic-bladder' (SB) drainage). The more physiological technique, enteric exocrine with portal venous drainage ('portal-enteric' (PE) drainage), has been utilized sparingly in the past as a result of fears of technical complications. This paper compares the Monash Medical Centre experience with both techniques.

METHODS

A total of 68 simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantations were performed at Monash Medical Centre from 1991 until 2004. The first 37 received SB drainage. Since March 2001, 27 have received PE drainage. This retrospective study compared the SB group (n= 37) with the PE group (n= 27), with a 2-year follow-up, examining a number of surgical outcomes.

RESULTS

Two-year patient (94.3 versus 96.0%), kidney (89.2 versus 85.2%), pancreas (77.9 versus 71.4%) and event-free (73.0 versus 67.7%) survivals were all similar between the SB and PE groups, respectively. Although surgery took longer in PE subjects (4 h : 47 min ± 0:48 versus 5 h : 16 min ± 1:00; P= 0.045), less intraoperative transfusions were required (1.3 ± 1.43 versus 0.52 ± 0.90; P= 0.024). Length of hospital stay and time to insulin independence were similar. Pancreas graft thrombosis rates were similar (10.8% SB versus 7.4% PE, P= 0.497).

CONCLUSIONS

PE drainage is a safe and viable method for pancreas transplantation, which can be performed with excellent outcomes. An increased rate of complications with PE drainage has not been demonstrated in this series.

Evolution of pancreas transplant surgery

BACKGROUND

Type 1 diabetes mellitus is a chronic condition often leading to disabling complications including retinopathy, neuropathy and cardiovascular disease which can be modified by intensive treatment with insulin. Such treatment, however, is associated with a restrictive lifestyle and risk of hypoglycaemic morbidity and mortality.

METHODS

This review examines the role of pancreas transplantation in patients with Type 1 diabetes mellitus.

RESULTS

Pancreas transplantation is currently the only proven option to achieve long-term insulin independence, resulting in an improvement or stabilization of those diabetic related complications. The hazards of pancreas transplantation as a major operation are well known. Balancing the risks of a surgical procedure, with the benefits of restoring normoglycaemia remains an important task for the pancreas transplant surgeon. Pancreas transplantation is not an emergency operation to treat poorly managed and non-compliant patients with debilitating complications. It is a highly specialized procedure which has evolved both in terms of the surgical technique, patient selection and assessment.

CONCLUSION

Pancreas transplantation has emerged as the single most effective way to achieve normal glucose homeostasis in patients with Type 1 diabetes mellitus.

Inadequate antibiotic therapy in solid organ transplant recipients is associated with a higher mortality rate

BACKGROUND

Inadequate antibiotic therapy and failure to administer antibiotics in a timely fashion have been associated with substantial mortality rates in patients in the intensive care unit (ICU). We analyzed the infection pattern in solid organ transplant recipients as well as the impact of antibiotic resistance and inadequate antibiotic treatment on mortality rates and morbidity outcomes.

METHODS

Charts of adult solid organ transplant recipients in 2006 from a single institution were reviewed. Data on patients with bacterial and fungal infections acquired within one year after transplantation were compared with the primary outcome of death within 28 days. Statistical analysis included nonparametric tests (Wilcoxon rank sum, Fisher exact, and chi-square) and multivariable logistic regression with p < 0.05 considered significant.

RESULTS

Of the 366 patients, 114 (31%) had a total of 208 bacterial or fungal infections, and 44 of them (39%) were admitted to the ICU. Our primary endpoint, the 28-day mortality rate, was 8% overall, whereas the six-month mortality rate was 11%. Patients treated inadequately with antibiotics had a significantly higher mortality rate. The leading causes of infection were multiple organisms, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, and E. coli, of which 76% were resistant to antibiotics. Antibiotic-resistant infections were associated with longer hospital stays (p = 0.04), intravenous antibiotic use prior to infection (p = 0.04), nucleotide synthesis inhibitor use (p = 0.02), ICU admission (p < 0.01), and respiratory failure (p = 0.03). Most infections were treated inadequately initially (69%) but treated adequately at 24 h (56%). Inadequate antibiotic treatment was significantly associated with younger age (p = 0.04), prior intravenous antibiotic use (p = 0.04), longer stay prior to infection (p = 0.05), and cardiovascular shock (p = 0.014). Inadequate antibiotic therapy at 24 h was associated with a higher mortality rate (14% vs. 2%; p = 0.03) and a trend toward longer ICU and in-hospital stays.

CONCLUSIONS

Most bacterial and fungal infections were resistant to antibiotics and were treated inadequately initially. Prior intravenous antibiotic use and longer stay prior to infection were associated with antibiotic resistance and inadequate antibiotic therapy. Failure to provide adequate antibiotic treatment within 24 h had a significant impact on the 28-day mortality rate and was associated with other detrimental clinical outcomes.

One hundred pancreas transplants performed in a Brazilian institution

After decades of controversy surrounding the therapeutic validity of pancreas transplantation, the procedure has become accepted as the preferred treatment for selected patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Between January 2001 and January 2008, 100 patients underwent pancreatic transplantation at our center: 88 simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation and 12 pancreas transplantations alone. Pancreas graft management of the exocrine drainage technique involved enteric drainage in 8 (all simultaneous pancreas-kidney) and the bladder in 92 cases. The recipient systemic venous system was used for the pancreas graft venous effluent in all cases. Our overall results have shown that the number of functioning pancreatic grafts was 64 of 100. Graft losses were: rejection (n = 8), venous thrombosis (n = 9), arterial thrombosis (n = 1), or surgical complications such as anastomotic leak (n = 3), perigraft infection (n = 10), pancreatitis of the graft (n = 5). Most cases of pancreatitis (80%) had preservation times exceeding 18 hours. Despite surgical and immunosuppressive complications, our impression was that pancreas transplantation was a highly effective therapy for diabetes mellitus. After 7 years of the program and 100 transplantations, we believe that there is a major role for transplantation in diabetes management.

Experiência obtida em 100 transplantes de pâncreas

OBJETIVO: Relatar nossa experiência com 100 transplantes de pâncreas realizados em um período de sete anos. MÉTODOS: Entre janeiro de 2001 e janeiro de 2008, 100 pacientes foram submetidos a transplante de pâncreas em nosso serviço, sendo 88 transplantes de pâncreas e rim simultâneo (TPRS) e 12 transplantes de pâncreas isolado (TPI). Todos foram transplantes primários. O manejo da porção exócrina do enxerto pancreático envolveu drenagem entérica em oito casos (todos TPRS) e a bexiga em 92 casos. O sistema venoso sistêmico do receptor foi utilizado para a drenagem venosa do enxerto em todos os casos. Nossos últimos 30 pacientes submetidos à TPRS não receberam terapia de indução independentemente do painel imunológico.Os pacientes TPRS receberam basiliximab e TPI receberam timoglobulina nos casos induzidos. Imunossupressão de manutenção foi realizada com tacrolimus, micofenolato mofetil e corticóides. O volume de perfusão do enxerto pancreático foi limitado a 800ml da solução de Celsior ou UW. RESULTADOS: Demonstram que os enxertos ainda funcionantes são atualmente 64 dos 100 realizados. Perda do enxerto foi causada por: rejeição (oito pacientes), trombose venosa (nove pacientes), trombose arterial (um paciente) Complicações cirúrgicas encontradas: fístula anastomótica (tres pacientes), infecção peri-enxerto (10 pacientes), pancreatite do enxerto (cinco pacientes). A Rejeição foi observada com menos freqüência nos TPRS (5/92) que nos TPI (3/12). A morte ocorreu em 24 pacientes. CONCLUSÃO: Nossa impressão é que o transplante de pâncreas é altamente efetivo como terapia para o diabetes mellitus apesar da morbidade do procedimento.

Surgical techniques for pancreas transplantation

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

Pancreas transplantation reproducibly induces insulin independence in beta-cell penic diabetic patients. The difference between full insulin independence, partial graft function, and graft loss, mostly results from technical failure, graft rejection, and patient death with function graft. The purpose of this review is to examine recent surgical advances and discuss their contribution to improved graft function.

RECENT FINDINGS

Few actual surgical innovations were described in the period reviewed. Duodenoduodenostomy is an interesting option for drainage of digestive secretions, when the pancreas is placed behind the right colon and is oriented cephalad. The main advantage of this technique is easy endoscopic assessment of donor duodenum but, when allograft pancreatectomy is necessary, repair of native duodenum may be troublesome. Selective revascularization of the gastroduodenal artery, at the back-table, possibly improves blood supply to the head of the pancreas graft and duodenal segment. There is no proof that this additional maneuver is always beneficial, although it can be graft saving in case of poor segmental graft perfusion.

SUMMARY

Transplant surgeons should be familiar with all techniques for pancreas transplantation. Long-term graft function is possible only after technically successful pancreas transplantation. There is clearly a need for more objective assessment and standardization of surgical techniques for pancreas transplantation.

Portal and systemic venous drainage in pancreas and kidney-pancreas transplantation: early surgical complications and outcomes

OBJECTIVE

The objective of this study was to perform a retrospective analysis of the clinical evolution and surgical complications comparing pancreas transplantation with systemic-enteric (SE) drainage versus portal-enteric (PE) drainage.

METHODS

This review of 48 consecutive pancreas transplantation includes 39 simultaneous kidney and pancreas (SKP) and 9 pancreas after kidney (PAK) grafts as well as 2 retransplantations. Venous drainage was systemic (n = 29) or portal (n = 19).

RESULTS

There were no significant differences in patient, kidney, or pancreas allograft survival rates. There were no significant differences in levels of creatinine, fasting glucose, C-peptide, cholesterol, and homeostatic model assessment (HOMA) of beta cells, namely HOMA-s and HOMA-IR index. HbA1c was lower at 6 months and 1 year in the PE group (P < .05). Twenty-two patients displayed early postoperative complications at a mean time of presentation of 12.8 days. All of these patients but 2 needed relaparotomy. The other two were treated either conservatively (1 enteric fistula) or by interventional radiology (arteriovenous fistula). There were 10 graft losses, 5 in each group, due to thrombosis, pancreatitis, and enteric fistulae.

CONCLUSION

Early graft losses were related to pancreatitis and thrombosis. Intermediate-term endocrine function was similar in both groups.

Are there still roles for exocrine bladder drainage and portal venous drainage for pancreatic allografts?

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

Controversy remains regarding the best methodology of handling exocrine pancreatic fluid and pancreatic venous effluent. Bladder drainage has given way to enteric drainage. However, is there an instance in which bladder drainage is preferable? Also, hyperinsulinemia, as a result of systemic venous drainage (SVD), is claimed to be proatherosclerotic, whereas portal venous drainage (PVD) is more physiologic and less atherosclerotic.

RECENT FINDINGS

Bladder drainage remains a viable method of exocrine pancreas drainage, but evidence is sparse that measuring urinary amylase has a substantial benefit in the early detection of acute rejection in all types of pancreas transplants. Currently, there is no incontrovertible evidence that systemic hyperinsulinemia is proatherosclerotic, whereas recent metabolic studies on SVD and PVD showed that there was no benefit to PVD.

SUMMARY

Given the advent of newer immunosuppressive agents and overall lower acute rejection rates, the perceived benefit of bladder drainage as a means to measure urinary amylase as an early marker of rejection has not been substantiated. However, there may be a selective role for bladder drainage in 'high risk' pancreases. Also, without a clear-cut metabolic benefit to PVD over SVD, it remains the surgeon's choice as to which method to use.

Graft Duodenal Perforation due to Internal Hernia after Simultaneous Pancreas-Kidney Transplantation: Report of a Case

Although complications including graft thrombosis, graft pancreatitis, and rejection have been well documented after pancreas transplantation, the occurrence of graft duodenal perforation is uncommon. In this article, we report a case of graft duodenal perforation due to internal hernia after simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation (SPK). A patient with type I diabetes mellitus and diabetic nephropathy had undergone SPK from a cadaveric donor. One year later, she was admitted to our hospital for severe lower abdominal pain with preshock status. She was immediately examined by abdominal computed tomography and both peripancreas graft fluid accumulation and severe dilatation of the ileum were detected. On emergency operation, two punched holes located at the graft duodenal side near the suture line and an obstruction of herniated bowel behind the graft pancreas were detected. These holes were repaired and the internal hernia was reduced. However, a control of the intraabdominal infection was very difficult despite intensive treatment with antibiotics and additional abdominal drainage. Finally, a graft pancreatectomy was unavoidably required. When complications, including symptomatic intraabdominal infection, require re-laparotomy after pancreas transplantation, the therapeutic focus should be switched from salvaging the graft to the preservation of life.

What happens to the kidney in an SPK transplant when the pancreas fails due to a technical complication?

We examined a group of SPK recipients that had early (<90 d post-transplant) pancreas graft failure caused by a technical complication, and looked at outcomes of the kidney graft in these recipients. Of 289 SPK transplants, 36 (12.5%) had early pancreas graft failure because of a technical complication: thrombosis (n = 16), leak (n = 5), infection (n = 14), and pancreatitis (n = 1). Once the pancreas was lost, there was a high incidence of subsequent kidney graft failure. Kidney graft survival in these 36 recipients was 71.4% at one yr and 59.5% at three yr, significantly inferior compared to recipients that did not have early failure of the pancreas (86% at one yr and 82% at three yr, p < 0.001). Of the 36 recipients with early pancreas loss, 18 have gone on to failure of the kidney graft. Causes included thrombosis (n = 3), infection (n = 1), death with function (n = 6), chronic rejection (n = 4), ischemia (n = 1), and other (n = 3). Of the 18 kidney graft failures, nine occurred within three months after loss of the pancreas graft, usually either because of graft thrombosis, or patient death (usually from systemic sepsis). Multivariate analysis showed technical failure of the pancreas to be the most significant risk factor for kidney graft loss (HR = 2.08, p = 0.006).

Role of color Doppler sonography in post-transplant surveillance of vascular complications involving pancreatic allografts()

PURPOSE

To evaluate the role of color Doppler ultrasonography in the postoperative surveillance of the vascular complications involving pancreas allografts.

METHODS

A retrospective analysis of a consecutive series of 223 pancreas transplantations was performed. All recipients received antithrombotic prophylaxis, which was tailored to the individual's estimated risk of thrombosis. All patients were monitored with daily color Doppler ultrasonography during the first post-transplant week and thereafter whenever clinically indicated. Vascular complications were defined as all thrombotic events requiring: increased anticoagulant therapy, angiography with fibrinolytic therapy, or repeat surgery.

RESULTS

The overall patient survival rates at one, three, and five years after transplantation were 94.7%, 93.3%, and 91%, respectively. The overall graft survival rates at the same time points were 87.4%, 79.6%, and 75.6%, respectively. In 28 of the 223 cases (12.5%) graft thromboses were diagnosed with Doppler ultrasound within the first 10 days after transplantation. In 3 cases, graft pancreatectomies were performed because of a complete loss of blood flow in the parenchyma. An attempt to rescue the graft was made in 18 patients. Fourteen of these grafts were saved and are still functioning (77.7%); and 4 rescue attempts failed and the grafts were subsequently explanted (32.3%).

CONCLUSION

Color Doppler ultrasound is a suitable tool for postoperative surveillance of pancreas transplant recipients. Its use can lead to early diagnosis and timely treatment of vascular complications.

Pancreas-kidney and pancreas transplantation for the treatment of diabetes mellitus

Kidney transplantation is the treatment of choice for end-stage diabetic nephropathy, but the ultimate treatment today for type 1 diabetes mellitus is the whole vascularized pancreas transplant. Although its use is increasing, pancreas transplantation remains an uncommonly used therapeutic option that normalizes glucose levels and results in stabilization or improvement in secondary complications far better than any other strategy available for treatment of type 1 diabetes. These documented benefits of a simultaneous kidney and pancreas transplant are the basis for its acceptance as an appropriate therapy for patients who have type 1 diabetes mellitus and end-stage renal disease.

Bezoar-related pancreatitis in enterically drained pancreas transplant

Simultaneous kidney and pancreas transplantation is currently the treatment of choice for type 1 diabetes mellitus with end-stage renal disease. As a result of improvements in surgical techniques and the efficacy of immunosuppression, patient and graft survival rates have improved dramatically over the last two decades. Despite this, it remains a challenging surgical procedure with many potential complications and occasional controversies. Causes of pancreatitis after pancreas transplantation with enteric drainage are not well documented in the literature. We report a case of allograft pancreatitis from pancreatic duct outflow obstruction due to formation of a bezoar in a diverticulized transplant duodeno-jejunal anastomosis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of allograft pancreatitis reported in the literature occurring from bezoar formation.

Treatment of Enterocutaneous Fistula in Pancreas Transplant Recipients Using Percutaneous Drainage and Fibrin Sealant: Three Case Reports

Complications involving the enteric anastomosis site, including intra-abdominal abscess and enterocutaneous fistula formation, have been well documented following pancreas transplantation. Although uncommon, these complications remain particularly difficult to manage and frequently mandate surgical re-exploration. In this manuscript, we will review three cases of enterocutaneous fistula in pancreas transplant recipients managed nonoperatively with percutaneous drainage and subsequent occlusion of the tract with fibrin sealant.

Infections Complicating Solid Organ Transplantation

The requirements for immune suppression after solid organ transplantation increases the risk of infection with a myriad of organisms. There are many unique and evolving aspects of infection after solid organ transplantation. Advances in immunosuppressive therapy and improved protocols for infection prophylaxis have resulted in changes in the timing and clinical presentation of opportunistic infections. Vigilance in the diagnostic evaluation of suspected infection in the solid organ transplant recipient is essential. This article reviews the basic evaluation and treatment options for many of the infectious conditions peculiar to the immunosuppressed patient.

Single-shot antithrombin in human pancreas-kidney transplantation: reduction of reperfusion pancreatitis and prevention of graft thrombosis*

Reperfusion pancreatitis and graft thrombosis often induce early graft loss in simultaneous pancreas-kidney (SPK) transplantation. Antithrombin (AT) is a coagulatory inhibitor with pleiotropic activities that reduces experimental ischemia/reperfusion injury. This study retrospectively analyses prophylactic high-dose AT application in patients with first SPK. In an university transplantation center, 53 consecutive patients with SPK were studied without randomization. In one group, 3000 IU of AT was given intravenously before pancreatic reperfusion (AT, n = 24). Patients receiving standard therapy including postoperative AT supplementation (controls, n = 29) served as controls. Daily blood sampling was performed as a part of the clinical routine during four postoperative days. There were no differences in demographic and laboratory parameters [donor/recipient age, ischemia time, perfusion solution, body weight, mismatches] between both groups. Baseline creatinine values were lower in the control group versus AT group (P < 0.05). Coagulatory parameters and bleeding incidence were not influenced by AT, while incidence of graft thrombosis was reduced (control: 7/29; AT: 4/24; relative reduction of risk: -33%; P < 0.05). Single-shot AT application during SPK modulated serum lipase activity on postoperative days 2 and 3, and minimized risk for graft thromboses without increasing perioperative bleeding. This new concept should deserve testing in a prospective clinical trial.

Surgical complications of simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation: a 16-year-experience at one center

Fifty-one simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplants (SPKT) were performed between 1988 and 2004 in patients of mean age 34 years and 23 years duration of diabetes treatment. All kidney and pancreas recipients were on maintenance hemodialysis therapy prior to SPKT. The pancreas with duodenal segment and the kidneys were harvested from cadaveric heart-beating donors. Cold ischemia time in UW solution varied from 4 to 14 hours (mean, 9 hours 35 minutes). Twenty patients had the duodenal segment sutured to the urinary bladder, and the remaining 31 grafts were drained to an isolated ileal loop. Quadruple immunosuppression was administered as well as an anticoagulant and antibiotic prophylaxis. Forty-nine patients (49/51, 96%) regained insulin independence in the immediate postoperative period; 44 (86%) displayed immediate graft function. The remaining patients experienced postoperative ATN, the longest duration was 18 days. Of 51 patients, 38 (14.5%) are alive (follow-up, 6 to 180 months), 26 (68.5%) have good pancreatic function, and 34 (89%), good kidney function. Nineteen (50%) patients regard their quality of life as improved compared to their pretransplant status, which is mainly attributed to being dialysis and insulin free. Of 19 patients, 14 (74%) reported measuring glycemia regularly due to fear of losing the pancreas graft. Of 19 persons, seven (37%) returned to work after transplantation. Four (8.3%) lost their kidney graft secondary to vascular complications (n = 2) or rejection (n = 2). Four pancreas grafts with bladder drainage required conversion to enteric drainage owing to persistent urinary infections or urinary fistulae. Fifteen (29%) patients lost their pancreatic grafts within 1 year of transplantation due to the following: vascular complications (n = 12), septic complications (n = 1), or rejection (n = 2). Thirteen patients died within 1 year after transplantation, 5 of septic complications, 5 of neuroinfection, 1 of pulmonary embolism, and 2 of myocardial infarction. In conclusion, SPKT is a successful treatment for diabetic nephropathy, burdened by the possibility of serious complications.

Surveillance and rescue of pancreas grafts

BACKGROUND

Technical failure rates are higher for pancreas allografts (PA) compared with other solid organs. Posttransplant surveillance and prompt availability of rescue teams with multidisciplinary expertise both contribute to improve this result. We herein report a single institution's experience with posttransplant surveillance and rescue of PA.

METHODS

A retrospective survey was performed of a consecutive series of 177 whole organ pancreas transplants in 173 patients. Antithrombotic prophylaxis was used in all recipients and tailored on anticipated individual risk of thrombosis. During the first posttransplant week, all PA were monitored with daily Doppler ultrasonography. Surgical complications were defined as all adverse events requiring relaparotomy during the initial hospital stay or the first 3 posttransplant months.

RESULTS

A total of 26 relaparotomies were performed in 25 patients (14.7%). One recipient needed two relaparotomies (0.6%). Graft rescue was attempted in patients without permanent parenchymal damage at repeat surgery and in 12 recipients diagnosed with nonocclusive vascular thrombosis. Overall 25 grafts (96.3%) were rescued and one was lost. One-year recipient and graft survivals in patients with versus without complications potentially leading to allograft loss were 92.6% and 63.0% versus 94.4% and 94.3%, respectively. Excluding complications for which graft rescue was not possible, 1-year graft survival rate increased to 78.7%.

CONCLUSIONS

Close posttransplant surveillance can allow rescue of a relevant proportion of PA developing nonocclusive venous thrombosis or other surgical complications. Further improvement awaits better understanding of biological reasons for posttransplant complications jeopardizing PA survival and the development of more effective preventive measures.

Effects of Eurocollins Solution as Aortic Flush for the Procurement of Human Pancreas

BACKGROUND

Belzer solution is considered to be the best preservation media used for pancreas transplantation; however, its high cost accounts for approximately 14.5% of all resources allocated by the Brazilian government toward each pancreatic transplant. The objective of the present study was to test a reduction of Belzer solution during pancreas harvest, thereby lowering procedural cost.

METHODS

The patients received pancreas-kidney transplantations during the period from January 2003 to August 2004. Patients were divided into two groups. Patients assigned to Group A (n=30) received only Belzer solution (2 L through the aorta artery), whereas patients in Group B (n=16) were perfused first with 1 L of Eurocollins solution followed by 1 L of Belzer solution. The two groups were assessed for differences in the following clinical parameters: the need for insulin replacement or antifungal and anticytomegalovirus treatment, pancreatitis, acute cellular rejection, graft vascular thrombosis, fistulas, intra-abdominal collection, graft loss, deaths, pancreatic ischemia time, and average hospitalization time.

RESULTS

No statistically significant differences were observed in any of the parameters analyzed (P<0.05). The use of Eurocollins solution, followed by Belzer solution during pancreas harvesting, did not result in differences in graft survival or functionality, postsurgical complications, or patient survival and hospitalization time, when compared to the use of Belzer solution alone.

CONCLUSIONS

Perfusion with 1 L of Eurocollins solution followed by 1 L of Belzer solution during pancreas harvesting seems to be a simple and efficient alternative for reducing the costs of the harvesting process.

Internal Hernia after Pancreas Transplantation with Enteric Drainage: An Unusual Cause of Small Bowel Obstruction

BACKGROUND

Although complications involving leaking at the enteric anastomosis site, graft thrombosis, and intraabdominal abscess formation have been well documented after pancreas transplantation, the occurrence of small bowel obstruction in this setting has received scant attention. Although uncommon, intestinal obstruction after pancreas transplantation may have atypical etiologies. In this article, we will review three unusual cases of intestinal obstruction in pancreas transplant recipients. The value of computed tomographic (CT) enteroclysis in equivocal situations in the diagnosis of the obstruction is emphasized.

METHODS

In this study, we reviewed the posttransplant course of all pancreas transplants performed between July 1, 2002 and June 1, 2004. We specifically focused on all patients that required reexploration for suspected small bowel obstruction at any time after transplantation.

RESULTS

A total of 65 pancreas transplants were performed between July 1, 2002 and June 1, 2004. Pancreas graft survival was 97%, and patient survival was 98.5%. Five (7.7%) patients presented with mechanical small bowel obstruction, three of which were secondary to internal herniation of small intestine through a defect posterior to the pancreas allograft. All patients recovered well postsurgically.

DISCUSSION

Small bowel obstruction is an uncommon complication after pancreas transplantation. CT enteroclysis in the evaluation of small bowel obstruction may assist the patient care decision-making process by providing information on the location and severity of the obstruction in the clinical situation where conventional abdominal CT and radiography are equivocal. Prompt detection of small bowel obstruction with early surgical intervention can minimize complications and preserve allograft function.