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Zhang N, Shi S, Wang X, Ni W, Yuan X, Duan J, Jia TZ, Yoo B, Ziegler A, Russo JJ, Li W, Zhang S. Direct Sequencing of tRNA by 2D-HELS-AA MS Seq Reveals Its Different Isoforms and Dynamic Base Modifications. ACS Chem Biol 2020; 15:1464-1472. [PMID: 32364699 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.0c00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Post-transcriptional modifications are intrinsic to RNA structure and function. However, methods to sequence RNA typically require a cDNA intermediate and are either not able to sequence these modifications or are tailored to sequence one specific nucleotide modification only. Interestingly, some of these modifications occur with <100% frequency at their particular sites, and site-specific quantification of their stoichiometries is another challenge. Here, we report a direct method for sequencing tRNAPhe without cDNA by integrating a two-dimensional hydrophobic RNA end-labeling strategy with an anchor-based algorithm in mass spectrometry-based sequencing (2D-HELS-AA MS Seq). The entire tRNAPhe was sequenced and the identity, location, and stoichiometry of all eleven different RNA modifications was determined, five of which were not 100% modified, including a 2'-O-methylated G (Gm) in the wobble anticodon position as well as an N2, N2-dimethylguanosine (m22G), a 7-methylguanosine (m7G), a 1-methyladenosine (m1A), and a wybutosine (Y), suggesting numerous post-transcriptional regulations in tRNA. Two truncated isoforms at the 3'-CCA tail of the tRNAPhe (75 nt with a 3'-CC tail (80% abundance) and 74 nt with a 3'-C tail (3% abundance)) were identified in addition to the full-length 3'-CCA-tailed tRNAPhe (76 nt, 17% abundance). We discovered a new isoform with A-G transitions/editing at the 44 and 45 positions in the tRNAPhe variable loop, and discuss possible mechanisms related to the emergence and functions of the isoforms with these base transitions or editing. Our method revealed new isoforms, base modifications, and RNA editing as well as their stoichiometries in the tRNA that cannot be determined by current cDNA-based methods, opening new opportunities in the field of epitranscriptomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Zhang
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology, New York, New York 10023, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Shundi Shi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Xuanting Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Wenhao Ni
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology, New York, New York 10023, United States
| | - Xiaohong Yuan
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology, New York, New York 10023, United States
| | - Jiachen Duan
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology, New York, New York 10023, United States
| | - Tony Z. Jia
- Earth-Life Science Institute, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
- Blue Marble Space Institute of Science, Seattle, Washington 98154, United States
| | - Barney Yoo
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Ashley Ziegler
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology, New York, New York 10023, United States
| | - James J. Russo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Wenjia Li
- Department of Computer Science, New York Institute of Technology, New York, New York 10023, United States
| | - Shenglong Zhang
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology, New York, New York 10023, United States
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Watts RE, Forster AC. Update on pure translation display with unnatural amino acid incorporation. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 805:349-365. [PMID: 22094816 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-379-0_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The identification of peptide and protein ligands by directed evolution in vitro has been of enormous utility in molecular biology and biotechnology. However, the translation step in almost all polypeptide selection methods is performed in vivo or in crude extracts, restricting applications. These restrictions include a limited library size due to transformation efficiency, unwanted competing reactions in translation, and an inability to incorporate multiple unnatural amino acids (AAs) with high fidelity and efficiency. These restrictions can be addressed by "pure translation display" where the translation step is performed in a purified system. To date, all pure translation display selections have coupled genotype to phenotype in a ribosome display format, though other formats also should be practical. Here, we detail the original, proof-of-principle, pure-translation-display method because this version should be the most suitable for encoding multiple unnatural AAs per peptide product toward the goal of "peptidomimetic evolution." Challenges and progress toward this ultimate goal are discussed and are mainly associated with improving the efficiency of ribosomal polymerization of multiple unnatural AAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Edward Watts
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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3
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Taira H, Hohsaka T, Sisido M. In vitro selection of tRNAs for efficient four-base decoding to incorporate non-natural amino acids into proteins in an Escherichia coli cell-free translation system. Nucleic Acids Res 2006; 34:1653-62. [PMID: 16549877 PMCID: PMC1405820 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkl087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Position-specific incorporation of non-natural amino acids into proteins is a useful technique in protein engineering. In this study, we established a novel selection system to obtain tRNAs that show high decoding activity, from a tRNA library in a cell-free translation system to improve the efficiency of incorporation of non-natural amino acids into proteins. In this system, a puromycin–tRNA conjugate, in which the 3′-terminal A unit was replaced by puromycin, was used. The puromycin–tRNA conjugate was fused to a C-terminus of streptavidin through the puromycin moiety in the ribosome. The streptavidin–puromycin–tRNA fusion molecule was collected and brought to the next round after amplification of the tRNA sequence. We applied this system to select efficient frameshift suppressor tRNAs from a tRNA library with a randomly mutated anticodon loop derived from yeast tRNACCCGPhe. After three rounds of the selection, we obtained novel frameshift suppressor tRNAs which had high decoding activity and good orthogonality against endogenous aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. These results demonstrate that the in vitro selection system developed here is useful to obtain highly active tRNAs for the incorporation of non-natural amino acid from a tRNA library.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acids/metabolism
- Amino Acyl-tRNA Synthetases/metabolism
- Anticodon/chemistry
- Base Sequence
- Cell-Free System
- Codon/chemistry
- Escherichia coli/genetics
- Frameshifting, Ribosomal
- Gene Library
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutation
- Protein Biosynthesis
- Protein Engineering/methods
- Proteins/chemistry
- Puromycin/chemistry
- RNA, Transfer/chemistry
- RNA, Transfer/genetics
- RNA, Transfer/metabolism
- RNA, Transfer, Phe/chemistry
- RNA, Transfer, Phe/genetics
- RNA, Transfer, Phe/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Streptavidin/chemistry
- Yeasts/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Hikaru Taira
- Department of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Okayama UniversityTsushimanaka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
| | - Takahiro Hohsaka
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +81 761 51 1681; Fax: +81 761 51 1683;
| | - Masahiko Sisido
- Department of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Okayama UniversityTsushimanaka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
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5
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Merryman C, Green R. Transformation of aminoacyl tRNAs for the in vitro selection of "drug-like" molecules. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 11:575-82. [PMID: 15123252 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2004.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2004] [Revised: 02/18/2004] [Accepted: 03/01/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Evolutionary approaches are regularly used to isolate single molecules with desired activities from large populations of nucleic acids (approximately 10(15)). Several methods have also been developed to generate libraries of mRNA-encoded peptides and proteins for the in vitro selection of functional polypeptides. In principal, such mRNA encoding systems could be used with libraries of nonbiological polymers if the ribosome can be directed to polymerize tRNAs carrying unnatural amino acids. The fundamental problem is that current chemical aminoacylation systems cannot easily produce sufficient amounts of the numerous misacylated tRNAs required to synthesize a complex library of encoded polymers. Here, we show that bulk-aminoacylated tRNA can be transformed into N-monomethylated aminoacyl tRNA and translated. Because poly-N-methyl peptide backbones are refractory to proteases and are membrane permeable, our method provides an uncomplicated means of evolving novel drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuck Merryman
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 702A PCTB, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
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6
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Abstract
Methods such as monoclonal antibody technology, phage display, and ribosome display provide genetic routes to the selection of proteins and peptides with desired properties. However, extension to polymers of unnatural amino acids is problematic because the translation step is always performed in vivo or in crude extracts in the face of competition from natural amino acids. Here, we address this restriction using a pure translation system in which aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases and other competitors are deliberately omitted. First, we show that such a simplified system can synthesize long polypeptides. Second, we demonstrate "pure translation display" by selecting from an mRNA library only those mRNAs that encode a selectable unnatural amino acid upstream of a peptide spacer sequence long enough to span the ribosome tunnel. Pure translation display should enable the directed evolution of peptide analogs with desirable catalytic or pharmacological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony C Forster
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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7
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Abstract
Conventional display libraries are generally limited to the 20 naturally occurring amino acids. Here, we demonstrate that novel unnatural amide-linked oligomers can be constructed and encoded in an attached RNA for the purpose of mRNA display library design. To do this, we translated templates of various lengths in a protein synthesis system modified to promote sense codon suppression. Unnatural residues were escorted to the ribosome as chemically acylated tRNAs added to the translation mixture. Our experiments reveal that unnatural peptide oligomers ("encodamers") consisting of an N-substituted amino acid are readily generated as mRNA-peptide fusions with excellent stepwise efficiency. The N-substituted polyamides have strikingly improved proteolytic stability relative to their naturally encoded counterparts. Overall, our work indicates that the ribosome can be used as a synthesis platform to generate encoded combinatorial chemistry outside the universal genetic code.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Frankel
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 147-75, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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Cochella L, Green R. Isolation of antibiotic resistance mutations in the rRNA by using an in vitro selection system. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:3786-91. [PMID: 15001709 PMCID: PMC374322 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0307596101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic, biochemical, and structural data support an essential role for the ribosomal RNA in all steps of the translation process. Although in vivo genetic selection techniques have been used to identify mutations in the rRNAs that result in various miscoding phenotypes and resistance to known ribosome-targeted antibiotics, these are limited because the resulting mutant ribosomes must be only marginally disabled if they are able to support growth of the cell. Furthermore, in vivo, it is not possible to control the environment in precise ways that might allow for the isolation of certain types of rRNA variants. To overcome these limitations, we have developed an in vitro selection system for the isolation of functionally competent ribosomal particles from populations containing variant rRNAs. Here, we describe this system and present an example of its application to the selection of antibiotic resistance mutations. From a pool of 4,096 23S rRNA variants, a double mutant (A2058U/A2062G) was isolated after iteration of the selection process. This mutant was highly resistant to clindamycin in in vitro translation reactions and yet was not viable in Escherichia coli. These data establish that this system has the potential to identify mutations in the rRNA not readily accessed by comparable in vivo systems, thus allowing for more exhaustive ribosomal genetic screens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Cochella
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Abstract
Combinatorial peptide and protein libraries have now been developed to accommodate unnatural amino acids in a genetically encoded format via in vitro nonsense and sense suppression. General translation features and specific regioselective and stereoselective properties of the ribosome endow these libraries with a broad chemical diversity. Alternatively, amino acid residues can be chemically derivatized post-translationally to add preferred functionality to the encoded peptide. All of these efforts are advancing combinatorial peptide and protein libraries for enhanced ligands against biological targets of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Frankel
- Division of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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10
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Abstract
Thanks to biotechnology, proteins are becoming increasingly important tools to fight disease, both as therapeutics in their own right and as catalysts for the synthesis of small molecule drugs. However, the properties of these proteins are not necessarily optimal for their intended tasks. In vitro evolution is a set of technologies useful to address their shortcomings. Moreover, in vitro evolution can help illuminate natural evolutionary pathways, thus potentially enabling prediction of drug resistance evolution. We consider here recent developments in the area of in vitro evolution, as well as its application to proteins of interest to medical science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Delagrave
- Center for Molecular Biotechnology, Fraunhofer USA, 9 Innovation Way, Suite 200, Newark, DE 19711, USA.
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Southworth DR, Brunelle JL, Green R. EFG-independent translocation of the mRNA:tRNA complex is promoted by modification of the ribosome with thiol-specific reagents. J Mol Biol 2002; 324:611-23. [PMID: 12460565 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2836(02)01196-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Translation of polyphenylalanine from a polyuridine template by the ribosome in the absence of the elongation factors EFG and EFTu (and the energy derived from GTP hydrolysis) is promoted by modification of the ribosome with thiol-specific reagents such as para-chloromercuribenzoate (pCMB). Here, we examine the translational cycle of modified ribosomes and show that peptide bond formation and tRNA binding are largely unaffected, whereas translocation of the mRNA:tRNA complex is substantially promoted by pCMB modification. The translocation movements that we observe are authentic by multiple criteria including the processivity of translation, accuracy of movement (three-nucleotide) along a defined mRNA template and sensitivity to antibiotics. Characterization of the modified ribosomes reveals that the protein content of the ribosomes is not depleted but that their subunit association properties are severely compromised. These data suggest that molecular targets (ribosomal proteins) in the interface region of the ribosome are critical barriers that influence the translocation of the mRNA:tRNA complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Southworth
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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