1
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Khan MZ, Hunt DM, Singha B, Kapoor Y, Singh NK, Prasad DVS, Dharmarajan S, Sowpati DT, de Carvalho LPS, Nandicoori VK. Divergent downstream biosynthetic pathways are supported by <sc>L</sc>-cysteine synthases of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. eLife 2024; 12:RP91970. [PMID: 39207917 PMCID: PMC11361707 DOI: 10.7554/elife.91970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis's (Mtb) autarkic lifestyle within the host involves rewiring its transcriptional networks to combat host-induced stresses. With the help of RNA sequencing performed under various stress conditions, we identified that genes belonging to Mtb sulfur metabolism pathways are significantly upregulated during oxidative stress. Using an integrated approach of microbial genetics, transcriptomics, metabolomics, animal experiments, chemical inhibition, and rescue studies, we investigated the biological role of non-canonical L-cysteine synthases, CysM and CysK2. While transcriptome signatures of RvΔcysM and RvΔcysK2 appear similar under regular growth conditions, we observed unique transcriptional signatures when subjected to oxidative stress. We followed pool size and labelling (34S) of key downstream metabolites, viz. mycothiol and ergothioneine, to monitor L-cysteine biosynthesis and utilization. This revealed the significant role of distinct L-cysteine biosynthetic routes on redox stress and homeostasis. CysM and CysK2 independently facilitate Mtb survival by alleviating host-induced redox stress, suggesting they are not fully redundant during infection. With the help of genetic mutants and chemical inhibitors, we show that CysM and CysK2 serve as unique, attractive targets for adjunct therapy to combat mycobacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehak Zahoor Khan
- National Institute of ImmunologyNew DelhiIndia
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular BiologyHyderabadIndia
| | | | - Biplab Singha
- National Institute of ImmunologyNew DelhiIndia
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular BiologyHyderabadIndia
| | - Yogita Kapoor
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular BiologyHyderabadIndia
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)GhaziabadIndia
| | | | - D V Sai Prasad
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science-PilaniHyderabadIndia
| | - Sriram Dharmarajan
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science-PilaniHyderabadIndia
| | | | - Luiz Pedro S de Carvalho
- The Francis Crick InstituteLondonUnited Kingdom
- Department of Chemistry, The Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & TechnologyJupiterUnited States
| | - Vinay Kumar Nandicoori
- National Institute of ImmunologyNew DelhiIndia
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular BiologyHyderabadIndia
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)GhaziabadIndia
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2
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D'Agostino GD, Chaudhari SN, Devlin AS. Host-microbiome orchestration of the sulfated metabolome. Nat Chem Biol 2024; 20:410-421. [PMID: 38347214 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-023-01526-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that metabolites produced by commensal bacteria causally influence health and disease. The sulfated metabolome is one class of molecules that has recently come to the forefront due to efforts to understand the role of these metabolites in host-microbiome interactions. Sulfated compounds have canonically been classified as waste products; however, studies have revealed a variety of physiological roles for these metabolites, including effects on host metabolism, immune response and neurological function. Moreover, recent research has revealed that commensal bacteria either chemically modify or synthesize a variety of sulfated compounds. In this Review, we explore how host-microbiome collaborative metabolism transforms the sulfated metabolome. We describe bacterial and mammalian enzymes that sulfonate and desulfate biologically relevant carbohydrates, amino acid derivatives and cholesterol-derived metabolites. We then discuss outstanding questions and future directions in the field, including potential roles of sulfated metabolites in disease detection, prevention and treatment. We hope that this Review inspires future research into sulfated compounds and their effects on physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel D D'Agostino
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Snehal N Chaudhari
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - A Sloan Devlin
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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3
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Kurogi K, Suiko M, Sakakibara Y. Evolution and multiple functions of sulfonation and cytosolic sulfotransferases across species. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2024; 88:368-380. [PMID: 38271594 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbae008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Organisms have conversion systems for sulfate ion to take advantage of the chemical features. The use of biologically converted sulfonucleotides varies in an evolutionary manner, with the universal use being that of sulfonate donors. Sulfotransferases have the ability to transfer the sulfonate group of 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate to a variety of molecules. Cytosolic sulfotransferases (SULTs) play a role in the metabolism of low-molecular-weight compounds in response to the host organism's living environment. This review will address the diverse functions of the SULT in evolution, including recent findings. In addition to the diversity of vertebrate sulfotransferases, the molecular aspects and recent studies on bacterial and plant sulfotransferases are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhisa Kurogi
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Masahito Suiko
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Yoichi Sakakibara
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
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4
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Sharma D, Gautam S, Srivastava N, Bisht D. In silico Screening of Food and Drug Administration-approved Compounds against Trehalose 2-sulfotransferase (Rv0295c) in Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Insights from Molecular Docking and Dynamics Simulations. Int J Mycobacteriol 2024; 13:73-82. [PMID: 38771283 DOI: 10.4103/ijmy.ijmy_20_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tuberculosis (TB) remains a prominent global health challenge, distinguished by substantial occurrences of infection and death. The upsurge of drug-resistant TB strains underscores the urgency to identify novel therapeutic targets and repurpose existing compounds. Rv0295c is a potentially druggable enzyme involved in cell wall biosynthesis and virulence. We evaluated the inhibitory activity of Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved compounds against Rv0295c of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, employing molecular docking, ADME evaluation, and dynamics simulations. METHODS The study screened 1800 FDA-approved compounds and selected the top five compounds with the highest docking scores. Following this, we subjected the initially screened ligands to ADME analysis based on their dock scores. In addition, the compound exhibited the highest binding affinity chosen for molecular dynamics (MD) simulation to investigate the dynamic behavior of the ligand-receptor complex. RESULTS Dihydroergotamine (CHEMBL1732) exhibited the highest binding affinity (-12.8 kcal/mol) for Rv0295c within this set of compounds. We evaluated the stability and binding modes of the complex over extended simulation trajectories. CONCLUSION Our in silico analysis demonstrates that FDA-approved drugs can serve as potential Rv0295c inhibitors through repurposing. The combination of molecular docking and MD simulation offers a comprehensive understanding of the interactions between ligands and the protein target, providing valuable guidance for further experimental validation. Identifying Rv0295c inhibitors may contribute to new anti-TB drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devesh Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, ICMR-National JALMA Institute for Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India
- School of Studies in Biochemistry, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Sakshi Gautam
- Department of Biochemistry, ICMR-National JALMA Institute for Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Nalini Srivastava
- School of Studies in Biochemistry, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Deepa Bisht
- Department of Biochemistry, ICMR-National JALMA Institute for Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India
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5
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Yao L, D'Agostino GD, Park J, Hang S, Adhikari AA, Zhang Y, Li W, Avila-Pacheco J, Bae S, Clish CB, Franzosa EA, Huttenhower C, Huh JR, Devlin AS. A biosynthetic pathway for the selective sulfonation of steroidal metabolites by human gut bacteria. Nat Microbiol 2022; 7:1404-1418. [PMID: 35982310 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-022-01176-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Members of the human gut microbiome enzymatically process many bioactive molecules in the gastrointestinal tract. Most gut bacterial modifications characterized so far are hydrolytic or reductive in nature. Here we report that abundant human gut bacteria from the phylum Bacteroidetes perform conjugative modifications by selectively sulfonating steroidal metabolites. While sulfonation is a ubiquitous biochemical modification, this activity has not yet been characterized in gut microbes. Using genetic and biochemical approaches, we identify a widespread biosynthetic gene cluster that encodes both a sulfotransferase (BtSULT, BT0416) and enzymes that synthesize the sulfonate donor adenosine 3'-phosphate-5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS), including an APS kinase (CysC, BT0413) and an ATP sulfurylase (CysD and CysN, BT0414-BT0415). BtSULT selectively sulfonates steroidal metabolites with a flat A/B ring fusion, including cholesterol. Germ-free mice monocolonized with Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron ΔBT0416 exhibited reduced gastrointestinal levels of cholesterol sulfate (Ch-S) compared with wild-type B. thetaiotaomicron-colonized mice. The presence of BtSULT and BtSULT homologues in bacteria inhibited leucocyte migration in vitro and in vivo, and abundances of cluster genes were significantly reduced in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Together, these data provide a mechanism by which gut bacteria sulfonate steroidal metabolites and suggest that these compounds can modulate immune cell trafficking in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Yao
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gabriel D D'Agostino
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jinseok Park
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Saiyu Hang
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Arijit A Adhikari
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yancong Zhang
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Sena Bae
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Clary B Clish
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Eric A Franzosa
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Curtis Huttenhower
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jun R Huh
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - A Sloan Devlin
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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6
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Asiimwe N, Al Mazid MF, Jeong YT, Lee J, Lee JS. The discovery of penta-peptides inhibiting the activity of the formylglycine-generating enzyme and their potential antibacterial effects against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. RSC Adv 2022; 12:18884-18888. [PMID: 35873338 PMCID: PMC9241360 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra03379h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The formylglycine-generating enzyme is a key regulator that converts sulfatase into an active form. Despite its key role in many diseases, enzyme activity inhibitors have not yet been reported. In this study, we investigated penta-peptide ligands for FGE activity inhibition and discovered two hit peptides. In addition, the lead peptides also showed potential antibacterial effects in a Mycobacterium tuberculosis model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yong Taek Jeong
- Department of Pharmacology, Korea University College of Medicine South Korea
| | - Juyong Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Kangwon National University South Korea
| | - Jun-Seok Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Korea University College of Medicine South Korea
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7
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Dong B, He Z, Li Y, Xu X, Wang C, Zeng J. Improved Conventional and New Approaches in the Diagnosis of Tuberculosis. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:924410. [PMID: 35711765 PMCID: PMC9195135 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.924410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a life-threatening infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis). Timely diagnosis and effective treatment are essential in the control of TB. Conventional smear microscopy still has low sensitivity and is unable to reveal the drug resistance of this bacterium. The traditional culture-based diagnosis is time-consuming, since usually the results are available after 3–4 weeks. Molecular biology methods fail to differentiate live from dead M. tuberculosis, while diagnostic immunology methods fail to distinguish active from latent TB. In view of these limitations of the existing detection techniques, in addition to the continuous emergence of multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant TB, in recent years there has been an increase in the demand for simple, rapid, accurate and economical point-of-care approaches. This review describes the development, evaluation, and implementation of conventional diagnostic methods for TB and the rapid new approaches for the detection of M. tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoyu Dong
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhiqun He
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuqing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinyue Xu
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chuan Wang
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jumei Zeng
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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8
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Hemkemeyer M, Schwalb SA, Heinze S, Joergensen RG, Wichern F. Functions of elements in soil microorganisms. Microbiol Res 2021; 252:126832. [PMID: 34508963 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2021.126832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The soil microbial community fulfils various functions, such as nutrient cycling and carbon (C) sequestration, therefore contributing to maintenance of soil fertility and mitigation of global warming. In this context, a major focus of research has been on C, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) cycling. However, from aquatic and other environments, it is well known that other elements beyond C, N, and P are essential for microbial functioning. Nonetheless, for soil microorganisms this knowledge has not yet been synthesised. To gain a better mechanistic understanding of microbial processes in soil systems, we aimed at summarising the current knowledge on the function of a range of essential or beneficial elements, which may affect the efficiency of microbial processes in soil. This knowledge is discussed in the context of microbial driven nutrient and C cycling. Our findings may support future investigations and data evaluation, where other elements than C, N, and P affect microbial processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hemkemeyer
- Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Institute of Biogenic Resources in Sustainable Food Systems - From Farm to Function, Rhine-Waal University of Applied Sciences, Marie-Curie-Str. 1, 47533 Kleve, Germany.
| | - Sanja A Schwalb
- Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Institute of Biogenic Resources in Sustainable Food Systems - From Farm to Function, Rhine-Waal University of Applied Sciences, Marie-Curie-Str. 1, 47533 Kleve, Germany
| | - Stefanie Heinze
- Department of Soil Science & Soil Ecology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Rainer Georg Joergensen
- Department of Soil Biology and Plant Nutrition, University of Kassel, Nordbahnhofstr. 1a, 37213 Witzenhausen, Germany
| | - Florian Wichern
- Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Institute of Biogenic Resources in Sustainable Food Systems - From Farm to Function, Rhine-Waal University of Applied Sciences, Marie-Curie-Str. 1, 47533 Kleve, Germany
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9
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Formylglycine-generating enzyme-like proteins constitute a novel family of widespread type VI secretion system immunity proteins. J Bacteriol 2021; 203:e0028121. [PMID: 34398661 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00281-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Competition is a critical aspect of bacterial life, as it enables niche establishment and facilitates the acquisition of essential nutrients. Warfare between Gram-negative bacteria is largely mediated by the type VI secretion system (T6SS), a dynamic nanoweapon that delivers toxic effector proteins from an attacking cell to adjacent bacteria in a contact-dependent manner. Effector-encoding bacteria prevent self-intoxication and kin cell killing by the expression of immunity proteins, which prevent effector toxicity by specifically binding their cognate effector and either occluding its active site or preventing structural rearrangements necessary for effector activation. In this study, we investigate Tsi3, a previously uncharacterized T6SS immunity protein present in multiple strains of the human pathogen Acinetobacter baumannii. We show that Tsi3 is the cognate immunity protein of the antibacterial effector of unknown function Tse3. Our bioinformatic analyses indicate that Tsi3 homologs are widespread among Gram-negative bacteria, often encoded within T6SS effector-immunity modules. Surprisingly, we found that Tsi3 homologs are predicted to possess a characteristic formylglycine-generating enzyme (FGE) domain, which is present in various enzymatic proteins. Our data shows that Tsi3-mediated immunity is dependent on Tse3-Tsi3 protein-protein interactions and that Tsi3 homologs from various bacteria do not provide immunity against non-kin Tse3. Thus, we conclude that Tsi3 homologs are unlikely to be functional enzymes. Collectively, our work identifies FGE domain-containing proteins as important mediators of immunity against T6SS attacks and indicates that the FGE domain can be co-opted as a scaffold in multiple proteins to carry out diverse functions. Importance Despite the wealth of knowledge on the diversity of biochemical activities carried out by T6SS effectors, comparably little is known about the various strategies bacteria employ to prevent susceptibility to T6SS-dependent bacterial killing. Our work establishes a novel family of T6SS immunity proteins with a characteristic FGE domain. This domain is present in enzymatic proteins with various catalytic activities. Our characterization of Tsi3 expands the known functions carried out by FGE-like proteins to include defense during T6SS-mediated bacterial warfare. Moreover, it highlights the evolution of FGE domain-containing proteins to carry out diverse biological functions.
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10
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Maeda K, Okuda Y, Enomoto G, Watanabe S, Ikeuchi M. Biosynthesis of a sulfated exopolysaccharide, synechan, and bloom formation in the model cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803. eLife 2021; 10:66538. [PMID: 34127188 PMCID: PMC8205485 DOI: 10.7554/elife.66538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellularpolysaccharides of bacteria contribute to biofilm formation, stress tolerance, and infectivity. Cyanobacteria, the oxygenic photoautotrophic bacteria, uniquely produce sulfated extracellular polysaccharides among bacteria to support phototrophic biofilms. In addition, sulfated polysaccharides of cyanobacteria and other organisms have been focused as beneficial biomaterial. However, very little is known about their biosynthesis machinery and function in cyanobacteria. Here, we found that the model cyanobacterium, Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803, formed bloom-like cell aggregates embedded in sulfated extracellular polysaccharides (designated as synechan) and identified whole set of genes responsible for synechan biosynthesis and its transcriptional regulation, thereby suggesting a model for the synechan biosynthesis apparatus. Because similar genes are found in many cyanobacterial genomes with wide variation, our findings may lead elucidation of various sulfated polysaccharides, their functions, and their potential application in biotechnology. Bacteria are single-cell microorganisms that can form communities called biofilms, which stick to surfaces such as rocks, plants or animals. Biofilms confer protection to bacteria and allow them to colonize new environments. The physical scaffold of biofilms is a viscous matrix made of several molecules, the main one being polysaccharides, complex carbohydrates formed by many monosaccharides (single sugar molecules) joined together. Cyanobacteria, also known as blue-green algae, are a type of bacteria that produce oxygen and use sunlight as an energy source, just as plants and algae do. Cyanobacteria produce extracellular polysaccharides that contain sulfate groups. These sulfated polysaccharides are also produced by animals and algae but are not common in other bacteria or plants. One possible role of sulfated, extracellular polysaccharides in cyanobacteria is keeping cells together in the floating aggregates found in cyanobacterial blooms. These are visible discolorations of the water caused by an overgrowth of cyanobacteria that occur in lakes, estuaries and coastal waters. However, little is known about how these polysaccharides are synthesized in cyanobacteria and what their natural role is. Maeda et al. found a strain of cyanobacteria that formed bloom-like aggregates that were embedded in sulfated extracellular polysaccharides. Using genetic engineering techniques, the researchers identified a set of genes responsible for producing a sulfated extracellular polysaccharide and regulating its levels. They also found that cell aggregates of cyanobacteria can float without having intracellular gas vesicles, which was previously thought to enable blooms to float. The results of the present study could have applications for human health, since many sulfated polysaccharides have antiviral, antitumor or anti-inflammatory properties, and similar genes are found in many cyanobacteria. In addition, these findings could be useful for controlling toxic cyanobacterial blooms, which are becoming increasingly problematic for society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaisei Maeda
- Department of Life Sciences (Biology), Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukiko Okuda
- Department of Life Sciences (Biology), Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Gen Enomoto
- Department of Life Sciences (Biology), Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoru Watanabe
- Department of Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiko Ikeuchi
- Department of Life Sciences (Biology), Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Faculty of Education and Integrated Arts and Sciences, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
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11
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Grillo-Puertas M, Villegas JM, Pankievicz VCS, Tadra-Sfeir MZ, Teles Mota FJ, Hebert EM, Brusamarello-Santos L, Pedraza RO, Pedrosa FO, Rapisarda VA, Souza EM. Transcriptional Responses of Herbaspirillum seropedicae to Environmental Phosphate Concentration. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:666277. [PMID: 34177845 PMCID: PMC8222739 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.666277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Herbaspirillum seropedicae is a nitrogen-fixing endophytic bacterium associated with important cereal crops, which promotes plant growth, increasing their productivity. The understanding of the physiological responses of this bacterium to different concentrations of prevailing nutrients as phosphate (Pi) is scarce. In some bacteria, culture media Pi concentration modulates the levels of intracellular polyphosphate (polyP), modifying their cellular fitness. Here, global changes of H. seropedicae SmR1 were evaluated in response to environmental Pi concentrations, based on differential intracellular polyP levels. Cells grown in high-Pi medium (50 mM) maintained high polyP levels in stationary phase, while those grown in sufficient Pi medium (5 mM) degraded it. Through a RNA-seq approach, comparison of transcriptional profiles of H. seropedicae cultures revealed that 670 genes were differentially expressed between both Pi growth conditions, with 57% repressed and 43% induced in the high Pi condition. Molecular and physiological analyses revealed that aspects related to Pi metabolism, biosynthesis of flagella and chemotaxis, energy production, and polyhydroxybutyrate metabolism were induced in the high-Pi condition, while those involved in adhesion and stress response were repressed. The present study demonstrated that variations in environmental Pi concentration affect H. seropedicae traits related to survival and other important physiological characteristics. Since environmental conditions can influence the effectiveness of the plant growth-promoting bacteria, enhancement of bacterial robustness to withstand different stressful situations is an interesting challenge. The obtained data could serve not only to understand the bacterial behavior in respect to changes in rhizospheric Pi gradients but also as a base to design strategies to improve different bacterial features focusing on biotechnological and/or agricultural purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Grillo-Puertas
- Instituto de Química Biológica, “Dr. Bernabé Bloj”, Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán (UNT) and Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO), CONICET-UNT, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Josefina M. Villegas
- Instituto de Química Biológica, “Dr. Bernabé Bloj”, Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán (UNT) and Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO), CONICET-UNT, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Vânia C. S. Pankievicz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Michelle Z. Tadra-Sfeir
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Francisco J. Teles Mota
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Elvira M. Hebert
- Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos (CERELA-CONICET), San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | | | - Raul O. Pedraza
- Facultad de Agronomía y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán (UNT), San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Fabio O. Pedrosa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Viviana A. Rapisarda
- Instituto de Química Biológica, “Dr. Bernabé Bloj”, Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán (UNT) and Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO), CONICET-UNT, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Emanuel M. Souza
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
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12
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Pounina TA, Gloriozova TA, Savidov N, Dembitsky VM. Sulfated and Sulfur-Containing Steroids and Their Pharmacological Profile. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:240. [PMID: 33923288 PMCID: PMC8145587 DOI: 10.3390/md19050240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The review focuses on sulfated steroids that have been isolated from seaweeds, marine sponges, soft corals, ascidians, starfish, and other marine invertebrates. Sulfur-containing steroids and triterpenoids are sourced from sedentary marine coelenterates, plants, marine sediments, crude oil, and other geological deposits. The review presents the pharmacological profile of sulfated steroids, sulfur-containing steroids, and triterpenoids, which is based on data obtained using the PASS program. In addition, several semi-synthetic and synthetic epithio steroids, which represent a rare group of bioactive lipids that have not yet been found in nature, but possess a high level of antitumor activity, were included in this review for the comparative pharmacological characterization of this class of compounds. About 140 steroids and triterpenoids are presented in this review, which demonstrate a wide range of biological activities. Therefore, out of 71 sulfated steroids, thirteen show strong antitumor activity with a confidence level of more than 90%, out of 50 sulfur-containing steroids, only four show strong antitumor activity with a confidence level of more than 93%, and out of eighteen epithio steroids, thirteen steroids show strong antitumor activity with a confidence level of 91% to 97.4%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana A. Pounina
- Far Eastern Geological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 159 Prospect 100-letiya Vladivostoka, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia;
| | - Tatyana A. Gloriozova
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, 10 Building 8, Pogodinskaya Street, 119121 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Nick Savidov
- Centre for Applied Research, Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Lethbridge College, 3000 College Drive South, Lethbridge, AB T1K 1L6, Canada;
| | - Valery M. Dembitsky
- Centre for Applied Research, Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Lethbridge College, 3000 College Drive South, Lethbridge, AB T1K 1L6, Canada;
- A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, 17 Palchevsky Str., 690041 Vladivostok, Russia
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13
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A high-throughput cell-based assay pipeline for the preclinical development of bacterial DsbA inhibitors as antivirulence therapeutics. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1569. [PMID: 33452354 PMCID: PMC7810732 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81007-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics are failing fast, and the development pipeline remains alarmingly dry. New drug research and development is being urged by world health officials, with new antibacterials against multidrug-resistant Gram-negative pathogens as the highest priority. Antivirulence drugs, which inhibit bacterial pathogenicity factors, are a class of promising antibacterials, however, their development is stifled by lack of standardised preclinical testing akin to what guides antibiotic development. The lack of established target-specific microbiological assays amenable to high-throughput, often means that cell-based testing of virulence inhibitors is absent from the discovery (hit-to-lead) phase, only to be employed at later-stages of lead optimization. Here, we address this by establishing a pipeline of bacterial cell-based assays developed for the identification and early preclinical evaluation of DsbA inhibitors, previously identified by biophysical and biochemical assays. Inhibitors of DsbA block oxidative protein folding required for virulence factor folding in pathogens. Here we use existing Escherichia coli DsbA inhibitors and uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) as a model pathogen, to demonstrate that the combination of a cell-based sulfotransferase assay and a motility assay (both DsbA reporter assays), modified for a higher throughput format, can provide a robust and target-specific platform for the identification and evaluation of DsbA inhibitors.
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14
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Ruhl CR, Pasko BL, Khan HS, Kindt LM, Stamm CE, Franco LH, Hsia CC, Zhou M, Davis CR, Qin T, Gautron L, Burton MD, Mejia GL, Naik DK, Dussor G, Price TJ, Shiloh MU. Mycobacterium tuberculosis Sulfolipid-1 Activates Nociceptive Neurons and Induces Cough. Cell 2020; 181:293-305.e11. [PMID: 32142653 PMCID: PMC7102531 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary tuberculosis, a disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), manifests with a persistent cough as both a primary symptom and mechanism of transmission. The cough reflex can be triggered by nociceptive neurons innervating the lungs, and some bacteria produce neuron-targeting molecules. However, how pulmonary Mtb infection causes cough remains undefined, and whether Mtb produces a neuron-activating, cough-inducing molecule is unknown. Here, we show that an Mtb organic extract activates nociceptive neurons in vitro and identify the Mtb glycolipid sulfolipid-1 (SL-1) as the nociceptive molecule. Mtb organic extracts from mutants lacking SL-1 synthesis cannot activate neurons in vitro or induce cough in a guinea pig model. Finally, Mtb-infected guinea pigs cough in a manner dependent on SL-1 synthesis. Thus, we demonstrate a heretofore unknown molecular mechanism for cough induction by a virulent human pathogen via its production of a complex lipid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody R Ruhl
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Breanna L Pasko
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Haaris S Khan
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Lexy M Kindt
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Chelsea E Stamm
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Luis H Franco
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Connie C Hsia
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Min Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Colton R Davis
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Tian Qin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Laurent Gautron
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Center for Hypothalamic Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Michael D Burton
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA; Center for Advanced Pain Studies, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Galo L Mejia
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA; Center for Advanced Pain Studies, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Dhananjay K Naik
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA; Center for Advanced Pain Studies, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Gregory Dussor
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA; Center for Advanced Pain Studies, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Theodore J Price
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA; Center for Advanced Pain Studies, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Michael U Shiloh
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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15
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MacMillan JL, Vicaretti SD, Noyovitz B, Xing X, Low KE, Inglis GD, Zaytsoff SJ, Boraston AB, Smith SP, Uwiera RR, Selinger LB, Zandberg WF, Abbott DW. Structural analysis of broiler chicken small intestinal mucin O-glycan modification by Clostridium perfringens. Poult Sci 2019; 98:5074-5088. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Mi-Ichi F, Yoshida H. Unique Features of Entamoeba Sulfur Metabolism; Compartmentalization, Physiological Roles of Terminal Products, Evolution and Pharmaceutical Exploitation. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20194679. [PMID: 31546588 PMCID: PMC6801973 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfur metabolism is essential for all living organisms. Recently, unique features of the Entamoeba metabolic pathway for sulfated biomolecules have been described. Entamoeba is a genus in the phylum Amoebozoa and includes the causative agent for amoebiasis, a global public health problem. This review gives an overview of the general features of the synthesis and degradation of sulfated biomolecules, and then highlights the characteristics that are unique to Entamoeba. Future biological and pharmaceutical perspectives are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumika Mi-Ichi
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Immunoscience, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga 849-8501, Japan.
| | - Hiroki Yoshida
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Immunoscience, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga 849-8501, Japan.
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17
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Badri A, Williams A, Xia K, Linhardt RJ, Koffas MAG. Increased 3'-Phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate Levels in Engineered Escherichia coli Cell Lysate Facilitate the In Vitro Synthesis of Chondroitin Sulfate A. Biotechnol J 2019; 14:e1800436. [PMID: 31180182 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201800436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfates (CSs) are linear glycosaminoglycans that have important applications in the medical and food industries. Engineering bacteria for the microbial production of CS will facilitate a one-step, scalable production with good control over sulfation levels and positions in contrast to extraction from animal sources. To achieve this goal, Escherichia coli (E. coli) is engineered in this study using traditional metabolic engineering approaches to accumulate 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS), the universal sulfate donor. PAPS is one of the least-explored components required for the biosynthesis of CS. The resulting engineered E. coli strain shows an ≈1000-fold increase in intracellular PAPS concentrations. This study also reports, for the first time, in vitro biotransformation of CS using PAPS, chondroitin, and chondroitin-4-sulfotransferase (C4ST), all synthesized from different engineered E. coli strains. A 10.4-fold increase is observed in the amount of CS produced by biotransformation by employing PAPS from the engineered PAPS-accumulating strain. The data from the biotransformation experiments also help evaluate the reaction components that need improved production to achieve a one-step microbial synthesis of CS. This will provide a new platform to produce CS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abinaya Badri
- Howard P. Isermann Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th St. CBIS 4005C, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Asher Williams
- Howard P. Isermann Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th St. CBIS 4005C, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Ke Xia
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th St. CBIS 4005C, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Howard P. Isermann Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th St. CBIS 4005C, Troy, NY, 12180, USA.,Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th St. CBIS 4005C, Troy, NY, 12180, USA.,Department of Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th St. CBIS 4005C, Troy, NY, 12180, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th St. CBIS 4005C, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Mattheos A G Koffas
- Howard P. Isermann Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th St. CBIS 4005C, Troy, NY, 12180, USA.,Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th St. CBIS 4005C, Troy, NY, 12180, USA.,Department of Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th St. CBIS 4005C, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
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18
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van Loo B, Bayer CD, Fischer G, Jonas S, Valkov E, Mohamed MF, Vorobieva A, Dutruel C, Hyvönen M, Hollfelder F. Balancing Specificity and Promiscuity in Enzyme Evolution: Multidimensional Activity Transitions in the Alkaline Phosphatase Superfamily. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 141:370-387. [PMID: 30497259 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b10290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Highly proficient, promiscuous enzymes can be springboards for functional evolution, able to avoid loss of function during adaptation by their capacity to promote multiple reactions. We employ a systematic comparative study of structure, sequence, and substrate specificity to track the evolution of specificity and reactivity between promiscuous members of clades of the alkaline phosphatase (AP) superfamily. Construction of a phylogenetic tree of protein sequences maps out the likely transition zone between arylsulfatases (ASs) and phosphonate monoester hydrolases (PMHs). Kinetic analysis shows that all enzymes characterized have four chemically distinct phospho- and sulfoesterase activities, with rate accelerations ranging from 1011- to 1017-fold for their primary and 109- to 1012-fold for their promiscuous reactions, suggesting that catalytic promiscuity is widespread in the AP-superfamily. This functional characterization and crystallography reveal a novel class of ASs that is so similar in sequence to known PMHs that it had not been recognized as having diverged in function. Based on analysis of snapshots of catalytic promiscuity "in transition", we develop possible models that would allow functional evolution and determine scenarios for trade-off between multiple activities. For the new ASs, we observe largely invariant substrate specificity that would facilitate the transition from ASs to PMHs via trade-off-free molecular exaptation, that is, evolution without initial loss of primary activity and specificity toward the original substrate. This ability to bypass low activity generalists provides a molecular solution to avoid adaptive conflict.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bert van Loo
- Department of Biochemistry , University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB2 1GA , United Kingdom
| | - Christopher D Bayer
- Department of Biochemistry , University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB2 1GA , United Kingdom
| | - Gerhard Fischer
- Department of Biochemistry , University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB2 1GA , United Kingdom
| | - Stefanie Jonas
- Department of Biochemistry , University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB2 1GA , United Kingdom
| | - Eugene Valkov
- Department of Biochemistry , University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB2 1GA , United Kingdom
| | - Mark F Mohamed
- Department of Biochemistry , University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB2 1GA , United Kingdom
| | - Anastassia Vorobieva
- Department of Biochemistry , University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB2 1GA , United Kingdom
| | - Celine Dutruel
- Department of Biochemistry , University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB2 1GA , United Kingdom
| | - Marko Hyvönen
- Department of Biochemistry , University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB2 1GA , United Kingdom
| | - Florian Hollfelder
- Department of Biochemistry , University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB2 1GA , United Kingdom
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19
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Monteiro-Maia R, Correa PR, Sousa-Vasconcelos PDS, Pinho RTD, Mendonça-Lima L. Gain of function in Mycobacterium bovis BCG Moreau due to loss of a transcriptional repressor. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2018; 113:e180267. [PMID: 30328891 PMCID: PMC6180650 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760180267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine comprises a family of genetically different strains derived by the loss of genomic regions (RDs) and other mutations. In BCG Moreau, loss of RD16 inactivates rv3405c* , encoding a transcriptional repressor that negatively regulates the expression of Rv3406, an alkyl sulfatase. To evaluate the impact of this loss on the BCG and host cell viability and the cytokine profile, THP-1 cells were infected with BCG Moreau (harbouring the empty vector) and a complemented strain carrying a functional copy of rv3405c. Viability of the host cells and bacteria as well as the pattern of cytokine secretion were evaluated. Our results show that the viability of BCG Moreau is higher than that of the complemented strain in an axenic medium, suggesting a possible functional gain associated with the constitutive expression of Rv3406. Viability of the host cells did not vary significantly between recombinant strains, but differences in the profiles of the cytokine secretion (IL-1β and IL-6) were observed. Our results suggest an example of a functional gain due to gene loss contributing to the elucidation of the impact of RD16 on the physiology of BCG Moreau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Monteiro-Maia
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Genômica Funcional e Bioinformática, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Paloma Rezende Correa
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Genômica Funcional e Bioinformática, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | | | - Rosa Teixeira de Pinho
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Imunologia Clínica, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Leila Mendonça-Lima
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Genômica Funcional e Bioinformática, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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20
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van Loo B, Schober M, Valkov E, Heberlein M, Bornberg-Bauer E, Faber K, Hyvönen M, Hollfelder F. Structural and Mechanistic Analysis of the Choline Sulfatase from Sinorhizobium melliloti: A Class I Sulfatase Specific for an Alkyl Sulfate Ester. J Mol Biol 2018; 430:1004-1023. [PMID: 29458126 PMCID: PMC5870055 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Hydrolysis of organic sulfate esters proceeds by two distinct mechanisms, water attacking at either sulfur (S-O bond cleavage) or carbon (C-O bond cleavage). In primary and secondary alkyl sulfates, attack at carbon is favored, whereas in aromatic sulfates and sulfated sugars, attack at sulfur is preferred. This mechanistic distinction is mirrored in the classification of enzymes that catalyze sulfate ester hydrolysis: arylsulfatases (ASs) catalyze S-O cleavage in sulfate sugars and arylsulfates, and alkyl sulfatases break the C-O bond of alkyl sulfates. Sinorhizobium meliloti choline sulfatase (SmCS) efficiently catalyzes the hydrolysis of alkyl sulfate choline-O-sulfate (kcat/KM=4.8×103s-1M-1) as well as arylsulfate 4-nitrophenyl sulfate (kcat/KM=12s-1M-1). Its 2.8-Å resolution X-ray structure shows a buried, largely hydrophobic active site in which a conserved glutamate (Glu386) plays a role in recognition of the quaternary ammonium group of the choline substrate. SmCS structurally resembles members of the alkaline phosphatase superfamily, being most closely related to dimeric ASs and tetrameric phosphonate monoester hydrolases. Although >70% of the amino acids between protomers align structurally (RMSDs 1.79-1.99Å), the oligomeric structures show distinctly different packing and protomer-protomer interfaces. The latter also play an important role in active site formation. Mutagenesis of the conserved active site residues typical for ASs, H218O-labeling studies and the observation of catalytically promiscuous behavior toward phosphoesters confirm the close relation to alkaline phosphatase superfamily members and suggest that SmCS is an AS that catalyzes S-O cleavage in alkyl sulfate esters with extreme catalytic proficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bert van Loo
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, United Kingdom; Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Hüfferstrasse 1, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Markus Schober
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, United Kingdom; Department of Chemistry, Organic & Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Eugene Valkov
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, United Kingdom
| | - Magdalena Heberlein
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Hüfferstrasse 1, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Erich Bornberg-Bauer
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Hüfferstrasse 1, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Kurt Faber
- Department of Chemistry, Organic & Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Marko Hyvönen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, United Kingdom.
| | - Florian Hollfelder
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, United Kingdom.
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Yoon HY, Kim HJ, Jang S, Hong JI. Detection of bacterial sulfatase activity through liquid- and solid-phase colony-based assays. AMB Express 2017; 7:150. [PMID: 28697587 PMCID: PMC5503846 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-017-0449-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial arylsulfatases are crucial to biosynthesis in many microorganisms, as bacteria often utilize aryl sulfates as a source of sulfur. The bacterial sulfatases are associated with pathogenesis and are applied in many areas such as industry and agriculture. We developed an activity-based probe 1 for detection of bacterial sulfatase activity through liquid- and solid-phase colony-based assays. Probe 1 is hydrolyzed by sulfatase to generate fluorescent N-methyl isoindole, which is polymerized to form colored precipitates. These fluorescent and colorimetric properties of probe 1 induced upon treatment of sulfatases were successfully utilized for liquid-phase sulfatase activity assays for colonies and lysates of Klebsiella aerogenes, Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium smegmatis. In addition, probe 1 allowed solid-phase colony-based assays of K. aerogenes through the formation of insoluble colored precipitates, thus enabling accurate staining of target colonies under heterogeneous conditions.
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Matching the Diversity of Sulfated Biomolecules: Creation of a Classification Database for Sulfatases Reflecting Their Substrate Specificity. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164846. [PMID: 27749924 PMCID: PMC5066984 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfatases cleave sulfate groups from various molecules and constitute a biologically and industrially important group of enzymes. However, the number of sulfatases whose substrate has been characterized is limited in comparison to the huge diversity of sulfated compounds, yielding functional annotations of sulfatases particularly prone to flaws and misinterpretations. In the context of the explosion of genomic data, a classification system allowing a better prediction of substrate specificity and for setting the limit of functional annotations is urgently needed for sulfatases. Here, after an overview on the diversity of sulfated compounds and on the known sulfatases, we propose a classification database, SulfAtlas (http://abims.sb-roscoff.fr/sulfatlas/), based on sequence homology and composed of four families of sulfatases. The formylglycine-dependent sulfatases, which constitute the largest family, are also divided by phylogenetic approach into 73 subfamilies, each subfamily corresponding to either a known specificity or to an uncharacterized substrate. SulfAtlas summarizes information about the different families of sulfatases. Within a family a web page displays the list of its subfamilies (when they exist) and the list of EC numbers. The family or subfamily page shows some descriptors and a table with all the UniProt accession numbers linked to the databases UniProt, ExplorEnz, and PDB.
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23
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Wang S, Sugahara K, Li F. Chondroitin sulfate/dermatan sulfate sulfatases from mammals and bacteria. Glycoconj J 2016; 33:841-851. [PMID: 27526113 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-016-9720-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 07/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Sulfatases that specifically catalyze the hydrolysis of the sulfate groups on chondroitin sulfate (CS)/dermatan sulfate (DS) poly- and oligosaccharides belong to the formylglycine-dependent family of sulfatases and have been widely found in various mammalian and bacterial organisms. However, only a few types of CS/DS sulfatase have been identified so far. Recently, several novel CS/DS sulfatases have been cloned and characterized. Advanced studies have provided significant insight into the biological function and mechanism of action of CS/DS sulfatases. Moreover, further studies will provide powerful tools for structural and functional studies of CS/DS as well as related applications. This article reviews the recent progress in CS/DS sulfatase research and is expected to initiate further research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumin Wang
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, and Shenzhen Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, Peoples, Republic of China
| | - Kazuyuki Sugahara
- Proteoglycan Signaling and Therapeutics Research Group, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Life Science, Sapporo, 001-0021, Japan.
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nagoya, Aichi, 468-8503, Japan.
| | - Fuchuan Li
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, and Shenzhen Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, Peoples, Republic of China.
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Gurpilhares DDB, Moreira TR, Bueno JDL, Cinelli LP, Mazzola PG, Pessoa A, Sette LD. “Algae’s sulfated polysaccharides modifications: Potential use of microbial enzymes”. Process Biochem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2016.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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25
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Sulfation made easy: A new versatile donor for enzymatic sulfation by a bacterial arylsulfotransferase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Dziadek B, Brzostek A, Grzybowski M, Fol M, Krupa A, Kryczka J, Plocinski P, Kurdowska A, Dziadek J. Mycobacterium tuberculosis AtsG (Rv0296c), GlmU (Rv1018c) and SahH (Rv3248c) Proteins Function as the Human IL-8-Binding Effectors and Contribute to Pathogen Entry into Human Neutrophils. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148030. [PMID: 26829648 PMCID: PMC4734655 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is an extremely successful intracellular pathogen that has evolved a broad spectrum of pathogenic mechanisms that enable its manipulation of host defense elements and its survival in the hostile environment inside phagocytes. Cellular influx into the site of mycobacterial entry is mediated by a variety of chemokines, including interleukin-8 (IL-8), and the innate cytokine network is critical for the development of an adaptive immune response and infection control. Using affinity chromatography, liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry and surface plasmon resonance techniques, we identified M. tuberculosis AtsG arylsulphatase, bifunctional glucosamine-1-phosphate acetyltransferase and N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate uridyl transferase (GlmU) and S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase (SahH) as the pathogen proteins that bind to human IL-8. The interactions of all of the identified proteins (AtsG, GlmU and SahH) with IL-8 were characterized by high binding affinity with KD values of 6.83x10-6 M, 5.24x10-6 M and 7.14x10-10 M, respectively. Furthermore, the construction of Mtb mutant strains overproducing AtsG, GlmU or SahH allowed determination of the contribution of these proteins to mycobacterial entry into human neutrophils. The significantly increased number of intracellularly located bacilli of the overproducing M. tuberculosis mutant strains compared with those of “wild-type” M. tuberculosis and the binding interaction of AtsG, GlmU and SahH proteins with human IL-8 may indicate that these proteins participate in the modulation of the early events of infection with tubercle bacilli and could affect pathogen attachment to target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bozena Dziadek
- Department of Immunoparasitology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Anna Brzostek
- Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz, Poland
| | - Marcin Grzybowski
- Department of Immunoparasitology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Marek Fol
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Krupa
- Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz, Poland
| | - Jakub Kryczka
- Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz, Poland
| | - Przemyslaw Plocinski
- Laboratory of RNA Biology and Functional Genomics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Kurdowska
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jaroslaw Dziadek
- Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz, Poland
- * E-mail:
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Erickson AI, Sarsam RD, Fisher AJ. Crystal Structures of Mycobacterium tuberculosis CysQ, with Substrate and Products Bound. Biochemistry 2015; 54:6830-41. [PMID: 26512869 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b01000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In many organisms, 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphate (PAP) is a product of two reactions in the sulfur activation pathway. The sulfurylation of biomolecules, catalyzed by sulfotransferases, uses 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS) as a sulfate donor, producing the sulfated biomolecule and PAP product. Additionally, the first step in sulfate reduction for many bacteria and fungi reduces the sulfate moiety of PAPS, producing PAP and sulfite, which is subsequently reduced to sulfide. PAP is removed by the phosphatase activity of CysQ, a 3',5'-bisphosphate nucleotidase, yielding AMP and phosphate. Because excess PAP alters the equilibrium of the sulfur pathway and inhibits sulfotransferases, PAP concentrations can affect the levels of sulfur-containing metabolites. Therefore, CysQ, a divalent cation metal-dependent phosphatase, is a major regulator of this pathway. CysQ (Rv2131c) from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) was successfully expressed, purified, and crystallized in a variety of ligand-bound states. Here we report six crystal structures of Mtb CysQ, including a ligand-free structure, a lithium-inhibited state with substrate PAP bound, and a product-bound complex with AMP, phosphate, and three Mg(2+) ions bound. Comparison of these structures together with homologues of the superfamily has provided insight into substrate specificity, metal coordination, and catalytic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna I Erickson
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, and §Graduate Program in Biochemistry and Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California , One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Reta D Sarsam
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, and §Graduate Program in Biochemistry and Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California , One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Andrew J Fisher
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, and §Graduate Program in Biochemistry and Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California , One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
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Pereira CT, Moutran A, Fessel M, Balan A. The sulfur/sulfonates transport systems in Xanthomonas citri pv. citri. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:524. [PMID: 26169280 PMCID: PMC4501297 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1736-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Xanthomonas citri pv. citri (X. citri) is a phytopathogenic bacterium that infects different species of citrus plants where it causes canker disease. The adaptation to different habitats is related to the ability of the cells to metabolize and to assimilate diverse compounds, including sulfur, an essential element for all organisms. In Escherichia coli, the necessary sulfur can be obtained by a set of proteins whose genes belong to the cys regulon. Although the cys regulon proteins and their importance have been described in many other bacteria, there are no data related to these proteins in X. citri or in the Xanthomonas genus. The study of the relevance of these systems in these phytopathogenic bacteria that have distinct mechanisms of infection is one essential step toward understanding their physiology. In this work, we used bioinformatics, molecular modeling and transcription analysis (RT-PCR) to identify and characterize the putative cys regulon genes in X. citri. Results We showed that the ATP Binding Cassette Transporter (ABC transporter) SbpCysUWA for sulfate uptake is conserved in X. citri and translated in presence of sulfate. On the other hand, differently from what is predicted in databases, according molecular modeling and phylogenetic analysis, X. citri does not show a proper taurine transporter, but two different ABC systems related to the alkanesulfonate/sulfonate transport that were recently acquired during evolution. RT-PCR analysis evidenced that these genes and their putative transcriptional regulator CysB are rather transcripted in XAM1, a medium with defined concentration of sulfate, than LB. Conclusions The presence of at least three distinct systems for sulfate and sulfonates assimilation in X. citri evidenced the importance of these compounds for the bacterium. The transcription of genes involved with alkanesulfonate/sulfur compounds in XAM1 along to CysB suggests that despite the differences in the transporters, the regulation of these systems might be similar to the described for E. coli. Altogether, these results will serve as a foundation for further studies aimed to understanding the relevance of sulfur in growth, virulence and pathogenesis of X. citri and related bacteria. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1736-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane Tambascia Pereira
- Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural Aplicada, Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1374, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, CEP 05508-000, Brazil. .,Laboratório Nacional de Biociências (LNBio), Centro de Pesquisas em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM), Campinas, SP, CEP 13083-970, Brazil.
| | - Alexandre Moutran
- Laboratório Nacional de Biociências (LNBio), Centro de Pesquisas em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM), Campinas, SP, CEP 13083-970, Brazil.
| | - Melissa Fessel
- Laboratório Nacional de Biociências (LNBio), Centro de Pesquisas em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM), Campinas, SP, CEP 13083-970, Brazil.
| | - Andrea Balan
- Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural Aplicada, Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1374, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, CEP 05508-000, Brazil.
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Poyraz Ö, Brunner K, Lohkamp B, Axelsson H, Hammarström LGJ, Schnell R, Schneider G. Crystal structures of the kinase domain of the sulfate-activating complex in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121494. [PMID: 25807013 PMCID: PMC4373884 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In Mycobacterium tuberculosis the sulfate activating complex provides a key branching point in sulfate assimilation. The complex consists of two polypeptide chains, CysD and CysN. CysD is an ATP sulfurylase that, with the energy provided by the GTPase activity of CysN, forms adenosine-5'-phosphosulfate (APS) which can then enter the reductive branch of sulfate assimilation leading to the biosynthesis of cysteine. The CysN polypeptide chain also contains an APS kinase domain (CysC) that phosphorylates APS leading to 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate, the sulfate donor in the synthesis of sulfolipids. We have determined the crystal structures of CysC from M. tuberculosis as a binary complex with ADP, and as ternary complexes with ADP and APS and the ATP mimic AMP-PNP and APS, respectively, to resolutions of 1.5 Å, 2.1 Å and 1.7 Å, respectively. CysC shows the typical APS kinase fold, and the structures provide comprehensive views of the catalytic machinery, conserved in this enzyme family. Comparison to the structure of the human homolog show highly conserved APS and ATP binding sites, questioning the feasibility of the design of specific inhibitors of mycobacterial CysC. Residue Cys556 is part of the flexible lid region that closes off the active site upon substrate binding. Mutational analysis revealed this residue as one of the determinants controlling lid closure and hence binding of the nucleotide substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ömer Poyraz
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Katharina Brunner
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bernhard Lohkamp
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hanna Axelsson
- Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory Stockholm, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars G. J. Hammarström
- Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory Stockholm, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Robert Schnell
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gunter Schneider
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Saha R, Tanwar O, Alam MM, Zaman M, Khan SA, Akhter M. Pharmacophore based virtual screening, synthesis and SAR of novel inhibitors of Mycobacterium sulfotransferase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:701-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.11.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Smith EL, Bertozzi CR, Beatty KE. An expanded set of fluorogenic sulfatase activity probes. Chembiochem 2014; 15:1101-5. [PMID: 24764280 PMCID: PMC4084507 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201400032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Fluorogenic probes that are activated by an enzymatic transformation are ideally suited for profiling enzyme activities in biological systems. Here, we describe two fluorogenic enzyme probes, 3-O-methylfluorescein-sulfate and resorufin-sulfate, that can be used to detect sulfatases in mycobacterial lysates. Both probes were validated with a set of commercial sulfatases and used to reveal species-specific sulfatase banding patterns in a gel-resolved assay of mycobacterial lysates. The fluorogenic probes described here are suitable for various assays and provide a starting point for creating new sulfatase probes with improved selectivity for mycobacterial sulfatases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth L. Smith
- Departments of Chemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, B84 Hildebrand Hall, #1460, Berkeley, CA 94720 (USA)
| | - Carolyn R. Bertozzi
- Departments of Chemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, B84 Hildebrand Hall, #1460, Berkeley, CA 94720 (USA)
| | - Kimberly E. Beatty
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, L334, Portland, OR 97239 (USA)
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Erickson AI, Sarsam RD, Fisher AJ. Expression, purification and preliminary crystallographic analysis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis CysQ, a phosphatase involved in sulfur metabolism. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION F-STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY COMMUNICATIONS 2014; 70:750-3. [PMID: 24915085 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x14008619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
CysQ is part of the sulfur-activation pathway that dephosphorylates 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-monophosphate (PAP) to regenerate adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP) and free phosphate. PAP is the product of sulfate-transfer reactions from sulfotransferases that use the universal sulfate donor 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS). In some organisms PAP is also the product of PAPS reductases that reduce sulfate from PAPS to sulfite. CysQ from Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which plays an important role in the biosynthesis of sulfated glycoconjugates, was successfully purified and crystallized in 24% PEG 1500, 20% glycerol. X-ray diffraction data were collected to 1.7 Å resolution using a synchrotron-radiation source. Crystals grew in the orthorhombic space group P2₁2₁2₁, with unit-cell parameters a=40.3, b=57.9, c=101.7 Å and with one monomer per asymmetric unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna I Erickson
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Reta D Sarsam
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Andrew J Fisher
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Ayuso-Fernández I, Galmés MA, Bastida A, García-Junceda E. Aryl Sulfotransferase from Haliangium ochraceum
: A Versatile Tool for the Sulfation of Small Molecules. ChemCatChem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201300853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Nydam SD, Shah DH, Call DR. Transcriptome analysis of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in type III secretion system 1 inducing conditions. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2014; 4:1. [PMID: 24478989 PMCID: PMC3895804 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2014.00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus is an emerging bacterial pathogen capable of causing inflammatory gastroenteritis, wound infections, and septicemia. As a food-borne illness, infection is most frequently associated with the consumption of raw or undercooked seafood, particularly shellfish. It is the primary cause of Vibrio-associated food-borne illness in the United States and the leading cause of food-borne illness in Japan. The larger of its two chromosomes harbors a set of genes encoding type III section system 1 (T3SS1), a virulence factor present in all V. parahaemolyticus strains that is similar to the Yersinia ysc T3SS. T3SS1 translocates effector proteins into eukaryotic cells where they induce changes to cellular physiology and modulate host-pathogen interactions. T3SS1 is also responsible for cytotoxicity toward several different cultured cell lines as well as mortality in a mouse model. Herein we used RNA-seq to obtain global transcriptome patterns of V. parahaemolyticus under conditions that either induce [growth in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) media, in trans expression of transcriptional regulator exsA] or repress T3SS1 expression (growth in LB-S media, in trans exsD expression) and during infection of HeLa cells over time. Comparative transcriptomic analysis demonstrated notable differences in the expression patterns under inducing conditions and was also used to generate an expression profile of V. parahaemolyticus during infection of HeLa cells. In addition, we identified several new genes that are associated with T3SS1 expression and may warrant further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth D Nydam
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University Pullman, WA, USA ; Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Devendra H Shah
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University Pullman, WA, USA ; Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Douglas R Call
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University Pullman, WA, USA ; Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University Pullman, WA, USA
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Sulfatase-activated fluorophores for rapid discrimination of mycobacterial species and strains. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:12911-6. [PMID: 23878250 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1222041110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Most current diagnostic tests for tuberculosis do not reveal the species or strain of pathogen causing pulmonary infection, which can lead to inappropriate treatment regimens and the spread of disease. Here, we report an assay for mycobacterial strain assignment based on genetically conserved mycobacterial sulfatases. We developed a sulfatase-activated probe, 7-hydroxy-9H-(1,3-dichloro-9,9-dimethylacridin-2-one)-sulfate, that detects enzyme activity in native protein gels, allowing the rapid detection of sulfatases in mycobacterial lysates. This assay revealed that mycobacterial strains have distinct sulfatase fingerprints that can be used to judge both the species and lineage. Our results demonstrate the potential of enzyme-activated probes for rapid pathogen discrimination for infectious diseases.
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Brzuszkiewicz E, Schulz T, Rydzewski K, Daniel R, Gillmaier N, Dittmann C, Holland G, Schunder E, Lautner M, Eisenreich W, Lück C, Heuner K. Legionella oakridgensis ATCC 33761 genome sequence and phenotypic characterization reveals its replication capacity in amoebae. Int J Med Microbiol 2013; 303:514-28. [PMID: 23932911 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2013.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Revised: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Legionella oakridgensis is able to cause Legionnaires' disease, but is less virulent compared to L. pneumophila strains and very rarely associated with human disease. L. oakridgensis is the only species of the family legionellae which is able to grow on media without additional cysteine. In contrast to earlier publications, we found that L. oakridgensis is able to multiply in amoebae. We sequenced the genome of L. oakridgensis type strain OR-10 (ATCC 33761). The genome is smaller than the other yet sequenced Legionella genomes and has a higher G+C-content of 40.9%. L. oakridgensis lacks a flagellum and it also lacks all genes of the flagellar regulon except of the alternative sigma-28 factor FliA and the anti-sigma-28 factor FlgM. Genes encoding structural components of type I, type II, type IV Lvh and type IV Dot/Icm, Sec- and Tat-secretion systems could be identified. Only a limited set of Dot/Icm effector proteins have been recognized within the genome sequence of L. oakridgensis. Like in L. pneumophila strains, various proteins with eukaryotic motifs and eukaryote-like proteins were detected. We could demonstrate that the Dot/Icm system is essential for intracellular replication of L. oakridgensis. Furthermore, we identified new putative virulence factors of Legionella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elzbieta Brzuszkiewicz
- Department of Genomics and Applied Microbiology & Göttinger Genomics Laboratory, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Grisebachstr. 8, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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Paritala H, Carroll KS. New targets and inhibitors of mycobacterial sulfur metabolism. Infect Disord Drug Targets 2013; 13:85-115. [PMID: 23808874 PMCID: PMC4332622 DOI: 10.2174/18715265113139990022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The identification of new antibacterial targets is urgently needed to address multidrug resistant and latent tuberculosis infection. Sulfur metabolic pathways are essential for survival and the expression of virulence in many pathogenic bacteria, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In addition, microbial sulfur metabolic pathways are largely absent in humans and therefore, represent unique targets for therapeutic intervention. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of the enzymes associated with the production of sulfated and reduced sulfur-containing metabolites in Mycobacteria. Small molecule inhibitors of these catalysts represent valuable chemical tools that can be used to investigate the role of sulfur metabolism throughout the Mycobacterial lifecycle and may also represent new leads for drug development. In this light, we also summarize recent progress made in the development of inhibitors of sulfur metabolism enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kate S. Carroll
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, 33458, USA
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Raman MP, Singh S, Devi PR, Velmurugan D. Uncovering potential Drug Targets for Tuberculosis using Protein Networks. Bioinformation 2012; 8:403-6. [PMID: 22715308 PMCID: PMC3374368 DOI: 10.6026/97320630008403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2012] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of HIV-TB co-infection and multi-drug resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) drive the need for new therapeutics against the infectious disease tuberculosis. Among the reported putative TB targets in the literature, the identification and characterization of the most probable therapeutic targets that influence the complex infectious disease, primarily through interactions with other influenced proteins, remains a statistical and computational challenge in proteomic epidemiology. Protein interaction network analysis provides an effective way to understand the relationships between protein products of genes by interconnecting networks of essential genes and its protein-protein interactions for 5 broad functional categories in Mtb. We also investigated the substructure of the protein interaction network and focused on highly connected nodes known as cliques by giving weight to the edges using data mining algorithms. Cliques containing Sulphate assimilation and Shikimate pathway enzymes appeared continuously inspite of increasing constraints applied by the K-Core algorithm during Network Decomposition. The potential target narrowed down through Systems approaches was Prephanate Dehydratase present in the Shikimate pathway this gives an insight to develop novel potential inhibitors through Structure Based Drug Design with natural compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohana Priya Raman
- Department of Bioinformatics, Karunya University, Coimbatore- 641114, India
| | - Sachidanand Singh
- Department of Bioinformatics, Karunya University, Coimbatore- 641114, India
| | | | - Devadasan Velmurugan
- CAS in Crystallography and Biophysics, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai
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Ravilious GE, Jez JM. Structural biology of plant sulfur metabolism: From assimilation to biosynthesis. Nat Prod Rep 2012; 29:1138-52. [DOI: 10.1039/c2np20009k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Crystal structure of sulfotransferase STF9 from Mycobacterium avium. Mol Cell Biochem 2011; 361:97-104. [PMID: 21959978 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-011-1093-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2011] [Accepted: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Sulfotransferases catalyze the sulfate conjugation of a wide variety of endogenous and exogenous molecules. Human pathogenic mycobacteria produce numerous sulfated molecules including sulfolipids which are well related to the virulence of several strains. The genome of Mycobacterium avium encodes eight putative sulfotransferases (stf1, stf4-stf10). Among them, STF9 shows higher similarity to human heparan sulfate 3-O-sulfotransferase isoforms than to the bacterial STs. Here, we determined the crystal structure of sulfotransferase STF9 in complex with a sulfate ion and palmitic acid at a resolution of 2.6 Å. STF9 has a spherical structure utilizing the classical sulfotransferase fold. STF9 exclusively possesses three N-terminal α-helices (α1, α2, α3) parallel to the 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS) binding motif. The sulfate ion binds to the PAPS binding structural motif and the palmitic acid molecule binds in the deep cleft of the predicted substrate binding site suggesting the nature of endogenous acceptor substrate of STF9 resembles palmitic acid. The substrate binding site is covered by a flexible loop which may have involvement in endogenous substrate recognition. Based on the mutational study (Hossain et al., Mol Cell Biochem 350:155-162; 2011) and structural resemblance of STF9-sulfate ion-palmitic acid complex to the hHS3OST3 complex with PAP (3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphate) and an acceptor sugar chain, Glu170 and Arg96 are appeared to be catalytic residues in STF9 sulfuryl transfer mechanism.
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Hatzios SK, Schelle MW, Newton GL, Sogi KM, Holsclaw CM, Fahey RC, Bertozzi CR. The Mycobacterium tuberculosis CysQ phosphatase modulates the biosynthesis of sulfated glycolipids and bacterial growth. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:4956-9. [PMID: 21795043 PMCID: PMC3184767 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.06.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Revised: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
CysQ is a 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphatase that dephosphorylates intermediates from the sulfate assimilation pathway of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Here, we demonstrate that cysQ disruption attenuates Mtb growth in vitro and decreases the biosynthesis of sulfated glycolipids but not major thiols, suggesting that the encoded enzyme specifically regulates mycobacterial sulfation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stavroula K. Hatzios
- Department of Chemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Michael W. Schelle
- Department of Chemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Gerald L. Newton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Kimberly M. Sogi
- Department of Chemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Cynthia M. Holsclaw
- Campus Mass Spectrometry Facilities, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Robert C. Fahey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Carolyn R. Bertozzi
- Department of Chemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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45
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Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) has evolved into a highly successful human pathogen. It deftly subverts the bactericidal mechanisms of alveolar macrophages, ultimately inducing granuloma formation and establishing long-term residence in the host. These hallmarks of Mtb infection are facilitated by the metabolic adaptation of the pathogen to its surrounding environment and the biosynthesis of molecules that mediate its interactions with host immune cells. The sulfate assimilation pathway of Mtb produces a number of sulfur-containing metabolites with important contributions to pathogenesis and survival. This pathway is regulated by diverse environmental cues and regulatory proteins that mediate sulfur transactions in the cell. Here, we discuss the transcriptional and biochemical mechanisms of sulfur metabolism regulation in Mtb and potential small molecule regulators of the sulfate assimilation pathway that are collectively poised to aid this intracellular pathogen in its expert manipulation of the host. From this global analysis, we have identified a subset of sulfur-metabolizing enzymes that are sensitive to multiple regulatory cues and may be strong candidates for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stavroula K. Hatzios
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Carolyn R. Bertozzi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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46
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Xu G, Jia H, Li Y, Liu X, Li M, Wang Y. Hemolytic phospholipase Rv0183 of Mycobacterium tuberculosis induces inflammatory response and apoptosis in alveolar macrophage RAW264.7 cells. Can J Microbiol 2011; 56:916-24. [PMID: 21076482 DOI: 10.1139/w10-079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The metabolic pathway of phospholipids is one of the most important physiologic pathways in Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a typical intracellular bacterium. The hemolytic phospholipase lip gene (Rv0183) is one of 24 phospholipase genes that have been demonstrated to play critical roles in the metabolism of phospholipids in M. tuberculosis. Quantitative RT-PCR and flow cytometry were used to elucidate the immunological and pathogenic implications of the Rv0183 gene on the inflammatory response following persistent expression of Rv0183 in mouse alveolar macrophage RAW264.7 cells. Our results demonstrate that a time-course-dependent ectopic expression of Rv0183 significantly elevated the expression of IL-6, NF-κB, TLR-2, TLR-6, TNFα, and MyD88 in these alveolar macrophage cells. Furthermore, the persistent expression of Rv0183 induced RAW264.7 cell apoptosis in vitro. These findings demonstrate that the expression of Rv0183 induces an inflammatory response and cell apoptosis in the host cells, suggesting that Rv0183 may play an important role in the virulence and pathogenesis of M. tuberculosis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangxian Xu
- College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
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47
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Hossain MM, Moriizumi Y, Tanaka S, Kimura M, Kakuta Y. Molecular cloning, expression, and functional analysis of a predicted sulfotransferase STF9 from Mycobacterium avium. Mol Cell Biochem 2010; 350:155-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-010-0693-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Accepted: 12/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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48
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Malojcić G, Glockshuber R. The PAPS-independent aryl sulfotransferase and the alternative disulfide bond formation system in pathogenic bacteria. Antioxid Redox Signal 2010; 13:1247-59. [PMID: 20136513 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sulfurylation of biomolecules (often termed sulfonation or sulfation) has been described in many organisms in all kingdoms of life. To date, most studies on sulfotransferases, the enzymes catalyzing sulfurylation, have focused on 3'-phosphate-5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS)-dependent enzymes, which transfer the sulfuryl group from this activated anhydride to hydroxyl groups of acceptor molecules. By contrast, the PAPS-independent aryl sulfotransferases (ASSTs) from bacteria, which catalyze sulfotransfer from phenolic sulfate esters to another phenol in the bacterial periplasm, were not well characterized until recently, although they were first described in 1986 in a search for nonhepatic sulfurylation processes. Recent studies revealed that this unusual class of sulfotransferases differs profoundly in both molecular structure and catalytic mechanism from PAPS-dependent sulfotransferases, and that ASSTs from certain bacterial pathogens are upregulated during infection. In this review, we summarize the literature on the roles of sulfurylation in prokaryotes and analyze the occurrence of ASSTs and their dependence on Dsb proteins catalyzing oxidative folding in the periplasm. Furthermore, we discuss structural differences and similarities between aryl sulfotransferases and PAPS-dependent sulfotransferases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goran Malojcić
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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49
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Prevalence of Salmonella enterica in poultry and eggs in Uruguay during an epidemic due to Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis. J Clin Microbiol 2010; 48:2413-23. [PMID: 20484605 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02137-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) is frequently associated with food-borne disease worldwide. Poultry-derived products are a major source. An epidemic of human infection with S. Enteritidis occurred in Uruguay, and to evaluate the extent of poultry contamination, we conducted a nationwide survey over 2 years that included the analysis of sera from 5,751 birds and 12,400 eggs. Serological evidence of infection with Salmonella group O:9 was found in 24.4% of the birds. All positive sera were retested with a gm flagellum-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and based on these results, the national prevalence of S. Enteritidis infection was estimated to be 6.3%. Salmonellae were recovered from 58 of 620 pools made up of 20 eggs each, demonstrating a prevalence of at least 1 in every 214 eggs. Surprisingly, the majority of the isolates were not S. Enteritidis. Thirty-nine isolates were typed as S. Derby, 9 as S. Gallinarum, 8 as S. Enteritidis, and 2 as S. Panama. Despite the highest prevalence in eggs, S. Derby was not isolated from humans in the period of analysis, suggesting a low capacity to infect humans. Microarray-based comparative genomic hybridization analysis of S. Derby and S. Enteritidis revealed more than 350 genetic differences. S. Derby lacked pathogenicity islands 13 and 14, the fimbrial lpf operon, and other regions encoding metabolic functions. Several of these regions are present not only in serovar Enteritidis but also in all sequenced strains of S. Typhimurium, suggesting that these regions might be related to the capacity of Salmonella to cause food-borne disease.
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50
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Hossain MM, Kawarabayasi Y, Kimura M, Kakuta Y. Expression and functional analysis of a predicted AtsG arylsulphatase identified from Mycobacterium tuberculosis genomic data. J Biochem 2009; 146:767-9. [PMID: 19734177 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvp141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulphatase family enzymes hydrolyse the sulphate ester, found on the pathogens cell surface and playing an important role for host-pathogen interaction. The AtsG, homologue of arylsulphatase, predicted in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis genomic data, was successfully expressed in Escherichia coli. The recombinant AtsG protein exhibited hydrolysis of para-nitrophenyl sulphate and para-nitrocatechol sulphate, and binding affinity to the heparin-sepharose resin. This is the first report of molecular evidence for an arylsulphatase activity of the AtsG protein. The maximum activity was detected at pH 8.0 and 37 degrees C. As EDTA completely inhibited this activity, a divalent cation was required for the activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Murad Hossain
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-10-1, Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
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