1
|
Custodio J, Justel N. Stress and Novelty: Two interventions to modulate emotional memory in adolescents. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE ENHANCEMENT 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s41465-023-00258-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2023]
|
2
|
Pereyra M, Medina JH. AMPA Receptors: A Key Piece in the Puzzle of Memory Retrieval. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:729051. [PMID: 34621161 PMCID: PMC8490764 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.729051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Retrieval constitutes a highly regulated and dynamic phase in memory processing. Its rapid temporal scales require a coordinated molecular chain of events at the synaptic level that support transient memory trace reactivation. AMPA receptors (AMPAR) drive the majority of excitatory transmission in the brain and its dynamic features match the singular fast timescales of memory retrieval. Here we provide a review on AMPAR contribution to memory retrieval regarding its dynamic movements along the synaptic compartments, its changes in receptor number and subunit composition that take place in activity dependent processes associated with retrieval. We highlight on the differential regulations exerted by AMPAR subunits in plasticity processes and its impact on memory recall.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Pereyra
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jorge H Medina
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia "Dr. Eduardo De Robertis" (IBCN), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto Tecnológico de Buenos Aires (ITBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lewis A, Call J, Berntsen D. Non-goal-directed recall of specific events in apes after long delays. Proc Biol Sci 2017; 284:20170518. [PMID: 28701556 PMCID: PMC5524493 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2017.0518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We examined if apes spontaneously remember one-time, distinctive events across long delays when probed by discriminant cues. Apes witnessed an experimenter hide a cache of food, which they could then retrieve. They retrieved one of two food types; one more distinctive than the other. Two, 10 or 50 weeks later, the apes returned to the same enclosure and found a piece of the previously hidden food on the ground. An experimenter who had not hidden the food was also present. Apes immediately searched the location where the food was previously hidden (no food was here), showing recall of the event. One week later, apes returned to the same enclosure, with the same food on the ground, but now the experimenter that had hidden the food was present. Again, apes immediately searched the hiding location. Apes that had not witnessed the hiding event did not search. There was no significant effect of food type, and retention declined from exposure to the two-week delay, then levelled, consistent with the forgetting curve in humans (Ebbinghaus, H. 1964 Memory: a contribution to experimental psychology (transl. H.A. Ruger & C.E. Bussenvis). New York, NY: Dover. (Original work published 1885.)). This is the first study to show apes can recall a one-time, non-goal-directed event longer than two weeks ago and that apes' recall declines in accordance with a standard retention function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy Lewis
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, St Mary's Quad, South Street, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9JP, UK
- Center on Autobiographical Memory Research, Aarhus BSS, Department of Psychology and Behavioural Sciences, Bartholins Allé 9, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Josep Call
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, St Mary's Quad, South Street, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9JP, UK
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dorthe Berntsen
- Center on Autobiographical Memory Research, Aarhus BSS, Department of Psychology and Behavioural Sciences, Bartholins Allé 9, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Peixoto CDS, Parfitt GM, Bruch GE, Cordeiro MF, Almeida DV, Marins LFF, Barros DM. Effects of learning on mTOR pathway gene expression in the brain of zebrafish (Danio rerio) of different ages. Exp Gerontol 2016; 89:8-14. [PMID: 28017716 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2016.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 12/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Target of rapamycin (TOR) is a protein kinase involved in the modulation of mRNA translation and, therefore, in the regulation of protein synthesis. In neurons, the role of TOR is particularly important in the consolidation of long-term memory (LTM). One of the modulators of TOR is brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which activates the TOR signaling pathway to promote protein synthesis, synapse strengthening, and the creation of new neural networks. We investigated the gene expression pattern of this pathway during memory consolidation in zebrafish of different ages. Our findings demonstrate that TOR activation in old animals occurs in the early phase of consolidation, and follows a pattern identical to that of BDNF expression. In younger animals, this increase in activation did not occur, and changes in BDNF expression were also not so remarkable. Furthermore, the expression of the main proteins regulated by the synthesis of TOR (i.e., 4EBP and p70S6K) remained identical to that of TOR in all age groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina da Silva Peixoto
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas - Fisiologia Animal Comparada, Laboratório de Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande, RS 96210900, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Morrone Parfitt
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas - Fisiologia Animal Comparada, Laboratório de Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande, RS 96210900, Brazil
| | - Gisele Eva Bruch
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas - Fisiologia Animal Comparada, Laboratório de Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande, RS 96210900, Brazil
| | - Marcos Freitas Cordeiro
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas - Fisiologia Animal Comparada, Laboratório de Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande, RS 96210900, Brazil
| | - Daniela Volcan Almeida
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas - Fisiologia Animal Comparada, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande 96203900, Brazil
| | - Luis Fernando Fernandes Marins
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas - Fisiologia Animal Comparada, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande 96203900, Brazil
| | - Daniela Martí Barros
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas - Fisiologia Animal Comparada, Laboratório de Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande, RS 96210900, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mury FB, da Silva WC, Barbosa NR, Mendes CT, Bonini JS, Sarkis JES, Cammarota M, Izquierdo I, Gattaz WF, Dias-Neto E. Lithium activates brain phospholipase A2 and improves memory in rats: implications for Alzheimer's disease. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2016; 266:607-18. [PMID: 26661385 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-015-0665-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipase A2 (Pla2) is required for memory retrieval, and its inhibition in the hippocampus has been reported to impair memory acquisition in rats. Moreover, cognitive decline and memory deficits showed to be reduced in animal models after lithium treatment, prompting us to evaluate possible links between Pla2, lithium and memory. Here, we evaluated the possible modulation of Pla2 activity by a long-term treatment of rats with low doses of lithium and its impact in memory. Wistar rats were trained for the inhibitory avoidance task, treated with lithium for 100 days and tested for perdurability of long-term memory. Hippocampal samples were used for quantifying the expression of 19 brain-expressed Pla2 genes and for evaluating the enzymatic activity of Pla2 using group-specific radio-enzymatic assays. Our data pointed to a significant perdurability of long-term memory, which correlated with increased transcriptional and enzymatic activities of certain members of the Pla2 family (iPla2 and sPla2) after the chronic lithium treatment. Our data suggest new possible targets of lithium, add more information on its pharmacological activity and reinforce the possible use of low doses of lithium for the treatment of neurodegenerative conditions such as the Alzheimer's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fábio B Mury
- Laboratório de Neurociências (LIM27), Instituto de Psiquiatria, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Rua Ovídio Pires de Campos, 785, 05403-010, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Pós-Graduação Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Weber C da Silva
- Centro de Memória, Instituto de Pesquisas Biomédicas, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste, Guarapuava, PR, Brazil
| | - Nádia R Barbosa
- Laboratório de Neurociências (LIM27), Instituto de Psiquiatria, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Rua Ovídio Pires de Campos, 785, 05403-010, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Camila T Mendes
- Laboratório de Neurociências (LIM27), Instituto de Psiquiatria, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Rua Ovídio Pires de Campos, 785, 05403-010, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Pós-Graduação Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Juliana S Bonini
- Centro de Memória, Instituto de Pesquisas Biomédicas, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste, Guarapuava, PR, Brazil
| | - Jorge Eduardo Souza Sarkis
- Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares-IPEN-CNEN/SP, Grupo de Caracterização Química e Isotópica, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Martin Cammarota
- Laboratório de Pesquisa de Memória, Instituto do Cérebro, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Ivan Izquierdo
- Centro de Memória, Instituto de Pesquisas Biomédicas, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Wagner F Gattaz
- Laboratório de Neurociências (LIM27), Instituto de Psiquiatria, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Rua Ovídio Pires de Campos, 785, 05403-010, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Emmanuel Dias-Neto
- Laboratório de Neurociências (LIM27), Instituto de Psiquiatria, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Rua Ovídio Pires de Campos, 785, 05403-010, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
- Laboratório de Genômica Médica, Centro Internacional de Pesquisas, AC Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Open field exposure facilitates recovery from an aversive emotional event: Involvement of adrenergic and cholinergic transmitter systems. Neurosci Lett 2016; 633:202-209. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 08/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
7
|
Abstract
Fear memory is the best-studied form of memory. It was thoroughly investigated in the past 60 years mostly using two classical conditioning procedures (contextual fear conditioning and fear conditioning to a tone) and one instrumental procedure (one-trial inhibitory avoidance). Fear memory is formed in the hippocampus (contextual conditioning and inhibitory avoidance), in the basolateral amygdala (inhibitory avoidance), and in the lateral amygdala (conditioning to a tone). The circuitry involves, in addition, the pre- and infralimbic ventromedial prefrontal cortex, the central amygdala subnuclei, and the dentate gyrus. Fear learning models, notably inhibitory avoidance, have also been very useful for the analysis of the biochemical mechanisms of memory consolidation as a whole. These studies have capitalized on in vitro observations on long-term potentiation and other kinds of plasticity. The effect of a very large number of drugs on fear learning has been intensively studied, often as a prelude to the investigation of effects on anxiety. The extinction of fear learning involves to an extent a reversal of the flow of information in the mentioned structures and is used in the therapy of posttraumatic stress disorder and fear memories in general.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Izquierdo
- National Institute of Translational Neuroscience, National Research Council of Brazil, and Memory Center, Brain Institute, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Cristiane R. G. Furini
- National Institute of Translational Neuroscience, National Research Council of Brazil, and Memory Center, Brain Institute, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Jociane C. Myskiw
- National Institute of Translational Neuroscience, National Research Council of Brazil, and Memory Center, Brain Institute, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Role of hippocampal β-adrenergic and glucocorticoid receptors in the novelty-induced enhancement of fear extinction. J Neurosci 2015; 35:8308-21. [PMID: 26019344 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0005-15.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fear extinction forms a new memory but does not erase the original fear memory. Exposure to novelty facilitates transfer of short-term extinction memory to long-lasting memory. However, the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms are still unclear. Using a classical contextual fear-conditioning model, we investigated the effect of novelty on long-lasting extinction memory in rats. We found that exposure to a novel environment but not familiar environment 1 h before or after extinction enhanced extinction long-term memory (LTM) and reduced fear reinstatement. However, exploring novelty 6 h before or after extinction had no such effect. Infusion of the β-adrenergic receptor (βAR) inhibitor propranolol and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) inhibitor RU486 into the CA1 area of the dorsal hippocampus before novelty exposure blocked the effect of novelty on extinction memory. Propranolol prevented activation of the hippocampal PKA-CREB pathway, and RU486 prevented activation of the hippocampal extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (Erk1/2)-CREB pathway induced by novelty exposure. These results indicate that the hippocampal βAR-PKA-CREB and GR-Erk1/2-CREB pathways mediate the extinction-enhancing effect of novelty exposure. Infusion of RU486 or the Erk1/2 inhibitor U0126, but not propranolol or the PKA inhibitor Rp-cAMPS, into the CA1 before extinction disrupted the formation of extinction LTM, suggesting that hippocampal GR and Erk1/2 but not βAR or PKA play critical roles in this process. These results indicate that novelty promotes extinction memory via hippocampal βAR- and GR-dependent pathways, and Erk1/2 may serve as a behavioral tag of extinction.
Collapse
|
9
|
Conjugated linoleic acid-enriched butter improved memory and up-regulated phospholipase A2 encoding-genes in rat brain tissue. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2015; 122:1371-80. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-015-1401-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
10
|
Menezes J, Alves N, Borges S, Roehrs R, de Carvalho Myskiw J, Furini CRG, Izquierdo I, Mello-Carpes PB. Facilitation of fear extinction by novelty depends on dopamine acting on D1-subtype dopamine receptors in hippocampus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E1652-8. [PMID: 25775606 PMCID: PMC4386331 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1502295112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Extinction is the learned inhibition of retrieval. Recently it was shown that a brief exposure to a novel environment enhances the extinction of contextual fear in rats, an effect explainable by a synaptic tagging-and-capture process. Here we examine whether this also happens with the extinction of another fear-motivated task, inhibitory avoidance (IA), and whether it depends on dopamine acting on D1 or D5 receptors. Rats were trained first in IA and then in extinction of this task. The retention of extinction was measured 24 h later. A 5-min exposure to a novel environment 30 min before extinction training enhanced its retention. Right after exposure to the novelty, animals were given bilateral intrahippocampal infusions of vehicle (VEH), of the protein synthesis inhibitor anisomycin, of the D1/D5 dopaminergic antagonist SCH23390, of the PKA inhibitor Rp-cAMP or of the PKC inhibitor Gö6976, and of the PKA stimulator Sp-cAMP or of the PKC stimulator PMA. The novelty increased hippocampal dopamine levels and facilitated the extinction, which was inhibited by intrahippocampal protein synthesis inhibitor anisomysin, D1/D5 dopaminerdic antagonist SCH23390, or PKA inhibitor Rp-cAMP and unaffected by PKC inhibitor Gö6976; additionally, the hippocampal infusion of PKA stimulator Sp-cAMP reverts the effect of D1/D5 dopaminergic antagonist SCH 23390, but the infusion of PKC stimulator PMA does not. The results attest to the generality of the novelty effect on fear extinction, suggest that it relies on synaptic tagging and capture, and show that it depends on hippocampal dopamine D1 but not D5 receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jefferson Menezes
- Stress, Memory and Behavior Laboratory, Federal University of Pampa, 97500-970, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil; and
| | - Niége Alves
- Stress, Memory and Behavior Laboratory, Federal University of Pampa, 97500-970, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil; and
| | - Sidnei Borges
- Stress, Memory and Behavior Laboratory, Federal University of Pampa, 97500-970, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil; and
| | - Rafael Roehrs
- Stress, Memory and Behavior Laboratory, Federal University of Pampa, 97500-970, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil; and
| | - Jociane de Carvalho Myskiw
- Memory Center, Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), 90610-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Regina Guerino Furini
- Memory Center, Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), 90610-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ivan Izquierdo
- Memory Center, Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), 90610-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Pâmela B Mello-Carpes
- Stress, Memory and Behavior Laboratory, Federal University of Pampa, 97500-970, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil; and
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
|
12
|
de Carvalho Myskiw J, Benetti F, Izquierdo I. Behavioral tagging of extinction learning. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:1071-6. [PMID: 23277583 PMCID: PMC3549103 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1220875110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Extinction of contextual fear in rats is enhanced by exposure to a novel environment at 1-2 h before or 1 h after extinction training. This effect is antagonized by administration of protein synthesis inhibitors anisomycin and rapamycin into the hippocampus, but not into the amygdala, immediately after either novelty or extinction training, as well as by the gene expression blocker 5,6-dichloro-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole administered after novelty training, but not after extinction training. Thus, this effect can be attributed to a mechanism similar to synaptic tagging, through which long-term potentiation can be enhanced by other long-term potentiations or by exposure to a novel environment in a protein synthesis-dependent fashion. Extinction learning produces a tag at the appropriate synapses, whereas novelty learning causes the synthesis of plasticity-related proteins that are captured by the tag, strengthening the synapses that generated this tag.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jociane de Carvalho Myskiw
- National institute of Translational Neuroscience, National Research Council of Brazil, and Memory Center, Brain Institute, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, 90610-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Fernando Benetti
- National institute of Translational Neuroscience, National Research Council of Brazil, and Memory Center, Brain Institute, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, 90610-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Iván Izquierdo
- National institute of Translational Neuroscience, National Research Council of Brazil, and Memory Center, Brain Institute, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, 90610-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
King SO, Williams CL. Novelty-induced arousal enhances memory for cued classical fear conditioning: Interactions between peripheral adrenergic and brainstem glutamatergic systems. Learn Mem 2009; 16:625-34. [DOI: 10.1101/lm.1513109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
14
|
Izquierdo I, Bevilaqua LR, Rossato JI, Lima RH, Medina JH, Cammarota M. Age-dependent and age-independent human memory persistence is enhanced by delayed posttraining methylphenidate administration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:19504-7. [PMID: 19050076 PMCID: PMC2614790 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0810650105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2008] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Healthy human volunteers 16-82 years of age with at least 10 years of schooling were exposed to two different memory tasks. The first task involved incidental memory. The subjects were asked, as casually as possible: "Did you watch any movie on TV 2 days ago? And 7 days ago? If so, do you remember the title of the movie(s) and the name of the first two actors (actresses)?" Retention scores (maximum = 3: title, actor 1, and actor 2) were equally high (overall mean = 2.6, n = 61) in all age groups (16-20, 21-30, 31-40, 41-60, and 61-82 years) for the day 2 scores. Scores for the movie seen 7 days before decreased significantly and progressively in the three older groups in relation to age, which indicates reduced persistence of this type of memory beginning at the age of 41-50 years and becoming more extensive over the years. The other task was a formal memory procedure. Subjects were asked to study a brief text with factual information on the 1954 World Soccer Cup for 10 min. They were then exposed to 10 questions on the text 2 days and, again, 7 days later. Retention scores declined between the two tests, but in this task, the decline of persistence occurred to a similar extent in all age groups, and thus was not dependent on age. Methylphenidate (10 mg p.o.) given 12 hours after acquisition markedly enhanced persistence of the two memory types. This suggests an involvement of dopaminergic processes in persistence in the late posttraining period.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iván Izquierdo
- Centro de Memória, Instituto do Cérebro, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Rio Grande do Sul, RS 90610-000, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Blake MG, Boccia MM, Baratti CM. Behavioral differences on memory retrieval between two variants of step-through inhibitory avoidance task in mice. Neurosci Lett 2008; 444:102-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2008.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2008] [Revised: 08/01/2008] [Accepted: 08/06/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
16
|
Archer T, Kostrzewa RM, Beninger RJ, Palomo T. Cognitive symptoms facilitatory for diagnoses in neuropsychiatric disorders: Executive functions and locus of control. Neurotox Res 2008; 14:205-25. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03033811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
17
|
The molecular cascades of long-term potentiation underlie memory consolidation of one-trial avoidance in the CA1 region of the dorsal hippocampus, but not in the basolateral amygdala or the neocortex. Neurotox Res 2008; 14:273-94. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03033816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
18
|
Izquierdo I, Bevilaqua LRM, Lima RH, Clarke JR, Costa da Costa J, Cammarota M. Extinction learning: neurological features, therapeutic applications and the effect of aging. FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2008. [DOI: 10.2217/14796708.3.2.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Extinction learning consists of the usually gradual inhibition of the retrieval of a previously learned response or behavior. It is widely used for the treatment of syndromes of learned fear, such as phobias and post-traumatic stress disorder. It relies on well-identified molecular processes in the hippocampus, basolateral amygdala, ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) and entorhinal cortex. In humans, thickness of the orbital cortex, vmPFC and the anterior cingulate cortex correlates with the capacity to extinguish. The three regions are functionally inter-related (see below). The development of learned fear syndromes in humans is viewed by many as being due to a deficit of extinction, and so of the capacity to deal with fear. Blockade of NMDA receptors, inhibition of protein synthesis in the vmPFC or blockade of protein synthesis or of various molecular signaling cascades in the hippocampus, amygdala or entorhinal cortex impairs extinction. d-cycloserine, a partial agonist at NMDA receptors, enhances extinction in animals and humans and may help extinction to exert its therapeutic effect. Cannabinoids also enhance extinction, acting through CB1 receptors, but their therapeutic use is not warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Izquierdo
- Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Center for Memory Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Av. Ipiranga 6690, 2nd Floor, 90610-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Lia RM Bevilaqua
- Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Center for Memory Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Av. Ipiranga 6690, 2nd Floor, 90610-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ramón H Lima
- Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Center for Memory Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Av. Ipiranga 6690, 2nd Floor, 90610-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Julia R Clarke
- Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Center for Memory Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Av. Ipiranga 6690, 2nd Floor, 90610-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Jaderson Costa da Costa
- Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Center for Memory Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Av. Ipiranga 6690, 2nd Floor, 90610-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Martín Cammarota
- Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Center for Memory Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Av. Ipiranga 6690, 2nd Floor, 90610-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Izquierdo I, Cammarota M, Silva WCD, Bevilaqua LR, Rossato JI, Bonini JS, Mello P, Benetti F, Costa JC, Medina JH. The evidence for hippocampal long-term potentiation as a basis of memory for simple tasks. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2008; 80:115-27. [DOI: 10.1590/s0001-37652008000100007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2007] [Accepted: 08/13/2007] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-term potentiation (LTP) is the enhancement of postsynaptic responses for hours, days or weeks following the brief repetitive afferent stimulation of presynaptic afferents. It has been proposed many times over the last 30 years to be the basis of long-term memory. Several recent findings finally supported this hypothesis: a) memory formation of one-trial avoidance learning depends on a series of molecular steps in the CA1 region of the hippocampus almost identical to those of LTP in the same region; b)hippocampal LTP in this region accompanies memory formation of that task and of another similar task. However, CA1 LTP and the accompanying memory processes can be dissociated, and in addition plastic events in several other brain regions(amygdala, entorhinal cortex, parietal cortex) are also necessary for memory formation of the one-trial task, and perhaps of many others.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iván Izquierdo
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Pamela Mello
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Moncada D, Viola H. Induction of long-term memory by exposure to novelty requires protein synthesis: evidence for a behavioral tagging. J Neurosci 2007; 27:7476-81. [PMID: 17626208 PMCID: PMC6672624 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1083-07.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2006] [Revised: 05/23/2007] [Accepted: 05/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A behavioral analog of the synaptic tagging and capture process, a key property of synaptic plasticity, has been predicted recently. Here, we demonstrate that weak inhibitory avoidance training, which induces short- but not long-term memory (LTM), can be consolidated into LTM by an exploration to a novel, but not a familiar, environment occurring close in time to the training session. This memory-promoting effect caused by novelty depends on activation of dopamine D1/D5 receptors and requires newly synthesized proteins in the dorsal hippocampus. Thus, our results indicate the existence of a behavioral tagging process in which the exploration to a novel environment provides the plasticity-related proteins to stabilize the inhibitory avoidance memory trace.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diego Moncada
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencias, Facultad de Medicina, and
| | - Haydée Viola
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencias, Facultad de Medicina, and
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, 1121 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
|
22
|
Schreurs BG, Gonzalez-Joekes J, Smith-Bell CA. Conditioning-specific reflex modification of the rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) nictitating membrane response is sensitive to context. Learn Behav 2006; 34:315-24. [PMID: 17089598 DOI: 10.3758/bf03192886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Conditioning-specific reflex modification occurs when an unconditioned response is modified in the absence of the conditioned stimulus as a result of pairings of the conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus. In two experiments, we assessed conditioning-specific reflex modification in either a novel context (Experiment 1) or a context different from, but equally familiar in relation to, the training context (Experiment 2). Conditioning-specific reflex modification did not demonstrate sensitivity to a novel context but did demonstrate sensitivity to a change in familiar context. The data cannot be explained by unconditioned stimulus preexposure, overtraining, or context insensitivity. The results suggest that conditioning-specific reflex modification models normal stress and may be used to evaluate theories of and treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernard G Schreurs
- Blanchette Rockefeller Neurosciences Institute and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, P.O. Box 9302, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Cammarota M, Bevilaqua LRM, Barros DM, Vianna MRM, Izquierdo LA, Medina JH, Izquierdo I. Retrieval and the extinction of memory. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2005; 25:465-74. [PMID: 16075375 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-005-4009-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2004] [Accepted: 08/03/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
1. Memory is assessed by measuring retrieval which is often elicited by the solely presentation of the conditioned stimulus (CS). However, as known since Pavlov, presentation of the CS alone generates extinction. 2. One-trial avoidance (IA) is a much used conditioned fear paradigm in which the CS is the safe part of a training apparatus, the unconditioned stimulus (US) is a footshock and the conditioned response (CR) is to stay in the safe area. Retrieval of the memory for the step-down version of this task is measured in the absence of the US, as latency to step-down from the safe area (i.e., a platform). 3. Extinction of the IA response is installed at the moment of the first non-reinforced test session, as clearly shown by the fact that many drugs, including PKA, ERK and protein synthesis inhibitors as well as NMDA receptor antagonists, hinder extinction when infused into the hippocampus or the basolateral amygdala at the moment of the first test session but not later. 4. Some, but not all the molecular systems required for extinction are also activated by retrieval, further endorsing the hypothesis that although retrieval is necessary for the generation of extinction this last process constitutes a new learning secondary to the non-reinforced expression of the original trace.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martín Cammarota
- Centro de Memória, IPB, Pontificia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Av. Ipiranga 6690-2. Andar, 90610-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Diamond DM, Park CR, Campbell AM, Woodson JC. Competitive interactions between endogenous LTD and LTP in the hippocampus underlie the storage of emotional memories and stress-induced amnesia. Hippocampus 2005; 15:1006-25. [PMID: 16086429 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.20107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This speculative review serves two purposes. First, it as an extension of the ideas we developed in a previous review (Diamond et al., Hippocampus, 2004;14:281-291), and second, it is a rebuttal to Abraham's (Hippocampus, 2004;14:675-676) critique of that review. We had speculated on the functional significance of the finding that post-training LTP induction produces retrograde amnesia. We noted the similarities between the findings that strong tetanizing stimulation can produce LTP and retrograde amnesia, and that a strong emotional experience can produce a long-lasting memory and retrograde amnesia, as well. The commonalities between LTP induction and emotional learning provided the basis of our hypothesis that an emotional experience generates endogenous LTD/depotentiation, which reverses synaptic plasticity formed during previous learning experiences, and endogenous LTP, which underlies the storage of new information. Abraham raised several concerns with our review, including the criticism that our speculation "falters because there is no evidence that stress causes LTD or depotentiation," and that research on stress and hippocampus has "failed to report any LTP-like changes." Abraham's points are well-taken because stress, in isolation, does not appear to generate long-lasting changes in baseline measures of hippocampal excitability. Here, within the context of a reply to Abraham's critique, we have provided a review of the literature on the influence of stress, novelty, fear conditioning, and the retrieval of emotional memories on cognitive and physiological measures of hippocampal functioning. An emphasis of this review is our hypothesis that endogenous forms of depotentiation, LTD and LTP are generated only when arousing experiences occur in conjunction with memory-related activation of the hippocampus and amygdala. We conclude with speculation that interactions among the different forms of endogenous plasticity underlie a form of competition by synapses and memories for access to retrieval resources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David M Diamond
- Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Cammarota M, Barros DM, Vianna MRM, Bevilaqua LRM, Coitinho A, Szapiro G, Izquierdo LA, Medina JH, Izquierdo I. The transition from memory retrieval to extinction. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2004; 76:573-82. [PMID: 15334255 DOI: 10.1590/s0001-37652004000300011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory is measured by measuring retrieval. Retrieval is often triggered by the conditioned stimulus (CS); however, as known since Pavlov, presentation of the CS alone generates extinction. One-trial avoidance (IA) is a much used conditioned fear paradigm in which the CS is the safe part of a training apparatus, the unconditioned stimulus (US) is a footshock and the conditioned response is to stay in the safe area. In IA, retrieval is measured without the US, as latency to step-down from the safe area (i.e., a platform). Extinction is installed at the moment of the first unreinforced test session, as clearly shown by the fact that many drugs, including PKA, ERK and protein synthesis inhibitors as well as NMDA receptor antagonists, hinder extinction when infused into the hippocampus or the basolateral amygdala at the moment of the first test session but not later. Some, but not all the molecular systems required for extinction are also activated by retrieval, further endorsing the hypothesis that although retrieval is behaviorally and biochemically necessary for the generation of extinction, this last process constitutes a new learning secondary to the unreinforced expression of the original trace.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martín Cammarota
- Centro de Memória, ICS, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, 90035-003 Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Gisquet-Verrier P, Botreau F, Venero C, Sandi C. Exposure to retrieval cues improves retention performance and induces changes in ACTH and corticosterone release. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2004; 29:529-56. [PMID: 14749097 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4530(03)00085-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Memory retrieval can be facilitated by pretest exposure to cues associated with the original training. The present series of experiments was aimed at investigating whether the effectiveness of the retrieval cues might be due to their emotional value and thus be associated to a particular pattern of activation of stress systems. Therefore, the effects of exposing rats to different cueing conditions were investigated both on retention performance and on the level of different stress hormones (ACTH, corticosterone and glucose; the latter as an indirect index of adrenergic/sympathetic nervous system activation). Rats trained in a brightness avoidance discrimination task exhibited an enhancement of the retention performance following exposure to the light discriminative stimulus when delivered 1-day after training and not after 21 days, while exposure to contextual cues led to opposite effects on the retention performance, confirming our previous results. Analyses of the level of stress hormones at the time of testing indicated that when the retrieval cues were effective at the behavioral level, cued rats exhibited higher ACTH plasmatic levels than controls, but did not differ in their glucose or corticosterone levels. Further experiments showed that one day after training, both ACTH and corticosterone levels were elevated in light-cued rats if hormone samples were taken 15 min after cueing. These results show that exposure to an effective retrieval cue is accompanied by the activation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis. The possible involvement of the Corticotropin Releasing Factor at the level of the hypothalamus and amygdala (particularly the central nucleus) on the facilitating effect on retention performance following exposure to aversive training-associated cues is discussed. The present results strengthen the notion that emotion can interact with retrieval processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pascale Gisquet-Verrier
- Laboratoire de Neurobiologie de l'Apprentissage et de la Mémoire et de la Communication, UMR CNRS 8620, Université Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay cedex, France.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
A conditioned stimulus (CS) associated with a fearsome unconditioned stimulus (US) generates learned fear. Acquired fear is at the root of a variety of mental disorders, among which phobias, generalized anxiety, the posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and some forms of depression. The simplest way to inhibit learned fear is to extinguish it, which is usually done by repeatedly presenting the CS alone, so that a new association, CS-"no US", will eventually overcome the previously acquired CS-US association. Extinction was first described by Pavlov as a form of "internal inhibition" and was recommended by Freud and Ferenczi in the 1920s (who called it "habituation") as the treatment of choice for phobic disorders. It is used with success till this day, often in association with anxiolytic drugs. Extinction has since then been applied, also successfully and also often in association with anxiolytics, to the treatment of panic, generalized anxiety disorders and, more recently, PTSD. Extinction of learned fear involves gene expression, protein synthesis, N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors and signaling pathways in the hippocampus and the amygdala at the time of the first CS-no US association. It can be enhanced by increasing the exposure to the "no US" component at the time of behavioral testing, to the point of causing the complete uninstallment of the original fear response. Some theorists have recently proposed that reiteration of the CS alone may induce a reconsolidation of the learned behavior instead of its extinction. Reconsolidation would preserve the original memory from the labilization induced by its retrieval. If true, this would of course be disastrous for the psychotherapy of fear-motivated disorders. Here we show that neither the CS nor retrieval cause anything remotely like reconsolidation, but just extinction. In fact, our findings indicate that the reconsolidation hypothesis is essentially incorrect, at least for the form of contextual fear most commonly studied in rodents. Therefore, it seems safe to continue using extinction-based forms of therapy for disorders secondary to acquired fear. Further, it is useful and desirable to device procedures by which the "no US" component of the extinction is strengthened in order to alleviate the symptoms of victims of acquired fear.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iván Izquierdo
- Centro de Memoria, ICBS, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Ramiro Barcelos 2600--Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-003, Brasil.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Izquierdo LA, Barros DM, Vianna MRM, Coitinho A, deDavid e Silva T, Choi H, Moletta B, Medina JH, Izquierdo I. Molecular pharmacological dissection of short- and long-term memory. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2002; 22:269-87. [PMID: 12469870 DOI: 10.1023/a:1020715800956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
1. It has been discussed for over 100 years whether short-term memory (STM) is separate from, or just an early phase of, long-term memory (LTM). The only way to solve this dilemma is to find out at least one treatment that blocks STM while keeping LTM intact for the same task in the same animal. 2. The effect of a large number of treatments infused into the hippocampus, amygdala, and entorhinal, posterior parietal or prefrontal cortex on STM and LTM of a one-trial step-down inhibitory avoidance task was studied. The animals were tested at 1.5 h for STM, and again at 24 h for LTM. The treatments were given after training. 3. Eleven different treatments blocked STM without affecting LTM. Eighteen treatments affected the two memory types differentially, either blocking or enhancing LTM alone. Thus, STM is separate from, and parallel to the first hours of processing of, LTM of that task. 4. The mechanisms of STM are different from those of LTM. The former do not include gene expression or protein synthesis; the latter include a double peak of cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity, accompanied by the phosphorylation of CREB, and both gene expression and protein synthesis. 5. Possible cellular and molecular events that do not require mRNA or protein synthesis should account for STM. These might include a hyperactivation of glutamate AMPA receptors, ribosome changes, or the exocytosis of glycoproteins that participate in cell addition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luciana A Izquierdo
- Centro de Memoria, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|