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Ghergus D, Martin M, Knapp AM, Delmotte F, Joublin-Delavat A, Jung S, Schickel JN, Mendel I, Dupuis A, Drénou B, Ghesquières H, Salles G, Baseggio L, Herbrecht R, Korganow AS, Vallat L, Soulas-Sprauel P, Meffre E, Martin T. Normal B cells express ZAP70 in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: A link between autoimmunity and lymphoproliferation? Am J Hematol 2024; 99:48-56. [PMID: 37853951 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.27137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
ZAP70 has a prognostic value in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), through altered B-cell receptor signaling, which is important in CLL pathogenesis. A good correlation between ZAP70 expression in CLL cells and the occurrence of autoimmune phenomena has been reported. Yet, the great majority of CLL-associated autoimmune cytopenia is due to polyclonal immunoglobulin (Ig) G synthesized by nonmalignant B cells, and this phenomenon is poorly understood. Here, we show, using flow cytometry, that a substantial percentage of CD5- nonmalignant B cells from CLL patients expresses ZAP70 compared with CD5- B cells from healthy subjects. This ZAP70 expression in normal B cells from CLL patients was also evidenced by the detection of ZAP70 mRNA at single-cell level with polyclonal Ig heavy- and light-chain gene transcripts. ZAP70+ normal B cells belong to various B-cell subsets and their presence in the naïve B-cell subset suggests that ZAP70 expression may occur during early B-cell development in CLL patients and potentially before malignant transformation. The presence of ZAP70+ normal B cells is associated with autoimmune cytopenia in CLL patients in our cohort of patients, and recombinant antibodies produced from these ZAP70+ nonmalignant B cells were frequently autoreactive including anti-platelet reactivity. These results provide a better understanding of the implication of ZAP70 in CLL leukemogenesis and the mechanisms of autoimmune complications of CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Ghergus
- Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France
- Department of Clinical Hematology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Mickaël Martin
- Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Internal Medicine, Tertiary Center for Primary Immunodeficiency, National Reference Center for Systemic Autoimmune Diseases (CNR RESO), Strasbourg University Hospital, Strasbourg, France
- Department of Internal Medicine, Poitiers University Hospital, Poitiers, France
| | | | - Fabien Delmotte
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Sophie Jung
- Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France
- Faculty of Dentistry, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean-Nicolas Schickel
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Arnaud Dupuis
- French Blood Institute of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Bernard Drénou
- Department of Hematology, Groupe Hospitalier de la Région Mulhouse Sud Alsace, Mulhouse, France
| | - Hervé Ghesquières
- Department of Clinical Hematology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Gilles Salles
- Department of Clinical Hematology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Lucile Baseggio
- Laboratory of Hematology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Raoul Herbrecht
- Department of Hematology, Institut de Cancérologie Strasbourg Europe (ICANS), Strasbourg, France
- Strasbourg University, IINSERM UMR-S1113/IRFAC, Strasbourg, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Korganow
- Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Internal Medicine, Tertiary Center for Primary Immunodeficiency, National Reference Center for Systemic Autoimmune Diseases (CNR RESO), Strasbourg University Hospital, Strasbourg, France
| | - Laurent Vallat
- Department of Molecular Genetics of Cancer, Strasbourg University Hospital and INSERM UMR-S1113, Strasbourg, France
| | - Pauline Soulas-Sprauel
- Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France
| | - Eric Meffre
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Thierry Martin
- Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Internal Medicine, Tertiary Center for Primary Immunodeficiency, National Reference Center for Systemic Autoimmune Diseases (CNR RESO), Strasbourg University Hospital, Strasbourg, France
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2
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Leveille E, Chan LN, Mirza AS, Kume K, Müschen M. SYK and ZAP70 kinases in autoimmunity and lymphoid malignancies. Cell Signal 2022; 94:110331. [PMID: 35398488 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2022.110331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
SYK and ZAP70 nonreceptor tyrosine kinases serve essential roles in initiating B-cell receptor (BCR) and T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling in B- and T-lymphocytes, respectively. Despite their structural and functional similarity, expression of SYK and ZAP70 is strictly separated during B- and T-lymphocyte development, the reason for which was not known. Aberrant co-expression of ZAP70 with SYK was first identified in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and is considered a biomarker of aggressive disease and poor clinical outcomes. We recently found that aberrant ZAP70 co-expression not only functions as an oncogenic driver in CLL but also in various other B-cell malignancies, including acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) and mantle cell lymphoma. Thereby, aberrantly expressed ZAP70 redirects SYK and BCR-downstream signaling from NFAT towards activation of the PI3K-pathway. In the sole presence of SYK, pathological BCR-signaling in autoreactive or premalignant cells induces NFAT-activation and NFAT-dependent anergy and negative selection. In contrast, negative selection of pathological B-cells is subverted when ZAP70 diverts SYK from activation of NFAT towards tonic PI3K-signaling, which promotes survival instead of cell death. We discuss here how both B-cell malignancies and autoimmune diseases frequently evolve to harness this mechanism, highlighting the importance of developmental separation of the two kinases as an essential safeguard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Leveille
- Center of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Hematology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Lai N Chan
- Center of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Hematology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Abu-Sayeef Mirza
- Center of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Hematology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Kohei Kume
- Center of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Markus Müschen
- Center of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, CT 06520, USA.
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3
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Aslam MA, Alemdehy MF, Hao B, Krijger PHL, Pritchard CEJ, de Rink I, Muhaimin FI, Nurzijah I, van Baalen M, Kerkhoven RM, van den Berk PCM, Skok JA, Jacobs H. The Ig heavy chain protein but not its message controls early B cell development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:31343-31352. [PMID: 33229554 PMCID: PMC7733823 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2004810117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of progenitor B cells (ProB cells) into precursor B cells (PreB cells) is dictated by immunoglobulin heavy chain checkpoint (IgHCC), where the IgHC encoded by a productively rearranged Igh allele assembles into a PreB cell receptor complex (PreBCR) to generate signals to initiate this transition and suppressing antigen receptor gene recombination, ensuring that only one productive Igh allele is expressed, a phenomenon known as Igh allelic exclusion. In contrast to a productively rearranged Igh allele, the Igh messenger RNA (mRNA) (IgHR) from a nonproductively rearranged Igh allele is degraded by nonsense-mediated decay (NMD). This fact prohibited firm conclusions regarding the contribution of stable IgHR to the molecular and developmental changes associated with the IgHCC. This point was addressed by generating the IghTer5H∆TM mouse model from IghTer5H mice having a premature termination codon at position +5 in leader exon of IghTer5H allele. This prohibited NMD, and the lack of a transmembrane region (∆TM) prevented the formation of any signaling-competent PreBCR complexes that may arise as a result of read-through translation across premature Ter5 stop codon. A highly sensitive sandwich Western blot revealed read-through translation of IghTer5H message, indicating that previous conclusions regarding a role of IgHR in establishing allelic exclusion requires further exploration. As determined by RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq), this low amount of IgHC sufficed to initiate PreB cell markers normally associated with PreBCR signaling. In contrast, the IghTer5H∆TM knock-in allele, which generated stable IgHR but no detectable IgHC, failed to induce PreB development. Our data indicate that the IgHCC is controlled at the level of IgHC and not IgHR expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Assad Aslam
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, 60800 Multan, Pakistan
| | - Mir Farshid Alemdehy
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bingtao Hao
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Peter H L Krijger
- Hubrecht Institute-Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Colin E J Pritchard
- Mouse Clinic for Cancer and Aging Transgenic Facility, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Iris de Rink
- Genome Core Facility, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ika Nurzijah
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn van Baalen
- Flow Cytometry Facility, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ron M Kerkhoven
- Genome Core Facility, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul C M van den Berk
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jane A Skok
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Heinz Jacobs
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
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4
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Chen J, Moore A, Ringshausen I. ZAP-70 Shapes the Immune Microenvironment in B Cell Malignancies. Front Oncol 2020; 10:595832. [PMID: 33194762 PMCID: PMC7653097 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.595832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Zeta-chain-associated protein kinase-70 (ZAP-70) is a tyrosine kinase mainly expressed in T cells, NK cells and a subset of B cells. Primarily it functions in T cell receptor (TCR) activation through its tyrosine kinase activity. Aberrant expression of ZAP-70 has been evidenced in different B cell malignancies, with high expression of ZAP-70 in a subset of patients with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL), associating with unfavorable disease outcomes. Previous studies to understand the mechanisms underlying this correlation have been focused on tumor intrinsic mechanisms, including the activation of B cell receptor (BCR) signaling. Recent evidence also suggests that ZAP-70, intrinsically expressed in tumor cells, can modulate the cross-talk between malignant B cells and the immune environment, implying a more complex role of ZAP-70 in the pathogenesis of B cell malignancies. Meanwhile, the indispensible roles of ZAP-70 in T cell and NK cell activation also demonstrate that the autologous expression of ZAP-70 in the immune environment can be a central target in modulation of tumor immunity. Here we review the evidences of the link between ZAP-70 and tumor immunology in the microenvironment in B cell malignancies. Considering an emerging role of immunotherapies in treating these conditions, understanding the distinct molecular functions of ZAP-70 in a broader cellular context could ultimately benefit patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ingo Ringshausen
- Department of Haematology, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Wellcome Trust/MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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5
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Märklin M, Heitmann JS, Kauer J, Wirths S, Müller MR. Genetic loss of NFAT2 (NFATc1) impairs B cell development of B1 and B2 B cells. Cell Immunol 2020; 349:104048. [PMID: 32014271 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2020.104048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
NFAT2 activity was shown to be of critical importance in B cell receptor signaling, development and proliferation; however its role in B cell development in the periphery is still not completely understood. We confirmed that NFAT2 deletion leads to impaired B1 B cell development, supported by our finding of limited B1 progenitors in the bone marrow and spleen of NFAT2 deficient mice. Moreover, we show for the first time that loss of NFAT2 increases immature B cells in particular transitional T2 and T3 as well as mature follicular B cells while marginal zone B cells are decreased. We further demonstrate that NFAT2 regulates the expression of B220, CD23, CD38, IgM/IgD and ZAP70 in murine B cells. In vivo analyses revealed decreased proliferation and increased apoptosis of NFAT2 deficient B cells. In summary, this study provides an extensive analysis of the role of NFAT2 in peripheral B lymphocyte development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Märklin
- Clinical Collaboration Unit Translational Immunology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Jonas S Heitmann
- Clinical Collaboration Unit Translational Immunology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Joseph Kauer
- University of Tübingen, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, Dept. of Immunology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Partner Site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Wirths
- Dept. of Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martin R Müller
- Dept. of Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Dept. of Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Klinikum Region Hannover, KRH Klinikum Siloah, Hannover, Germany.
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6
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Kugyelka R, Prenek L, Olasz K, Kohl Z, Botz B, Glant TT, Berki T, Boldizsár F. ZAP-70 Regulates Autoimmune Arthritis via Alterations in T Cell Activation and Apoptosis. Cells 2019; 8:cells8050504. [PMID: 31137740 PMCID: PMC6562615 DOI: 10.3390/cells8050504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
T cells play an essential role in the pathogenesis of both human rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and its murine models. A key molecule in T cell activation is ZAP-70, therefore we aimed to investigate the effects of partial ZAP-70 deficiency on the pathogenesis of recombinant human G1(rhG1)-induced arthritis (GIA), a well-established mouse model of RA. Arthritis was induced in BALB/c and ZAP-70+/- heterozygous mice. Disease progression was monitored using a scoring system and in vivo imaging, antigen-specific proliferation, cytokine and autoantibody production was measured and T cell apoptotic pathways were analyzed. ZAP-70+/- mice developed a less severe arthritis, as shown by both clinical picture and in vitro parameters (decreased T cell proliferation, cytokine and autoantibody production). The amount of cleaved Caspase-3 increased in arthritic ZAP-70+/- T cells, with no significant changes in cleaved Caspase-8 and -9 levels; although expression of Bim, Bcl-2 and Cytochrome C showed alterations. Tyrosine phosphorylation was less pronounced in arthritic ZAP-70+/- T cells and the amount of Cbl-b-a negative regulator of T cell activation-decreased as well. We hypothesize that the less severe disease seen in the partial absence of ZAP-70 might be caused by the decreased T cell activation accompanied by increased apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Réka Kugyelka
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Medical School, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Lilla Prenek
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Medical School, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Katalin Olasz
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Medical School, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Zoltán Kohl
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Medical School, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Bálint Botz
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary.
- Department of Radiology, Medical School, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Tibor T Glant
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Timea Berki
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Medical School, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Ferenc Boldizsár
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Medical School, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary.
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7
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Signalling circuits that direct early B-cell development. Biochem J 2019; 476:769-778. [PMID: 30842310 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20180565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, the B-cell lineage arises from pluripotent progenitors in the bone marrow. During their development, B-cells undergo lineage specification and commitment, followed by expansion and selection. These processes are mediated by regulated changes in gene expression programmes, rearrangements of immunoglobulin (Ig) genes, and well-timed rounds of proliferation and apoptosis. Many of these processes are initiated by environmental factors including cytokines, chemokines, and cell-cell contacts. Developing B-cells process these environmental cues into stage-specific functions via signalling pathways including the PI3K, MAPK, or JAK-STAT pathway. The cytokines FLT3-Ligand and c-Kit-Ligand are important for the early expansion of the B-cell precursors at different developmental stages and conditions. Interleukin 7 is essential for commitment to the B-cell lineage and for orchestrating the Ig recombination machinery. After rearrangement of the immunoglobulin heavy chain, proliferation and apoptosis, and thus selection, are mediated by the clonal pre-B-cell receptor, and, following light chain rearrangement, by the B-cell receptor.
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8
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Vásquez A, Baena A, González LA, Restrepo M, Muñoz CH, Vanegas-García A, Ortiz-Reyes B, Abdoel N, Rojas M, García LF, Vásquez G. Altered recruitment of Lyn, Syk and ZAP-70 into lipid rafts of activated B cells in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Cell Signal 2019; 58:9-19. [PMID: 30840855 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
There is evidence that B cells from patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) could be hyperactivated due to changes in their lipid rafts (LR) composition, leading to altered BCR-dependent signals. This study aimed to characterize possible alterations in the recruitment of protein tyrosine kinases (PTK) into B cells LR from SLE patients. Fifteen patients with SLE and ten healthy controls were included. Circulating B cells were isolated by negative selection and stimulated with goat Fab´2 anti-human IgM/IgG. LR were isolated with a non-ionic detergent and ultracentrifuged on 5-45% discontinuous sucrose gradients. Proteins from each fraction were analyzed by Western Blot. Total levels of Lyn, Syk, and ZAP-70 in resting B cells were similar in SLE patients and healthy controls. Upon BCR activation, Lyn, Syk and ZAP-70 recruitment into LR increased significantly in B cells of healthy controls and patients with inactive SLE. In contrast, in active SLE patients there was a great heterogeneity in the recruitment of signaling molecules and the recruitment of ZAP-70 was mainly observed in patients with decreased Syk recruitment into LR of activated B cells. The reduction in Flotilin-1 and Lyn recruitment in SLE patients seem to be associated with disease activity. These findings suggest that in SLE patients the PTK recruitment into B cell LR is dysregulated and that B cells are under constant activation through BCR signaling. The decrease of Lyn and Syk, the expression of ZAP-70 by B cells and the increase in Calcium fluxes in response to BCR stimulation in active SLE patients, further support that B cells from SLE patients are under constant activation through BCR signaling, as has been proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Vásquez
- Grupo de Inmunología Celular e Inmunogenética (GICIG), Sede de investigación Universitaria (SIU), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Carrera 53, # 61-30, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Andrés Baena
- Grupo de Inmunología Celular e Inmunogenética (GICIG), Sede de investigación Universitaria (SIU), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Carrera 53, # 61-30, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Luis A González
- Grupo de Reumatología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Mauricio Restrepo
- Grupo de Reumatología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Carlos H Muñoz
- Grupo de Reumatología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia; Sección Reumatología, Hospital Universitario San Vicente Fundación, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Adriana Vanegas-García
- Grupo de Reumatología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia; Sección Reumatología, Hospital Universitario San Vicente Fundación, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Blanca Ortiz-Reyes
- Grupo de Inmunología Celular e Inmunogenética (GICIG), Sede de investigación Universitaria (SIU), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Carrera 53, # 61-30, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Nursamaa Abdoel
- Centro Nacional de Enfermedades Reumáticas, Hospital Universitario de Caracas, Carcas, Venezuela
| | - Mauricio Rojas
- Grupo de Inmunología Celular e Inmunogenética (GICIG), Sede de investigación Universitaria (SIU), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Carrera 53, # 61-30, Medellín, Colombia; Unidad de Citometria, Universidad de Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Luis F García
- Grupo de Inmunología Celular e Inmunogenética (GICIG), Sede de investigación Universitaria (SIU), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Carrera 53, # 61-30, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Gloria Vásquez
- Grupo de Inmunología Celular e Inmunogenética (GICIG), Sede de investigación Universitaria (SIU), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Carrera 53, # 61-30, Medellín, Colombia; Grupo de Reumatología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.
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9
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Affiliation(s)
- Byron B. Au-Yeung
- Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Neel H. Shah
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Lin Shen
- Division of Rheumatology, Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA;,
| | - Arthur Weiss
- Division of Rheumatology, Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA;,
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
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10
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Abdelrasoul H, Werner M, Setz CS, Okkenhaug K, Jumaa H. PI3K induces B-cell development and regulates B cell identity. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1327. [PMID: 29358580 PMCID: PMC5778048 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19460-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K) signaling is important for the survival of numerous cell types and class IA of PI3K is specifically required for the development of B cells but not for T cell development. Here, we show that class IA PI3K-mediated signals induce the expression of the transcription factor Pax5, which plays a central role in B cell commitment and differentiation by activating the expression of central B cell-specific signaling proteins such as SLP-65 and CD19. Defective class IA PI3K function leads to reduction in Pax5 expression and prevents B cell development beyond the stage expressing the precursor B cell receptor (pre-BCR). Investigating the mechanism of PI3K-induced Pax5 expression revealed that it involves a network of transcription factors including FoxO1 and Irf4 that directly binds to the Pax5 gene. Together, our results suggest that PI3K signaling links survival and differentiation of developing B cells with B cell identity and that decreased PI3K activity in pre-B cells results in reduced Pax5 expression and lineage plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hend Abdelrasoul
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Ulm, 89081, Ulm, Germany.,Molecular Biology department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Division, National Research Centre (NRC), 12622, Giza, Egypt
| | - Markus Werner
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Ulm, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Corinna S Setz
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Ulm, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Klaus Okkenhaug
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Hassan Jumaa
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Ulm, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
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11
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Expression of TIA1 and PAX5 in Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma at Initial Diagnosis May Predict Clinical Outcome. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2017; 24:383-91. [PMID: 26067141 DOI: 10.1097/pai.0000000000000200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Although the expression of T-cell antigens and proteins associated with tumor-infiltrating T-lymphocytes (TILs), regulatory T cells (T-regs), and B-cell development have been evaluated in classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL), few studies correlate these proteins' expression patterns with clinical outcome. The purpose of this study was to evaluate proteins expressed in the Reed-Sternberg cells (RSCs) and TILs of cHLs at initial diagnosis to determine their prognostic significance. The expression of 12 proteins in RSCs and TILs from 88 diagnostic cHL biopsies was quantitated and correlated to overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS). CD2, CD3, CD4, CD5, CD7, CD25, PD1, TIA1, MUM1, and ZAP70 expression in RSCs did not correlate with OS or PFS, nor did programmed death 1 (PD1) expression in TILs. High numbers of TIA1-positive TILs (≥50%) correlated with OS (P=0.027), but not PFS (P=0.993) in univariate analysis. Expression of CD2, CD3, CD4, CD5, and/or TIA1 (6%) in RSCs was associated with lymphocyte-rich/mixed-cellularity subtype (P=0.032). High International Prognostic Score (IPS; P=0.036), and high stage (P=0.046) were independent predictors of worse PFS in univariate analysis. Low IPS (P=0.003) and nodular sclerosing subtype (P=0.022) were associated with better OS in univariate analysis. Only the IPS predicted OS in multivariate (P=0.009) analysis. High TIA1+ TILs correlated with worse clinical outcomes for cHLs, as did PAX5-RSCs (P=0.024), although only 2/74 cases were shown to be negative for this marker, suggesting that the tumor microenvironment and a transcription factor crucial for B-cell development are critical biological determinants of the disease course.
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Abstract
Immune tolerance hinders the potentially destructive responses of lymphocytes to host tissues. Tolerance is regulated at the stage of immature B cell development (central tolerance) by clonal deletion, involving apoptosis, and by receptor editing, which reprogrammes the specificity of B cells through secondary recombination of antibody genes. Recent mechanistic studies have begun to elucidate how these divergent mechanisms are controlled. Single-cell antibody cloning has revealed defects of B cell central tolerance in human autoimmune diseases and in several human immunodeficiency diseases caused by single gene mutations, which indicates the relevance of B cell tolerance to disease and suggests possible genetic pathways that regulate tolerance.
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13
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Liu Q, Wang YP, Liu Q, Zhao Q, Chen XM, Xue XH, Zhou LN, Ding Y, Tang XM, Zhao XD, Zhang ZY. Novel compound heterozygous mutations in ZAP70 in a Chinese patient with leaky severe combined immunodeficiency disorder. Immunogenetics 2017; 69:199-209. [PMID: 28124082 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-017-0971-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In humans, the complete lack of tyrosine kinase ZAP70 function results in combined immunodeficiency (CID), with abnormal thymic development and defective T cell receptor (TCR) signaling of peripheral T cells, characterized by the selective absence of CD8+ T cells. So far, 15 unique ZAP70 mutations have been identified in approximately 20 patients with CID, with variable clinical presentations. Herein, we report the first case from China of novel compound heterozygous mutations in ZAP70 (c.598-599delCT, p.L200fsX28; c.847 C>T, R283H). The patient suffered from early-onset and recurrent infections, but showed normal growth and development without signs of failure to thrive, thus presenting as leaky SCID. The patient also had clinical manifestations of autoimmunity, such as eczematous skin lesion, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and intractable diarrhea, suggesting compromised T cell tolerogenic functions. Residual ZAP70 expression was identified. Immunological analysis revealed the selective absence of CD8+ T cells in the periphery and the presence of CD4+ T cells that failed to respond to phytohemagglutinin. Stimulation with lectin from pokeweed mitogen also failed to stimulate B cell proliferation in the patient. The frequency of Tfhs and Tregs in the patient was lower compared with the normal reference. Compared with the age-matched healthy control, the level of IL-17 was higher and the levels of IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-21 were lower. Infants with selected CD8 deficiency and severe autoimmune disorders or exaggerated inflammation should be screened for ZAP70 deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Liu
- Research Center for Immunologic and Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Yan-Ping Wang
- Research Center for Immunologic and Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Qiao Liu
- Research Center for Immunologic and Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Qin Zhao
- Research Center for Immunologic and Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Xue-Mei Chen
- Research Center for Immunologic and Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Xiu-Hong Xue
- Research Center for Immunologic and Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Li-Na Zhou
- Clinical Laboratory Center, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Yuan Ding
- Division of Immunology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Xue-Mei Tang
- Division of Immunology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Zhao
- Research Center for Immunologic and Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China.,Division of Immunology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Zhi-Yong Zhang
- Division of Immunology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China.
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Gan Z, Wang B, Zhou W, Lu Y, Zhang Y, Jian J, Wu Z, Nie P. Molecular characterization and expression of ZAP-70 in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in response to Streptococcus agalactiae stimulus. Genes Genomics 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13258-015-0372-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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15
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Müschen M. Rationale for targeting the pre-B-cell receptor signaling pathway in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 2015; 125:3688-93. [PMID: 25878119 PMCID: PMC4463734 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-01-567842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitors of B-cell receptor (BCR) and pre-BCR signaling were successfully introduced into patient care for various subtypes of mature B-cell lymphoma (e.g., ibrutinib, idelalisib). Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) typically originates from pre-B cells that critically depend on survival signals emanating from a functional pre-BCR. However, whether patients with ALL benefit from treatment with (pre-) BCR inhibitors has not been explored. Recent data suggest that the pre-BCR functions as tumor suppressor in the majority of cases of human ALL. However, a distinct subset of human ALL is selectively sensitive to pre-BCR antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Müschen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
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Ackermann JA, Nys J, Schweighoffer E, McCleary S, Smithers N, Tybulewicz VLJ. Syk tyrosine kinase is critical for B cell antibody responses and memory B cell survival. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2015; 194:4650-6. [PMID: 25862820 PMCID: PMC4416743 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Signals from the BCR are required for Ag-specific B cell recruitment into the immune response. Binding of Ag to the BCR induces phosphorylation of immune receptor tyrosine-based activation motifs in the cytoplasmic domains of the CD79a and CD79b signaling subunits, which subsequently bind and activate the Syk protein tyrosine kinase. Earlier work with the DT40 chicken B cell leukemia cell line showed that Syk was required to transduce BCR signals to proximal activation events, suggesting that Syk also plays an important role in the activation and differentiation of primary B cells during an immune response. In this study, we show that Syk-deficient primary mouse B cells have a severe defect in BCR-induced activation, proliferation, and survival. Furthermore, we demonstrate that Syk is required for both T-dependent and T-independent Ab responses, and that this requirement is B cell intrinsic. In the absence of Syk, Ag fails to induce differentiation of naive B cells into germinal center B cells and plasma cells. Finally, we show that the survival of existing memory B cells is dependent on Syk. These experiments demonstrate that Syk plays a critical role in multiple aspects of B cell Ab responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen A Ackermann
- Division of Immune Cell Biology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, London NW7 1AA, United Kingdom; and
| | - Josquin Nys
- Division of Immune Cell Biology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, London NW7 1AA, United Kingdom; and
| | - Edina Schweighoffer
- Division of Immune Cell Biology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, London NW7 1AA, United Kingdom; and
| | - Scott McCleary
- Immuno-Inflammation Therapy Area Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas Smithers
- Immuno-Inflammation Therapy Area Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Victor L J Tybulewicz
- Division of Immune Cell Biology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, London NW7 1AA, United Kingdom; and
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17
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Hobeika E, Levit-Zerdoun E, Anastasopoulou V, Pohlmeyer R, Altmeier S, Alsadeq A, Dobenecker MW, Pelanda R, Reth M. CD19 and BAFF-R can signal to promote B-cell survival in the absence of Syk. EMBO J 2015; 34:925-39. [PMID: 25630702 PMCID: PMC4388600 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201489732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The development and function of B lymphocytes is regulated by numerous signaling pathways, some emanating from the B-cell antigen receptor (BCR). The spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) plays a central role in the activation of the BCR, but less is known about its contribution to the survival and maintenance of mature B cells. We generated mice with an inducible and B-cell-specific deletion of the Syk gene and found that a considerable fraction of mature Syk-negative B cells can survive in the periphery for an extended time. Syk-negative B cells are defective in BCR, RP105 and CD38 signaling but still respond to an IL-4, anti-CD40, CpG or LPS stimulus. Our in vivo experiments show that Syk-deficient B cells require BAFF receptor and CD19/PI3K signaling for their long-term survival. These studies also shed a new light on the signals regulating the maintenance of the normal mature murine B-cell pool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Hobeika
- Max-Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany Department of Molecular Immunology, BioIII, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ella Levit-Zerdoun
- Max-Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Roland Pohlmeyer
- Max-Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Simon Altmeier
- Institute of Mircobiology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ameera Alsadeq
- Department of General Pediatrics, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Marc-Werner Dobenecker
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Epigenetics and Signaling, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Roberta Pelanda
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Michael Reth
- Max-Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany Department of Molecular Immunology, BioIII, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany BIOSS, Centre For Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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18
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Geng H, Hurtz C, Lenz KB, Chen Z, Baumjohann D, Thompson S, Goloviznina NA, Chen WY, Huan J, LaTocha D, Ballabio E, Xiao G, Lee JW, Deucher A, Qi Z, Park E, Huang C, Nahar R, Kweon SM, Shojaee S, Chan LN, Yu J, Kornblau SM, Bijl JJ, Ye BH, Ansel KM, Paietta E, Melnick A, Hunger SP, Kurre P, Tyner JW, Loh ML, Roeder RG, Druker BJ, Burger JA, Milne TA, Chang BH, Müschen M. Self-enforcing feedback activation between BCL6 and pre-B cell receptor signaling defines a distinct subtype of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cancer Cell 2015; 27:409-25. [PMID: 25759025 PMCID: PMC4618684 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Studying 830 pre-B ALL cases from four clinical trials, we found that human ALL can be divided into two fundamentally distinct subtypes based on pre-BCR function. While absent in the majority of ALL cases, tonic pre-BCR signaling was found in 112 cases (13.5%). In these cases, tonic pre-BCR signaling induced activation of BCL6, which in turn increased pre-BCR signaling output at the transcriptional level. Interestingly, inhibition of pre-BCR-related tyrosine kinases reduced constitutive BCL6 expression and selectively killed patient-derived pre-BCR(+) ALL cells. These findings identify a genetically and phenotypically distinct subset of human ALL that critically depends on tonic pre-BCR signaling. In vivo treatment studies suggested that pre-BCR tyrosine kinase inhibitors are useful for the treatment of patients with pre-BCR(+) ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Geng
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Christian Hurtz
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Kyle B Lenz
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Zhengshan Chen
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Dirk Baumjohann
- Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Sarah Thompson
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Natalya A Goloviznina
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Wei-Yi Chen
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA; Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Jianya Huan
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Dorian LaTocha
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Erica Ballabio
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Gang Xiao
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jae-Woong Lee
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Anne Deucher
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Zhongxia Qi
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Eugene Park
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Chuanxin Huang
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Rahul Nahar
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Soo-Mi Kweon
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Seyedmehdi Shojaee
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Lai N Chan
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jingwei Yu
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Steven M Kornblau
- Department of Leukemia, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Janetta J Bijl
- Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal, QC H1T 2M4, Canada
| | - B Hilda Ye
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - K Mark Ansel
- Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Elisabeth Paietta
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Ari Melnick
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Stephen P Hunger
- Division of Pediatric Oncology and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Peter Kurre
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Jeffrey W Tyner
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Mignon L Loh
- Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Robert G Roeder
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Brian J Druker
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Jan A Burger
- Department of Leukemia, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Thomas A Milne
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Bill H Chang
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Markus Müschen
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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Buchner M, Swaminathan S, Chen Z, Müschen M. Mechanisms of pre-B-cell receptor checkpoint control and its oncogenic subversion in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Immunol Rev 2015; 263:192-209. [PMID: 25510278 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Pre-B cells within the bone marrow represent the normal counterpart for most acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). During normal early B-cell development, survival and proliferation signals are dominated by cytokines, particularly interleukin-7 (IL-7) for murine developing B cells. With expression of a functional pre-B-cell receptor (BCR), cytokine signaling is attenuated and the tonic/autonomous pre-BCR signaling pathway provides proliferation as well as differentiation signals. In this review, we first describe checkpoint mechanisms during normal B-cell development and then discuss how genetic lesions in these pathways function as oncogenic mimicries and allow transformed pre-B cells to bypass checkpoint control. We focus on cytokine receptor signaling that is mimicked by activating lesions in receptor subunits or downstream mediators as well as aberrant activation of non-B lymphoid cytokine receptors. Furthermore, we describe the molecular switch from cytokine receptor to pre-BCR signaling, how this pathway is of particular importance for certain ALL subtypes, and how pre-BCR signaling is engaged by genetic lesions, such as BCR-ABL1. We discuss the transcriptional control mechanisms downstream of both cytokine- and pre-BCR signaling and how normal checkpoint control mechanisms are circumvented in pre-B ALL. Finally, we highlight new therapeutic concepts for targeted inhibition of oncogenic cytokine or pre-BCR signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maike Buchner
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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20
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MAP Kinase Cascades in Antigen Receptor Signaling and Physiology. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2015; 393:211-231. [PMID: 26275875 DOI: 10.1007/82_2015_481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) play roles in a cell type and context-dependent manner to convert extracellular stimuli to a variety of cellular responses, thereby directing cells to proliferation, differentiation, survival, apoptosis, and migration. Studies of genetically engineered mice or chemical inhibitors specific to each MAPK signaling pathway revealed that MAPKs have various, but non-redundant physiologically important roles among different families. MAPK cascades are obviously integrated in the B cell receptor signaling pathways as critical components to drive B cell-mediated immunity.
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21
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Alsadeq A, Hobeika E, Medgyesi D, Kläsener K, Reth M. The role of the Syk/Shp-1 kinase-phosphatase equilibrium in B cell development and signaling. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:268-76. [PMID: 24899508 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1203040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Signal transduction from the BCR is regulated by the equilibrium between kinases (e.g., spleen tyrosine kinase [Syk]) and phosphatases (e.g., Shp-1). Previous studies showed that Syk-deficient B cells have a developmental block at the pro/pre-B cell stage, whereas a B cell-specific Shp-1 deficiency promoted B-1a cell development and led to autoimmunity. We generated B cell-specific Shp-1 and Syk double-knockout (DKO) mice and compared them to the single-knockout mice deficient for either Syk or Shp-1. Unlike Syk-deficient mice, the DKO mice can generate mature B cells, albeit at >20-fold reduced B cell numbers. The DKO B-2 cells are all Syk-negative, whereas the peritoneal B1 cells of the DKO mice still express Syk, indicating that they require this kinase for their proper development. The DKO B-2 cells cannot be stimulated via the BCR, whereas they are efficiently activated via TLR or CD40. We also found that in DKO pre-B cells, the kinase Zap70 is associated with the pre-BCR, suggesting that Zap70 is important to promote B cell maturation in the absence of Syk and SHP-1. Together, our data show that a properly balanced kinase/phosphatase equilibrium is crucial for normal B cell development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameera Alsadeq
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Max-Planck-Institut of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg 79108, Germany; Biology III, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg 79108, Germany Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg 79108, Germany; and BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg 79108, Germany
| | - Elias Hobeika
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Max-Planck-Institut of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg 79108, Germany; Biology III, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg 79108, Germany
| | - David Medgyesi
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Max-Planck-Institut of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg 79108, Germany; Biology III, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg 79108, Germany BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg 79108, Germany
| | - Kathrin Kläsener
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Max-Planck-Institut of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg 79108, Germany; Biology III, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg 79108, Germany BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg 79108, Germany
| | - Michael Reth
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Max-Planck-Institut of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg 79108, Germany; Biology III, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg 79108, Germany Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg 79108, Germany; and BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg 79108, Germany
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22
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Klasen C, Ohl K, Sternkopf M, Shachar I, Schmitz C, Heussen N, Hobeika E, Levit-Zerdoun E, Tenbrock K, Reth M, Bernhagen J, El Bounkari O. MIF promotes B cell chemotaxis through the receptors CXCR4 and CD74 and ZAP-70 signaling. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:5273-84. [PMID: 24760155 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a proinflammatory cytokine with chemokine-like functions that plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases by promoting leukocyte recruitment. We showed that MIF promotes the atherogenic recruitment of monocytes and T cells through its receptors CXCR2 and CXCR4. Effects of MIF on B cell recruitment have not been addressed. In this study, we tested the involvement of MIF in B cell chemotaxis and studied the underlying mechanism. We show that MIF promotes primary murine B cell chemotaxis in a dose-dependent manner, comparable to the B cell chemokines CXCL13 and CXCL12. Splenic B cells express CXCR4 and the receptor CD74 but not CXCR2. Inhibition of CXCR4 or CD74 or a genetic deficiency of Cd74 in primary B cells fully abrogated MIF-mediated B cell migration, implying cooperative involvement of both receptors. MIF stimulation of B cells resulted in a rapid increase in intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization and F-actin polymerization. Intriguingly, the tyrosine kinase ZAP-70 was activated upon MIF and CXCL12 treatment in a CXCR4- and CD74-dependent manner. Pharmacological inhibition of ZAP-70 resulted in abrogation of primary B cell migration. Functional involvement of ZAP-70 was confirmed by small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown in Ramos B cell migration. Finally, primary B cells from ZAP-70 gene-deficient mice exhibited ablated transmigration in response to MIF or CXCL12. We conclude that MIF promotes the migration of B cells through a ZAP-70-dependent pathway mediated by cooperative engagement of CXCR4 and CD74. The data also suggest that MIF may contribute to B cell recruitment in vivo (e.g., in B cell-related immune disorders).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Klasen
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Rheinisch-Westfälisch Technical University (RWTH) Aachen, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Kim Ohl
- Department of Pediatrics, Rheinisch-Westfälisch Technical University (RWTH) Aachen, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Marieke Sternkopf
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Rheinisch-Westfälisch Technical University (RWTH) Aachen, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Corinna Schmitz
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Rheinisch-Westfälisch Technical University (RWTH) Aachen, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Nicole Heussen
- Institute of Medical Statistics, Rheinisch-Westfälisch Technical University (RWTH) Aachen, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Elias Hobeika
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Biology III, University of Freiburg, 79108 Freiburg, Germany; and Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ella Levit-Zerdoun
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Biology III, University of Freiburg, 79108 Freiburg, Germany; and Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Tenbrock
- Department of Pediatrics, Rheinisch-Westfälisch Technical University (RWTH) Aachen, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Michael Reth
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Biology III, University of Freiburg, 79108 Freiburg, Germany; and Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Bernhagen
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Rheinisch-Westfälisch Technical University (RWTH) Aachen, D-52074 Aachen, Germany;
| | - Omar El Bounkari
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Rheinisch-Westfälisch Technical University (RWTH) Aachen, D-52074 Aachen, Germany;
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Loss of Ikaros DNA-binding function confers integrin-dependent survival on pre-B cells and progression to acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Nat Immunol 2014; 15:294-304. [PMID: 24509510 PMCID: PMC4494688 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Deletion of the DNA-binding domain of the transcription factor Ikaros generates dominant-negative isoforms that interfere with its activity and correlate with poor prognosis in human precursor B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL). Here we found that conditional inactivation of the Ikaros DNA-binding domain in early pre-B cells arrested their differentiation at a stage at which integrin-dependent adhesion to niches augmented signaling via mitogen-activated protein kinases, proliferation and self-renewal and attenuated signaling via the pre-B cell signaling complex (pre-BCR) and the differentiation of pre-B cells. Transplantation of polyclonal Ikaros-mutant pre-B cells resulted in long-latency oligoclonal pre-B-ALL, which demonstrates that loss of Ikaros contributes to multistep B cell leukemogenesis. Our results explain how normal pre-B cells transit from a highly proliferative and stroma-dependent phase to a stroma-independent phase during which differentiation is enabled, and suggest potential therapeutic strategies for Ikaros-mutant B-ALL.
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25
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Anbazhagan K, Rabbind Singh A, Isabelle P, Stella I, Céline ADM, Bissac E, Bertrand B, Rémy N, Naomi T, Vincent F, Rochette J, Lassoued K. Human pre-B cell receptor signal transduction: evidence for distinct roles of PI3kinase and MAP-kinase signalling pathways. IMMUNITY INFLAMMATION AND DISEASE 2013; 1:26-36. [PMID: 25400915 PMCID: PMC4217539 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Revised: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Pre-BCR acts as a critical checkpoint in B cell development. However, its signalling cascade still remains indistinctly characterised in human. We investigated pre-BCR signalling pathway to examine its regulation in normal primary pre-B lymphocytes and pre-B cell lines. In cell lines, early signalling events occurring after pre-BCR stimulation include phosphorylation of Lyn, Blk and Syk together with ZAP70, Btk, Vav, PLC-γ2 and various adaptor proteins, such as BLNK, LAB, LAT and SLP-76. Further downstream, these molecules induced activation of the PI3K/AKT and MAP-kinase resulting in an augmentation of canonical NF-κB pathways and cFos/AP1 activation. PI3K and MAPK exerted opposing effects on the pre-BCR-induced activation of the canonical NF-κB and c-Fos/AP1 pathways. Immediate nuclear export of FoxO3A and delayed import of IRF4 were additional events observed after pre-BCR crosslinking in primary cells. Pre-BCR-induced down-regulation of Rag1, Rag2, E2A and Pax5 transcripts occurred in a PI3K-dependent manner. Finally we bring evidence that pre-BCR stimulation or co stimulation with CD19 enhances cell cycle signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kolandaswamy Anbazhagan
- Inserm/UMR925, Université Picardie Jules Verne, Laboratoire d'Immunologie, UFR de Médecine 3, rue des Louvels, 80036, Amiens, France
| | - Amrathlal Rabbind Singh
- Inserm/UMR925, Université Picardie Jules Verne, Laboratoire d'Immunologie, UFR de Médecine 3, rue des Louvels, 80036, Amiens, France
| | - Piec Isabelle
- Inserm/UMR925, Université Picardie Jules Verne, Laboratoire d'Immunologie, UFR de Médecine 3, rue des Louvels, 80036, Amiens, France
| | - Ibata Stella
- Inserm/UMR925, Université Picardie Jules Verne, Laboratoire d'Immunologie, UFR de Médecine 3, rue des Louvels, 80036, Amiens, France
| | - Alleaume-De Martel Céline
- Inserm/UMR925, Université Picardie Jules Verne, Laboratoire d'Immunologie, UFR de Médecine 3, rue des Louvels, 80036, Amiens, France
| | - Eliane Bissac
- Inserm/UMR925, Université Picardie Jules Verne, Laboratoire d'Immunologie, UFR de Médecine 3, rue des Louvels, 80036, Amiens, France
| | - Brassart Bertrand
- Inserm/UMR925, Université Picardie Jules Verne, Laboratoire d'Immunologie, UFR de Médecine 3, rue des Louvels, 80036, Amiens, France
| | - Nyga Rémy
- Inserm/UMR925, Université Picardie Jules Verne, Laboratoire d'Immunologie, UFR de Médecine 3, rue des Louvels, 80036, Amiens, France
| | - Taylor Naomi
- CNRS/UMR 5535, Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier 1919 Route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - Fuentes Vincent
- Inserm/UMR925, Université Picardie Jules Verne, Laboratoire d'Immunologie, UFR de Médecine 3, rue des Louvels, 80036, Amiens, France
| | - Jacques Rochette
- Inserm/UMR925, Université Picardie Jules Verne, Laboratoire d'Immunologie, UFR de Médecine 3, rue des Louvels, 80036, Amiens, France
| | - Kaïss Lassoued
- Inserm/UMR925, Université Picardie Jules Verne, Laboratoire d'Immunologie, UFR de Médecine 3, rue des Louvels, 80036, Amiens, France
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Königsberger S, Prodöhl J, Stegner D, Weis V, Andreas M, Stehling M, Schumacher T, Böhmer R, Thielmann I, van Eeuwijk JMM, Nieswandt B, Kiefer F. Altered BCR signalling quality predisposes to autoimmune disease and a pre-diabetic state. EMBO J 2012; 31:3363-74. [PMID: 22728826 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2012.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The spleen tyrosine kinase family members Syk and Zap-70 are pivotal signal transducers downstream of antigen receptors and exhibit overlapping expression patterns at early lymphocytic developmental stages. To assess their differential kinase fitness in vivo, we generated mice, which carry a Zap-70 cDNA knock-in controlled by intrinsic Syk promoter elements that disrupts wild-type Syk expression. Kinase replacement severely compromised Erk1/2-mediated survival and proper selection of developing B cells at central and peripheral checkpoints, demonstrating critical dependence on BCR signalling quality. Furthermore, ITAM- and hemITAM-mediated activation of platelets and neutrophils was completely blunted, while surprisingly FcγR-mediated phagocytosis in macrophages was retained. The alteration in BCR signalling quality resulted in preferential development and survival of marginal zone B cells and prominent autoreactivity, causing the generation of anti-insulin antibodies and age-related glomerulonephritis. Development of concomitant fasting glucose intolerance in knock-in mice highlights aberrant B cell selection as a potential risk factor for type 1 diabetes, and suggests altered BCR signalling as a mechanism to cause biased cellular and Ig repertoire selection, ultimately contributing to B cell-mediated autoimmune predisposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Königsberger
- Mammalian Cell Signaling Laboratory, Department of Vascular Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
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Chakupurakal G, Bell A, Griffiths M, Wandroo F, Moss P. Analysis of ZAP70 expression in adult acute lymphoblastic leukaemia by real time quantitative PCR. Mol Cytogenet 2012; 5:22. [PMID: 22548957 PMCID: PMC3428655 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8166-5-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background ZAP70 gene expression is associated with poor prognosis in B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders especially chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) but its role in adult B-ALL has not been established. On diagnostic samples from 76 patients with adult ALL (65 with B-ALL and 11 with T-ALL) ZAP70 mRNA expression levels were studied by real time-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) analysis. Findings A broad distribution of ZAP70 expression was observed in ALL, ranging from 0.002 to 5.3 fold that of the ZAP70 positive Jurkat reference cell line. No association was observed between expression levels and the presence of specific cytogenetic abnormalities. Five cases, including one case of T-ALL, had ZAP70 expression above the level of the Jurkat reference cell line. Conclusions Our results confirm the frequent expression of ZAP70 in adult ALL. Limited comparisons made did highlight poor-risk patients with high ZAP70 expression, but due to lack of clinical information on patient samples we were unable to directly assess the impact on disease prognosis. ZAP-70 may be an important laboratory assay in adult ALL and further studies are warranted to study a potential correlation with cytogenetic and other genetic markers.
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Craig FE, Monaghan SA, Surti U, Swerdlow SH. ZAP-70 and Bcl-2 expression in B lymphoblastic leukemia cells and hematogones. CYTOMETRY PART B-CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2011; 82:85-92. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.20623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2011] [Revised: 08/22/2011] [Accepted: 08/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Preobrazhensky SN, Szankasi P, Bahler DW. Improved flow cytometric detection of ZAP-70 in chronic lymphocytic leukemia using experimentally optimized isotypic control antibodies. CYTOMETRY PART B-CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2011; 82:78-84. [PMID: 22031469 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.20628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Revised: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Expression of ZAP-70 by chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is associated with more aggressive disease and can help differentiate CLL using mutated immunoglobulin heavy chain variable genes (VH) from cases expressing unmutated VH genes. However, flow cytometric detection of ZAP-70 in CLL shows considerable variability and may be of questionable significance because most laboratories cannot correlate their results to clinical outcome or VH mutational data. METHODS Seventy cases of CLL were evaluated for ZAP-70 using a previously optimized staining procedure and two different methods to eliminate nonspecific background staining. One method, not previously reported, used isotypic control antibodies, where the concentrations were adjusted/optimized so that normal B-cells stained negatively for ZAP-70. The other used ZAP-70 stained peripheral blood B-cells from normal donors. The percentages of ZAP-70 stained CLL cells above the two thresholds were compared. RESULTS Concentrations of isotypic control antibodies had to be increased from manufacture's recommendations to insure normal B-cells were ZAP-70 negative. ZAP-70 levels among the CLL cases formed a bimodal distribution using the optimized isotypic control threshold, with 30 having low values (0-32% positive) and 40 high values (60-99% positive). In contrast, a continuous distribution was obtained with the ZAP-70 stained B-cell threshold. VH mutational status strongly correlated with the optimized control values as 29/30 low ZAP-70 cases had mutated VH genes and 37/40 high ZAP-70 cases used unmutated VH genes. CONCLUSIONS Use of an optimized isotypic control threshold could increase the reliability of flow based ZAP-70 detection and correlates well with VH mutational status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey N Preobrazhensky
- ARUP (Associated Regional and University Pathologists) Institute of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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Pro-B cells sense productive immunoglobulin heavy chain rearrangement irrespective of polypeptide production. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:10644-9. [PMID: 21670279 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1019224108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
B-lymphocyte development is dictated by the protein products of functionally rearranged Ig heavy (H) and light (L) chain genes. Ig rearrangement begins in pro-B cells at the IgH locus. If pro-B cells generate a productive allele, they assemble a pre-B cell receptor complex, which signals their differentiation into pre-B cells and their clonal expansion. Pre-B cell receptor signals are also thought to contribute to allelic exclusion by preventing further IgH rearrangements. Here we show in two independent mouse models that the accumulation of a stabilized μH mRNA that does not encode μH chain protein specifically impairs pro-B cell differentiation and reduces the frequency of rearranged IgH genes in a dose-dependent manner. Because noncoding IgH mRNA is usually rapidly degraded by the nonsense-mediated mRNA decay machinery, we propose that the difference in mRNA stability allows pro-B cells to distinguish between productive and nonproductive Ig gene rearrangements and that μH mRNA may thus contribute to efficient H chain allelic exclusion.
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31
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Hendriks RW, Bredius RG, Pike-Overzet K, Staal FJ. Biology and novel treatment options for XLA, the most common monogenetic immunodeficiency in man. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2011; 15:1003-21. [PMID: 21635151 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2011.585971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) is the most common primary immunodeficiency in man, and is caused by a single genetic defect. Inactivating mutations in the Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) gene are invariably the cause of XLA,. XLA is characterized by a differentiation arrest at the pre-B cell stage, the absence of immunoglobulins and recurrent bacterial infections, making it an insidious disease that gradually disables the patient, and can result in death due to chronic lung disease. Current treatment involves prophylactic antibiotics and immunoglobulin infusions, which are non-curative. This disease is a good candidate for curative hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)-based gene therapy, which could correct the B cell and myeloid deficiencies. AREAS COVERED This paper reviews the basic biology of BTK in B cell development, the clinical features of XLA, and the possibilities of gene therapy for XLA, covering the literature from 1995 to 2010. EXPERT OPINION Work from various laboratories demonstrates the feasibility of using gene-corrected HSCs to complement the immune defects of Btk-deficiency in mice. We propose that it is timely to start clinical programs to develop stem cell based therapy for XLA, using gene-corrected autologous HSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudi W Hendriks
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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MicroRNA as biomarkers and regulators in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:6573-8. [PMID: 21460253 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1019557108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Early cancer detection and disease stratification or classification are critical to successful treatment. Accessible, reliable, and informative cancer biomarkers can be medically valuable and can provide some relevant insights into cancer biology. Recent studies have suggested improvements in detecting malignancies by the use of specific extracellular microRNAs (miRNAs) in plasma. In chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), an incurable hematologic disorder, sensitive, early, and noninvasive diagnosis and better disease classification would be very useful for more effective therapies. We show here that circulating miRNAs can be sensitive biomarkers for CLL, because certain extracellular miRNAs are present in CLL patient plasma at levels significantly different from healthy controls and from patients affected by other hematologic malignancies. The levels of several of these circulating miRNAs also displayed significant differences between zeta-associated protein 70 (ZAP-70)(+) and ZAP-70(-) CLL. We also determined that the level of circulating miR-20a correlates reliably with diagnosis-to-treatment time. Network analysis of our data, suggests a regulatory network associated with BCL2 and ZAP-70 expression in CLL. This hypothesis suggests the possibility of using the levels of specific miRNAs in plasma to detect CLL and to determine the ZAP-70 status.
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Abstract
Engagement of the B-cell antigen receptor (BCR) or its precursor, the pre-BCR, induces a cascade of biochemical reactions that regulate the differentiation, selection, survival, and activation of B cells. This cascade is initiated by receptor-associated tyrosine kinases that activate multiple downstream signaling pathways. Since it is required for metabolism, cell growth, development, and survival, the activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-dependent pathways represents a crucial event of BCR/pre-BCR signaling. The phosphorylated substrates of the PI3K promote specific recruitment of selected signaling proteins to the plasma membrane, where important signaling complexes are formed to mediate the above-mentioned biological processes. Here, we review the principles of PI3K signaling and highlight the role of an important PI3K-driven module in VDJ recombination of immunoglobulin (Ig) genes during early B-cell development as compared with class switch recombination of Ig genes in mature B cells after activation by specific antigens. Furthermore, we discuss the role of PI3K in the survival of mature B cells, which is strictly dependent on BCR expression and basal BCR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Werner
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Molecular Immunology, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Pamuk ON, Tsokos GC. Spleen tyrosine kinase inhibition in the treatment of autoimmune, allergic and autoinflammatory diseases. Arthritis Res Ther 2010; 12:222. [PMID: 21211067 PMCID: PMC3046528 DOI: 10.1186/ar3198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) is involved in the development of the adaptive immune system and has been recognized as being important in the function of additional cell types, including platelets, phagocytes, fibroblasts, and osteoclasts, and in the generation of the inflammasome. Preclinical studies presented compelling evidence that Syk inhibition may have therapeutic value in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other forms of arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, autoimmune cytopenias, and allergic and autoinflammatory diseases. In addition, Syk inhibition may have a place in limiting tissue injury associated with organ transplant and revascularization procedures. Clinical trials have documented exciting success in the treatment of patients with rheumatoid arthritis, autoimmune cytopenias, and allergic rhinitis. While the extent and severity of side effects appear to be limited so far, larger studies will unravel the risk involved with the clinical benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omer N Pamuk
- Division of Rheumatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, CLS-928, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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35
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Cha Y, Moon BH, Lee MO, Ahn HJ, Lee HJ, Lee KA, Fornace AJ, Kim KS, Cha HJ, Park KS. Zap70 functions to maintain stemness of mouse embryonic stem cells by negatively regulating Jak1/Stat3/c-Myc signaling. Stem Cells 2010; 28:1476-86. [PMID: 20641039 DOI: 10.1002/stem.470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Zeta-chain-associated protein kinase-70 (Zap70), a Syk family tyrosine kinase, has been reported to be present exclusively in normal T-cells, natural killer cells, and B cells, serving as a pivotal regulator of antigen-mediated receptor signaling and development. In this study, we report that Zap70 is expressed in undifferentiated mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) and may critically regulate self-renewal and pluripotency in mESCs. We found that Zap70 knocked-down mESCs (Zap70KD) show sustained self-renewal and defective differentiation. In addition, we present evidence that the sustained self-renewal in Zap70KD is associated with enhanced Jak/Stat3 signaling and c-Myc induction. These altered signaling appears to result from upregulated leukemia inhibitory factor receptor and downregulated src homology region 2 domain containing phosphatase 1 (SHP-1) phosphatase activity. On the basis of these results, we propose that in undifferentiated mESCs, Zap70 plays important roles in modulating the balance between self-renewal capacity and pluripotent differentiation ability as a key regulator of the Jak/Stat3/c-Myc signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Cha
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science, CHA University, Pochon-si Gyeonggi-do, Korea
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Immunohistochemical detection of ZAP70 in chronic lymphocytic leukemia predicts immunoglobulin heavy chain gene mutation status and time to progression. Mod Pathol 2010; 23:1518-23. [PMID: 20657554 PMCID: PMC2966512 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2010.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Zeta-associated protein-70 (ZAP70) expression measured by flow cytometry has been proposed as a surrogate marker of the somatic mutation status of the immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region (IGHV) genes in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. However, attempts to implement this approach in clinical flow cytometry laboratories have been problematic; many commercially available antibodies give unreliable results. Assessment of ZAP70 protein expression by immunohistochemistry in chronic lymphocytic leukemia tissue sections is an easy, alternative approach, although lack of quantitation and subjective interpretation of results are potential pitfalls. In this study, we correlated ZAP70 protein expression, assessed by immunohistochemistry, with ZAP70 messenger RNA (mRNA) transcript expression, assessed by semi-quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assay, with the somatic mutation status of the IGHV genes in previously untreated patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Expression of ZAP70 protein and mRNA transcripts correlated strongly (P=8.238 × 10(-12)). Expression of ZAP70 protein and mRNA transcripts also correlated strongly with the somatic mutation status of the IGHV genes (P=0.000071 and P=0.00076, respectively). Further, ZAP70 positivity by immunohistochemistry was associated with an increased risk of progression to therapy requirement (3-year risk 83% vs 31% for ZAP70 negative by immunohistochemistry, P=0.03). These results show that ZAP70 expression assessed by immunohistochemistry is a reliable surrogate marker of the somatic mutation status of the IGHV genes, and predicts time to progression.
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Abstract
The allelic exclusion of immunoglobulin (Ig) genes is one of the most evolutionarily conserved features of the adaptive immune system and underlies the monospecificity of B cells. While much has been learned about how Ig allelic exclusion is established during B-cell development, the relevance of monospecificity to B-cell function remains enigmatic. Here, we review the theoretical models that have been proposed to explain the establishment of Ig allelic exclusion and focus on the molecular mechanisms utilized by developing B cells to ensure the monoallelic expression of Ig kappa and Ig lambda light chain genes. We also discuss the physiological consequences of Ig allelic exclusion and speculate on the importance of monospecificity of B cells for immune recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Vettermann
- Division of Immunology & Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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Ramadani F, Bolland DJ, Garcon F, Emery JL, Vanhaesebroeck B, Corcoran AE, Okkenhaug K. The PI3K isoforms p110alpha and p110delta are essential for pre-B cell receptor signaling and B cell development. Sci Signal 2010; 3:ra60. [PMID: 20699475 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2001104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
B cell development is controlled by a series of checkpoints that ensure that the immunoglobulin (Ig)-encoding genes produce a functional B cell receptor (BCR) and antibodies. As part of this process, recombination-activating gene (Rag) proteins regulate the in-frame assembly of the Ig-encoding genes. The BCR consists of Ig proteins in complex with the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM)-containing Igalpha and Igbeta chains. Whereas the activation of the tyrosine kinases Src and Syk is essential for BCR signaling, the pathways that act downstream of these kinases are incompletely defined. Previous work has revealed a key role for the p110delta isoform of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) in agonist-induced BCR signaling; however, early B cell development and mature B cell survival, which depend on agonist-independent or "tonic" BCR signaling, are not substantially affected by a deficiency in p110delta. Here, we show that p110alpha, but not p110beta, compensated in the absence of p110delta to promote early B cell development in the bone marrow and B cell survival in the spleen. In the absence of both p110alpha and p110delta activities, pre-BCR signaling failed to suppress the production of Rag proteins and to promote developmental progression of B cell progenitors. Unlike p110delta, however, p110alpha did not contribute to agonist-induced BCR signaling. These studies indicate that either p110alpha or p110delta can mediate tonic signaling from the BCR, but only p110delta can contribute to antigen-dependent activation of B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faruk Ramadani
- 1Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
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Mócsai A, Ruland J, Tybulewicz VLJ. The SYK tyrosine kinase: a crucial player in diverse biological functions. Nat Rev Immunol 2010; 10:387-402. [PMID: 20467426 PMCID: PMC4782221 DOI: 10.1038/nri2765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 956] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) is known to have a crucial role in adaptive immune receptor signalling. However, recent reports indicate that SYK also mediates other, unexpectedly diverse biological functions, including cellular adhesion, innate immune recognition, osteoclast maturation, platelet activation and vascular development. SYK is activated by C-type lectins and integrins, and activates new targets, including the CARD9-BCL-10-MALT1 pathway and the NLRP3 inflammasome. Studies using Drosophila melanogaster suggest that there is an evolutionarily ancient origin of SYK-mediated signalling. Moreover, SYK has a crucial role in autoimmune diseases and haematological malignancies. This Review summarizes our current understanding of the diverse functions of SYK and how this is being translated for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila Mócsai
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University School of Medicine, 1094 Budapest, Hungary.
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40
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Fischer A, Picard C, Chemin K, Dogniaux S, le Deist F, Hivroz C. ZAP70: a master regulator of adaptive immunity. Semin Immunopathol 2010; 32:107-16. [DOI: 10.1007/s00281-010-0196-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2009] [Accepted: 12/29/2009] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Weiss A. TCR signal transduction: opening the black box. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:4821-7. [PMID: 19801506 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0990083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Weiss
- Division of Rheumatology, Rosalind Russell Medical Research Center for Arthritis, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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42
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Abstract
Antigen receptors on the surface of B lymphocytes trigger adaptive immune responses after encountering their cognate antigens but also control a series of antigen-independent checkpoints during B cell development. These physiological processes are regulated by the expression and function of cell surface receptors, intracellular signaling molecules, and transcription factors. The function of these proteins can be altered by a dynamic array of post-translational modifications, using two interconnected mechanisms. These modifications can directly induce an altered conformational state in the protein target of the modification itself. In addition, they can create new binding sites for other protein partners, thereby contributing to where and when such multiple protein assemblies are activated within cells. As a new type of post-transcriptional regulator, microRNAs have emerged to influence the development and function of B cells by affecting the expression of target mRNAs.
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Perlot T, Alt FW. Cis-regulatory elements and epigenetic changes control genomic rearrangements of the IgH locus. Adv Immunol 2009; 99:1-32. [PMID: 19117530 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2776(08)00601-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin variable region exons are assembled from discontinuous variable (V), diversity (D), and joining (J) segments by the process of V(D)J recombination. V(D)J rearrangements of the immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) locus are tightly controlled in a tissue-specific, ordered and allele-specific manner by regulating accessibility of V, D, and J segments to the recombination activating gene proteins which are the specific components of the V(D)J recombinase. In this review we discuss recent advances and established models brought forward to explain the mechanisms underlying accessibility control of V(D)J recombination, including research on germline transcripts, spatial organization, and chromatin modifications of the immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) locus. Furthermore, we review the functions of well-described and potential new cis-regulatory elements with regard to processes such as V(D)J recombination, allelic exclusion, and IgH class switch recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Perlot
- The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Children's Hospital, Immune Disease Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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44
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Herzog S, Reth M, Jumaa H. Regulation of B-cell proliferation and differentiation by pre-B-cell receptor signalling. Nat Rev Immunol 2009; 9:195-205. [PMID: 19240758 DOI: 10.1038/nri2491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The pre-B-cell receptor (pre-BCR) is expressed following the productive recombination of the immunoglobulin heavy chain gene. Signals through the pre-BCR are required for initiating diverse processes in pre-B cells, including proliferation and recombination of the light chain gene, which eventually lead to the differentiation of pre-B cells to immature B cells. However, the molecular mechanisms by which the pre-BCR promotes these processes remain largely unresolved. Recent findings suggest that forkhead box O (FOXO) transcription factors connect pre-BCR signalling to the activation of the recombination machinery. In this Review, we discuss how FOXO transcription factors are regulated by the pre-BCR to allow the progression of the cell cycle and the recombination of the light chain gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Herzog
- Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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45
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Mortarino M, Gelain M, Gioia G, Ciusani E, Bazzocchi C, Comazzi S. ZAP-70 and Syk expression in canine lymphoid cells and preliminary results on leukaemia cases. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2009; 128:395-401. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2008.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2008] [Revised: 11/20/2008] [Accepted: 12/04/2008] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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46
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Bekeredjian-Ding I, Doster A, Schiller M, Heyder P, Lorenz HM, Schraven B, Bommhardt U, Heeg K. TLR9-activating DNA up-regulates ZAP70 via sustained PKB induction in IgM+ B cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 181:8267-77. [PMID: 19050243 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.12.8267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
In the past, ZAP70 was considered a T cell-specific kinase, and its aberrant expression in B-CLL cells was interpreted as a sign of malignant transformation and dedifferentiation. It was only recently that ZAP70 was detected in normal human B cells. In this study, we show that TLR9-activated B cells resemble B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells with regard to CD5, CD23, CD25, and heat shock protein 90 expression. Furthermore, stimulatory CpG and GpC DNA oligonucleotides target CD27(+)IgM(+) and CD27(-)IgM(+) B cells (but not IgM(-) B cells) and enhance ZAP70 expression predominantly in the IgM(+)CD27(+) B cell subset. ZAP70 is induced via activation of TLR-7 or -9 in a MyD88-dependent manner, depends on protein kinase B (PKB)/mammalian target of rapamycin signaling and is rapamycin sensitive. Furthermore, ZAP70 expression levels correlate with induction of cyclin A2, prolonged B cell proliferation, and sustained induction of PKB. These events are not observed upon CD40 ligation. However, this deficit can be overcome by the expression of constitutively active PKB, given that CD40 ligation of PKB-transgenic B cells induces B cell proliferation and ZAP70 expression. These results highlight a major difference between CD40- and TLR-7/9-mediated B cell activation and suggest that ZAP70 expression levels in B cells give an estimate of the proliferative potential and the associated PKB availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Bekeredjian-Ding
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
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47
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Lyubchenko T, Nielsen JP, Miller SM, Liubchenko GA, Holers VM. Role of initial protein phosphorylation events and localized release-activated calcium influx in B cell antigen receptor signaling. J Leukoc Biol 2008; 85:298-309. [PMID: 19028960 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0308193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An increase in intracellular calcium concentration is one of the major initial steps in B cell activation following antigen receptor (BCR) ligation. We show herein that in C57BL/6 murine B lymphocytes and in model cell lines, BCR-mediated calcium ion (Ca(2+)) influx occurs via highly selective Ca(2+) release-activated channels, and stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1) plays an important role in this pathway. We also demonstrate the temporal relation between Ca(2+)-dependent signaling events and formation of the immune synapse. Our data indicate that cytoplasmic Ca(2+) levels in areas adjacent to the immune synapse differ from those in the rest of the cytoplasm. Finally, a comparison of phosphorylation patterns of BCR-triggered signaling proteins in the presence or absence of Ca(2+) revealed the unanticipated finding that initial BCR-triggered, Ca(2+)-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation events involve predominantly Ca(2+) released from intracellular stores and that influx-derived Ca(2+) is not essential. This suggests a different role for this phase of Ca(2+) influx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taras Lyubchenko
- Department of Medicine and Immunology, University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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48
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Fallah-Arani F, Schweighoffer E, Vanes L, Tybulewicz VLJ. Redundant role for Zap70 in B cell development and activation. Eur J Immunol 2008; 38:1721-33. [PMID: 18465772 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200738026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Expression of the Syk family tyrosine kinase Zap70 is strongly correlated with poor clinical outcome in chronic lymphocytic leukemia, the most common human leukemia characterized by B cell accumulation. The expression of Zap70 may reflect the specific cell of origin of the tumor or may contribute to pathology. Thus, the normal role of Zap70 in B cell physiology is of great interest. While initial studies reported that Zap70 expression in the mouse was limited to T and NK cells, more recent work has shown expression in early B cell progenitors and in splenic B cells, suggesting that the kinase may play a role in the development or activation of B cells. In this study, we show that Zap70 is expressed in all developing subsets of B cells as well as in recirculating B cells, marginal zone B cells and peritoneal B1 cells. Analysis of Zap70-deficient mice shows no unique role for Zap70 in either the development of B cells or in their in vitro and in vivo activation. However, we show that Zap70 can rescue the defective positive selection of immature B cells into the recirculating pool in Syk-deficient mice, demonstrating functional redundancy between these two kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farnaz Fallah-Arani
- Division of Immune Cell Biology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, London, UK
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49
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Hazard FK, Zhao S, Schiffman JD, Lacayo NJ, Dahl GV, Natkunam Y. Tissue microarrays from bone marrow aspirates for high-throughput assessment of immunohistologic markers in pediatric acute leukemia. Pediatr Dev Pathol 2008; 11:283-90. [PMID: 17990919 DOI: 10.2350/07-04-0253.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2007] [Accepted: 07/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Gene expression profiling studies have been employed to investigate prognostic subgroups in pediatric acute leukemia. Tissue microarrays (TMAs) are useful for high-throughput analysis of protein expression of target genes in acute leukemia samples and for validation of gene microarray analysis. Using cryopreserved samples of pediatric acute leukemia bone marrow aspirates, we constructed TMA from as few as 1 million cells. Bone marrow core biopsies from the same patients were included on the same TMA for comparison. A panel of 15 immunohistochemical markers typically used for diagnosis as well as those targeting recently characterized, prognostically relevant molecules of interest in pediatric acute leukemia was used to evaluate protein expression. Staining results confirm that suspension cells from bone marrow aspirates can be effectively used to derive protein expression data from multiple cases simultaneously with comparable efficacy to that of biopsy tissue. This method allows for new markers of diagnostic, prognostic, or therapeutic importance to be screened on large numbers of study patients. Furthermore, this technique may facilitate the inclusion of small samples, aspirates, and body fluids in large-scale studies of protein expression in clinical trials and protocols in which tissue biopsies are often unavailable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florette K Hazard
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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50
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Khorshied M, Gouda H, Mohsen I, Sroor M, AL-Bolkeny TN. Expression and Clinical Implication of ZAP-70 in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2008. [DOI: 10.3923/jms.2008.461.468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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