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Choi SJ, Koh JY, Rha MS, Seo IH, Lee H, Jeong S, Park SH, Shin EC. KIR +CD8 + and NKG2A +CD8 + T cells are distinct innate-like populations in humans. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112236. [PMID: 36897779 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Subsets of the human CD8+ T cell population express inhibitory NK cell receptors, such as killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) and NKG2A. In the present study, we examine the phenotypic and functional characteristics of KIR+CD8+ T cells and NKG2A+CD8+ T cells. KIRs and NKG2A tend to be expressed by human CD8+ T cells in a mutually exclusive manner. In addition, TCR clonotypes of KIR+CD8+ T cells barely overlap with those of NKG2A+CD8+ T cells, and KIR+CD8+ T cells are more terminally differentiated and replicative senescent than NKG2A+CD8+ T cells. Among cytokine receptors, IL12Rβ1, IL12Rβ2, and IL18Rβ are highly expressed by NKG2A+CD8+ T cells, whereas IL2Rβ is expressed by KIR+CD8+ T cells. IL-12/IL-18-induced production of IFN-γ is prominent in NKG2A+CD8+ T cells, whereas IL-15-induced NK-like cytotoxicity is prominent in KIR+CD8+ T cells. These findings suggest that KIR+CD8+ and NKG2A+CD8+ T cells are distinct innate-like populations with different cytokine responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Jin Choi
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Gyeonggi-do 13620, Republic of Korea
| | - June-Young Koh
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; Genome Insight, Inc., San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Min-Seok Rha
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Ho Seo
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoyoung Lee
- The Center for Viral Immunology, Korea Virus Research Institute, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34126, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongju Jeong
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Hyung Park
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; The Center for Epidemic Preparedness, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Eui-Cheol Shin
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; The Center for Viral Immunology, Korea Virus Research Institute, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34126, Republic of Korea.
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Saheb Sharif-Askari N, Alabed M, Selvakumar B, Mdkhana B, Salam Bayram O, Kalaji Z, Hafezi S, Elemam NM, Saheb Sharif-Askari F, Halwani R. Simvastatin reduced infiltration of memory subsets of T lymphocytes in the lung tissue during Th2 allergic inflammation. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 113:109347. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Wang L, Kumar A, Das JK, Ren Y, Peng HY, Ballard DJ, Xiong X, Davis JR, Ren X, Yang JM, Song J. Expression of NAC1 Restrains the Memory Formation of CD8 + T Cells during Viral Infection. Viruses 2022; 14:1713. [PMID: 36016335 PMCID: PMC9414488 DOI: 10.3390/v14081713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleus accumbens-associated protein 1 (NAC1) is a transcription co-factor that has been shown to possess multiple roles in stem cell and cancer biology. However, little is known about its roles in regulation of the immune system. In the current study, we observed that expression of NAC1 impacted the survival of CD8+ T cells in vitro. NAC1-/- CD8+ T cells displayed lower metabolism, including reduced glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation. In vivo, compared with wild-type (WT) mice, NAC1-/- mice produced a lower response to vaccinia virus (VACV) infection, and viral antigen (Ag)-specific CD8+ T cells decreased more slowly. Additionally, we observed that the NAC1-/- mice demonstrated a stronger memory formation of viral Ag-specific CD8+ T cells post-viral infection. Mechanically, we identified that compared with WT CD8+ T cells, the Interferon Regulatory Factor 4 (IRF4), a key transcription factor in T cell development, was highly expressed in NAC1-/- CD8+ T cells, insinuating that IRF4 could be a critical regulatory target of NAC1 in the memory formation of CD8+ T cells. Our results indicate that NAC1 restrains the memory formation of CD8+ T cells by modulating IRF4, and targeting NAC1 may be exploited as a new approach to boosting CD8+ T cell memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqing Wang
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Anil Kumar
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
| | - Jugal Kishore Das
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
| | - Yijie Ren
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
| | - Hao-Yun Peng
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Darby Jane Ballard
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
| | - Xiaofang Xiong
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
| | - Jacob Rance Davis
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
| | - Xingcong Ren
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Science, and Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Jin-Ming Yang
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Science, and Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Jianxun Song
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
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Abstract
Immune principles formulated by Jenner, Pasteur, and early immunologists served as fundamental propositions for vaccine discovery against many dreadful pathogens. However, decisive success in the form of an efficacious vaccine still eludes for diseases such as tuberculosis, leishmaniasis, and trypanosomiasis. Several antileishmanial vaccine trials have been undertaken in past decades incorporating live, attenuated, killed, or subunit vaccination, but the goal remains unmet. In light of the above facts, we have to reassess the principles of vaccination by dissecting factors associated with the hosts' immune response. This chapter discusses the pathogen-associated perturbations at various junctures during the generation of the immune response which inhibits antigenic processing, presentation, or remodels memory T cell repertoire. This can lead to ineffective priming or inappropriate activation of memory T cells during challenge infection. Thus, despite a protective primary response, vaccine failure can occur due to altered immune environments in the presence of pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sunil Kumar
- National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | | | - Bhaskar Saha
- National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, Maharashtra, India.
- Trident Academy of Creative Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.
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5
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Liu Q, Tian Y, Li Y, Zhang W, Cai W, Liu Y, Ren Y, Liang Z, Zhou P, Zhang Y, Bao Y, Li Y. In vivo therapeutic effects of affinity-improved-TCR engineered T-cells on HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 8:jitc-2020-001748. [PMID: 33323464 PMCID: PMC7745518 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-001748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In patients with hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) fail to eliminate HCC cells expressing HBV antigens. As the expression of viral antigen in HBV-associated HCC may decrease to allow tumor to escape immune attacks, we hypothesized that an HBV surface antigen (HBsAg)-specific affinity-improved-T-cell receptor (TCR) will enable T cells to target HCC more effectively than corresponding wild-type-TCR. We also postulated that TCR promiscuity can be exploited to efficiently capture HBV variants that can hinder CTL-based therapeutics. Methods We applied flexi-panning to isolate affinity-improved TCRs binding to a variant antigen, the human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A*02:01-restricted nonapeptide HBs371-379-ILSPFLPLL, from libraries constructed with a TCR cloned using the decapeptide HBs370-379-SIVSPFIPLL. The potency and safety of the affinity-improved-TCR engineered T-cells (Ai-TCR-T) were verified with potentially cross-reactive human and HBV-variant peptides, tumor and normal cells, and xenograft mouse models. Results Ai-TCR-T cells retained cognate HBV antigen specificity and recognized a wide range of HBV genotypic variants with improved sensitivity and cytotoxicity. Cell infusions produced complete elimination of HCC without recurrence in the xenograft mouse models. Elevated accumulation of CD8+ Ai-TCR-T cells in tumors correlated with tumor shrinkage. Conclusion The in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrated that HBsAg-specific Ai-TCR-T cells had safety profiles similar to those of their wild-type counterparts and significantly enhanced potency. This study presents an approach to develop new therapeutic strategies for HBV-related HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Guangzhou, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ye Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanyan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Hefei Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Wenxuan Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yaju Liu
- Hefei Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yuefei Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Guangzhou, China.,School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Zhaoduan Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peipei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yajing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Guangzhou, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yifeng Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Guangzhou, China .,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Navelsaker S, Magadan S, Jouneau L, Quillet E, Olesen NJ, Munang'andu HM, Boudinot P, Evensen Ø. Sequential Immunization With Heterologous Viruses Does Not Result in Attrition of the B Cell Memory in Rainbow Trout. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2687. [PMID: 31824488 PMCID: PMC6882293 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term immunity is of great importance for protection against pathogens and has been extensively studied in mammals. Successive heterologous infections can affect the maintenance of immune memory, inducing attrition of T memory cells and diminishing B cell mediated protection. In fish, the basis of immune memory and the mechanisms of immunization to heterologous pathogens remain poorly understood. We sequentially immunized isogenic rainbow trout with two immunologically distinct viruses, VHSV and IPNV, either with one virus only or in combination, and analyzed the antibody responses and repertoires. Neutralizing antibodies and ELISPOT did not reveal an effect of heterologous immunization. Using a consensus read sequencing approach that incorporates unique barcodes to each cDNA molecule, we focused on the diversity expressed by selected responding VH/C combinations. We identified both public and private responses against VHSV and/or IPNV in all groups of fish. In fish immunized with two viruses, we registered no significant reduction in the persistence of the response toward the primary immunization. Similarly, the response to the second immunization was not affected by a prior vaccination to the other virus. Our data suggest that heterologous immunization does not enforce attrition of pre-existing antibody producing cells, which may impair the protection afforded by multiple successive vaccinations. These observations are potentially important to improve vaccination strategies practiced in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Navelsaker
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Oslo, Norway
| | - Susana Magadan
- VIM, INRA Centre Jouy-en-Josas, Jouy-en-Josas, France.,Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CINBIO), University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Luc Jouneau
- VIM, INRA Centre Jouy-en-Josas, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Edwige Quillet
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Niels J Olesen
- DTU Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | | | - Øystein Evensen
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Oslo, Norway
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Lanzer KG, Cookenham T, Reiley WW, Blackman MA. Virtual memory cells make a major contribution to the response of aged influenza-naïve mice to influenza virus infection. IMMUNITY & AGEING 2018; 15:17. [PMID: 30093911 PMCID: PMC6081820 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-018-0122-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background A diverse repertoire of naïve T cells is thought to be essential for a robust response to new infections. However, a key aspect of aging of the T cell compartment is a decline in numbers and diversity of peripheral naïve T cells. We have hypothesized that the age-related decline in naïve T cells forces the immune system to respond to new infections using cross-reactive memory T cells generated to previous infections that dominate the aged peripheral T cell repertoire. Results Here we confirm that the CD8 T cell response of aged, influenza-naïve mice to primary infection with influenza virus is dominated by T cells that derive from the memory T cell pool. These cells exhibit the phenotypic characteristics of virtual memory cells rather than true memory cells. Furthermore, we find that the repertoire of responding CD8 T cells is constrained compared with that of young mice, and differs significantly between individual aged mice. After infection, these virtual memory CD8 T cells effectively develop into granzyme-producing effector cells, and clear virus with kinetics comparable to naïve CD8 T cells from young mice. Conclusions The response of aged, influenza-naive mice to a new influenza infection is mediated largely by memory CD8 T cells. However, unexpectedly, they have the phenotype of VM cells. In response to de novo influenza virus infection, the VM cells develop into granzyme-producing effector cells and clear virus with comparable kinetics to young CD8 T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tres Cookenham
- Trudeau Institute, 154 Algonquin Avenue, Saranac Lake, NY 12983 USA
| | - William W Reiley
- Trudeau Institute, 154 Algonquin Avenue, Saranac Lake, NY 12983 USA
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Souquette A, Thomas PG. Past Life and Future Effects-How Heterologous Infections Alter Immunity to Influenza Viruses. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1071. [PMID: 29872429 PMCID: PMC5972221 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus frequently mutates due to its error-prone polymerase. This feature contributes to influenza virus’s ability to evade pre-existing immunity, leading to annual epidemics and periodic pandemics. T cell memory plays a key protective role in the face of an antigenically distinct influenza virus strain because T cell targets are often derived from conserved internal proteins, whereas humoral immunity targets are often sites of increased mutation rates that are tolerated by the virus. Most studies of influenza T cell memory are conducted in naive, specific pathogen free mice and do not account for repetitive influenza infection throughout a lifetime, sequential acute heterologous infections between influenza infections, or heterologous chronic co-infections. By contrast to these mouse models, humans often experience numerous influenza infections, encounter heterologous acute infections between influenza infections, and are infected with at least one chronic virus. In this review, we discuss recent advances in understanding the effects of heterologous infections on the establishment and maintenance of CD8+ T cell immunological memory. Understanding the various factors that affect immune memory can provide insights into the development of more effective vaccines and increase reproducibility of translational studies between animal models and clinical results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisha Souquette
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Paul G Thomas
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
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9
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Alloimmunity But Not Viral Immunity Promotes Allograft Loss in a Mouse Model of Polyomavirus-Associated Allograft Injury. Transplant Direct 2017; 3:e161. [PMID: 28620645 PMCID: PMC5464780 DOI: 10.1097/txd.0000000000000677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The interplay between viral infection and alloimmunity is known to influence the fate of transplanted organs. Clarifying how local virus-associated inflammation/injury and antiviral immunity can alter host alloimmune responses in transplantation remains a critical question. Methods We used a mouse model of polyomavirus (PyV) infection and kidney transplantation to investigate the roles of direct viral pathology, the antiviral immune response, and alloimmunity in the pathogenesis of PyV-associated allograft injury. We have previously shown that an effective primary T cell response is required in PyV-associated graft injury. Results Here we show that the transfer of primed antidonor, but not antiviral, T cells results in PyV-associated allograft injury. In further studies, we use a surrogate minor antigen model (ovalbumin) and show that only antidonor specific T cells and not antiviral specific T cells are sufficient to mediate injury. Lastly, we demonstrate that local but not systemic virus-mediated inflammation and injury within the graft itself are required. Conclusions These data suggest that in this mouse model, the predominant mechanism of allograft injury in PyV-associated injury is due to an augmented alloimmune T cell response driven by virus-induced inflammation/injury within the graft. These studies highlight the important interplay between viral infection and alloimmunity in a model system.
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10
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Human Asymptomatic Epitopes Identified from the Herpes Simplex Virus Tegument Protein VP13/14 (UL47) Preferentially Recall Polyfunctional Effector Memory CD44high CD62Llow CD8+ TEM Cells and Protect Humanized HLA-A*02:01 Transgenic Mice against Ocular Herpesvirus Infection. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.01793-16. [PMID: 27847359 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01793-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) infection is widespread among humans. The HSV-1 virion protein 13/14 (VP13/14), also known as UL47, is a tegument antigen targeted by CD8+ T cells from HSV-seropositive individuals. However, whether VP13/14-specific CD8+ T cells play a role in the natural protection seen in asymptomatic (ASYMP) individuals (individuals who have never had a clinical herpetic disease) has not been elucidated. Using predictive computer-assisted algorithms, we identified 10 potential HLA-A*02:01-restricted CD8+ T-cell epitopes from the 693-amino-acid sequence of the VP13/14 protein. Three out of 10 epitopes exhibited a high to moderate affinity of binding to soluble HLA-A*02:01 molecules. The phenotype and function of CD8+ T cells specific for each epitope were compared in HLA-A*02:01-positive ASYMP individuals and symptomatic (SYMP) individuals (individuals who have frequent clinical herpetic diseases) using determination of a combination of tetramer frequency and the levels of granzyme B, granzyme K, perforin, gamma interferon, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and interleukin-2 production and CD107a/b cytotoxic degranulation. High frequencies of multifunctional CD8+ T cells directed against three epitopes, VP13/14 from amino acids 286 to 294 (VP13/14286-294), VP13/14 from amino acids 504 to 512 (VP13/14504-512), and VP13/14 from amino acids 544 to 552 (VP13/14544-552), were detected in ASYMP individuals, while only low frequencies were detected in SYMP individuals. The three epitopes also predominantly recalled more CD45RAlow CD44high CCR7low CD62Llow CD8+ effector memory T cells (TEM cells) in ASYMP individuals than SYMP individuals. Moreover, immunization of HLA-A*02:01 transgenic mice with the three CD8+ TEM-cell epitopes from ASYMP individuals induced robust and polyfunctional HSV-specific CD8+ TEM cells associated with strong protective immunity against ocular herpesvirus infection and disease. Our findings outline the phenotypic and functional features of protective HSV-specific CD8+ T cells that should guide the development of a safe and effective T-cell-based herpes simplex vaccine. IMPORTANCE Although most herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1)-infected individuals shed the virus in their body fluids following reactivation from latently infected sensory ganglia, the majority never develop a recurrent herpetic disease and remain asymptomatic (ASYMP). In contrast, small proportions of individuals are symptomatic (SYMP) and develop frequent bouts of recurrent disease. The present study demonstrates that naturally protected ASYMP individuals have a higher frequency of effector memory CD8+ T cells (CD8+ TEM cells) specific to three epitopes derived from the HSV-1 tegument protein VP13/14 (VP13/14286-294,VP13/14504-512, and VP13/14544-552) than SYMP patients. Moreover, immunization of humanized HLA-A*02:01 transgenic mice with the three CD8+ TEM-cell epitopes from ASYMP individuals induced robust and polyfunctional HSV-specific CD8+ T cells associated with strong protective immunity against ocular herpesvirus infection and disease. The findings support the emerging concept of the development of a safe and effective asymptomatic herpes simplex vaccine that is selectively based on CD8+ T-cell epitopes from ASYMP individuals.
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11
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Holtappels R, Lemmermann NAW, Podlech J, Ebert S, Reddehase MJ. Reconstitution of CD8 T Cells Protective against Cytomegalovirus in a Mouse Model of Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation: Dynamics and Inessentiality of Epitope Immunodominance. Front Immunol 2016; 7:232. [PMID: 27379095 PMCID: PMC4905951 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful reconstitution of cytomegalovirus (CMV)-specific CD8+ T cells by hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) gives a favorable prognosis for the control of CMV reactivation and prevention of CMV disease after hematoablative therapy of hematopoietic malignancies. In the transient immunocompromised state after HCT, pre-emptive cytoimmunotherapy with viral epitope-specific effector or memory CD8+ T cells is a promising option to speed up antiviral control. Despite high-coding capacity of CMVs and a broad CD8+ T-cell response on the population level, which reflects polymorphism in major histocompatibility complex class-I (MHC-I) glycoproteins, the response in terms of quantity of CD8+ T cells in any individual is directed against a limited set of CMV-encoded epitopes selected for presentation by the private repertoire of MHC-I molecules. Such epitopes are known as “immunodominant” epitopes (IDEs). Besides host immunogenetics, genetic variance in CMV strains harbored as latent viruses by an individual HCT recipient can also determine the set of IDEs, which complicates a “personalized immunotherapy.” It is, therefore, an important question if IDE-specific CD8+ T-cell reconstitution after HCT is critical or dispensable for antiviral control. As viruses with targeted mutations of IDEs cannot be experimentally tested in HCT patients, we employed the well-established mouse model of HCT. Notably, control of murine CMV (mCMV) after HCT was comparably efficient for IDE-deletion mutant mCMV-Δ4IDE and the corresponding IDE-expressing revertant virus mCMV-Δ4IDE-rev. Thus, antigenicity-loss mutations in IDEs do not result in loss-of-function of a polyclonal CD8+ T-cell population. Although IDE deletion was not associated with global changes in the response to non-IDE epitopes, the collective of non-IDE-specific CD8+ T-cells infiltrates infected tissue and confines infection within nodular inflammatory foci. We conclude from the model, and predict also for human CMV, that there is no need to exclusively aim for IDE-specific immunoreconstitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela Holtappels
- Institute for Virology and Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz , Mainz , Germany
| | - Niels A W Lemmermann
- Institute for Virology and Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz , Mainz , Germany
| | - Jürgen Podlech
- Institute for Virology and Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz , Mainz , Germany
| | - Stefan Ebert
- Institute for Virology and Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz , Mainz , Germany
| | - Matthias J Reddehase
- Institute for Virology and Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz , Mainz , Germany
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12
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Holtappels R, Podlech J, Lemmermann NAW, Schmitt E, Reddehase MJ. Non-cognate bystander cytolysis by clonal epitope-specific CTL lines through CD28-CD80 interaction inhibits antibody production: A potential caveat to CD8 T-cell immunotherapy. Cell Immunol 2016; 308:44-56. [PMID: 26717854 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive transfer of virus epitope-specific CD8 T cells is an immunotherapy option to control cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection and prevent CMV organ disease in immunocompromised solid organ transplantation (SOT) and hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) recipients. The therapy aims at an early, selective recognition and cytolysis of infected cells for preventing viral spread in tissues with no adverse immunopathogenic side-effects by attack of uninfected bystander cells. Here we describe that virus epitope-specific, cloned T-cell lines lyse target cells that present the cognate antigenic peptide to the TCR, but simultaneously have the potential to lyse uninfected cells expressing the CD28 ligand CD80 (B7-1). While TCR-mediated cytolysis requires co-receptor CD8 and depends on perforin, the TCR-independent and viral epitope-independent cytolysis through CD28-CD80 signaling does not require CD8 on the effector cells and is perforin-independent. Importantly, this non-cognate cytolysis pathway leads to bystander cytolysis of CD80-expressing B-cell blasts and thereby inhibits pan-specific antibody production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela Holtappels
- Institute for Virology and Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jürgen Podlech
- Institute for Virology and Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Niels A W Lemmermann
- Institute for Virology and Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Edgar Schmitt
- Institute for Immunology and Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Matthias J Reddehase
- Institute for Virology and Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
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13
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Gil A, Kenney LL, Mishra R, Watkin LB, Aslan N, Selin LK. Vaccination and heterologous immunity: educating the immune system. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2015; 109:62-9. [PMID: 25573110 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/tru198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This review discusses three inter-related topics: (1) the immaturity of the neonatal and infant immune response; (2) heterologous immunity, where prior infection history with unrelated pathogens alters disease outcome resulting in either enhanced protective immunity or increased immunopathology to new infections, and (3) epidemiological human vaccine studies that demonstrate vaccines can have beneficial or detrimental effects on subsequent unrelated infections. The results from the epidemiological and heterologous immunity studies suggest that the immune system has tremendous plasticity and that each new infection or vaccine that an individual is exposed to during a lifetime will potentially alter the dynamics of their immune system. It also suggests that each new infection or vaccine that an infant receives is not only perturbing the immune system but is educating the immune system and laying down the foundation for all subsequent responses. This leads to the question, is there an optimum way to educate the immune system? Should this be taken into consideration in our vaccination protocols?
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gil
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Laurie L Kenney
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Rabinarayan Mishra
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Levi B Watkin
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Nuray Aslan
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Liisa K Selin
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
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14
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Clemens EB, Doherty PC, La Gruta NL, Turner SJ. Fixed expression of single influenza virus-specific TCR chains demonstrates the capacity for TCR α- and β-chain diversity in the face of peptide-MHC class I specificity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 194:898-910. [PMID: 25535284 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The characteristics of the TCR repertoire expressed by epitope-specific CD8(+) T cells can be an important determinant of the quality of immune protection against virus infection. Most studies of epitope-specific TCR repertoires focus solely on an analysis of TCR β-chains, rather than the combined TCRαβ heterodimers that confer specificity. Hence, the importance of complementary α- and β-chain pairing in determining TCR specificity and T cell function is not well understood. Our earlier study of influenza-specific TCR repertoires in a C57BL/6J mouse model described a structural basis for preferred TCRαβ pairing that determined exquisite specificity for the D(b)PA224 epitope from influenza A virus. We have now extended this analysis using retrogenic mice engineered to express single TCR α- or β-chains specific for the D(b)NP366 or D(b)PA224 epitopes derived from influenza A virus. We found that particular TCRαβ combinations were selected for recognition of these epitopes following infection, indicating that pairing of certain α- and β-chain sequences is key for determining TCR specificity. Furthermore, we demonstrated that some TCRαβ heterodimers were preferentially expanded from the naive repertoire in response to virus infection, suggesting that appropriate αβ pairing confers optimal T cell responsiveness to Ag.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Bridie Clemens
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; and
| | - Peter C Doherty
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; and Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - Nicole L La Gruta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; and
| | - Stephen J Turner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; and
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15
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Sharma S, Thomas PG. The two faces of heterologous immunity: protection or immunopathology. J Leukoc Biol 2013; 95:405-16. [PMID: 24212098 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0713386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunity to previously encountered viruses can alter responses to unrelated pathogens. This phenomenon, which is known as heterologous immunity, has been well established in animal model systems. Heterologous immunity appears to be relatively common and may be beneficial by boosting protective responses. However, heterologous reactivity can also result in severe immunopathology. The key features that define heterologous immune modulation include alterations in the CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell compartments and changes in viral dynamics and disease progression. In this review, we discuss recent advances and the current understanding of antiviral immunity in heterologous infections. The difficulties of studying these complex heterologous infections in humans are discussed, with special reference to the variations in HLA haplotypes and uncertainties about individuals' infection history. Despite these limitations, epidemiological analyses in humans and the data from mouse models of coinfection can be applied toward advancing the design of therapeutics and vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Sharma
- 1.MS 351, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Pl., Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
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16
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Su CTT, Schönbach C, Kwoh CK. Molecular docking analysis of 2009-H1N1 and 2004-H5N1 influenza virus HLA-B*4405-restricted HA epitope candidates: implications for TCR cross-recognition and vaccine development. BMC Bioinformatics 2013; 14 Suppl 2:S21. [PMID: 23368875 PMCID: PMC3549837 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-14-s2-s21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The pandemic 2009-H1N1 influenza virus circulated in the human population and caused thousands deaths worldwide. Studies on pandemic influenza vaccines have shown that T cell recognition to conserved epitopes and cross-reactive T cell responses are important when new strains emerge, especially in the absence of antibody cross-reactivity. In this work, using HLA-B*4405 and DM1-TCR structure model, we systematically generated high confidence conserved 2009-H1N1 T cell epitope candidates and investigated their potential cross-reactivity against H5N1 avian flu virus. Results Molecular docking analysis of differential DM1-TCR recognition of the 2009-H1N1 epitope candidates yielded a mosaic epitope (KEKMNTEFW) and potential H5N1 HA cross-reactive epitopes that could be applied as multivalent peptide towards influenza A vaccine development. Structural models of TCR cross-recognition between 2009-H1N1 and 2004-H5N1 revealed steric and topological effects of TCR contact residue mutations on TCR binding affinity. Conclusions The results are novel with regard to HA epitopes and useful for developing possible vaccination strategies against the rapidly changing influenza viruses. Yet, the challenge of identifying epitope candidates that result in heterologous T cell immunity under natural influenza infection conditions can only be overcome if more structural data on the TCR repertoire become available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinh T T Su
- Bioinformatics Research Centre, School of Computer Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
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17
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Validation of cytomegalovirus immune competence assays for the characterization of CD8(+) T cell responses posttransplant. Clin Dev Immunol 2012; 2012:451059. [PMID: 23304188 PMCID: PMC3530900 DOI: 10.1155/2012/451059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 11/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is one of the most important infectious complications of transplantation. Monitoring CMV-specific CD8 T cell immunity is useful for predicting active CMV infection and for directing targeted antiviral therapy. In this study, we examined four basic parameters for validation of CMV-specific tetramer staining and peptide stimulation assays that cover five most frequent HLA class I alleles. We also examined the potential use of CMV-specific CD8(+) T cell numbers and functional and cytolytic responses in two autologous HSCT recipients treated for multiple myeloma. The coefficient of variation (CV %) of the precision within assays was 3.1-24% for HLA-tetramer staining, 2.5-47% for IFN-γ, and 3.4-59.7% for CD107a/b production upon peptide stimulation. The precision between assays was 5-26% for tetramer staining, 4-24% for IFN-γ, and 5-48% for CD107a/b. The limit of detection was 0.1-0.23 cells/μL of blood for tetramer staining, 0-0.23 cell/μL for IFN-γ, and 0.11-0.98 cells/μL for CD107a/b. The assays were linear and specific. The reference interval with 95% confidence level was 0-18 cells/μL for tetramer staining, 0-2 cells/μL for IFN-γ, and 0-3 cells/μL for CD107a/b. Our results provide acceptable measures of test performance for CMV immune competence assays for the characterization of CD8(+) T cell responses posttransplant measured in the absolute cell count per μL of blood.
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Zhang P, Wu J, Deoliveira D, Chao NJ, Chen BJ. Allospecific CD4(+) effector memory T cells do not induce graft-versus-host disease in mice. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2012; 18:1488-99. [PMID: 22809867 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2012.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We studied whether allospecific CD4(+) effector memory T cells (T(EM)) could induce graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) using a novel GVHD model induced solely by CD4(+) T cell receptor transgenic TEa cells. Allospecific T(EM) generated in a lymphopenic host bore a typical memory phenotype. Moreover, these cells were able to elicit a faster and more effective proliferative response on challenge with alloantigen in vitro and to mediate "second-set" skin graft rejection in vivo. However, these allospecific T(EM) were unable to induce GVHD. Allospecific T(EM) recipients became tolerant to alloantigen as a result of clonal deletion. Even though allospecific T(EM) were able to respond to alloantigen initially, the expansion of these cells and inflammatory cytokine production during GVHD were dramatically decreased. The inability of allospecific T(EM) to sustain the alloresponse may be a result of enhanced activation-induced cell death. These observations provide insight into how allospecific CD4(+) T(EM) respond to alloantigen during GVHD and underscore the fundamental differences in alloresponses mediated by allospecific T(EM) in graft rejection and GVHD settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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19
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Valkenburg SA, Venturi V, Dang THY, Bird NL, Doherty PC, Turner SJ, Davenport MP, Kedzierska K. Early priming minimizes the age-related immune compromise of CD8⁺ T cell diversity and function. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002544. [PMID: 22383879 PMCID: PMC3285595 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2011] [Accepted: 01/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The elderly are particularly susceptible to influenza A virus infections, with increased occurrence, disease severity and reduced vaccine efficacy attributed to declining immunity. Experimentally, the age-dependent decline in influenza-specific CD8+ T cell responsiveness reflects both functional compromise and the emergence of ‘repertoire holes’ arising from the loss of low frequency clonotypes. In this study, we asked whether early priming limits the time-related attrition of immune competence. Though primary responses in aged mice were compromised, animals vaccinated at 6 weeks then challenged >20 months later had T-cell responses that were normal in magnitude. Both functional quality and the persistence of ‘preferred’ TCR clonotypes that expand in a characteristic immunodominance hierarchy were maintained following early priming. Similar to the early priming, vaccination at 22 months followed by challenge retained a response magnitude equivalent to young mice. However, late priming resulted in reduced TCRβ diversity in comparison with vaccination earlier in life. Thus, early priming was critical to maintaining individual and population-wide TCRβ diversity. In summary, early exposure leads to the long-term maintenance of memory T cells and thus preserves optimal, influenza-specific CD8+ T-cell responsiveness and protects against the age-related attrition of naïve T-cell precursors. Our study supports development of vaccines that prime CD8+ T-cells early in life to elicit the broadest possible spectrum of CD8+ T-cell memory and preserve the magnitude, functionality and TCR usage of responding populations. In addition, our study provides the most comprehensive analysis of the aged (primary, secondary primed-early and secondary primed-late) TCR repertoires published to date. The elderly population is particularly susceptible to novel infections, especially the annual, seasonal epidemics caused by influenza viruses. Established T cell immunity directed at conserved viral regions provides some protection against influenza infection and promotes more rapid recovery, thus leading to better clinical outcomes. We asked whether priming early in life limits the time-related attrition of immune competence. We found that although influenza-specific T cell responses are compromised in the aged mice, vaccination with influenza early (but not late) in life ‘locks’ optimal T-cell responsiveness, maintains functional quality, persistence of preferred clones and a characteristic T cell hierarchy. Overall, our study supports development of vaccines that prime T cells early in life to elicit the broadest possible spectrum of pre-existing T cell memory and preserve the magnitude, functionality and clonal usage of responding populations for life-long immunity against influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie A. Valkenburg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Vanessa Venturi
- Computational Biology Group St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Thurston H. Y. Dang
- Computational Biology Group St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Nicola L. Bird
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Peter C. Doherty
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Stephen J. Turner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Miles P. Davenport
- Complex Systems in Biology Group, Centre for Vascular Research, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia
| | - Katherine Kedzierska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia
- * E-mail:
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20
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Kumar D, Blumberg EA, Danziger-Isakov L, Kotton CN, Halasa NB, Ison MG, Avery RK, Green M, Allen UD, Edwards KM, Miller G, Michaels MG. Influenza vaccination in the organ transplant recipient: review and summary recommendations. Am J Transplant 2011; 11:2020-30. [PMID: 21957936 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2011.03753.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Influenza virus causes a spectrum of illness in transplant recipients with a high rate of lower respiratory disease. Seasonal influenza vaccination is an important public health measure recommended for transplant recipients and their close contacts. Vaccine has been shown to be safe and generally well tolerated in both adult and pediatric transplant recipients. However, responses to vaccine are variable and are dependent on various factors including time from transplantation and specific immunosuppressive medication. Seasonal influenza vaccine has demonstrated safety and no conclusive evidence exists for a link between vaccination and allograft dysfunction. Annually updated trivalent inactivated influenza vaccines have been available and routinely used for several decades, although newer influenza vaccination formulations including high-dose vaccine, adjuvanted vaccine, quadrivalent inactivated vaccine and vaccine by intradermal delivery system are now available or will be available in the near future. Safety and immunogenicity data of these new formulations in transplant recipients requires investigation. In this document, we review the current state of knowledge on influenza vaccines in transplant recipients and make recommendations on the use of vaccine in both adult and pediatric organ transplant recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Kumar
- Transplant Infectious Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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21
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Anderson BE, Tang AL, Wang Y, Froicu M, Rothstein D, McNiff JM, Jain D, Demetris AJ, Farber DL, Shlomchik WD, Shlomchik MJ. Enhancing alloreactivity does not restore GVHD induction but augments skin graft rejection by CD4⁺ effector memory T cells. Eur J Immunol 2011; 41:2782-92. [PMID: 21660940 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201141678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Revised: 05/18/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) caused by donor T cells attacking recipient tissues is a major cause of morbidity and mortality following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (alloSCT). Studies have shown that effector memory T (T(EM) ) cells do not cause GVHD but are capable of immune functions post-transplant, including graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) effects, but the reasons for this are unclear. In mice, the T(EM) pool may have a less diverse T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoire than naive T (T(N) ) cells with fewer alloreactive clones. We therefore tested whether enhancing the alloreactivity of T(EM) cells would restore their ability to cause GVHD. In an MHC-matched system, alloreactive T(EM) cells were created by transferring GVHD effector cells into syngeneic recipients and allowing conversion to T(EM) cells. Upon retransfer to freshly transplanted recipients, these cells caused only mild GVHD. Similarly, in an MHC-mismatched system, T(EM) cells with a proven increased precursor frequency of alloreactive clones only caused limited GVHD. Nonetheless, these same cells mounted strong in vitro alloresponses and caused rapid skin graft rejection. T(EM) cells created from CD4(+) T cells that had undergone lymphopenia-induced proliferation (LIP) also caused only mild GVHD. Our findings establish that conversion to T(EM) cells significantly reduces GVHD potency, even in cells with a substantially enhanced alloreactive repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britt E Anderson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8035, USA
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The narrowing of the CD8 T cell repertoire in old age. Curr Opin Immunol 2011; 23:537-42. [PMID: 21652194 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2011.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Immune function declines progressively with age, resulting in increased susceptibility of the elderly to infection and impaired responses to vaccines. A diverse repertoire of T cells is essential for a vigorous immune response, and an important manifestation of immune aging is the progressive loss of repertoire diversity, predominantly among CD8 T cells in both mice and humans. Importantly, perturbations in the peripheral T cell repertoire, including reduction of the CD4:CD8 ratio and cytomegalovirus-driven T cell clonal expansions, make a major contribution to the 'immune risk phenotype' defined for humans, which predicts two-year mortality in very old individuals.
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23
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Pearson YE, Cheng Y, Selin LK, Puzone R, Celada F. Systematic simulation of cross-reactivity predicts ambiguity in Tk memory: it may save lives of the infected, but limits specificities vital for further responses. Autoimmunity 2011; 44:315-27. [PMID: 21231890 PMCID: PMC3703517 DOI: 10.3109/08916934.2011.523275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The present study uses the agent-based model IMMSIM to simulate immune responses to a viral infection, with a focus on the impact of preformed memory (homologous and heterologous) on the quality and the efficacy of the response. The in machina results confirm the observed thwarting of new, naïve responses exerted by cross-reacting memory, but they also reveal that the competitive inhibition is made possible by the different time frame used by the primary and the secondary response, a well-known fact, epitomized by the interval of about 75 time steps between their peaks. This novel finding justifies the depression of naïve responses and the long-term consequences it could bring about and the role of memory as a player in a survival of the fittest game.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanthe E Pearson
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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24
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Carotenuto P, Artsen A, Osterhaus AD, Pontesilli O. Reciprocal changes of naïve and effector/memory CD8+ T lymphocytes in chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Viral Immunol 2011; 24:27-33. [PMID: 21319976 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2010.0067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent viruses, such as cytomegalovirus or human immunodeficiency virus, cause major perturbations of CD8+ T-lymphocyte subpopulations. To test whether chronic infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) could also be responsible for such modifications, we analyzed the expression of CD27, CD28, CCR7, and perforin in blood CD8+ T lymphocytes. In comparison to healthy subjects and patients recovering from acute hepatitis B, chronic hepatitis B patients showed higher percentages of naïve CD8+ T lymphocytes (CD45RA+CD27+CD28+), and lower percentages of intermediately-differentiated CD27+CD28⁻CD8+ T cells. The late differentiated CD45RA+CD27⁻CD28⁻ subset was also present in a large percentage in some patients, but no statistically significant difference with healthy controls was observed. Removal from the circulation of intermediately-differentiated CD8+ T lymphocytes may occur during chronic HBV infection, favoring the recruitment of naïve cells. This may result in impairment of the generation of functionally-competent memory cells, and an inability to achieve control of HBV replication.
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25
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Biasi G, Facchinetti A, Cappellari R, Rossi E, Zanovello P. Immune response to Moloney-murine leukemia virus-induced antigens in bone marrow. Immunol Lett 2011; 138:79-85. [PMID: 21453727 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2011.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Revised: 03/09/2011] [Accepted: 03/20/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
By exploring induction and persistence of virus-specific memory CD8(+) T cells in the BM of Moloney-murine sarcoma/leukemia virus-immune mice, we observed that the amount of activated CD8(+)CD62L(-) cells increased more rapidly and persisted for a longer period than in peripheral organs. Among the CD8(+)CD62L(-) subset, the few cells, specific for M-MuLV encoded antigens, expressing TCRVβ5 rearrangements increased in an explosive manner doubling the percentage of TCRVβ5(+) subset so that as a final result more than 10% of CD8(+) lymphocytes became potential virus-specific cytotoxic effectors. The numerical expansion of Vβ5(+) cells started and persisted in the same proportion among both CD8(+)CD62L(-) and CD8(+)CD62L(+) subsets. In these subsets the analysis of CD44 phenotype, to distinguish effector (TEM) and central (TCM) memory, evidenced a twofold increase of Vβ5(+) TEM percentage and fourfold increase of Vβ5(+) TCM. In parallel, the non virus-specific Vβ5(-) counterpart, also numerically increased due to the CD8(+) expansion, was partially reduced as TEM percentage and doubled as TCM percentage. We conclude that the immune response to M-MuLV encoded antigens in BM generate not only a large number of virus-specific memory cells but also the re-shaping of the entire memory T cell repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Biasi
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy.
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26
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Calcagno C, Puzone R, Pearson YE, Cheng Y, Ghersi D, Selin LK, Welsh RM, Celada F. Computer simulations of heterologous immunity: highlights of an interdisciplinary cooperation. Autoimmunity 2011; 44:304-14. [PMID: 21271821 DOI: 10.3109/08916934.2010.523220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between biological research and mathematical modeling is complex, critical, and vital. In this review, we summarize the results of the collaboration between two laboratories, exploring the interaction between mathematical modeling and wet-lab immunology. During this collaboration several aspects of the immune defence against viral infections were investigated, focusing primarily on the subject of heterologous immunity. In this manuscript, we emphasize the topics where computational simulations were applied in conjunction with experiments, such as immune attrition, the growing and shrinking of cross-reactive T cell repertoires following repeated infections, the short and long-term effects of cross-reactive immunological memory, and the factors influencing the appearance of new clonal specificities. For each topic, we describe how the mathematical model used was adapted to answer specific biological questions, and we discuss the hypotheses that were generated by simulations. Finally, we propose rules for testing hypotheses that emerge from model experimentation in the wet lab, and vice-versa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Calcagno
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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27
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Do viral infections protect from or enhance type 1 diabetes and how can we tell the difference? Cell Mol Immunol 2011; 8:193-8. [PMID: 21258361 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2010.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Virus infections have been implicated in both initiation of and protection from autoimmune diseases, such as type 1 diabetes (T1D). In this review we intend to reflect on recent evidence how viruses might on the one hand be involved in the pathogenesis of T1D and on the other hand induce a state of protection from autoimmune-mediated damage. It is important to acknowledge that human individuals encounter more than just one virus infection in their lifetime. Therefore, it is important to integrate more than just one possible environmental triggering factor for autoimmune diseases to occur.
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28
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Selin LK, Wlodarczyk MF, Kraft AR, Nie S, Kenney LL, Puzone R, Celada F. Heterologous immunity: immunopathology, autoimmunity and protection during viral infections. Autoimmunity 2011; 44:328-47. [PMID: 21250837 DOI: 10.3109/08916934.2011.523277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Heterologous immunity is a common phenomenon present in all infections. Most of the time it is beneficial, mediating protective immunity, but in some individuals that have the wrong crossreactive response it leads to a cascade of events that result in severe immunopathology. Infections have been associated with autoimmune diseases such as diabetes, multiple sclerosis and lupus erythematosis, but also with unusual autoimmune like pathologies where the immune system appears dysregulated, such as, sarcoidosis, colitis, panniculitis, bronchiolitis obliterans, infectious mononucleosis and even chronic fatigue syndrome. Here we review the evidence that to better understand these autoreactive pathologies it requires an evaluation of how T cells are regulated and evolve during sequential infections with different pathogens under the influence of heterologous immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liisa K Selin
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA.
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Mu J, Jeyanathan M, Shaler CR, Horvath C, Damjanovic D, Zganiacz A, Kugathasan K, McCormick S, Xing Z. Respiratory mucosal immunization with adenovirus gene transfer vector induces helper CD4 T cell-independent protective immunity. J Gene Med 2010; 12:693-704. [PMID: 20694950 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.1487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Virus-vectored vaccine is a powerful activator of CD8 T cell-mediated immunity and is especially amenable to respiratory mucosal immunization, offering hopes for use in humans with diminished helper CD4 T cell function. However, whether virus-mediated mucosal immunization can produce immune protective CD8 T cells without the CD4 T cell help remains to be investigated. METHODS We used a replication-deficient adenovirus vector expressing an Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen Ag85A for intranasal vaccination and evaluated its effect on CD8 T cell activation and protection in mice depleted of CD4 T cells. RESULTS Intranasal vaccination of CD4 T cell-depleted mice led to suboptimal generation of Ag-specific tetramer(+) or interferon (IFN)-gamma-producing CD8 T cells in the lung and spleen but this was observed mainly at the early time after vaccination. Reduced CD8 T cell priming was also accompanied by decreased CD8 T cell responses (CTL). Nevertheless, the ratio of Ag-specific CD8 T cells to IFN-gamma-producing CD8 T cells in CD4 T cell-depleted hosts remained comparable to that in CD4 T cell-competent hosts. Furthermore, the 'unhelped' CD8 T cells also displayed a similar immune phenotype as the 'helped' counterparts. The animals with 'unhelped' CD8 T cells were as well-protected from pulmonary M. tuberculosis challenge as those with 'helped' CD8 T cells in the absence of CD4 T cells. CONCLUSIONS The data obtained in the present study suggest that the fully immune protective CD8 T cells can still be generated by respiratory mucosal viral-mediated immunization without CD4 T cells and that CD8 T cells, 'helped' or 'unhelped', can confer significant protection against pulmonary tuberculosis independent of CD4 T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyu Mu
- Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, Centre for Gene Therapeutics & M. G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Duvvuri VRSK, Moghadas SM, Guo H, Duvvuri B, Heffernan JM, Fisman DN, Wu GE, Wu J. Highly conserved cross-reactive CD4+ T-cell HA-epitopes of seasonal and the 2009 pandemic influenza viruses. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2010; 4:249-58. [PMID: 20716156 PMCID: PMC4634651 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2010.00161.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Please cite this paper as: Duvvuri et al. (2010) Highly conserved cross‐reactive CD4+ T‐cell HA‐epitopes of seasonal and the 2009 pandemic influenza viruses. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 4(5), 249–258. Background The relatively mild nature of the 2009 influenza pandemic (nH1N1) highlights the overriding importance of pre‐existing immune memory. The absence of cross‐reactive antibodies to nH1N1 in most individuals suggests that such attenuation may be attributed to pre‐existing cellular immune responses to epitopes shared between nH1N1 virus and previously circulating strains of inter‐pandemic influenza A viruses. Results We sought to identify potential CD4+ T cell epitopes and predict the level of cross‐reactivity of responding T cells. By performing large‐scale major histocompatibility complex II analyses on Hemagglutinin (HA) proteins, we investigated the degree of T‐cell cross‐reactivity between seasonal influenza A (sH1N1, H3N2) from 1968 to 2009 and nH1N1 strains. Each epitope was examined against all the protein sequences that correspond to sH1N1, H3N2, and nH1N1. T‐cell cross‐reactivity was estimated to be 52%, and maximum conservancy was found between sH1N1 and nH1N1 with a significant correlation (P < 0·05). Conclusions Given the importance of cellular responses in kinetics of influenza infection in humans, our findings underscore the role of T‐cell assays for understanding the inter‐pandemic variability in severity and for planning treatment methods for emerging influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkata R S K Duvvuri
- MITACS Centre for Disease Modeling, York Institute of Health Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Clute SC, Naumov YN, Watkin LB, Aslan N, Sullivan JL, Thorley-Lawson DA, Luzuriaga K, Welsh RM, Puzone R, Celada F, Selin LK. Broad cross-reactive TCR repertoires recognizing dissimilar Epstein-Barr and influenza A virus epitopes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:6753-64. [PMID: 21048112 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Memory T cells cross-reactive with epitopes encoded by related or even unrelated viruses may alter the immune response and pathogenesis of infection by a process known as heterologous immunity. Because a challenge virus epitope may react with only a subset of the T cell repertoire in a cross-reactive epitope-specific memory pool, the vigorous cross-reactive response may be narrowly focused, or oligoclonal. We show in this article, by examining human T cell cross-reactivity between the HLA-A2-restricted influenza A virus-encoded M1(58-66) epitope (GILGFVFTL) and the dissimilar Epstein-Barr virus-encoded BMLF1(280-288) epitope (GLCTLVAML), that, under some conditions, heterologous immunity can lead to a significant broadening, rather than a narrowing, of the TCR repertoire. We suggest that dissimilar cross-reactive epitopes might generate a broad, rather than a narrow, T cell repertoire if there is a lack of dominant high-affinity clones; this hypothesis is supported by computer simulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalyn C Clute
- Department of Pathology and Program in Immunology and Virology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
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Aronica MA, Vogel N. Pathogens and immunologic memory in asthma: what have we learned? Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2010; 1:589-601. [PMID: 20477600 DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.1.4.589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Animal models and clinical studies of asthma have generated important insights into the first effector phase leading to the development of allergic airway disease and bronchial hyper-reactivity. In contrast, mechanisms related to asthma chronicity or persistence are less well understood. The CD4(+) T-helper 2 lymphocytes are known initiators of the inflammatory response associated with asthma. There is now increasing evidence that memory T-cells, sensitized against allergenic, occupational or viral antigens, are also involved in the persistence of asthma. Additionally, the role of pathogens in asthma has been linked to both the initial susceptibility to and flares of this disease. This review will discuss the potential links between infection and asthma, the role of the memory T-cells in asthma, and the potential mechanisms by which these factors interact to lead to the development and/or persistence of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Aronica
- Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Department of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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Abstract
Enteroviruses are believed to contribute to the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). In this Review, the interplay between infection with enteroviruses, the immune system and host genes is discussed. Data from retrospective and prospective epidemiological studies strongly suggest the involvement of enteroviruses, such as coxsackievirus B, in the development of T1DM. Enteroviral RNA and/or proteins can be detected in tissues of patients with T1DM. Isolation of coxsackievirus B4 from the pancreas of patients with T1DM or the presence of enteroviral components in their islets strengthens the hypothesis of a relationship between the virus and the disease. Enteroviruses can play a part in the early phase of T1DM through the infection of beta cells and the activation of innate immunity and inflammation. In contrast with its antiviral role, virus-induced interferon alpha can be deleterious, acting as an initiator of the autoimmunity directed against beta cells. Enteroviruses, through persistent and/or successive infections, can interact with the adaptive immune system. Host genes, such as IFIH1, that influence susceptibility to T1DM are associated with antiviral activities. An increased activity of the IFIH1 protein may promote the development of T1DM. An improved knowledge of the pathogenic mechanisms of enterovirus infections should help to uncover preventive strategies for T1DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didier Hober
- Laboratoire de Virologie/EA3610 "Pathogenèse Virale du Diabète de Type 1", Faculté de Médecine, Université Lille 2, CHRU Lille, Centre de Biologie et Pathologie et Institut Hippocrate Parc Eurasanté, Boulevard du Prof J Leclercq, 59037 Lille Cedex, France
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Jeyanathan M, Mu J, McCormick S, Damjanovic D, Small CL, Shaler CR, Kugathasan K, Xing Z. Murine airway luminal antituberculosis memory CD8 T cells by mucosal immunization are maintained via antigen-driven in situ proliferation, independent of peripheral T cell recruitment. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2009; 181:862-72. [PMID: 20019338 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200910-1583oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE The airway luminal memory CD8 T cells induced by respiratory mucosal immunization in a murine model have been found to be critical to antituberculosis immunity. However, the mechanisms of their maintenance on airway mucosal surface still remain poorly understood. OBJECTIVES Using a model of adenovirus-based intranasal immunization we investigated the immune property and the mechanisms of maintenance of airway luminal CD8 T cells. METHODS Immune properties of airway luminal Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen-specific CD8 T cells were examined. Proliferation of airway luminal CD8 T cells was determined by in vivo T cell-labeling techniques. The role of peripheral T cell recruitment in maintaining airway luminal CD8 T cells was investigated by blocking lymphocyte trafficking from lymphoid and peripheral tissues. The requirement of M. tuberculosis antigens for in situ T cell proliferation was evaluated using a T cell transfer approach. An airway M. tuberculosis challenge model was used to study the relationship between CD8 T cell-mediated protection and peripheral T cell recruitment. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Intranasal immunization leads to elicitation of persisting M. tuberculosis antigen-specific CD8 T cells in the airway lumen, which display an activated effector memory phenotype different from those in peripheral tissues. Airway luminal T cells continuously proliferate in an antigen-dependent manner, and can be maintained even in the absence of peripheral T cell recruitment. The lungs equipped with such CD8 T cells are protected from airway M. tuberculosis challenge independent of both peripheral T cell supply and CD4 T cells. CONCLUSIONS Vaccine-inducible airway luminal antituberculosis memory CD8 T cells are self-renewable in an antigen-dependent manner, and can be maintained independent of peripheral T cell supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mangalakumari Jeyanathan
- Centre for Gene Therapeutics, M. G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3Z5, Canada
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Abstract
The peripheral mature T cell pool is regulated by complex homeostatic mechanisms. Naive T cells are maintained by interleukin-7 (IL-7) and T cell receptor (TCR) signaling from contact with major histocompatibility complex (MHC), which sustain expression of antiapoptotic molecules and allow the cells to survive in interphase. Competition for these ligands declines when T cell numbers are reduced and causes residual naive T cells to proliferate and differentiate into memory-like cells. This memory cell population is thus heterogeneous and comprised of cells derived from responses to both foreign and self-antigens. Typical memory cells are kept alive and induced to divide intermittently by a mixture of IL-7 and IL-15. This review highlights recent advances in how naive and memory T cell homeostasis is regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles D Surh
- The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Verhoeven D, Teijaro JR, Farber DL. Heterogeneous memory T cells in antiviral immunity and immunopathology. Viral Immunol 2008; 21:99-113. [PMID: 18476772 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2008.0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Memory T cells are generated following an initial viral infection, and have the potential for mediating robust protective immunity to viral re-challenge due to their rapid and enhanced functional responses. In recent years, it has become clear that the memory T cell response to most viruses is remarkably diverse in phenotype, function, and tissue distribution, and can undergo dynamic changes during its long-term maintenance in vivo. However, the role of this variegation and compartmentalizationof memory T cells in protective immunity to viruses remains unclear. In this review,we discuss the diverse features of memory T cells that can delineate different subsets, the characteristics of memory T cells thus far identified to promote protective immune responses, and how the heterogeneous nature of memory T cells may also promote immunopathology during antiviral responses. We propose that given the profound heterogeneity of memory T cells, regulation of memory T cells during secondary responses could focus the response to participation of specific subsets,and/or inhibit memory T-cell subsets and functions that can lead to immunopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Verhoeven
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
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Plesa G, Snook AE, Waldman SA, Eisenlohr LC. Derivation and fluidity of acutely induced dysfunctional CD8+ T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:5300-8. [PMID: 18390711 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.8.5300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Dysfunctional CD8(+) T (T(CD8(+))) cells lacking cytokine production have been identified in many viral infections, but their genesis is not well understood. Established results indicate that such cells could be either high avidity that enter a refractory state due to overstimulation or low avidity that are only partially stimulated. Using an acute, resolving infection model that results in rapid production of dysfunctional cells, we show that this IL2 unresponsive phenotype emerges from the low end of the avidity spectrum and is characterized by broad TCR usage and a reduced proliferation rate. Furthermore, the dysfunctional population is extremely fluid, being sustained by high Ag dose but virtually eliminated following low dose boosting. Together, these results suggest that persistence of dysfunctional cells generated in this manner depends upon continual exposure to high Ag levels and that such cells may ultimately predominate if functional cells become exhausted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Plesa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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Voelter V, Rufer N, Reynard S, Greub G, Brookes R, Guillaume P, Grosjean F, Fagerberg T, Michelin O, Rowland-Jones S, Pinilla C, Leyvraz S, Romero P, Appay V. Characterization of Melan-A reactive memory CD8+ T cells in a healthy donor. Int Immunol 2008; 20:1087-96. [DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxn066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Yager EJ, Ahmed M, Lanzer K, Randall TD, Woodland DL, Blackman MA. Age-associated decline in T cell repertoire diversity leads to holes in the repertoire and impaired immunity to influenza virus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 205:711-23. [PMID: 18332179 PMCID: PMC2275391 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20071140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 336] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A diverse T cell repertoire is essential for a vigorous immune response to new infections, and decreasing repertoire diversity has been implicated in the age-associated decline in CD8 T cell immunity. In this study, using the well-characterized mouse influenza virus model, we show that although comparable numbers of CD8 T cells are elicited in the lung and lung airways of young and aged mice after de novo infection, a majority of aged mice exhibit profound shifts in epitope immunodominance and restricted diversity in the TCR repertoire of responding cells. A preferential decline in reactivity to viral epitopes with a low naive precursor frequency was observed, in some cases leading to “holes” in the T cell repertoire. These effects were also seen in young thymectomized mice, consistent with the role of the thymus in maintaining naive repertoire diversity. Furthermore, a decline in repertoire diversity generally correlated with impaired responses to heterosubtypic challenge. This study formally demonstrates in a mouse infection model that naturally occurring contraction of the naive T cell repertoire can result in impaired CD8 T cell responses to known immunodominant epitopes and decline in heterosubtypic immunity. These observations have important implications for the design of vaccine strategies for the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Yager
- The Trudeau Institute, Saranac Lake, NY 12983, USA
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40
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Guan Y, Abdelwahab S, Kamin-Lewis R, DeVico AL, Lewis GK. Self-protection of individual CD4+ T cells against R5 HIV-1 infection by the synthesis of anti-viral CCR5 ligands. PLoS One 2008; 3:e3481. [PMID: 18941536 PMCID: PMC2567041 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2008] [Accepted: 09/29/2008] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well established that paracrine secretion of anti-viral CCR5 ligands by CD8+ and CD4+ T cells can block the infection of activated CD4+ T cells by R5 and dual-tropic isolates of HIV-1. By contrast, because CD4+ T cells can be infected by HIV-1 and at least some subsets secrete anti-viral CCR5 ligands, it is possible that these ligands protect against HIV-1 via autocrine as well as paracrine pathways. Here we use a model primary CD4+ T cell response in vitro to show that individual CD4+ T cells that secrete anti-viral CCR5 ligands are 'self-protected' against infection with R5 but not X4 strains of HIV-1. This protection is selective for CD4+ T cells that secrete anti-viral CCR5 ligands in that activated CD4+ T cells in the same cultures remain infectable with R5 HIV-1. These data are most consistent with an autocrine pathway of protection in this system and indicate a previously unappreciated selective pressure on the emergence of viral variants and CD4+ T cell phenotypes during HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjun Guan
- Division of Basic Science and Vaccine Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sayed Abdelwahab
- Division of Basic Science and Vaccine Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Roberta Kamin-Lewis
- Division of Basic Science and Vaccine Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Anthony L. DeVico
- Division of Basic Science and Vaccine Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - George K. Lewis
- Division of Basic Science and Vaccine Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Shiohara T, Kano Y. A Complex Interaction Between Drug Allergy and Viral Infection. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2007; 33:124-33. [DOI: 10.1007/s12016-007-8010-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Nowacki TM, Kuerten S, Zhang W, Shive CL, Kreher CR, Boehm BO, Lehmann PV, Tary-Lehmann M. Granzyme B production distinguishes recently activated CD8(+) memory cells from resting memory cells. Cell Immunol 2007; 247:36-48. [PMID: 17825804 PMCID: PMC2134935 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2007.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2007] [Revised: 07/18/2007] [Accepted: 07/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
For immune diagnostic purposes it would be critical to be able to distinguish between ongoing immune processes, such as active infections, and long-term immune memory, for example imprinted by infections that have been cleared a long time ago or by vaccinations. We tested the hypothesis that the secretion of granzyme B, as detected in ex vivo ELISPOT assays, permits this distinction. We studied EBV-, flu- and CMV-specific CD8(+) cells in healthy individuals, Vaccinia virus-reactive CD8(+) cells in the course of vaccination, and HIV-specific CD8(+) cells in HIV-infected individuals. Antigen-specific ex vivo GzB production was detected only transiently after Vaccinia immunization, and in HIV-infected individuals. Our data suggest that ex vivo ELISPOT measurements of granzyme B permit the identification of actively ongoing CD8(+) cell responses-a notion that is pertinent to the immune diagnostic of infections, transplantation, allergies, autoimmune diseases, tumors and vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias M. Nowacki
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - Stefanie Kuerten
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - Wenji Zhang
- Cellular Technology Ltd., Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | | | - Christian R. Kreher
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - Bernhard O. Boehm
- University Hospitals of Ulm, Section of Endocrinology, Ulm, 89081, Germany
| | - Paul V. Lehmann
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
- Cellular Technology Ltd., Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - Magdalena Tary-Lehmann
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
- Cellular Technology Ltd., Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
- Corresponding Author: Magdalena Tary-Lehmann, M.D., Ph.D., Associate Professor, Case Western Reserve University, Department of Pathology, Wolstein Research Building, Room # 5128, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106 Tel: 216-368-1298 Fax: 216-368-1357,
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Kedzierska K, La Gruta NL, Stambas J, Turner SJ, Doherty PC. Tracking phenotypically and functionally distinct T cell subsets via T cell repertoire diversity. Mol Immunol 2007; 45:607-18. [PMID: 17719639 PMCID: PMC2237887 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2006.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2006] [Accepted: 05/15/2006] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Antigen-specific T cell receptors (TCRs) recognise complexes of immunogenic peptides (p) and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) glycoproteins. Responding T cell populations show profiles of preferred usage (or bias) toward one or few TCRbeta chains. Such skewing is also observed, though less commonly, in TCRalpha chain usage. The extent and character of clonal diversity within individual, antigen-specific T cell sets can be established by sequence analysis of the TCRVbeta and/or TCRValpha CDR3 loops. The present review provides examples of such TCR repertoires in prominent responses to acute and persistent viruses. The determining role of structural constraints and antigen dose is discussed, as is the way that functionally and phenotypically distinct populations can be defined at the clonal level. In addition, clonal dissection of "high" versus "low" avidity, or "central" versus "effector" memory sets provides insights into how these antigen specific T cell responses are generated and maintained. As TCR diversity potentially influences both the protective capacity of CD8+ T cells and the subversion of immune control that leads to viral escape, analysing the spectrum of TCR selection and maintenance has implications for improving the functional efficacy of T cell responsiveness and effector function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Kedzierska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Nicole L La Gruta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Melbourne, Australia
| | - John Stambas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Stephen J Turner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Peter C Doherty
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
- To whom reprint requests should be addressed. E-mail:
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44
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Zhao Y, Li XC. Transplant tolerance: is it really free of concerns? Trends Immunol 2007; 28:376-7. [PMID: 17662655 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2007.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2007] [Revised: 05/29/2007] [Accepted: 07/12/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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45
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Selin LK, Brehm MA. Frontiers in nephrology: heterologous immunity, T cell cross-reactivity, and alloreactivity. J Am Soc Nephrol 2007; 18:2268-77. [PMID: 17634431 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2007030295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Established memory T cell responses to a previously encountered pathogen can have a major impact on the course and outcome of a subsequent infection with an unrelated pathogen. This phenomenon, known as heterologous immunity, is dependent on the sequence of infections and can be either beneficial or detrimental to the host. Examples of heterologous immunity between unrelated viruses and alloantigens are mounting, and the role of cross-reactive T cells both in the pathogenesis of infections and in transplant rejection is now being explored. Memory T cells seem to be part of a continually evolving interactive network in which with each new infection, an alteration in the frequencies, distributions, and activities of memory cells is generated in response to previous infections and alloantigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liisa K Selin
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655, USA.
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Richards KA, Chaves FA, Krafcik FR, Topham DJ, Lazarski CA, Sant AJ. Direct ex vivo analyses of HLA-DR1 transgenic mice reveal an exceptionally broad pattern of immunodominance in the primary HLA-DR1-restricted CD4 T-cell response to influenza virus hemagglutinin. J Virol 2007; 81:7608-19. [PMID: 17507491 PMCID: PMC1933370 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02834-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent threat of an avian influenza pandemic has generated significant interest in enhancing our understanding of the events that dictate protective immunity to influenza and in generating vaccines that can induce heterosubtypic immunity. Although antigen-specific CD4 T cells are known to play a key role in protective immunity to influenza through the provision of help to B cells and CD8 T cells, little is known about the specificity and diversity of CD4 T cells elicited after infection, particularly those elicited in humans. In this study, we used HLA-DR transgenic mice to directly and comprehensively identify the specificities of hemagglutinin (HA)-specific CD4 T cells restricted to a human class II molecule that were elicited following intranasal infection with a strain of influenza virus that has been endemic in U.S. human populations for the last decade. Our results reveal a surprising degree of diversity among influenza virus-specific CD4 T cells. As many as 30 different peptides, spanning the entire HA protein, were recognized by CD4 T cells, including epitopes genetically conserved among H1, H2, and H5 influenza A viruses. We also compared three widely used major histocompatibility class II algorithms to predict HLA-DR binding peptides and found these as yet inadequate for identifying influenza virus-derived epitopes. The results of these studies offer key insights into the spectrum of peptides recognized by HLA-DR-restricted CD4 T cells that may be the focus of immune responses to infection or to experimental or clinical vaccines in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Richards
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Aab Institute, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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Narayan S, Choyce A, Fernando GJP, Leggatt GR. Secondary immunisation with high-dose heterologous peptide leads to CD8 T cell populations with reduced functional avidity. Eur J Immunol 2007; 37:406-15. [PMID: 17274003 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200535688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Expansion of high- or low-avidity CD8 T cells in vitro inversely correlates with the concentration of peptide ligand present during culture. In contrast, the selective enrichment of high- or low-avidity T cell populations in vivo using peptide immunisation is not well documented. In our study, a single immunisation with different doses of wild-type peptide or a variant peptide able to stimulate CTL responses cross-reactive with wild-type peptide failed to shift the average avidity of the responding CD8 T cell population specific to either peptide. However, in contrast to homologous prime-boost immunisation, heterologous prime-boost immunisation incorporating high doses of the second immunogen resulted in peptide-specific CD8 T cell populations polarized toward a low average functional avidity. These data suggest that sequential exposure to structurally related viral peptides could impair rather than promote anti-viral immunity by lowering the avidity of the responding CD8 T cell population. This study has implications for improving vaccine strategies against viruses and tumours and enhances our understanding of heterologous immunity during sequential viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharmal Narayan
- Centre for Immunology and Cancer Research, Princess Alexandra Hospital, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Australia
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Mazza C, Auphan-Anezin N, Gregoire C, Guimezanes A, Kellenberger C, Roussel A, Kearney A, van der Merwe PA, Schmitt-Verhulst AM, Malissen B. How much can a T-cell antigen receptor adapt to structurally distinct antigenic peptides? EMBO J 2007; 26:1972-83. [PMID: 17363906 PMCID: PMC1847653 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7601605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2006] [Accepted: 01/23/2007] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Binding degeneracy is thought to constitute a fundamental property of the T-cell antigen receptor (TCR), yet its structural basis is poorly understood. We determined the crystal structure of a complex involving the BM3.3 TCR and a peptide (pBM8) bound to the H-2K(bm8) major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecule, and compared it with the structures of the BM3.3 TCR bound to H-2K(b) molecules loaded with two peptides that had a minimal level of primary sequence identity with pBM8. Our findings provide a refined structural view of the basis of BM3.3 TCR cross-reactivity and a structural explanation for the long-standing paradox that a TCR antigen-binding site can be both specific and degenerate. We also measured the thermodynamic features and biological penalties that incurred during cross-recognition. Our data illustrate the difficulty for a given TCR in adapting to distinct peptide-MHC surfaces while still maintaining affinities that result in functional in vivo responses. Therefore, when induction of protective effector T cells is used as the ultimate criteria for adaptive immunity, TCRs are probably much less degenerate than initially assumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Mazza
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Université de la Méditerrannée, Marseille Cedex 9, France
- INSERM, U631, Marseille Cedex 9, France
- CNRS, UMR6102, Marseille Cedex 9, France
| | - Nathalie Auphan-Anezin
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Université de la Méditerrannée, Marseille Cedex 9, France
- INSERM, U631, Marseille Cedex 9, France
- CNRS, UMR6102, Marseille Cedex 9, France
| | - Claude Gregoire
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Université de la Méditerrannée, Marseille Cedex 9, France
- INSERM, U631, Marseille Cedex 9, France
- CNRS, UMR6102, Marseille Cedex 9, France
| | - Annick Guimezanes
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Université de la Méditerrannée, Marseille Cedex 9, France
- INSERM, U631, Marseille Cedex 9, France
- CNRS, UMR6102, Marseille Cedex 9, France
| | - Christine Kellenberger
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Université de la Méditerrannée, Marseille Cedex 9, France
- INSERM, U631, Marseille Cedex 9, France
- CNRS, UMR6102, Marseille Cedex 9, France
| | - Alain Roussel
- AFMB UMR6098 CNRS, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, Marseille, Cedex 09, France
| | - Alice Kearney
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Anne-Marie Schmitt-Verhulst
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Université de la Méditerrannée, Marseille Cedex 9, France
- INSERM, U631, Marseille Cedex 9, France
- CNRS, UMR6102, Marseille Cedex 9, France
| | - Bernard Malissen
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Université de la Méditerrannée, Marseille Cedex 9, France
- INSERM, U631, Marseille Cedex 9, France
- CNRS, UMR6102, Marseille Cedex 9, France
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Campus de Luminy, Case 906, 13288 Marseille Cedex 09, France. Tel.: +33 491 269 418; Fax: +33 491 269 430; E-mail:
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Penna A, Pilli M, Zerbini A, Orlandini A, Mezzadri S, Sacchelli L, Missale G, Ferrari C. Dysfunction and functional restoration of HCV-specific CD8 responses in chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Hepatology 2007; 45:588-601. [PMID: 17326153 DOI: 10.1002/hep.21541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The functional impairment of HCV-specific T cell responses is believed to be an important determinant of HCV persistence, but the functional T cell defects of patients with chronic hepatitis C (CH-C) are only partially defined. CD8 responses to HLA-A2-restricted epitopes of HCV and other unrelated viruses were studied in 23 HLA-A2-positive patients both ex vivo and after in vitro culture. Degranulation capacity, intracellular perforin, and granzyme-A content and cytokine production (IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha) by HCV- and non-HCV-specific CD8 cells were tested both ex vivo and in vitro, whereas cytolytic activity was studied after 10 days' expansion in vitro. Memory maturation and role of exhaustion were assessed ex vivo by HCV-specific CD8 staining for CD127 and PD-1, and in vitro after peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) culture in the presence of anti-PD-L1 monoclonal antibodies. IFN-gamma production and cytolytic activity were expressed less efficiently by HCV-specific than by non-HCV specific CD8 cells derived from the same CH-C patients. The amount of stored granzyme-A within single cells was always lower in HCV-specific CD8 cells, which were less efficient also in the release of lytic granules and in the production of TNF-alpha. The CD8 dysfunction was associated with high PD-1 expression by most HCV-specific CD8 cells, and PD-1/PD-L1 blockade by anti-PD-L1 antibodies in vitro was able to improve the HCV-specific CD8 function. CONCLUSION Our study characterizes CD8 defects that may be important in maintaining HCV persistence; identification of strategies to correct these defects may help to define novel approaches to treat HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amalia Penna
- Laboratory of Viral Immunopathology, Unit of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Parma, Italy.
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Abstract
HCV (hepatitis C virus) has a high propensity to persist and to cause chronic hepatitis C, eventually leading to cirrhosis. Since HCV itself is not cytopathic, liver damage in chronic hepatitis C is commonly attributed to immune-mediated mechanisms. HCV proteins interact with several pathways in the host's immune response and disrupt pathogen-associated pattern recognition pathways, interfere with cellular immunoregulation via CD81 binding and subvert the activity of NK (natural killer) cells as well as CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cells. Finally, HCV-specific T-cells become increasingly unresponsive and apparently disappear, owing to several possible mechanisms, such as escape mutations in critical viral epitopes, lack of sufficient help, clonal anergy or expansion of regulatory T-cells. The role of neutralizing antibodies remains uncertain, although it is still possible that humoral immunity contributes to bystander damage of virally coated cells via antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Cytotoxic lymphocytes kill HCV-infected cells via the perforin/granzyme pathway, but also release Fas ligand and inflammatory cytokines such as IFNgamma (interferon gamma). Release of soluble effector molecules helps to control HCV infection, but may also destroy uninfected liver cells and can attract further lymphocytes without HCV specificity to invade the liver. Bystander damage of these non-specific inflammatory cells will expand the tissue damage triggered by HCV infection and ultimately activate fibrogenesis. A clear understanding of these processes will eventually help to develop novel treatment strategies for HCV liver disease, independent from direct inhibition of HCV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Spengler
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, Bonn, Germany.
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